AP World History Final Exam Review

city

"A place that is incorporated and has been granted certain powers, as defined in its character, by the state or country in which it is located"

Julius Caesar

(100-44 B.C.E.) was one the leading figures in transforming the Roman republic into an imperial form of government ruled by one dictator.

Ming Dynasty

(1368-1644) restoration of the Chinese culture: Confucianism, bureaucracy, civil service exams, traditional values returned "Ming" = "brilliant"

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Mexican Revolution

(1910 - 1920) A political revolution that removed dictator Porfirio Diaz, and hoped to institute democratic reforms. While a constitution was written in 1917, it was many more years until true change occurred.

Pearl Harbor

(FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

government

(government) the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed

genocide

(n.) the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation

nomads

(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently

The Ivans

-Moscow rose to power under Ivan I who ruled from 1325-1341, Grand Prince in 132

Janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Meaning of life

42 or an individuals sense of purposefulness in his or her life

Tenochititlan

Aztec capitol city covering more than five square miles on a series of islands in Lake Texcoco; Spanish conquerers destroyed the city and built modern Mexico city atop its ruins.

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

centralization

Degree to which decision-making authority is restricted to higher levels of management in an organization.

Nationalism

Devotion people feel towards their country/society; Became a cause for conflict in Europe at the turn of the 20th Century as Europeans competed for territories and power.

Christopher Columbus

Discoverer of the new world, while looking for an alternate route to India. Pushed to seek for new ways to travel to Asia after the fall of Constantinople closed off the land routes.

Constantinople

Established by the Roman Emperor Constantine, Constantinople became the capitol of the Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire. One of the last centers of Christianity in Europe, it fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks.

The Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

Classical Chinese Culture and Society

Filial Piety, the important virtue and primary duty of respect, obedience, and care for one's parents and elderly family members. Confucianism was extremely important.

Shi Huangdi

First emperor of China, (259 - 210 BC) Ruler of china, he united china for the first time. He built roads and canals and began the great wall of china. Shi hiungdi also imposed a standard of laws, money, weights, and writting system in china.

Chandragupta Maurya

He founded India's first empire. He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India and united all of India under his empire

Chabi

Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; influenced Mongol women to not adopt restrictive social conventions of the Chinese.

cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Ghengis Khan

Leader of the Mongols; Ruthless warrior that terrified Islamic and Asian societies

Hernan Cortes

Led expedition to the coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan.

Aryans

Nomadic invaders who moved into India during the centuries after Harappa's collapse. The Buddha founded the religion of Buddhism.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews.

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution.

Long March

The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Hagia Sophia

The Church of Holy Wisdom, built by Emperor Justinian in Constantinople in 532-537 ce. After the fall of Constantinople it was converted into a mosque.

Byzantine Empire; impact on Russia

The Russians came in contact with Christianity through the Byzantine Empire and adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The Russians also imitated Byzantine emperors instead of monarchs of Western Europe.

Neolithic Revolution

The change from hunting-gathering to farming and domestication of animals; A period when humans first started to learn to plant crops and domesticate animals for their food, instead of hunting and gathering

Constantine XI Palaiologos

The last emperor of the Byzantine Empire, he died in the battle at the fall of Constantinople.

Social Darwinism

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals, Social Darwinism was used to discourage reform

China's Golden Age

The time period when the use of paper money, gunpowder inventions, and printing occured

jinshi

Title given to students who passed the examinations on philosophy and Chinese literature; more common starting from the Sui and Tang dynasties

Causes of World War II

Unfair treaties like the Treaty of Versailles caused Germany to resent a lot of countries and want revenge. Hitler becoming Chancellor of Germany in January 1933 was a major cause. He began to build up Germany's army and invaded Austria in March 1938.Fail of the League of Nations did nothing to stop the war either. September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and ended when the Japanese surrendered in 1945.

Smallpox and Measles

diseases that killed a large majority of native populations in North and South America in the 1500's

Tatars

group of people that had captured Russian cities and largely destroyed the Kievan state in 1236; left Russian Orthodox church and aristocracy intact; now a minority in the modern-day Russian Federation

Alexander the great

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

Hellenism

the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean world after the conquest of Alexander the Great.

Cranial Deformation

• In Incan civilization, babies have soft heads, so they bound the head of the baby, so they could guide the growth of the skull bones to make it shaped in a way that they felt ideal.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization, the next center of Greek culture after Athens, contained a library and museum-a center for leading scientific figures.

The Battle of Manzikert

A battle in 1071, between the Ottoman Turks and the Byzantine Empire. Marked the beginning of the Byzantine decline.

Potosí

A large city in Bolivia based on its silver mines, colonized by the Spanish

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

scribe

A person who specializes in writing and serves as a record keeper

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Religion

A system of unifying beliefs shared by a group.

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

technology

A way of applying knowledge, tools, and inventions to meet their needs

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. Unified the Bedhouin tribes.