AP World History: Modern Global Reigions 1450-1750
The methods of warfare shown in the image were instrumental in explaining the territorial expansion of all of the following land-based empires EXCEPT A the Safavid Empire B the Qing (Manchu) Empire C the Aztec (Mexica) Empire D the Ottoman Empire
C
Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? A The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange B The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies C Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases
B
"During the reign of the Hebrew king Solomon, son of David, the Ethiopian Queen of Sheba, learning of his reputation for wisdom, came from Ethiopia to see and to hear him. Solomon, who had seven hundred queens as wives, received the Queen of Sheba into their number even though she was black. And when she later bore him a son in Ethiopia, she named him after his grandfather, David. This prince, wishing to receive the blessing of his father, came to Jerusalem when he was 22 years old. Solomon not only recognized him as his son, but had him anointed in the Temple, with all proper royal ceremony, as king of Ethiopia. This is the origin of the emperors of Ethiopia, one thousand years before the incarnation of the Son of God. Thus, when the Son of God became man and took the blood of the descendants of David, he had already given that same blood to the blacks of Ethiopia." Sermon delivered by Antonio Vieira, Portuguese Jesuit priest, to plantation workers in Bahia, Brazil, 1633 The sermon delivered by Vieira is best seen as evidence for which of the following? A The development of new religions in the Americas B The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas C The impact of European colonization on the native population of the Americas D The intensification of traditional peasant labor in the plantation system
B
Which of the following developments in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries most directly helps to explain the presence of the scholars shown in the image of China? A The Inquisition led to the expulsion of enemies of the Catholic Church from Europe. B The Protestant Reformation led the Catholic Church to seek new converts outside of Europe. C The wars of religion led many to question the role of religion in European society. D The expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe led many to leave their homes as refugees.
B
Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? A Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. B Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. C Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. D Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.
B
The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the A Asian demand for luxury goods B European use of steam power C high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India D lower prices of European manufactured products E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico
E
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? A The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments B The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity C The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest D The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases
C
Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? A Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. B A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. C Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. D An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.
C
Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire's successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ? A The Ottomans' use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army B The Ottomans' use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops C The Ottomans' adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology D The Ottomans' exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades
C
Which of the following statements is true about both the Mughal and the Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? A In each, the majority of the people were Muslims. B Each had a powerful navy that engaged European navies. C Each had developed an efficient administrative structure. D Each enjoyed peaceful relations with its neighboring states. E Each gave little monetary support to artistic and cultural endeavors.
C
"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 The sentiments expressed in the passage most directly indicate A opposition to growing syncretic religions B concerns about the spread of epidemic diseases C frustration over the establishment of forced labor systems D resistance to European colonial expansion and control
D
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.
A
"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. B Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. C Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. D Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.
A
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B The beginning of the process of industrialization C The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties
A
During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A the demand for weapons among African elites B bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas
A
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor B The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence C The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery D The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé
A
"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century? A The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade B The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean C The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk D The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production
A
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. D The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.
A
An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires
A
The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco
A
Which is the most likely reason that rulers during the seventeenth century built elaborate palaces such as the one at Versailles, France, shown above? A To demonstrate their wealth and power B To provide jobs for artists, architects, and builders C To create fortresses as a defense against invading armies D To glorify and demonstrate the power of the official state religion
A
Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.
A
Which of the following explains the most common effect that the process illustrated in the image had on relationships between states in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 ? A It led to deepening rivalries and conflicts as states' military capabilities grew. B It led to the emergence of new religious disputes over theological interpretations. C It led to the establishment of pan-Eurasian nomadic empires, such as the Mongol Empire. D It led to the adoption of feudal systems of government, as monarchs could not prevent the rising power of military aristocracies.
A
Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? A It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. B It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. C It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. D It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.
A
Which of the following was a method rulers in Eurasia used to legitimize and consolidate their power during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A Developing professional militaries B Promoting free trade C Adopting the religious practices of minority groups D Enacting reforms to decrease economic and social inequalities
A
Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus
A
"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." *Persian was the primary language used at the Mughal court. Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule D Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation
B
"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.
B
Which of the following accurately describes a significant difference between the Ottoman and Mughal Empires in the early seventeenth century? A The Mughals practiced religious tolerance toward non-Muslim subjects, while the Ottomans did not. B The Ottomans ruled over people who were predominately Muslim, while the Mughals did not. C The Mughals used gunpowder weapons to expand their territory, while the Ottomans did not. D The Ottomans made Shia Islam the official state religion, while the Mughals made Buddhism the official state religion.
B
Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 The two interpretations of economic history of the early modern period differ most strongly concerning A the motivations for European colonization of the Americas B the relative importance of Europe in the global economy C the significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500 D the justification for European claims of economic superiority
B
Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? A Easing of tensions among European states B Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia
B
The image above, from seventeenth-century Ethiopia, shows the Virgin Mary and Christ Child with the merchant who commissioned the painting lying below. The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The use of art to glorify rulers B The sponsorship of art by new elites C Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations D The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes
B
The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A The interaction of humans and the environment B The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions C Competition between traditional elites and the wealthy urban class for control of cultural traditions D The spread of missionary religions over global trade networks
B
The spread of new cultural ideas, such as those illustrated by the religious beliefs of Xu Guangxi and Candida Xu, most strongly encouraged some Asian governments in Eurasia in the period 1450-1750 to A expand educational opportunities for the lower classes B limit trade and other contacts with foreigners C advocate for the peaceful settlement of existing religious conflicts D develop national joint-stock companies
B
Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.
B
Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted? A Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. C In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood. D Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.
B
Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia
B
"In the context of the Ottoman Empire, toleration [ensured] that, as a rule, non-Muslims would not be persecuted. No doubt, as dhimmis,* according to Islam, they were second-class citizens . . . who endured a healthy dose of daily prejudice. [Nevertheless, the Ottomans tolerated religious and ethnic difference] because it had something to contribute. That is, difference added to the empire; it did not detract from it and, therefore, it was commended. Toleration had a [beneficial] quality; maintaining peace and order was good for imperial life, diversity contributed to imperial welfare. . . . The Ottoman Empire fared better than did its predecessors or contemporaries [in tolerating religious and ethnic difference] until the beginning of the eighteenth century, largely as a result of its understanding of difference and its resourcefulness in [administrative organization]. It maintained relative peace with its various communities and also ensured that interethnic strife would not occur." *Islamic law defines dhimmis as non-Muslim communities living under Muslim political rule Karen Barkey, Turkish-American historian and sociologist, Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, published in 2008 Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts
C
"Many [Ottoman] Sunni religious scholars have labeled the Sufi whirling rituals* as 'dancing,' and have pronounced them forbidden, branding those who approve of them as infidels. The Sufis counter that these rituals are not dancing, arguing instead that they enliven the soul through a combination of music and movement, which, they say, allows them to focus on the spiritual aspects of religion. The common people flock to the Sufis, giving them offerings and gifts. Since their whirling rituals play a big part in their popularity, they will not abandon these practices anytime soon. The Sunni scholars have written many tracts and opinions against them . . . and this tug-of-war between the two parties has brought them into a vicious circle." *religious observances practiced by some Sufis in the Ottoman Empire Katip Çelebi, Ottoman official, The Balance of Truth, philosophical and scientific treatise, 1656 Outside of the Ottoman Empire, Sufis contributed most directly to which of the following during the period before 1750? A Scientific exchanges between the Muslim world and the rest of Afro-Eurasia B The establishment of Arabic as the language of philosophy and theology in the Muslim world C The spread of Islam to new locations on the margins of the Muslim world, such as southeast Asia D The introduction of new practices for recruiting and training slave soldiers in Muslim states, such as the Mughal Empire
C
"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? A He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. B He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. C He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. D He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.
C
"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly caused a disruption in the land-based trade of the Safavid empire during the period circa 1500-1750 ? A Price inflation caused by the global spread of American silver B Competition between European joint-stock companies C Conflicts between the Shi'a Safavids and neighboring Sunni empires D Widespread violence between European trading companies and Muslim empires
C
Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750 ? A The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns. B The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations. C Christianity was prohibited in both empires. D Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia. E Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.
D
"When we were in Canton, a port in southern China, we came across a woman who cried out in Portuguese 'Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.' And because she could speak no more of our language, she very earnestly asked us in Chinese to tell her whether we were Christians. We replied that we were, and for proof we repeated all the rest of the Lord's Prayer which she had left unsaid. Being assured that we were Christians, she pulled us aside, and weeping said to us, 'Come along, Christians from the other end of the world, with your true sister in the faith of Jesus Christ.' Furthermore, she told us that she was named Inez de Leyria, and her father was a great ambassador from Portugal to the Emperor of China. The ambassador married her mother, a Chinese woman, and made her a Christian. Along with her, many were converted to the faith of Christ. During the five days we remained in her house, we made them a little book in Chinese, containing many good prayers." Account of Fernão Mendes Pinto, Portuguese explorer and merchant, circa The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.
C
"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following is the most likely purpose of Titu Cusi's letter? A To encourage rebellion among the subjects of the Inca Empire B To gain help from Christian missionaries in completing the conversion of his subjects C To characterize the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate D To increase the political reach of the Inca Empire to its pre-conquest borders
C
All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms
C
Image 1: OTTOMAN SOLDIERS RECONQUERING A FORTRESS IN GREECE FROM VENETIAN FORCES, MINIATURE IN A VENETIAN-PRODUCED BOOK OF HISTORY AND DIPLOMACY, CIRCA 1665 DEA/A. DAGLI ORTI/Getty Images Image 2: MUGHAL FORCES LED BY THE EMPEROR AURANGZEB CAPTURE THE FORTRESS OF GOLCONDA, CAPITAL OF A RIVAL MUSLIM INDIAN STATE, IN 1687. PAINTING BY AN ANONYMOUS INDIAN ARTIST, CIRCA 1760. Heritage Images/Getty Images Taken together, the two images best support which of the following claims regarding developments in the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A European military technology was inferior to Asian military technology. B Rulers served as military commanders and typically led armies into battle themselves. C Gunpowder technology facilitated the expansion of land-based empires. D Religious divisions were not a significant source of military conflict.
C
In the context of the period 1450-1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image? A States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies. B States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities. C States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy. D States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.
C
[Testimony by the creole (European-ancestry) members of a lay religious brotherhood in the town of San Juan Peribán.] "Cristobál Bernal was elected chair of our brotherhood by a margin of only two votes. Most votes in Bernal's favor came from mulatto and mestizo brothers. However, we, the creole brothers, elected Don Carvajal, a resident of the town and owner of the hacienda and sugar mill there. We urge you to command that only creoles should vote for the positions of chair and deputy chairs and that neither mulattoes nor mestizos can serve in those positions, and that a new election must be held for these positions." [Response by the mulatto and mestizo brothers] "Since the brotherhood was founded, it has had the ancient custom of voting for and electing mulattoes and mestizos as deputies. And mestizos and mulattoes make up most of the membership and help the brotherhood grow. And mestizo and mulatto brothers had donated land, which earns 25 pesos rent per year for the brotherhood. And mulatto and mestizo brothers also collect alms for the brotherhood. If this brotherhood were actually two—one for creoles only and the other for mulattoes and mestizos—then the petitioners might have a case. But there is only one brotherhood in which creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes are mixed and, being members of it, they must enjoy the rights and advantages of the said brotherhood. Without question these rights should include voting and electing their own chair and deputies." [Judge's decision] "The election is declared valid, and Bernal is confirmed as chair." The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? A The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants B The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals C The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies
D
"The Muslims are not the greatest traders in Asia, though they are dispersed in almost every part of it. In Ottoman Turkey, the Christians and Jews carry on the main foreign trade, and in Persia the Armenian Christians and Indians. As to the Persians, they trade with their own countrymen, one province with another, and most of them trade with the Indians. The Armenian Christians manage alone the whole European trade [with Persia]. The abundance of the Persian silk that is exported is very well known. The Dutch import it into Europe via the Indian Ocean to the value of near six hundred thousand livres* yearly. All the Europeans who trade in Ottoman Turkey import nothing more valuable than the Persian silks, which they buy from the Armenians. The Russians import it as well. Persia exports to the Indies [an] abundance of tobacco, all sorts of fruit, marmalade, wines, horses, ceramics, feathers, and Turkish leather of all colors, of which a great amount is exported to Russia and other European countries. The exportation of steel and iron is forbidden in the kingdom, but it is exported notwithstanding. There are some Persian traders who have deputies in all parts of the world, as far as Sweden on the one side and China on the other side." *French currency unit Jean Chardin, French jeweler and merchant, on his travels to Safavid Persia, 1686 Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage? A Sufi efforts to spread Islam along trade routes to the east B Safavid support for the conquest of India by the early Mughal emperors C The expansion of trade in gunpowder weapons in the Indian Ocean and Africa D Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia
D
"To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord. Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that 'to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.' I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name. In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen." *a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444 Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528 A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to A promote religious war against fellow Christians B encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence C demonstrate that an individual's destiny was predetermined by God D reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
D
Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes? A Terraces and cacao B Encomiendas and corn C Horses and potatoes D Slave labor and sugar
D
Source 1: "[In the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries] Europeans derived more profit from their participation in trade within Asia than they did from their Asian imports into Europe. They were able to do so ultimately only thanks to their American silver. . . . Only their American money, and not any 'exceptional' European 'qualities' permitted the Europeans [to access Asian markets]. . . . However, even with that resource and advantage, the Europeans were no more than a minor player at the Asian, indeed world, economic table [until the nineteenth century]." Andre Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age, 1996 Source 2: "The societies of Europe had been at the margins of the great trading systems, but they were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century because they controlled the oceangoing fleets that knit the world into a single system. Western Europe was better placed than any other region to profit from the vast flows of goods and ideas within the emerging global system of exchange. . . . [European states] were keen to exploit the commercial opportunities created within the global economic system. They did so partly by seizing the resources of the Americas and using American commodities such as silver to buy their way into the markets of southern and eastern Asia, the largest in the world." David Christian, This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity, 2008 The main arguments of the two sources are most similar in their emphasis on the A importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia B different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia C exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy D significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas
D
The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? A Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance. B Both empires formally restricted foreign trade. C Both empires were ruled by a single religious official. D Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.
D
Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? A The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable B Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals C International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas D The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments
D
Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image? A States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires. B The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively. C The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before. D States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
D
