AP World History Review Chapters 16-18

Europeans in the Indian Ocean Trade Network

- Laws of "primogeniture" left second sons landless, and laborers experienced food shortages - By 16th century more Europeans became active in Indian Ocean Trade, looking for gold and converts to Christianity -Spain, Great Britain, and Portugal established maritime empires -Compass, mapmaking, knowledge of wind patterns, rudder,knowledge of tides based on gravity, and gunpowder all led to rapid expansion of exploration and global trade everywhere except Polynesia

Factors that led to European Exploration Advances in European ship design - Technology gained from trade also a benefit

-Caravel (This maneuverable sail ship contributed most to connections between Western Europe to the Americas) -Compass -Accurate maps -Astrolabe -rudders and sails

Europeans desire to spread Catholicism

-Competing with popularity -Reconquista -Targeted South and East Asia -Every expedition carried missionaries -Changes in Christianity sparks Protestantism -Incentives given to France, Spain, Portugal -Protestant Reformation split church but also added more competition -Had to beat the Protestants

Trade as a motivator

-Europeans weren't dumb...they could see the profit to be had with the luxuries coming out of Asia -Trade is going to trigger the Renaissance as well as the growth of cities -Did not want to pay the trade tax imposed by the Ottoman Empire

A truly global time

Americas and Oceania join Afro-Eurasia in trade

How did the arts fare during this period? How did public literacy as well as literary and artistic forms of expression develop during this period?

As merchants' profits increased and governments collected more taxes, funding for the visual and performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased. Literacy also increased • Innovations in visual and performing arts were seen all over the world. (such as Renaissance art in Europe, miniature paintings in the Middle East and South Asia, woodblock prints in Japan or post-Conquest codices in Mesoamerica) Literacy expanded accompanied by the proliferation of popular literary forms in Europe and Asia. (such as Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata, Journey to the West or kabuki)

Period 4

Early Modern Period: Global Interactions (1450-1750)

What technical developments made transoceanic European travel & trade possible? Where did those developments originate?

European technological developments in cartography and navigation built on previous knowledge developed in the classical, Islamic and Asian worlds, and included the production of new tools. (Such as compass, astrolabe or revised maps), innovations in ship designs. (such as caravels: Rudders and sails) and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns, all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

How did the global trade network after 1500 CE affect the pre-existing regional trade networks? (Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, trans-Saharan, Silk Routes)

In the context of the new global circulation of goods, there was an intensification of all existing regional trade networks that brought prosperity and economic disruption to the merchants and governments in the trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, Sahara, and overland Eurasia.

What were the major notable trans-oceanic voyages between 1450-1750 CE? Where did Zheng He and the Chinese Treasure Fleets travel? Why did Portugal begin longer maritime voyages ca. 1430 CE? What effect did Columbus' travels have on Europeans? What originally motivated Europeans to travel across the northern Atlantic? How did the new global connections affect the peoples of Oceana and Polynesia?

Remarkable new transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in the period a)Zheng He: Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led by Ming Admiral Zheng He which enhanced Chinese prestige. b)Portugal: Portuguese development of a school for navigation led to increased travel to and trade with West Africa & resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. c)Spain: Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian & subsequent voyages across the Atlantic & Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel & trade d)European, general: Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and settlements continued and spurred European searches for multiple routes to Asia. e)Oceania: In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange and communication networks were not dramatically affected because of infrequent European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

Effects of Columbian Exchange On the Americas

The Columbian Exchange that resulted from exploration led to the inclusion of the Americas into the global trading system and the globalization of exchange of diseases, food products, and technologies. •Biological exchanges had an adverse effect on the indigenous (native) demographics (population) as they contracted diseases such as smallpox & measles •They did not have natural immunity due to their isolation from the rest of the world. •Creation of racial classifications used in the Americas •A weakening political structure within American states •Deforestation / Soil Depletion

How did the Columbian Exchange affect the spread of religions? Where did the "universal" religions of Buddhism, Christianity & Islam spread? How did the Columbian Exchange affect religion(s)?

The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. •The practice of Islam continued to spread into diverse cultural settings in Asia and Africa. •The practice of Christianity was increasingly diversified by the Reformation. •Buddhism spread within Asia. •Syncretic forms of religion developed. (such as African influences in Latin America, interactions between Amerindians and Catholic missionaries, or Sikhism between Muslims and Hindus in India and Southeast Asia)

What were unintentional biological effects of the Columbian Exchange? What foods were transferred to new geographic regions as part of the Columbian Exchange, and what labor systems made this transfer possible? What plants/animals were deliberately transferred across the Atlantic as part of the Columbian Exchange? What effects did American food crops have on the diet of Afro-Eurasians? How did settlers' action affect the Americas environmentally?

The new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange a)European colonization of the Americas led to the spread of diseases endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere. (such as smallpox, measles or influenza) among Amerindian populations and the unintentional transfer of pests. (such as mosquitoes or rats) b)American foods (such as potatoes, maize or manioc) became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa while cash crops. (such as cacao or tobacco) were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East in this period. c)Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals. (such as horses, pigs or cattle) were deliberately brought by Europeans to the Americas while other foods. (such as okra) were brought by African slaves. d)Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops. e)European colonization and introduction of European agriculture and settlements practices in the Americas often affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion.

What new financial and monetary means made new scale(s) of trade possible? What previously established scale(s) of trade continued? Describe European merchants overall trade role c. 1450-1750. What role did silver play in facilitating a truly global scale of trade?

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies who took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants. a)European merchants' role in Asian trade was characterized mostly by transporting goods from one Asian country to another market in Asia or the Indian Ocean region. b)Commercialization and the creation of a global economy were intimately connected to new global circulation of silver from the Americas.

What new mercantilist financial means developed to facilitate global trade? What were the economic and social effects of the Atlantic trading system?

c. The Atlantic system involved the movement of goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and the mixing of African, American and European cultures and peoples. d. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used by European rulers to control their domestic and colonial economies and by European merchants to compete against each other in global trade.

The encounters between these worlds drastically changed...

societies, economies, politics, demographics and environments

Mining and the Exchange (​THIS IS THE FIRST TRULY GLOBAL EXCHANGE NETWORK)

•Aztec/Mexican gold went straight into Spain's treasury •Incan/Peruvian silver became the metal of global exchange •American silver traded in Asia for spices, silk and anything else desired by Europeans •Remember "You have nothing we (China) need?", they really meant "you have nothing that we need—except silver." •Japan enters into this exchange because they have silver too •Thirteen English Colonies •North American colonies were considered "backwater" and an "after-thought" •Not a big deal because there was little profit...aka no GOLD, SILVER or SUGAR •Biggest commodity to come out of North America was fish, cod to be exact

Diseases from the Exchange

•Caused the greatest human destruction since the 14t​ h​ century Black Death •Smallpox, eradicated whole villages •Arawak People of the Caribbean 100% •Estimated 90% of the Native American Population •This cause vast, uninhabited areas for Europeans to conquer and settle

Why did China not pursue Exploration further?

•China did send fleets to Indian Ocean to trade and explore •Treasure ships - 400 feet long •Commanded by Zheng He •Brought back animals, plants, goods & people from Africa & India •Ming emperor cancelled the expeditions because of great expense •Nothing out there that we don't need - the Middle Kingdom •Had the ability but chose not to

Religions of the Exchange: Europeans desire to spread Christianity

•Christian Missionaries accompanied every expedition to the New World •Catholic clergy zealously spread the holy word by holding mass baptisms but didn't include the usual instruction •A unique Catholic culture arose as a result

Why Portugal and Spain first?

•Due to Italian trade domination in Mediterranean and Ottoman trade domination on land, Portugal & Spain wanted to by-pass them •Geography of Iberian Peninsula long Atlantic coastlines and close proximity to Africa (Therefore went South & West) •Portugal - goes South (around the tip of Africa to the Indian Ocean) •Spain - goes West (across the Atlantic Ocean and later the Pacific Ocean •The Portuguese and Spanish development of maritime technology and navigational skills enabled trans-oceanic trade & maritime exploration •Reconquista in Spain •Spain's "re-conquering" of Iberian Peninsula drove the Muslims from Spain •Gave Spanish leaders a strong patriotism were eager to expand their influence

Effects of Columbian Exchange on the Europeans

•European population greatly benefitted from crops such as potatoes that were brought to the "old world" •Population increased due to the import of potatoes from the Americas to the Old world, leading to an easy growing, high calorie food for the masses. The population increase was due to the expansion of the lifespan of most Europeans and leads to the growth of empires by expanding colonization •Europeans dominate the American political system •Viewed indigenous Americans and Africans as inferior therefore used coerced labor to rapidly expand plantation economy and fuel mercantilist goals. •Syphilis was carried from the Americas to the "old world" •Mercantilism •the economic theory that trade generates wealth •The goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation that oversaw all of the nation's commercial interests (usually its colonies) •Gained money through importation of goods and extortion of coerced labor systems

Spain goes West

•Had no choice...the only unclaimed direction •Believed Afro-Eurasia was the only land mass •Made sense to them that to sail west was to find India, the Indies or China (Cathay) •Columbus convinced Ferdinand and Isabella that he would find for them Glory and Gold and claim new "lands" for God • GOD, GOLD & GLORY 3 •Then Columbus "Finds" the New World

Economics and the Atlantic World

•Includes interaction between 4 continents (Africa, Europe, North and South America) •Latin America is a cultural territory included in the Atlantic World that indicated areas that were once controlled by Portuguese or Spanish •England, France, the Netherlands also had colonies in the Americas (primarily North America but also Caribbean Islands) •All competed with each other for a part of the global market

Continuities in Trade

•Indian Ocean trade continued to thrive •European merchants could only joined if they cooperated with the local rulers of the port cities because they couldn't dominate this long-established organization •Atlantic trade volume eventually surpassed the Indian Ocean trade

Continuities in Religion

•Islam continues its spread across Sub-Saharan Africa and into East and Southeast Asia (Indonesia and Philippines) •Buddhism moves across SE Asia and into parts of Central Asia •Hinduism is core in India

Mercantilism (economic system)

•Mercantilism - export as much as possible and import as little as possible to increase the supply of silver or gold on hand; requires heavy government control of trade •Accumulation of capital also pursued by wealthy entrepreneurs in Florence, Milan and throughout Europe •Use of raw materials from the colonies to make products to sell globally •The country must have a positive balance of trade •Gov't tax imports (tariffs) and invested with private trading companies

Human Migration caused by Exchange

•Most migrated voluntarily but Africans forcibly • Some European forcibly as indentured servants •Spanish males (Very few females) •Vast Sugar Plantations •​Encomienda System •Decimation of native population led to importation of African slaves •Portugal first to tap into already existing slave trade in Africa •Shipped them to plantations in Brazil •Spain follows by buying from "factories" on the "Slave Coast" on the West African Coast •"Middle Passage" to the Caribbean

Continuities in Agriculture

•Most people in the world were STILL farmers •most growing just enough for their families to live on with a little left over to sell •Others grew a single crop to be exported for food (initial commercial farming) •Changes occurred because of the flood of new foods from the Americas

Effects of Columbian Exchange On the Africans

•Population increase •This was due to the import of potatoes from the Americas to the Old world, leading to an easy growing, high calorie food for the masses. The population increase was due to the expansion of the lifespan of most Europeans and leads to the growth of empires by expanding colonization •Slave trade •This decimation of the natives led to a loss of labor for the European plantation and mine owners, which led to the importation of slaves from Africa causing the infamous Middle Passage, part of the Triangular Trade. •Many native ethnicities and cultures within Africa began to mix

Why Western and not Eastern Europe?

•Russia had no warm water ports; so expanded its land empire and didn't reach Pacific Ocean until 17t​ h​ C •European countries with Atlantic Ocean coast had advantages over landlocked countries in the east

To Sum It Up

•STARTING WITH PRINCE HENRY and the Portuguese, EUROPEANS ARE GOING TO TRAVEL THE WORLD AND BE IN EVERYBODY's BUSINESS. •THIS IS GOING TO MAKE THEM INCREDIBLY WEALTHY AND BUILD THEM HUGE EMPIRES. •ALONG WITH THIS, COMES DISEASE, SLAVERY, and HORRIBLE CONDITIONS FOR NATIVE AMERICANS. •THERE ARE ALSO HUGE LAND EMPIRES FROM THE OTTOMANS AND RUSSIANS OVER TO THE CHINESE. •THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE IS ARGUABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT THING EVER. THE State and National Exams LOVE IT. THEY ASK ABOUT IT ALL THE TIME. THERE WILL BE SOMETHING ON THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE ON THE TEST... I GUARANTEE IT.

Triangle Trade

•Sugar, Rum, Cod from Americas to Europe for silver •Silver to Africa for slaves •Slaves to Americas to work the plantations

Portugal Goes South

•The Catholic Church and Portuguese government shared a mutual interest in converting polytheistic indigenous (native to the land) populations and establishing trade outposts in route to China and the Far East •The increasing amount of global trade brought wealth as well as economic disruption to merchants and governments in participating trade networks - Prince Henry the Navigator (not a navigator but a real prince) •Desired the gold that Africa was reputed to have •Established a navigation school on Atlantic coast •Trained sailors and sponsored many expeditions along west coast of Africa •They "discovered" Madeira & Azores Islands -1488 -Bartolomeu Dias rounded tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) -1498 -Vasco da Gama made it to India •Portugal established link to the east

Columbus thought he made it to India at first however he landed in the "New World"

•The superior technology of the Spaniards enabled them to conquer the natives to make a profit for the Spanish throne •Spain eventually accumulated great wealth because of agriculture and mining (Sugar, Gold, Silver)

Animals and Plants of the Exchange

•​From African and Europe and Asia to the Americas (East to West - Old to New) •Horses, pigs, chickens, cows, sugarcane, bananas, wheat, rice •Tremendous effect to environment of the Americas •Horses changed the culture of almost EVERY Native American group •Sugarcane allowed Europeans to create huge plantations and caused the Atlantic Slave Trade •​From the Americas to Europe, Africa and Asia (West to East - New to Old) •Potato, tomato, tobacco, maize (corn), cocoa, peppers •Potato became popular in Europe - easy to store and grow •Maize became a staple in Africa and China •Foods created population growth wherever planted