AP World History Chpt 27
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb, also spelled Aurangzib, Arabic Awrangzīb, kingly title ʿĀlamgīr, original name Muḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born November 3, 1618, Dhod, Malwa [India]—died March 3, 1707), emperor of India from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughal emperors. Under him the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, although his policies helped lead to its dissolution
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia is a great architectural beauty and an important monument both for Byzantine and for Ottoman Empires. Once a church, later a mosque, and now a museum at the Turkish Republic, Hagia Sophia has always been the precious of its time.. The mystical city Istanbul hosted many civilizations since centuries, of which Byzantium and Ottoman Empires were both the most famous ones. The city today carries the characteristics of these two different cultures and surely Hagia Sophia is a perfect synthesis where one can observe both Ottoman and Byzantium effects under one great dome.
Istanbul
Istanbul, Turkish İstanbul, formerly Constantinople, ancient Byzantium, largest city and seaport of Turkey. It was formerly the capital of the Byzantine Empire, of the Ottoman Empire, and—until 1923—of the Turkish Republic. The old walled city of Istanbul stands on a triangular peninsula between Europe and Asia. Sometimes as a bridge, sometimes as a barrier, Istanbul for more than 2,500 years has stood between conflicting surges of religion, culture, and imperial power. For most of those years it was one of the most coveted cities in the world.
dhimmi
a person living in a region overrun by Muslim conquest who was accorded a protected status and allowed to retain his or her original faith
Akbar
Akbar, in full Abū al-Fatḥ Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Akbar, (born October 15?, 1542, Umarkot [now in Sindh province, Pakistan]—died c. October 25, 1605, Agra, India), the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. In order to preserve the unity of his empire, Akbar adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim populations of his realm. He reformed and strengthened his central administration and also centralized his financial system and reorganized tax-collection processes. Although he never renounced Islam, he took an active interest in other religions, persuading Hindus, Parsis, and Christians, as well as Muslims, to engage in religious discussion before him. Illiterate himself, he encouraged scholars, poets, painters, and musicians, making his court a centre of culture.
Babur
Bābur, (Arabic: "Tiger")also spelled Bābar or Bāber, original name Ẓahīr al-Dīn Muḥammad, (born February 15, 1483, principality of Fergana [now in Uzbekistan]—died December 26, 1530, Agra [India]), emperor (1526-30) and founder of the Mughal dynasty of northern India. Bābur, a descendant of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and also of the Turkic conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), was a military adventurer, a soldier of distinction, and a poet and diarist of genius, as well as a statesman.
devshirme
Definitions for devshirme(Noun)Systematic collection of non-Muslim children on rural Christian populations of the Balkans practiced by Ottoman Turks in which every three or four years 300 to 1000 healthy boys and young men had to be taken by force to Turkey converted to Islam and educated for military profession or religious disciplines
Mehmed the Conqueror
Mehmed II, also known as The Conqueror is one of the famous sultans of Ottoman Empire with his intelligence. Mehmed II ruled the Ottoman for a brief time, from 1444 to 1446, after his father. After that time Sultan Murad II renounced the throne but when he died Mehmed II ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1451 to 1481.
Osman Bey
Named after its founder Osman Bey, the Ottomans were settled as a tribe in Sogut at the beginning of the great 600 hundred-year-old Empire. OSMAN BEY was born around 1258, the son of Ertugrul Gazi. In 1284 the Anatolian Seldjuk Sultan recognised Osman Bey as chief of the tribe. At the same time Anatolian Seldjuks were in the decline period and could not resist the attacks of Ilhanlis, Cengis Khans sons in Iran. This tragic situation held the people and tribes in Anatolia in a very chaotic and unstable mood. Anatolian Seldjukian Sultan, Giyaseddin Mesut II was in confidence with Osman Bey by positioning him as the ruler of the border tribe.
Suleyman the Magnificent
Süleyman the Magnificent, byname Süleyman I or the Lawgiver, Turkish Süleyman Muhteşem or Kanuni, (born November 1494-April 1495—died September 5/6, 1566, near Szigetvár, Hungary), sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 who not only undertook bold military campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture
Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most robust and long-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe and North Africa for more than 600 years. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute religious and political authority over his people. While Western Europeans generally viewed them as a threat, many historians regard the Ottoman Empire as a source of great regional stability and security, as well as important achievements in the arts, science, religion and culture.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal is the epitome of Mughal art and one of the most famous buildings in the world. Yet there have been few serious studies of it and no full analysis of its architecture and meaning. Ebba Koch, an important scholar, has been permitted to take measurements of the complex and has been working on the palaces and gardens of Shah Jahan for thirty years and on the Taj Mahal itself—the tomb of the emperor's wife, Mumtaz Mahal—for a decade. Taj Mahal was built in 22 years (1631-1653) with the orders of Shah Jahan and it was dedicated to Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bano Begum), the wife of Shah. 20.000 workers labored and 32 crore rupees were spent during the construction of the monument and it was built according to Islamic architecture. It is one of the Unesco world heritage site
Coffee
The introduction and popularization on a global scale of psychotropic substances such as tobacco, coffee, tea and chocolate are inextricably bound up with the trade revolution that got under way after the European discovery of the Cape route to India at the turn of the sixteenth century. 2) Hitherto unknown to entire continents, these substances began to spread qy.fflrt'35\:Yfil&r¥ti£efli& 1i5f ¥t§i 0 ffi utl\ 1 e of maritime expansion and within one hundred and fifty years after Columbus's American journey and Da Gama's rounding of the Cape of Good Hope had become stapks of a vast trading network that brought them with in reach of ever growing numbers of people around the globe. Coffee, the only one of these stimulants not to onginate in either South America or East Asia, was first cultivated in the lands that straddle the Red Sea, Ethiopia in northeast Afnca and Yemen in southwest Arabia. With the exceptrnn of tea, coffee was also the only substance to spread beyond its original region of cultivation slightly prior to, and independently from, the tremendous European commercial expansion of the sixteenth and seven teenth centuries. It was, after all, to the Ottoman Empire that coffee was
janissaries
The janissaries: 14th - 19th century Ottoman conquests in the Balkans, in the late 14th century, provide both the need and the opportunity for a standing army. The need is to provide security in these frontier provinces. The opportunity comes with the large number of captives. The boys and young men are trained in warfare as personal slaves of the sultan. The resulting army is given the name yeniçeri (Turkish for 'new troops'), from which the west derives the word janissary. In the 15th century a human tax is imposed on these conquered Christian territories. Known as devshirme, it is a tribute of children - handed over to the Turkish sultan as slaves. The boys of the devshirme are trained in the Turkish language, the Muslim religion and the arts of war. They then become janissaries, with considerable privileges and a strong personal loyalty to the sultan. Most medieval armies are temporary groups, gathered together on a feudal basis for a specific conflict. A standing army such as the janissaries, forming a highly trained professional unit, has great advantages - evident in the victorious 15th-century campaigns of the Ottoman Turks. Read more: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=211#ixzz53wGFngFc
Twelver Shiism
Twelvers Arabic: 'ithnā 'asharīya Contents 1. Creed and Rituals 2. Sub-orientations 3. History Shrine of Imam Ali. Kufa, Iraq. Entrance to the shrine of Imam Musa al-Kazim. Baghdad, Iraq. Burial procession staging a walk between Shi'i shrines, from that of Husayn and his half-brother Hazrat Abbas. Karbala, Iraq. Women putting on the right garment before walking over the the shrine of Imam Musa al-Kazim. Baghdad, Iraq. Tomb of Imam Ali ar-Rida. Mashhad, Iran. Branch of Shi'i Islam, distinguished by their adherence to 12 succeeding imams, ending with Muhammad al Mahdi in the 10th century. Twelvers are by far the largest group of Shi'is, making up around 80% of the total Shi'is. Twelvers represent the majority of Muslims in Iran, Iraq and Bahrain. They also make up large communities in Lebanon, Syria and Saudi Arabia. The alleged Shi'is of Turkey, are not Muslims, but Alevis. Twelver Shi'i often is referred to as just 'Shi'i Islam', omitting that many Shi'is are not Twelvers. This error is done in much the same manner as how 'Islam' often is used for only the Sunni branch. These bad simplifications are linked with classifications set down by earlier generations of Islam researchers.
rule of women
Women from noble families were awarded honorable titles. Women at court sometimes received an education. They were able to write poetry, paint, and play music as well. However the upper class women were under more social customs and restrictions, and they were able learn many religions. Female relatives were also depended upon for advice by Mogul rulers.
Ghazi
a Muslim warrior; especially : one victorious in battle against the opponents of Islam —often used as a title of honor
Safavids
Ṣafavid dynasty, (1501-1736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Shīʿite Islam as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. The Ṣafavids were descended from Sheykh Ṣafī al-Dīn (1253-1334) of Ardabīl, head of the Sufi order of Ṣafavīyeh (Ṣafawiyyah), but about 1399 exchanged their Sunni affiliation for Shīʿism.
