AP World History Ultimate Review
Sieges of Vienna
(1529-1683) The last breath of military expansion for the Ottoman empire. It was an unsuccessful attempt to capture the city of Vienna in Austria.
Jerchens
A northern nomadic group with a strong military, that conquered other nomads around them, overran northern China, and eventually capturing the Song capital.
What is the "Age of Enlightenment"?
A period in the 1700's that began because philosophical and political ideas began to seriously question the assumptions of absolute governments. It began in Europe and was a part of the changes associated with the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation, all taking place between 1450-1750. This invited people to use their "reason" using the same humanistic approach of Renaissance times. People can figure things out and they can come up with better governments and societies.
Little Ice Age
A period that began in Europe during the 1590's. It spread as far as China, where it caused hardship that led people to rebellion and discontent, a condition that contributed to the mid-17th century demise of Ming China.
A Slave
A person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them. They have been around since the beginning.
Social Darwinism
A philosophy by English Herbert Spencer that reinforced social class distinctions. He argued that human society operates by a system of natural selection, whereby individuals and ways of life automatically gravitate to their proper station. According to this, poverty was a "natural condition" for inferior individuals.
The White Man's Burden
A poem by Rudyard Kipling that promotes the vision of a British world leadership idealistically improving the lives of people in the areas they dominated.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Dynasty
A series of rulers from the same family
Caste System
A set of rigid social categories created in India by the Aryans, that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society
The Indian Ocean Trade
A set of water routes that had 3 legs: One connected eastern Africa and the Middle East with India, another connected India to southwest Asia, and the final one linked Southeast Asia to the Chinese port of Canton.
Suez Canal
A ship canal created in the 1850's by the British and French, in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. It made it going around the tip of Africa to get from Europe to Asia by sea unnecessary.
Toussaint L' Ouverture
A slave in the Caribbean that led a slave revolt in Haiti beginning in 1791, resulting in the first free black state in the Americas. His revolution was so violent, that it caused fear amongst plantation owners in the Caribbean. Napoleon tried to defeat him, but was weakened by disease and Haiti was able to declare independence in 1804. However, he died in jail before he could see his army's victory in 1804.
Oligarchy
A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
Gabriel
According to Muslims, was an angel who told Muhammed he was a messenger of Allah.
Industrial Revolution
After 1750, the pace of trade picked up dramatically fed by a series of economic and technological transformations collectively known as this. The concept seems simple - invent and perfect machinery to help make human labor more efficient - but that's part of its importance. The first is 1750-1875 and the 2nd is 1875-1900.
Phoenicians
After the Minoan's decline, these people came to power in the Mediterranean. They lived on the 'east side' of the Mediterranean, which became known as Palestine. They never united into a country, but instead founded many wealthy, city-states around the Mediterranean. They invented the alphabet.
Why did humans begin to settle instead of hunting/gathering?
Agriculture (Cultivation of crops/domestication of animals) caused them to stay in one area and farm.
Major empires:
Akkadian Empire, Persian Empire, Roman Empire, and the British Empire
Plebeians
All non-land-owning, free farmers in Ancient Rome
Loess
Alluvial soil carried and deposited as river water traveled downstream.
Between 1750-1914, what happened to absolute powers?
Almost everywhere lost power, and the rule of law became a much more important political principle ("nation").
Era of disunity
Also called the time of 6 dynasties, it is an era of China in 220-589 CE
Louis XIV
Also known as the "Sun King", an absolute French ruler who ruled for 72 years, finally dying in 1715. He often repeated: "L'etat c'est moi" (I am the State) which expresses his unshakable belief in his absolute authority. He contained the nobles by inviting them to his huge, ornate palace at Versailles, where they were welcome to stay as long as they liked. Many stayed for long periods of time, enjoying the sumptuous life. The nobles were away from their castles, unable to start any rebellions.
The Hellenistic Age
An era usually dated to the 4th century BCE, in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Hellenization
An example of cultural diffusion, it is the deliberate spread of Greek culture
Hammurabi
Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia in his code
Janissaries
Balkan Christians captured as boys (8-20 years old) and taken to the Ottoman Empire where they became skilled soldiers and bureaucrats.
Vedas
Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals in written in Sanskirt, honoring the various gods of the Aryans for Hinduism. It consists of 4 collections of: Hymns and poems, religious prayers, magical spells, and lists of the gods and goddesses.
Bas Mitzvah
Coming of age ceremony for a young lady in Judaism culture.
What were the two most important raw materials used to produce the goods for the early Industrial Revolution?
Coal and iron
Encomenderos
Commanders of the labor services of the colonized peoples in Spanish America.
Bolsheviks
Communist inspired group in Russia that took over the government and assassinated the tsar when he sent them to battle in the Eastern Trench of World War I, poorly led and badly equipped.
Taoism
In English, it means path, or the way. It is basically indefinable. It has to be experienced. It refers to a power which envelops, surrounds, and flows through all things, living and non-living. It embodies the harmony of opposites. (Love/Hate, Light/Dark, Male/Female)
Hyksos
Group of Asian nomads that swept across the Sinai Peninsula into Egypt, in horse-drawn chariots. They rules much of Egypt from 1720-1570 BCE.
Mandate of Heaven
In Chinese history throughout the dynasties beginning with the Xia and the Shang, the divine approval thought to be the basis of how a dynasty forms and falls through a cycle.
What was the first country to experience the Industrial Revolution?
In England. A series of inventions built on the principles of mass production, mechanization, and interchangeable parts.
Dharma
In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties. (Do what you're supposed to do on your caste position) Warrior's are to fight honorably, wives are to serve their husband, etc.
Guilds
Trade associations for craftsmen's particular crafts. They came to be quite powerful, passing laws, levying taxes, and challenging powerful merchants.
Mamluk
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate. They defeated the Mongols in 1260 CE, not allowing the Mongols to go any further in that direction.
Matthew Perry
United States sea captain who demanded that Japan open its trade with the United States. He may take some credit for the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. When he returned home from the long trip, he was captured and sent to prison, where he entertained his cellmates with stories about China. His travels became wildly popular in Europe, even though many did not believe that his stories were true.
Which 2 cities got very wealthy during the Crusades?
Venice and Genoa carried goods back to European markets from the sea-trade, and both cities became quite wealthy from it. This wealth eventually became the basis for great cultural change in Europe.
Russian-Japanese War
War in 1904-1905 between Russia and Japan over Korea. The Japanese were victorious
European Feudalism
Was made up of a lord, a large landholder, that provided his vassals with fiefs, or landholdings, in return for service. The most important service was military support, so knights spent a great deal of time learning and practicing military techniques and horsemanship, as well as maintaining their fiefs. This developed into a complicated network of lord-vassal relationships, with lords having overlords, and overlords owing allegiance to kings.
Pedro II
Was the Emperor of Brazil until 1889, when he was overthrown by republicans. He was very young (12 years old).
Mummification
Way of preserving the human body by embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying.
"The sick man of Europe"
Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems.
What were the 2 fronts of World War I?
Western front, a line between France and Germany through Belgium, and the Eastern front, which is on the opposite side of Germany from the Western Front.
"People of the book"
What Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god
Rosetta Stone
a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
Brahmin
in Aryan society caste system at the very top, the social class made up of priests. The men of this class were the only educated peoples.
Atman
In Hinduism, it is a spirit trapped inside humans and other living creatures. It's desire is to be reunited with the universal spirit, and every aspect of an individual's life is governed by it.
Li
In Neo-Confucianism, it is a concept that defined a spiritual presence similar to the universal spirit of both Hinduism and Buddhism.
Shipbuilding
In North America, this industry in the northern English colonies took its toll of forest.
William the Conqueror
In the 11th century, he is the person who started the idea of the nobility receiving the right to council with the king before he imposed new taxes.
Neo-Confucianism (9th-12th century)
It is a reaction to the importation of Buddhism in China. It is the combination of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. It first emerged very strongly in the Song dynasty, and schools were founded by the emperor to reinforce the beliefs.
Marxism
It is summed up as "a THEORY in which CLASS STRUGGLE is a central element in the analysis of social change in Western societies". It is an antithesis of capitalism. It is a system of socialism of which the dominant feature is public ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange. It was created by Karl Marx.
"Cult of domesticity"
Justified removing women from the work place. Instead, they filled their lives with the care of children and the operation of their homes. Middle class women generally did not work outside of the home partly because men came to see stay at home wives as a symbol of their success.
Theodora
Justinian's wife, a very religious Christian
Revolution of the Proletariat
Karl Marx's believed in this revolution that the workers in the factories, cities, and the industrialized countries would unite to overcome the bourgeoisie, or owners of factories and other means of production.
Arthur
King VII's oldest son who betrothed to Catherine of Aragon. He died promptly after, so Henry VII petitioned the Pope for "dispensation" to allow his second son, the future king Henry VIII, to marry the young widow. This was granted.
Daimyos
Japanese elites who found military talent in the samurai. They unified under one powerful family, the Tokugawa.
Who was the founder of Christianity?
Jesus of Nazareth, who was born and raised as a Jew in the area just east of the Mediterranean.
Who created the branch of Protestantism called Calvinism?
John Calvin
The Flying Shuttle (1733)
John Kay's invention that carried threads of yarn back and forth when the weaver pulled the handle, greatly increasing the weavers productivity.
What was the 'rationalist' notion during the Scientific Revolution?
Notion on which science was based that came from Christian views that God was knowable by reason as well as by faith, that God established principles that men could ascertain and apprehend, and that God made the world to operate within those principles.
Immigrants who went to Latin America during the Industrial revolution worked on what?
Mostly worked on agricultural plantations.
Kunlun Mountains
Mountains located in the West of China
Qinling Shandi Mountains
Mountains that divide the northern part of China from the south
Hegemony
Occurs when a civilization extends its social, political, economic, and cultural influence over others (Domination over others).
Shifting Cultivation
Often referred to as "slash and burn" agriculture, this farming method developed primarily in rain forest zones of Central and South America, West Africa, eastern and central Asia, and much of Southern China and Southeast Asia. Once soil nutrients were depleted in an area, farmers moved on to slash and burn another piece of jungle.
Hijrah
Muhammad's famous migration in 622 CE where he was forced to leave Mecca for fear of his life to Yathrib (Medina).
Muslims
Muhammad's followers of Islam
'Seal of the prophets'
Muhammad's name for himself, signifying that he was the final prophet of Allah. There is no clear line of succession.
Qadis
Muslim judges who carried out the judicial functions of the state
Sufi
Muslim's who reacted to the luxurious lives of later caliphs by pursuing a life of poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.
Magyars
Muslims who attacked Europe during the post-classical era.
Pottery
Once agriculture began, pots were needed for cooking and storage, so this was probably the first craft industry to develop. Early on, people discovered that designs could be etched into the clay before it hardened, so this creation became a medium for artistic expression.
Apostacy in Islam
Once you are in Islam, you cannot come out or else they will kill you.
Berbers
Nomads that were the most important agents of trade, who traversed the desert. They carried goods in camel caravans with Cairo at the mouth of the Nile River as the most important destination.
Mongols
Nomads who came from the steppes northwest of China that had a huge impact on the course of history during the post-classical era.
Absenteeism
Not residing in one's spiritual domain because one held multiple positions.
Hitties
People well known for constructing horse drawn chariots, which were lighter and more maneuverable. They fought the Hyksos ruling Egypt for control of northern Syria, where the war ended in a truce.
New Kingdom
Period from about 1600-1100 BCE in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory
People's Republic of China
Period in China that began on October 1st, 1949 and has been the same to the present. It is after the Republic of China period.
Old Kingdom
Period in Egyptian history that lasted 2700-2200 BCE
Middle Kingdom
Period of Egyptian history from about 2050-1700 BCE and marked by order and stability
Grand vizier
The Ottoman sultan's chief minister who carried the main burdens of the state and who led the council meetings
Great Wall of China
The world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty.
What did the Europeans do with Gunpowder?
They used the Gunpowder from China for military means and adapted them for guns. This allowed the explorers to virtually defeat any foe.
How did the Huns get into China?
They went around the Wall of China
How did the Mongol Empire split apart?
They were so spread out from each other, that they soon lost contact and adopted many customs, even the religions, of the people they ruled.
"Prehistory"
Time period that lasted for millions of years that started at the beginning of the human species. It ended when reading and writing was introduced.
Edo
Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Classes of Communism:
Top = Communism (State controls) Middle = Socialism (People control) Bottom = Marxism (Theory)
Cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Colonial Government
A government established in a colony and controlled by an imperial power such as Britain.
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility (Rich).
Monarchy
A government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family.
Maya
A group of people that adapted to the jungles of Central America and the Yucatan Peninsula. They flourished between 300-900 CE.
Babylonians
A group of people who conquered the Sumerians. They had a very famous king named Hammurabi.
Plateau of Tibet
A high plateau in western China
The Starry Messenger
A highly controversial book criticized by other scientists, as well as officials of the church. It was created by Galileo Galilei in 1610.
Mita
A labor system that used the Inca, who were forced as slaves to go into the mines to find silver. It was a sort of labor tax to support the elites and the elderly. The problem was that so many natives died, that the Spanish had to keep increasing the time spent in the mines.
Encomienda
A labor system that was primarily used for agricultural work. Natives in an area were placed under authority of encomenderos, or Spanish bosses, who could extract labor and tribute according to the needs of the area. A bunch of natives died during this.
Indentured Servitude
A labor system that was used in both North America and the Caribbean. It is where an employer would pay the passage of a person to the New World in return for several years of labor. After the debt was paid in years worked, the servant would be free. This system was limited in its usefulness, because many of them died from disease (dysentery).
The Huns
A large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. The invention of the stirrup facilitated their attacks on all three established civilizations.
Hagia Sophia
A magnificent domed church built by Justinian, that still stands today as a Muslim mosque.
Mahayana Buddhism
A major branch of Buddhist religion that allowed a great deal of variance in Buddha's original teachings.
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting during the European Renaissance, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. Mainly about anatomy and astronomy.
Swahili city-states
A major civilization that developed in East Africa. They spoke a combination of Bantu and Arabic and most were Muslims. The sailors were renowned for their ability to maneuver their small boats through the Indian Ocean to India and other areas of the Middle East via the Red Sea and back again.
Muezzin
A man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret tower of a mosque
Berlin Conference (1884-1885)
A meeting in an effort to avoid war, allowed European diplomats to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies (it broke apart African peoples). The result was a transformation of political and economic Africa, with virtually all parts of the continent colonized by 1900.
Triple Entente
A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.
Shogun
A military leader who ruled in place of the Emperor.
Dominicans
A more scholarly order of the Catholic church, who ministered more to educational needs. They created the first colleges.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party formed in 1885, with the goals of promoting political unity and appointing more Indians into higher positions in the British Civil Service. They were basically demanding Indian independence from the British. This congress was controlled by Hindus, not Muslims.
Pan-Slavism
A movement to unite all Slavic people
Bourgeoisie
A new class that the French named, meaning "town dwellers". Overtime, this group came to have more wealth than the nobles, since they often formed mutually beneficial alliances with monarchs anxious to increase state revenues. Their rising wealth created a growing gap between the rich and the poor. In the industrial revolution, they developed into a large middle class in industrialized countries. They served as managers or administrators in large businesses. They sought political power to match the economic power that they had gained.
Mercator Projection
A new map style that emerged during the maritime revolution that distorted the land size seriously in extreme northern and southern areas. However, it was relatively accurate for the middle ranges, and those were the routes that navigators were following.
Catherine the Great
Empress tsar of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire.
Samudaya
The second of the Four Noble Truths: there is a cause of suffering, which is attachment and desire (tanha).
"History"
Time period from when humans learned to read and write to the present.
Ulama
"People with religious knowledge" The Islamic scholarly elite who served a social function similar to the Christian clergy.
Chun-tzu
"gentleman"; the mature person, an ideal human being with perfect moral character in Confucian ideals.
Isaac Newton
(1643-1727) Scientist who was born in England the same year that Galileo died. He synthesized Johannes Kepler's laws of motion for heavenly bodies and Galileo Galilei's laws of motion for things on earth. He formulated the set of mathematical laws for the force of gravity, made discoveries regarding the nature of light, and built on earlier India and Arab ideas for Algebra. He did not challenge the authority of the Catholic Church, but he did prove that the Greeks and Romans were mistaken in some of their theories, and that fact encouraged others to question traditions that had not been challenged before.
Shang Dynasty
(1751-1027 BCE) The second Chinese dynasty. This group came after the Xia dynasty.
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea. The intervention by Britain and France caused Russia to lose. This defeat clearly showed Russian weakness, and it led Tsar Alexander II to attempt to reform by emphasizing industrialization. It began when the Balkans appealed to Russia to help them become independent from the Ottoman empire.
Neolithic Revolution
(1st Agricultural Revolution) The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle. It occurred gradually and probably by trial & error.
Han dynasty
(206 BCE-220 CE) Chinese dynasty that comes after the Qin.
Xia Dynasty
(2183-175 BCE) This was the earliest known dynasty of China. This group predated the Shang. (Brown on the map)
Qin dynasty
(350-206 BCE) Also the Warring States period, this Chinese dynasty comes after the Zhou.
Mesopotamia
(3500 BCE) A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed into the first river valley civilization.
Empress Wu
(690-705 CE) Was one of Buddhism's strongest supporters, contributing large sums of money to the monasteries and commissioning many Buddhist paintings and sculptures.
Emperor Wuzong
(814-846 CE) Under their rule, they burned Buddhist monasteries, and then Confucianism emerged as the central ideology of Chinese civilization until the early 20th century.
Kingdom of Kongo
(Gold coast), It was on the Atlantic Ocean in central Africa, and it developed into a centralized state during the 14th century. The Portuguese set up a trading relationship with them in the late 15th century and converted the kings to Christianity. The Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, advisors, and craftsmen for gold, silver, ivory, and especially slaves.
Sundiata
(Lion-King of Mali) He was Mali's first great leader, who defeated kingdoms around Mali, and also proved to be an effective administrator.
Battle of Uhud
(March 19, 625 CE) Where the Quraysh wanted revenge for the Battle of Badr (When Muhammad attacked Mecca and won)
Neolithic Era
(Roughly 10,000-4,000 BCE) The time period that followed the advent of agriculture and preceded the earliest civilizations. The name means "new stone age", and it is characterized by the refinement of tools, mostly for agricultural purposes. Labor specialization during this period can be broken down into 3 craft industries: Pottery, Metallurgy, and Textile production.
Tokugawa Japan
*A "gunpowder empire" that emerged in Japan, unusual in the sense that Japan was not land-based.
What things led to the French Revolution?
- The nobles' refusal to pay taxes - Bourgeoisie resentment of the king, Louis XVI's incompetence - A series of bad harvests for the peasants.
Hammurabi's reign
1792-1750 BCE
What time period did the slave trade end?
1800-1850 CE
When did Britain abolish the slave trade?
1807
3 main Hindu gods:
-Brahman (Generator/Creator) -Vishnu (Organizer/All knowing) -Shiua (Destroyer/Death)
What particular factors weakened Ming China?
-Climatic change that swept from Europe to China during the 1600's, with the weather turning much colder, seriously affecting agriculture and health. It also contributed to serious famine across China. These conditions led frustrated peasants to frequent rebellion. -Nomadic invasions from the Mongols and Japanese -Pirates in the sea-based trade -Decline of the Silk Road (Now sea-based trade) -Inept rulers that had little to do with governing the empire.
Han dynasty foreign policy:
-Conflicts between and among local groups -Conflicts with nomadic barbarians on the border -Construction of the Great Wall, 214 CE -Conquer: Manchuria, Northern Korea, and Northern Vietnam -Korea lost during Han decline -Controls Funan region -Attack by Huns as early as the 4th century BCE
Legalism - shu (arts of the ruler)
-Discussions of morality and human nature are irrelevant in this concept -People are ruled by a strong, strict hand, they grow lazy and disrespectful of authority - This concept disregards the past (what worked back then would not necessarily work in the present time)
Legalism - fa (law):
-Law code was written out and made public -All people under the ruler were equal in the eyes of the law -No matter how unworthy the ruler was, the laws would still keep the state going
What were some of the major internal problems of the Ottoman Empire in the early 1800's?
-Military officers owned most of the land, a fact that created a great deal of resentment from others. -Since military were exempt from taxes, the government had problems getting enough revenue to keep the army and government functioning. -"Tax farming" became corrupt, and their demands created resentment from taxpayers. -Janissaries often operated separately from the weakening sultan's court and gained a reputation for brutality and corruption.
Problems with Gunpowder Muslim Empires that led to their decline:
-Poor transportation -Too large -Military leaders often operated quite independently of the government -In the Ottoman Empire, where the bureaucracy was the strongest, the sultan eventually lost control of the Janissaries, who rebelled against him when their constant demands went unfulfilled.
Legalism - shi (legitimacy)
-Puts the emphasis on the power of the position, not the person filling it -Keeping order was the first priority -Whoever was ruler was powerful = position held power, not because ruler was/had special qualities
When did the United States abolish the slave trade?
1808
When did France abolish the slave trade?
1814
Consequences of the fall of the classical empires:
-Trade was disrupted but survived, keeping intact the trend toward increased long-distance contact -Trade on the Indian Ocean increased -Importance of religion increased as political authority decreased -In the west, Christianity was left to slowly develop authority in many areas of people's lives -Buddhism spread quickly into China, presenting itself as competition to Confucian traditions -Political disunity in the Middle East forged the way for the appearance of a new religion, by 600 CE, Islam was in the wings waiting to make its entrance onto the world stage
What were some of the major demographic changes in population between 1450-1750?
1) A rise in the population of Europe 2) A decrease in the population of the Americas (gun, germs, and steel) 3) No overall population decrease occurred in Africa
5 Keys that set Sumer apart from earlier human societies:
1) Advanced cities 2) Specialized Workers 3) Complex institutions 4) Record keeping 5) Advanced Technology: Ziggurats
4 major similarities to why the classical empires fell:
1) Attacks from the Huns 2) Deterioration of political institutions 3) Protection/maintenance of borders 4) Disease that followed the trade routes
The 'nation emerged as a new type of political organization. The periodization 1750-1914 can be grouped this way because of what 5 things that appeared?
1) Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology 2) Demographic and environmental changes 3) Changes in social and gender structures (women) 4) Political revolutions and independence movements; new political idea (Democracy) 5) Rise of western dominance
Economic issues with the Han dynasty:
1) Draining of treasury with constant wars 2) Construction projects and avoidance of taxes by wealthy
Early River valley civilizations:
1) Egypt (Nile River) 2) Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) 3) India (Indus River) 4) Shang China (Yellow and Yangtze)
What were the 3 factors in how European dominance came to be?
1) Europe was able to dominate the globe in part thanks to the Industrial Revolution 2) The establishment of democracy as a major element of a new type of political organization 3) The "nation" (Borders, language, and culture)
The period from 1750-1914 can be distinguished from other periodizations because of 4 factors:
1) European dominance of long-distance trade 2) "Have" and "have not" countries 3) Inequalities among regions increase due to imperialism 4) Political revolutions
2 problems that brought the fall and end of the Song dynasty in China:
1) Finances (raising taxes) 2) Military (led by scholar bureaucrats, with little knowledge or real interest in directing armies)
5 Major changes that occurred during the Foundations Period:
1) Increase in reliable food supplies 2) A rapid increase in total human population 3) Job specialization 4) There began a widening of gender differences 5) Development of distinction between settled people and "nomads"
How did the Industrial Revolution do many things for many people?
1) It crossed national and cultural borders, affecting many civilizations ("have" & "have nots") 2) Later changes and developments in history can be traced back to it 3) It impacted government, belief systems, social classes, and the economy.
Early river valley civilizations shared these 7 characteristics:
1) Location in river valleys 2) Complex irrigation systems 3) Development of legal codes 4) Use of money (gold & silver) 5) Elaborate art/literature 6) Science/Numbers/Calendar 7) Social Inequality
What are the 5 reforms that Peter the Great instituted that revolutionized his empire?
1) Military reform (built the army by offering better pay and also drafted peasants for service as professional soldiers) 2) Building the infrastructure (Peter organized peasants to work on roads and do other service for the government) 3) Expanding territory (Peter gained Russian territory along the Baltic Sea by defeating the powerful Swedish military. He tried to capture access to the Black Sea, but was defeated by the Ottomans, who controlled the area) 4) Reorganizing bureaucracy (Controlled by the boyars at first, but Peter replaced them with merit based employees by creating the Table of Ranks, eventually doing away with titles of nobility) 5) Relocation of the capital (Moved from Moscow to a new location on the Baltic sea, his "Window to the west" that he called St. Petersburg)
What are the reasons why the Great War of 1914 began?
1) National rivalries 2) Nationalist aspirations 3) Entangling alliances
Political issues with the Han dynasty:
1) No clear succession
The classical civilizations are similar in these 4 ways:
1) Patriarchal family structures 2) Agricultural-based economies 3) Complex governments 4) Expanding trade base
Railroads revolutionized life in Britain in these several ways:
1) Railroads gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and finished products 2) The railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners (Like dynamite & bridges to get around things on the railroad) 3) The railroad industry spawned new industries and inventions and increased the productivity of others. For example, agricultural products could be transported farther without spoiling, so farmers benefited from the railroads. 4) Railroads transported people, allowing them to work in cities far away from their homes and travel to resort areas for leisure.
What are major characteristics that distinguish the time period 1914-present?
1) Redefinition and re-positioning of the West (now the USA) 2) Increase in international contacts (UN, League of Nations, etc) 3) The democratic transition 4) Changes in belief systems 5) Questioning of systems of inequality (women, and civil rights)
Both monasteries and convents served 3 vital functions:
1) Refuge for those in trouble 2) Communication to the central church hierarchy 3) Centers of scholarship, education, and libraries
What 3 changes affected people during the Unit 4 1450-1750 CE era?
1) Rise of the Bourgeoisie 2) Growing gap between the rich and the poor 3) Changing marriage arrangements (marrying for love)
What were the major environmental changes that occurred in the New World?
1) Soil exhaustion 2) Deforestation
6 Major demographic changes that took place, radically altering life in Europe:
1) The 2nd Agricultural revolution 2) Population increases 3) Revival of trade 4) Growth of towns/new towns 5) Commercial Revolution 6) Guilds
3 areas where classical civilizations proved to be very durable:
1) The Mediterranean - The Greeks & Romans 2) China - Began with the Zhou dynasty and continued through the Han dynasty 3) India - Mauryan and the Gupta Empires
What were Justinian's 3 major accomplishments?
1) The building of the Hagia Sofia 2) Extension of the political boundaries of the empire 3) The development of the Justinian Code
What were the 3 legs of the Great Circuit?
1) The first leg from Europe carried hardware, guns, and Indian cotton to Africa 2) The second leg was the notorious Middle Passage that carried African slaves to the New World 3) The last leg carried plantation goods from the colonies back to Europe
6 Major characteristics of the time between 1450-1750 include:
1) The globe was encompassed 2) (Ocean) Sea-based trade rose in proportion of land-based trade 3) European kingdoms emerged that gained world power 4) The relative power of nomadic groups declined 5) Labor systems were transformed 6) "Gunpowder Empires" emerged in the Middle East and Asia
What were the 3 kinds of trans-continental trade between Columbus's voyages and the industrial revolution?
1) The slave trade from Africa to the New World 2) The export of huge amounts of gold and silver from the American mines to both Europe and Asia 3) Boom of "drug foods": coffee, tea, sugar, chocolate, tobacco, and later opium. Most of these became cheap enough for the masses in Europe because they began to be grown on vast New World plantations, combining plentiful cheap land and cheap slave labor. Only tea production never shifted to the New World, remaining an Asian peasant crop.
The classical civilizations differ from any previous ones in these 3 ways:
1) They kept better and more recent records, so historical information about them is much more abundant 2) They provide many direct links to today's world 3) Expansionist, deliberately conquering lands around them to create large empires
3 Strikes to living in Mesopotamia:
1) Unpredictable flooding 2) Size of Massachusetts and no natural defences (Mountains, jungle, etc) 3) Natural resources were limited
3 Reasons why Islam rapidly spread during the post-classical era:
1) Well-disciplined armies 2) Weakness of the Byzantine and Persian Empires 3) Treatment of conquered peoples
Unit 2 Classical Civilizations
1000 BCE-600 CE
When were the "late middle ages"?
1000-1450 CE
What time did many of the river valley civilizations begin to have significant decline and/or conquest?
1200 BCE
When did the Olmecs appear?
1200 BCE
What year were the Mongols at their largest?
1279 CE
When did China begin directly interacting with the west?
13th Century (In the Dark Ages)
Unit 4 The World Shrinks
1450-1750 CE
Unit 4 The world shrinks
1450-1750 CE
When was Constantinople taken by Muslims and renamed Istanbul?
1453 CE
When did the Byzantine Empire fall?
1453, by Ottoman Turks.
When did the Parliament's Act of Supremacy declare King Henry VIII head of the Anglican church in England?
1534
Shang China first appears:
1700 BCE
When did the Netherlands abolish the slave trade?
1817
When did industrialization begin in the United States?
1820. It was delayed until the country had enough laborers and money to invest in business. Both came from Europe, where overpopulation and political revolutions sent immigrants to the United States to seek their fortunes.
When did Britain abolish slavery?
1833
When did Spain abolish the slave trade?
1845
When was the Potato famine?
1845, where it forced many Irish peasants to make the journey to North America.
When did France abolish slavery?
1848, the same year that their last king was overthrown by a democratic government.
What time period did slavery end?
1850-1900 CE
When did the United States abolish slavery?
1865, when the North won a bitter Civil War that had divided the southern slave-holding states, from the northern non-slavery states.
When did the last documented ship that carried slaves on the Middle Passage arrive in Cuba?
1867
When was Germany's political unification (becomes a country)?
1871. The new empire rivaled England in terms of industrial production.
Periodization 6 20th Century time?
1900-2001 CE
When did women gain the right to vote?
1920
What were the 3 eras of Germany?
1st - Holy Roman Empire "2nd Reich" - Ruling era when Germany united with Otto von Bismark 3rd - Set up by Adolf Hitler in the 20th century
Around what time did many classical empires begin to fall?
200-600 CE
Period of change from stone to bronze utensils/weapons
2000-770 BCE
When did the Han dynasty fall?
220 CE
Indus river valley first appearance:
2500 BCE
Egypt river valley civilization first appearance
3100 BCE
Development of the earliest civilizations
3500 - 1500 BCE
Invasions against the Huns in India
455-550 CE
When did the Roman Empire fall?
476 CE
When was the "Age of Faith" in Europe?
500-1000 CE
Unit 3 Post-Classical
600-1450 CE
How far in time can the use of textiles go back to?
6000 BCE
When was Mecca captured by Muhammad and his followers?
630 CE
When did Muhammad die?
632 CE
When did Israel and Judah began paying tribute to Assyria?
738 BCE
Unit 1 & 2 Foundation and classical
8000 BCE - 600 CE
When did the Chavin flourish?
900-200 BCE
When did the Hebrew people divide into 2: Israel and Judah?
922 BCE
Mansa Musa
A 14th century ruler of Mali that was best known for giving away so much gold as he traveled from Mali to Mecca for the haji that he set off a major round of inflation, seriously affecting economies all along the long-distance trade routes.
Sunna
A book of a Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad
"In Defense of the Seven Sacraments"
A book written by King Henry VIII of England, 3 years after Martin Luther, criticizing Luther's views on the Catholic Church. The Pope named him "Defender of the Faith"
East India Company
A British company that pushed out the French trading cities already along the Indian coast by the early 1800's. They were following the same model of government support for private companies that they had used in colonizing North America during the 18th century (remember that caused them to rebel British). The company forced the Mughals to recognize company rule first over Benegal, and when the old Mughal Empire was defeated in the 18th century by Iranian armies, the British pushed for economic control over more and more areas. India was not actually a British colony during this time, because this company was still private, even though the British government supported it. However, the company administered governmental affairs and initiated social reform that reflected British values. It was demolished after the Sepoy Rebellion, but was still considered a British colony until Gandhi appeared.
Tycho Brahe
A Danish astronomer during the Scientific Revolution that knew little math and rejected Nicholas Copernicus's theory. He believed that the planets revolved around the sun and the sun/planet system then revolved around the earth and its moon (thus, a geocentric concept). He observed the night sky daily and kept meticulous records of what he saw. He moved to Prague (Czechoslovakia) where a young Johannes Kepler worked for him during what proved to be the last year of his life.
Johannes Kepler
A German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer who worked with Tycho Brahe in Prague (Czechoslovakia), and once he passed away, he inherited his extensive data and, along with his own knowledge of math, developed his own theories. He demonstrated that the planets moved in elliptical orbits.
Martin Luther
A German priest who led the Protestant Reformation and believed that the church was seriously flawed. He was a teacher and priest at the University of Wittenberg, and was troubled with the trends of the Church, especially as he compared the situation to the modest beginnings of Christianity and his interpretation of the teachings of Jesus. His doubts were provoked by a priest named Tetzel. He placed a great deal of emphasis on the importance of faith. He believed that the church practice of accepting indulgences directly contradicted this basic building block of true Christianity. In 1517 he openly challenged the religious authority of the church while the Pope was conducting an indulgence campaign to raise money for a new basilica for St.Peter's Church in Rome. He openly defied the authority of the Church when he openly displayed the 95 Theses, listing 95 problems with the church practices. He was excommunicated from the church, but he managed to hide from them throughout his long life with the help of many German princes.
Franks
A Germanic group that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands
Aristotle
A Greek Philosopher that taught Alexander the Great when he was 13
King Minos
A Greek mythical character who was the king of the Minoans who owned a half-human, half-bull monster called the "Minotaur"
Moses
A Hebrew who helped to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. He led the "Exodus", where he led the Hebrews to freedom from the Egyptians.
Ibn Battuta
A Moroccan legal scholar who left his home for the first time to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. After his haji was completed, he traveled through Mesopotamia and Persia, then sailed down the Red Sea and down the east African coast as far south as Kilwa. He later traveled to India, The Black Sea, Spain, Mali, and the great trading cities of Central Asia. He wrote about all of the places he visited and compiled a detailed journal that was in 1st person, so it was easier to believe. He kept his opinions to himself, and he commented freely on his approval or disapproval of the things that he saw.
Ottoman Empire
A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.
Almoravids
A Muslim group from northern Africa that conquered the Ghana empire in the 11th century CE.
Nawabs
A Muslim prince allied to British India. The East India Company used these princes to support them, aggressively recruiting them and using them to conquer and rule territory and population far vaster than the British could otherwise have controlled.
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements, not God.
Dr. David Livingstone
A Scottish missionary that went to Africa in the 1840's and spent three decades exploring the interior of Africa and setting up missionary outposts all the way from central Africa to the Cape Colony on the southern tip. When people in Britain lost contact with him, journalist Henry Stanley became a news sensation when he traveled to Africa and found him. "Doctor Livingstone I presume"? They both sparked interest in Africa and others followed, including the imperialists.
"Hidden Imam"
A Shi'a Muslim belief that a descendant of Mohammad Ali would return to rule; the ruler is stand-in until then.
Sunni Ali
A Songhay leader who brought the important trading cities of Timbuktu and Jenne under his control. He developed a centralized government with governors to oversee provinces, as well as an army and navy to protect trade.
Caliphate
A Theocracy where Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
Tarim Pendi Basin
A basin in northwest China
Polytheism
A belief in many Gods
Simon de Bolivar
A charismatic military leader with a vision of forging "Gran Colombia", an independent, giant empire in the northern part of South America. He defeated the Spanish, but did not achieve his dream of empire. Instead, regional differences caused the newly independent lands to split into several countries (Venezuela and Peru, etc).
How did the French Revolution happen?
A civil war in France that was a rising against the Ancien Regime, or the old kingdom that had risen over centuries. The king had absolute power, but the nobility and clergy had many privileges that no one else had. In the beginning of this, in 1789, about 97% of the population of France was thrown into Third Estate (bourgeoisie) although they held only about 65% of the land. They also paid 100% of the taxes. Part of the problem was that the growing class of bourgeoisie had no political privileges. They read Enlightenment philosophies, they saw what happened in the American Revolution, and they resented in paying all taxes. This basically began when King Louis XVI called the Estates-General, or the old parliamentary structure, for the first time in 160 years. He only did so because the country was in financial crisis brought on by too many wars for power and an extravagant court life at Versailles Palace. The years after this began were turbulent ones that saw the king beheaded and the government taken over by the Jacobins. The chaos finally ended when Napoleon Bonaparte claimed French glory in battle. Democracy did not come easily in France.
The Inca
A civilization that developed during the 14th and 15th century on the base of older civilizations, such as the Chavin. Their empire stretched along the Andes mountains from present-day Ecuador to Chile. Their capital was Cuzco, high in the mountains in Peru, and the city was connected to all parts of the empire by a complex system of roads and bridges. They made use of domesticated animals (llamas and alpacas) not only as pack animals on the roads, but they also provided wool, hides, and dung for fuel.
Hammurabi's Code
A code that lists 282 specific laws dealing with everything to help keep order in the Babylon empire. "tooth for a tooth" "Eye for an eye"
Apostle Paul
A converted Jew that explained Christian principles in-ways that Greeks and Romans understood and he established churches all over the eastern end of the Mediterranean, and even as far away as Rome. Christianity spread in large part due to him.
Veils
A custom in that upper class women beginning in Mesopotamia wore cloth over hair or head to conceal.
Bubonic Plague
A deadly disease that was thought to have originated from southwestern China, and spread along the Silk trade route. It spread through Europe and killed one out of every three people. The pathogen was spread by fleas that invested rats and eventually humans. It was named the "Black Death" because its victims developed black or purple swellings caused by buboes, internal hemorrhage that gave the plague its name.
Gobi Desert
A desert located in northern China and southeast Mongolia.
Takimakan Desert
A desert located in western China between the Tian Shan & Kunlun Mountains. (Southwest of the Gobi desert on the map)
Telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. The British established it.
Stirrup
A device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. The Huns invented this, which allowed them to conquer way more easily.
Smallpox
A disease brought by the Spanish to the Aztecs in Tenochtitlan, that began an epidemic that killed or incapacitated the Aztec army.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
A document during the French Revolution created by the bourgeoisie that was modeled after the American Declaration of Independence, and after making this, they set to write a Constitution for France.
Magna Carta
A document written in 1215 that listed the rights of nobility. From this right, counsel developed a "parliament"
Umayyads
A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750. They emerged after Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law) was murdered and tried and regain control. This sparked a fundamental division in the Umma that has lasted over centuries.
Matteo Ricci
A famous Jesuit who very much impressed the Chinese, who admired his education, brilliance, and respect for Chinese customs and accomplishments.
Gutenberg bible
A famous book created by Johannes Gutenberg in 1454, that was printed in movable type. It inspired early Renaissance writers to use the technology to print their own works.
Journey to the West
A famous book that is an account of the journey of famous Buddhist monk Xuanzang to India to retrieve the Buddhist canon, thus bringing Buddhism to China. The novel featured a magical monkey who was Xuanzang's traveling companion, a character who became one of the most celebrated in Chinese literature.
Francisco Pizarro
A few years after Hernan Cortes's expedition, he attacked and defeated the Inca.
Tyranny
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Nicholas Copernicus
A polish monk and astronomer who had studied in Italy, is usually credited with developing the heliocentric model for the solar system. Using calculations from al-Din, he concluded that the geocentric theory that Ptolemy created did not make sense. Instead, his data indicated that the earth and all the other planets rotated around the sun, a conclusion that he did not share widely, for fear of retaliation from the Church.
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Caesaropapism
A political-religious system in which the secular lord is also the religious leader, as in the Byzantine Empire.
Sparta
A powerful Greek military polis that was often at war with Athens.
Minoans
A powerful, seafaring people that dominated trade (dominated economically) in the eastern Mediterranean from about 2,000-1400 BCE. They lived on Crete and the capital city was Knossos. It is named after the Greek mythical character, King Minos.
"Salutary neglect"
A practice until the mid-18th century, that allowed English colonies to run many of their own affairs. It is an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty.
Johannes Gutenburg
A printer from Mainz Germany who constructed a working printing press. He died in 1468, many years before the protestant reformation, but he contributed greatly to the rapid spread of it later. Without the press, Martin Luther's word almost certainly never would have gotten out. He did not invent movable type or the printing press. Both the Chinese and Koreans had used them in earlier years, and the idea spread to Europe in trade.
Jacobins
A radical group during the French Revolution that sought equality through executing those that disagreed with the government. They beheaded the king and many others. The leaders of this group were eventually guillotined as well.
Papyrus
A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paper-like writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
Buddism
A region that shows the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Missionary religion
A religion that actively seeks converts (Islam is a big example)
Sikhism
A religion that appeared in the Mughal Empire that is a blend of Islam and Hinduism; became militant after guru beheaded by Mughal ruler.
Islam
A religion that began in the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century CE, based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Franciscans
A religious order in the Catholic church based on simplicity and poverty
Armistice
A result of a tie. It was said that at the end of World War I, that Germany signed an agreement to this to stop the war.
Taiping Rebellion
A revolt in 1853-1864 led by Hong Xiuquan, a village schoolteacher who hated the Manchus as foreigners. He gathered support among poor and unhappy farmers, and under his charismatic leadership, his armies captured the city of Nanjing as their capital, and came very close to toppling the government in Beijing. Hong was an unusual leader, believing that he was the younger brother of Jesus, and advocating abolition of private property and equality for women. The Chinese government finally ended the civil war, with a great deal of help from the Europeans, but the cost to the country was about 20-30 million killed in this 14-year struggle. Hong had ideas similar to the radical political movements in the west.
Indus River
A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea. It was one of the first river valley's to begin a civilization (Harapan)
Ganges River
A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. It became the center of the Mauryan civilization of India in 700 BCE.
Yellow River (Huang He)
A river that runs through northern China, "China's Sorrow" because of frequent flooding that brings in dusty yellowish silt to it's banks.
Galieo Galilei
A scientist that strengthened and improved Nicolas Copernicus's theory. He read about the Dutch invention of the telescope and built himself one. With it, he saw the 4 moons of Jupiter and Saturn's rings. He studied the moon, and concluded that its surface was not smooth, but uneven just like the earth's. He corresponded with Johannes Kepler and invited him to Padua (Italy), where he said they would laugh together at the theology professor who refused to look through the telescope (thinking it was a tool of Satan). He made the mistake of making fun of people that disagreed with him, and proceeded to criticize in print the ideas of Aristotle and Ptolemy. He was arrested and put on trial by the Church eventually recanting his theory publicly, and condemned to house arrest for the last four years of his life.
Covenant
A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made. A big example is the mutual promise between God (Yahweh) and the founder of the Hebrew people (Abraham).
Demographic Transition
A statistic that shows the relationship to birth and death of a population.
Barter system
A system of exchange in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services without the use of money.
Constitutional Monarchy
A system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law. It contains a Parliament for the people to discuss things in. In both England and the Netherlands, wealthy merchants were allowed to participate in government, partly because their continuing prosperity was vital to the states.
Compass
A technology copied from the Arabs, who had earlier learned it from the Chinese. It pointed north, an important indication for ships traveling east and west during the maritime revolution.
Politique
A term meaning one willing to compromise (religion) for the greater (political) good.
Domestic servitude
A term that means where people (women in the early days of the Industrial Revolution) are forced to work as servants, maids and child-care givers for very little money.
Creoles
A term used to describe someone of Spanish descent born in the New World. They are below Peninsulares in their status.
95 Theses
A text made on the printing press that is a list of 95 problems with the church practices of the Catholic church written by Martin Luther. 1) Sola Fide (Good man does good work 2) Sola Scriptura (Only authority is in Bible) 3) Sola Gratia (Salvation comes by the free gift of God's grace)
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
A text written by Nicholas Copernicus discussing his opinions on our solar system. It was not published until after his death in 1543. (Ironically, he dedicated it to the Pope).
The plow
A tool used to cut, lift, and turn over soil. It allowed more land to be cultivated more efficiently. Greater productivity led to the growth of towns into cities.
Treaty of Nanjing
A treaty signed by the Chinese after the opium wars and it was oriented toward trade. The Chinese agreed to allow the trade of opium, and open other ports to exclusive trade with Britain. Beyond that, it gave British control of Hong Kong (near Guangzhou), and it released Korea, Vietnam, and Burma from Chinese control. This was the first of many unequal treaties signed by Asians with European nations, and they eventually led to "spheres of influence". China was divided up into trading spheres, giving each competing European nation exclusive trading rights in particular areas. By the early 20th century, most of China was split into these areas, and the Qing government was virtually powerless.
Political Imperialism
A type of imperialism where the dominant country uses diplomacy or military forces to influence the internal affairs of the other. The controlled countries were called "puppet governments". It occurred in the Dominican Republic when the United States ran its government until it got out of debt.
Railroads
A type of technology in the industrial revolution that allowed much faster land-travel.
Mary (Bloody Mary)
A very Catholic and embittered daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Many married her cousin, Philip of Spain, and tried to return to Catholicism. She had "heretics" burned, including Archbishop Cranmer, executed so many that she was called "Bloody ____". After her death, Elizabeth I began a long reign.
Ascetic
A wandering holy man
English Civil war
A war between the English Parliament and Charles I. In the end, Charles I was beheaded, leaving political authority to be ruled by the parliament. This caused English political philosopher John Locke to reconsider the nature of government.
World War I
A war between the allies (Russia, France, British Italy, United States, Japan, and Belgium) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918. It is often defined by the optimism that countries had going into the war in contrast to the horror, shock, and slaughter that traumatized them by the time the war ended in 1918.
Leonardo da Vinci
A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathemetician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
Great White Fleet
American battleships, painted white, sent around the world by President Theodore Roosevelt to display American naval power. The United States sponsored the building of the Panama Canal to allow these battleships access to both east and west coast of the country.
Zheng He
An Admiral whose voyages took place between 1405 and 1433. He was a Muslim from southwestern China who rose through the administrative ranks to become a trusted advisor of the emperor. Throughout his travels, he dispensed lavish gifts and he also dealt harshly with pirates and political leaders that tried to defy Chinese might. He returned to China with presents from his hosts and stories that awed the Chinese, especially Emperor Yongle. One of his most famous gifts was the imperial zoo, who drew crowds of amazed people who had never seen such animals before. His voyages were halted when Emperor Yongle died and Confucian bureaucrats refused to continue financing the voyages because they had little desire to increase China's interactions with other civilizations, they needed to focus on protecting their empire from nomadic tribes.
Dar al-Islam
An Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Mary Wollstonecraft
An English writer who was one of the first to argue that women possessed all the rights that Locke had granted to men including education and participation in political life.
Nasir al-Din
An Islamic scholar who studied and improved upon the cosmological model of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
Michelangelo
An Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Christopher Columbus
An Italian sailor that was sponsored by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand in Spain to take a voyage in the east. He was using Greek Ptolemy, so he believed that the voyage west was probably shorter than the Portuguese route from Europe around the tip of Africa and east, but the maps were wrong. He returned back to Spain without the trade goods that he expected to find from the east, but he convinced the Spanish monarchs that he landed in the islands off the Asian coast. He explored more areas, but he never reached the mainland, nor did he ever publicly acknowledge that he had failed in his mission - finding a new route to Asia.
Sultan
An absolute ruler aided by a strong bureaucracy, who often were army officers. Suleiman the Magnificent was the most famous ruler.
Concert of Europe
An agreement reached at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 in which major European powers pledged to cooperate to maintain the balance of power. It failed, and France was to wobble back and forth between monarchy and republican government for thirty more years, and then was ruled by Napoleon III (Bonaparte's nephew) until 1871, when finally a parliamentary government emerged.
Triple Alliance
An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI (Red on map).
Bronze
An alloy of copper and tin that led to vast improvements in equipment and tools
Hieroglyphics
An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds
Capitalism
An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods, characterized by a free competitive market and motivation by profit.
Mercantilism
An economic system developed most effectively by the British and the Dutch. The main goal was to benefit the mother country by trading goods to accumulate precious metals, that enriched the country. It may be thought as a collection of policies designed to keep the state prosperous by economic regulation.
Epic of Gilgamesh
An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
Ferdinand Magellan
An explorer who between 1519-1522 CE, found the southern tip of South America and sailed west across the Pacific. He eventually made it to the islands off the coast of Asia, sailed through the Indian Ocean, around the tip of Africa, and home to Spain. Ironically, he did not make the entire voyage because he was killed in the Philippines, and only one of his ships actually made it all the way home. He discovered how wide the Pacific Ocean is and how Columbus's earlier hunch really was. His voyage was the first to go around the world, and it symbolized the first union of the hemispheres.
Moldboard plow
An innovation invented during the Middle Ages to improve farming efficiency
Astrolabe
An invention of the Arabs, that allowed a sea captain to tell how far north or south his ship was from the equator. (latitude lines)
The Silk road
An overland route extended from western China, across Central Asia, and finally to the Mediterranean. The Chinese traded silk on this route for other goods, particularly for horses from Central Asia.
Swastika
Ancient symbol that has been used to represent life and good luck. Its meaning sort of shifted when Hitler used it and changed it during World War 2
Oracle Bones
Animal bones and tortoise shells on which Shang China priests had scratched questions for the gods.
Muhammad
Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.
Thomas Cranmer
Archbishop of Canterbury who accepted the annulment and declared Henry's marriage to Catherine invalid and legalized his new marriage to Anne Boleyn. He was burned by Mary.
How did Britain begin to abolish the slave trade?
Ardent abolitionists in Britain pressured the government to send patrol ships to the west coast of Africa to conduct search and seizure operations for ships that violated the ban.
Holy Roman Empire
Area that covered most of central Europe that contained many different governments and religions. Charles V, for a time, ruled it all.
Where did Italian immigrants go to during the Industrial Revolution?
Argentina in the 1880's and others went to Brazil, where the government paid the voyage over for these migrants who came to work on coffee plantations when slavery was abolished.
Medici
Aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century. They became patrons of the arts, encouraging and supporting artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
1500 BCE
Aryan invasion of the Indus Valley
King Victor Emmanuel II
As the Italian states unified and the 2 leaders in the north and south joined, Italy became a unified nation under this King's rule. It was a constitutional monarchy.
Tea
At first the earliest exporters of this beverage were Buddhist monks, who went to Chinese temples seeking enlightenment, and brought back stimulation too. They might've drank this because they realized that it would keep them awake as they struggled to prepare for ordination exams. Europeans began to import tea and with the sugar, it became even more of a demand. It replaced gin and beer as the national drinks in England (it kept workers awake instead of drunk).
Battle of Lepanto
Battle where Spain (Philip II) defeated the Ottoman off the coast of Greece that ended Ottoman threat in Mediterranean.
Why was birth rate no longer high in the west during the 19th century?
Because children were not in the factories anymore, so they were not as useful.
Why did the Portuguese and Spanish spread?
Because of the idea of spreading God
Why did the British spread?
Because of the idea of spreading gold (capitalism)
Why did Christianity originate?
Because of the long-standing Jewish belief in the coming of a Messiah, or a leader who would restore the Jewish kingdom to it's former glory days.
Temujin
Beginning to lead the Mongols around 1200 CE, he was called Genghis Khan, or "universal leader". He led the Mongols in conquering much of Asia. He did not conquer China in his lifetime.
8000-3500 BCE
Beginnings of Agriculture
What was one of the first colonies to sponsor expeditions in Africa?
Belgium. First establishing the Congo Free State under the direction of Belgium's King Leopold II, and eventually seizing it as the Belgian Congo.
Monotheistic
Belief in one God
Ethnocentric
Believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
Bishops
Below Archbishops, they are local church leaders within the Roman Catholic Church
Priests
Below Bishops, they are a person who performs religious ceremonies
Archbishops
Below Cardinals, they are Bishops at the head of churches in large cities
The Sahara trade
Berbers used this route for trade, that connected people that lived south of the Sahara to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Cairo became a major trade center on this route.
Shari'a
Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and Sunna, which regulated the family life, moral conduct, business and community life of Muslims. In the early days of Islam, this brought a sense of unity to all Muslims. It includes the law of people being stoned to death.
Second Treaties of Civil Government
Book written by John Locke that argued that rulers get their right to rule not from the heavens, but from the consent of the governed.
What was the last country to abolish slavery in the Americas? And when was it abolished?
Brazil, where the institution was weakened by a law that allowed slaves to fight in the army in exchange for freedom. It was abolished in 1888, without a war.
What religion were the Mauryans?
Buddhist
Scorched Earth
Burning and destroying crops and livestock so that one's enemy has nothing to use for food as they invade. Used by the Russians (Tsar Alexander I) when Napoleon invaded in 1812.
Justinian
Byzantine emperor in the 6th century CE who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code
Xi'an
Capital city of the Qin dynasty during the rule of the emperor Shihuangdi. (Red dot on the map)
Manila
Capital of Philippines
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after the sack of Constantinople. It is a highly sophisticated, cosmopolitan city.
Who were some of the biggest supporters of Renaissance art and sculpture?
Catholic Popes, who commissioned work of the Vatican and St.Peter's cathedral in Rome. Without their wealth, the Italian Renaissance would have been impossible.
Christianity divided into 2 of which churches during which era?
Catholic church in the west and Eastern Orthodox church in the east. Post-classical era.
Cardinals
Catholic officials ranking next below the pope.
Delhi Sultanate
Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders (Turks).
Cardinal Wolsey
Chancellor of England that was sent by Henry VIII to petition the Pope for an annulment of his marriage.
Philip II
Charles V's son who became the King of Spain. He continued to attempt to restore Catholicism, first through overtures of marriage to Elizabeth, and then through clandestine plots with Mary Stuart, deposed queen of Scotland and Elizabeth's cousin, who was living under house arrest in England. He began the Spanish Armada, that was demolished when Elizabeth I of England sent her small, but quick English "sea-dogs" to demolish it.
Scholar gentry
Chinese class of land-owner bureaucrats
Yuan Dynasty
Chinese dynasty in 1271-1368 CE after the Song dynasty.
Ming Dynasty
Chinese dynasty in 1368-1644 CE after the Yuan dynasty. It was established when Confucian scholars led a revolt and toppled the Mongols. It was overthrown by the Manchu, starting the Qing dynasty.
Song Dynasty
Chinese dynasty in 960-1279 CE after the five dynasties period. It includes Taiwan.
Tang dynasty
Chinese dynasty that came after the era of disunity in 618-907 CE
What is Judaism the foundation of?
Christian and Islam faiths
Alexandria
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and post-classical eras.
Root civilizations
Civilizations that modern societies have grown from.
Meiji
Claimed to have ended centuries of shogun-dominated governments that made the emperor totally powerless. The Japanese were then ruled by oligarchs.
Panama Canal
Completed in 1913, this cut a swath across Central America that promoted trade and transportation among the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
What 3 important belief systems emerged during the Warring States Period (403-221 BCE) between the Zhou and Han dynasties?
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
Sargon of Akkad
Conqueror who defeated the city-states of Sumer by taking control of both northern and southern Mesopotamia. He created the world's first empire: Akkadian Empire
Trans-Siberian line
Constructed between 1891 and 1904, it linked Moscow to Vladivostok on the Pacific ocean.
What was the first metal?
Copper. It could be hammered into shapes for tools and jewelry.
4 Noble Truths
Core of Buddha's doctrine; all life involves suffering, desire is the cause of suffering, elimination of desire brings the end to suffering, and disciplined life conducted in accordance with the Eightfold Path brings elimination of desire.
What were the major important products of British India?
Cotton and poppies for opium
Table of Ranks
Created by Peter the Great, it creates opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility was based on merit
Parliament
Created from the Magna Carta, it is literally a place to talk things over. It came to blows with King Charles I in the 1640's in the English Civil War. This won this war, and even though the institution of the monarchy was eventually retained, it marks the turning point of power toward a limited, or "constitutional" government.
How were the Russians formed?
Created from the Slavs being inter-married with the Viking invaders.
Agustin De Iturbide
Creole leader who completed the Mexican fight for independence and declared himself emperor
Barley
Crop that originated from the Fertile Crescent that first started to be cultivated in 8000 BCE. It can be used to create bread, cattle feed, and beer.
Wheat
Crop that originated from the Fertile Crescent that first started to be cultivated in 8000 BCE. It can be used to create bread.
Rice
Crop that originated in southern and eastern Asia that started to be cultivated in 3000 BCE.
Catherine of Aragon
Daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella and Henry VIII's first wife. She was six years older than Henry and they were married 20 years and had six children, only one of whom survived - a daughter, Mary. By the time she was in her mid-40's, and unlikely to produce more children, Henry became smitten with a young women at court, Anne Boleyn.
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn that began a long reign after Mary in 1558-1603 CE. She can be labeled as a politique. She restored Protestantism, but not in a fanatical way. Her government required nominal membership in the Church of England and, at least, outward conformity to its worships, but people's private religious convictions were not questioned. She demolished the Spanish Armada.
What invention did Europeans add on to their ships to make it so it does not tip over during the maritime revolution?
Deep drafts and round hulls
Hunters & Gatherers
Depended on the abundance of food, captured/killed animals; learned what plants/fruits were good or bad.
Israelites (Hebrews)
Descendants of Abraham in Judaism who left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan.
Manorialism
Describes the economic and political ties between landlords and their peasants.
City-states
Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (Black dots on the map)
1st 6 domesticated animals:
Dogs, goats, sheep, pigs, cows, and donkeys
Scramble for Africa
Dr. David Livingstone was founded by Henry Stanley in Africa, sparking interest into Africa, overall starting this term. This term is given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.
Toltecs
During the 10th century, this powerful group emerged and established a capital at Tula, about 50 kilometers from modern Mexico city. It fell into decay by the end of the 12th century, just about the time that a new group, the Mexica began to grow. They eventually became known as the Aztecs, a name meaning "the place of the seven legendary caves", or the place of their origins. They established the great city of Tenochtitlan.
When did the Ottoman Empire reach its peak?
During the 16th and 17th centuries, when they won many of their encounters with European kingdoms.
The Habsburgs
During the 16th century, the growing wealth of Spain tilted power toward this family that ruled many lands in Europe: not only Spain, but large parts of the Holy Roman Empire that covered most of central Europe, as well as territory that is now the Netherlands and Belgium.
When did Confucianism develop?
During the late Zhou
The Five Pillars of faith
Duties at the heart of the Islamic religion. These practices represent a Muslim's submission to the will of God: 1) Faith ("There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah") 2) Prayer (Muslims must face the city of Mecca and pray 5 times a day) 3) Alms (All Muslims are expected to give money to the poor through a special religious tax called Alms) 4) Fasting (Reminds Muslims that faith is more important than food and water) 5) Pilgrimage (Muslims are expected to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.
The Byzantine Empire
Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.
Pharaohs
Egyptian gods-kings came to be called these
Cotton Gin (1793)
Eli Whitney's invention in the American South, where Britain demanded on for cotton. The machine efficiently separated the cotton fiber from the seed.
Who were 2 famous American women in the United States that began to concentrate their efforts on suffrage?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Who were 2 famous populist leaders (not Father Hidalgo) of the Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa, who like Father Hidalgo were executed by the government.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
Emperor of united Germany that mainly allowed Bismarck to make many of the decisions
Mali
Empire created by the Almoravids in the 13th century CE. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
Safavid Empire
Empire that developed east of the Ottomans, encompassing land space that is now modern Iran. They had an inland capital, and most were Shi'a Muslim. They had a strong army equipped with firearms, but they had no navy.
Lord Byron
English poet who fought and died in the Greek Revolution, saw the battle as one between western civilization (with roots in Ancient Greece) and the Islamic Ottomans. He fought his shots with ink on paper.
Pax Mongolica
Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire
Who did the industrial revolution effect?
Everyone on the globe was affected
Cape town
First European colony in South Africa near the tip, that was created in Unit 4 1450-1750
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa formed around 700 CE. It means "War chief", and the gold production > Food production.
Polis
Form of government in ancient Greece which power is centralized into a local city-state.
Legalism
Founded by Han Feizi Shangzi because he believed that chaos in China was because of the growing population (He claimed that the growing population led to scarcity of resources leading to war and strife). He saw this strong government according to law as the solution to the problem. This government system has 3 principles: fa (law), shi (legitimacy), and shu (arts of the ruler).
Zhu Yuan Zhang
Founder of the Ming dynasty, moved the capital to Najing, and he closed off all trade relations and turned to isolation, which hurt other empire's economies.
Estates-General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
What countries economically imposed the Industrialization?
France, Germany, United States, Great Britain, and Belgium.
Clovis
Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity. He led his forces on a campaign that wiped out the remains of Roman authority a few years after Rome fell.
What was the first long-distance railroad line?
From the coastal city of Liverpool to inland Manchester. It was an immediate success upon its completion in 1830, and within a few decades, most British cities were connected by rail.
7 million years ago
Furthermost back relative of the human species.
Eastern Front
Germany and Austria-Hungary fought Russia on this front of World War I. The Russians took the offensive in Prussia, but by the summer of 1915 combined German and Austrian forces drove the Russian armies back eastward across Poland, and eventually back into Russia's borders. Russia's armies were poorly led and badly equipped, with the tsar sending men into battle without guns, food, or shoes. Russia withdrew from the war in 1917, releasing German soldiers to transfer to the Western Front, but U.S soldiers supplemented French and British soldiers there so that the stalemate was finally broken, with the armistice occurring on the 11th hour if the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918.
What 2 major empires emerged in West Africa, just south of the Sahara desert during the Post-classical era?
Ghana and Mali
Allah
God of Islam
What did the Romans trade for the silk from China?
Gold
Absolute Monarchies
Governments in which the king held all power. Most of the newly powerful European states, including Spain and France developed into these.
Why did Alexander the Great stop growing his empire?
He aspired to conquer the whole world, and was disappointed when his weary troops after subduing the easternmost reaches of the Persian empire and invading northwestern India, refused to march any further.
John Locke
He created a philosophy that laid the basis for rule of law, not by the whim of the monarch, an idea that was far from new. However, he added that if the monarchs overstepped the law, citizens not only had the right, but the duty to rebel. His philosophy influenced thinkers in the late 1700's, who in turn inspired democratic revolutions in many places, including North America and France. He also spoke of a social contract that gave subjects the right to overthrow the ruler if he ruled badly.
Pedro
He declared Brazil's independence, and he signed a charter establishing a constitutional monarchy.
Josiah Wedgewood
He developed a mold for pottery that replaced the potter's wheel, making mass production of dishes possible.
Chandragupta Maurya
He founded India's first empire (Mauryan Empire). He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander invaded western India.
Prince Henry the Navigator
He wanted to increase Portugal's maritime influence and profits, and he also wanted to spread Christianity. From Portugal, his ships ventured to the Strait of Gibraltar, where they seized the Muslim city of Ceuta, allowing Christian ships to travel safely between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. His influence was so great mainly because he started a school for navigators that trained some of the most famous and skilled mariners of the day (Bartholomew Dias and Vasco da Gama)
Tsar Alexander II
He was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the one of the many revolutionary groups that were growing rapidly within the country (liberals). Some of these revolutionary groups were Marxist, and their influence would eventually take over the country in 1917. However, Russia continued on under absolute rule until then, with an intense state-run industrialization program, that did modernize Russia by the end of the 19th century.
Olaudah Equiano
He was a West African who published an autobiography in 1789 that recounted his experiences as a slave in Africa and the New World. He later gained his freedom, learned to read and write, and became active in the abolitionist movement. Many people read his works, heard him speak, and were influenced to oppose slavery.
Siddhartha Gautama
He was a disgrunted Hindu unable to find answers to the meanings of life that left home to become an ascetic, or wandering holy man. He seeked enlightenment. He created the 4 Noble Truths, which were the revelations of those years, forming the basic tenets of Buddism.
Emperor Kangxi
He was the first to rule the Qing dynasty from 1661-1722 CE. He was an enlightened, brilliant ruler, Confucian scholar, poet, and supporter of education, but he was also a conquering warrior who understood the importance of military might.
Emperor Qianlong
He was the second to rule the Qing dynasty from 1736-1795 CE. China was so prosperous in his Qing days that he cancelled taxes on several occasions because the government simply did not need the money.
Napoleon Bonaparte
He, of minor nobility came from the island of Corsica, rose through the ranks of the French military during a time of chaos. He seized the French government at a time when no one else could control it. He promised stability and conquest, and by 1812, the French Empire dominated Europe to the borders of Russia. His invasion of Europe was unsuccessful, done in by cold winters, long supply lines, and Tsar Alexander I's Scorched Earth method that left the French armies without food. An alliance of European countries led by Britain defeated him in 1815 at Waterloo in modern day Belgium.
Pope
Head of the Roman Catholic Church
Edward VI
Henry VIII's last and only son. Henry VIII died when he was 10 years old, so he ruled with two uncles as regents. The uncles moved England further into the Protestant arena with the Book of Common Prayer, and order of services in England. He died of tuberculosis six years later and the crown went to his half sister Mary, the very Catholic and embittered daughter of Catherine of Aragon.
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII's second wife after Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her. He had cardinal Wolsey, Chancellor of England, petition the Pope for an annulment. But the Pope, being controlled by Catherine's nephew, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, did not grant this request. In desperation, Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of Canterbury, and Cranmer annulled the marriage. Henry had Catherine put away in a convent and married this 2nd wife in 1533. Six months later, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. Within three years, Henry had her tried for treason and executed.
What religion were the Guptas?
Hindu
What were some important products traded in the Colombian Exchange?
Horses, wheat, sugar cane, coffee, tomatoes (thought was poison but really the plates they were on caused lead poisoning), pineapples (found in Hawaii and only royalty could afford them), tobacco, and peppers/chocolate (fused together at the time)
Manila Galleons
Huge ships that were vast and well armed, and they took Asian luxury goods to Mexico, and returned with their hulls full of gold and silver. For 250 years, they traveled back and forth across the Pacific Ocean between Manila in the Philippines and Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico. Most of the precious metals made their way into China, an inducement that convinced the Ming emperors to keep trade with outsiders alive. Meanwhile, some of the Asian silks and porcelain stayed in Mexico for use by the Spanish viceroys and other elites, but most of the goods went overland by Mexico to ships that carried them to Spain and other European markets.
1640 BCE
Hyksos invade Egypt
Interchangeable parts
Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. It meant that machines were more practical and easier to repair.
Pyramids
Immense structures that served as the resting place of Egyptian kings after death
Great Schism
In 1054 CE, when the Roman Pope and the Patriarch in Constantinople agreed that their religious differences could not be reconciled.
Siege of Vienna
In 1529 when Charles V defeated the Ottomans and so protected Europe from further invasions.
When and how did the Songhay empire end?
In 1591, a Moroccan army opened their muskets on the Songhay forces, and they were defeated.
Sepoy Rebellion
In 1857, in the name of this rebellion, these people (Indian Muslims and Hindus who served the British as soldiers in the army that defended the subcontinent) rebelled against the British East India Company because they were furious of the new training technique that required them to put a bullet shell in their mouths that had been greased in either pork or beef fat, with the pork fat being highly offensive to the Muslims and the beef to the Hindu. It took the British by surprise, they tried to change the practice immediately, but it was too late because nationalism had reached India too (Leading to Gandhi in 90 years).
Boxer Rebellion
In 1900, this was a rebellion led by a group called the Boxers with an army who attacked the Qing to take back "China for the Chinese". It was brought upon by wishes to get European interests out of the country. The rebellion was unsuccessful but the Boxers helped to bring about the Chinese Revolution of 1911 that ended the Qing dynasty.
When and why did Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali die
In 661 CE, he was murdered by rivals
Five Dynasties
In 907-960 CE, it is the period of division in China after the Tang dynasty
Nirvana
In Buddhism, it is the release from selfishness and pain. (Like heaven)
Jose de San Martin
In Buenos Aires, Argentina, this charismatic military leader led armies for independence from the southern part of the continent. His combined Chilean/Argentine forces joined with Simon de Bolivar in Peru where they helped the northern areas to defeat the Spanish. His areas, like those led by Bolivar, also split along regional differences.
When did the Tokugawa Shogunate close Japan and why?
In the 1630's, to keep all Japanese from going abroad and expelling all Europeans from Japan. They carefully controlled trade with other Asians and European traders could come no closer than nearby islands. These policies were strictly enforced as far as the shoguns were able to, although daimyos on far islands were difficult to control.
Pirates
In the Chinese and the American seas, they looted ships going in and out of ports. In China, they were both Chinese & Japanese, and they waited for ships going in and out of Chinese ports so that they could loot them.
National Assembly
In the French Revolution, where the bourgeoisie seized control of the proceedings and declared the creation of this. A legislative body that still exists in France today.
"Tax Farming"
In the Ottoman Empire, it was the relying on middlemen to collect taxes. It became corrupt, and their demands created resentment from taxpayers.
Baghauad Gita
In the Rig Veda, it is a story that tells how one cousin, Arjuna, overcomes his hesitations to fight his own kin.
Mahabharata
In the Rig Veda, it is an epic reflecting the struggles that took place in India as the Aryans moved relentlessly south.
Ramayana
In the Rig Veda, it tells the story of the virtuous hero, Rama, who rescues his beloved Sita from the evil king. It is as long as the Christian Bible
Fertile Crescent
In the desert climate between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in southwest Asia lies an arc of land that provides some of the best farming in southwest Asia. (In Mesopotamia & Egypt)
Sunni
In the interest of peace, these Muslims accepted the Umayyads rule, believing that the caliph should continue to be selected by the leaders of the Muslim community. The name meaning: "Followers of Muhammad's example"
Where was the most dramatic environmental change in industrialized countries?
In the towns. Never before had towns grown so fast, and major cities formed (London, Liverpool, Manchester, and New York).
Socio-Cultural Imperialism
In this type of imperialism, the invading country forced their customs, languages, and religions on the raided land. An example of this was British India where British style dress was enforced, English in school was taught, and western trade routes were set up. The reason for this imperialism was that the imperialist countries thought that the other societies were inferior, and that the 'superior' country was aiding them in advancements.
Where did Arabic numerals develop?
India
2300 BCE
India begins trading with Mesopotamia
Gupta Dynasty
India's Golden Age in 320 CE that now had the northern part of India being unified.
Who did England depend on for the production of cotton?
India, Egypt, and the American South
Slavs
Indo-European peoples who ultimately dominated much of eastern Europe
Vikings
Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia during the post-classical era.
Jethro Tull's Seed Drill
Invention during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution that more effectively planted seeds.
Mosques
Islamic holy houses
Madrasas
Islamic institutions of higher education that originated in the tenth century CE.
Why was agriculture important?
It allowed people to control food production, and domestication of animals both helped it become more efficient and increased the availability of food. People were less likely to starve to death, and it increased lifespans.
In the 19th century, what happened to child labor?
It began to be replaced with machines
Why was irrigation important?
It carried river water to the fields, which then allowed farmers to produce a surplus of crops.
What happened to deforestation in Europe during the Industrial Revolution?
It slowed down, because they were dependent on America, where deforestation was a huge problem. As people moved rapidly west, they cleared forests for farms and moved on when the soil was depleted. The cultivation of cotton in the Americas was especially harmful. Industrialization actually relieved environmental depletion in Britain because raw materials once grown on British soil were replaced by coal and iron found underground. Iron replaced wood in many building structures, including ships, so that deforestation slowed.
What happened once the Roman Empire fell?
It split into two regions, west and east. The eastern half endured for another 1000 years after the west fell from barbarians.
What did most immigrants (Asians & Europeans) come to the Americas for?
It was majorly to become factory workers and railroad builders. Some others went there in search of gold and silver in the West.
The Spinning Jenny (1764)
James Hargreaves' invention that allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time, increasing the output of spinners. Hargreaves named the machine for his daughter.
Steam engine
James Watt's invention in the late 1790's. Although steam power had been used before, (coal mines to pump out water), Watt invented ways to make it practical and efficient to use both water and land transportation. Perhaps the most revolutionary use of steam energy was the railroad engine, which drove English industry after 1820.
King Henry VIII of England
King VII's son and the second Tudor king from 1509 to 1547 CE. The big move away from Rome resulted primarily from personal crisis in his life. He received a big windfall by confiscating the wealth of Catholic monasteries when he officially separated the English church from Rome. He broke with the Catholic Church because the pope would not grant him a divorce. He attempted to keep the country out of war by forming alliances through marriage.
Porus
King in West India that lost against Alexander but impressed him with his bravery and skills. His army had an additional advantage, war elephants, which terrified the Greeks, and Alexander met him during the monsoon season and faced him across a river in flood.
Philip II of Macedon
King of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great. His conquests were the roots of Hellenism. He had united the Greek states in a confederacy against Persia.
What were the early tools and what were they made out of?
Knifes, axes, hoes, and weapons were made out of Copper
What was the necessary component for the Industrial Revolution?
Labor
Terracotta Army
Lavish tomb for the 1st emperor, Shi Huangdi of the Qin dynasty with around 7 thousand soldiers surrounding the tomb.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century.
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians in 1095 CE, to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades.
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Led Mexico's rebellion that eventually led to independence in 1821. He was a Catholic priest who sympathized with the plight of the Amerindian peasants and was executed for leading a rebellion against the colonial government. His cause greatly influenced Mexico's political atmosphere, as his populist ideas were taken up by others who led the people in revolt against the Creoles.
"Flying Cash"
Letters of credit that allowed merchants to deposit money in one location and have it available in another.
Republican democracy
Liberals supported this government with an elected legislature who represents the people in political decision-making. These representatives were generally far from the elite (bourgeoisie), but were selected from a popular base of citizens.
The Untouchables
Lowest level of the caste system; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs (butchers, grave-diggers, collectors of trash, etc.); their life was extremely difficult. The mere "touch" of someone from this caste endangered the "purity" of others.
"Floating gardens"
Made from the Aztecs, they are artificial islands created from swamplands that supported a highly productive agriculture.
Upanishads
Major book in Hinduism that was a Brahmin response to the Vedas. They tried to answer moral and ethical questions.
Timbuktu
Mali's capital city that became a world center of TRADE, education, and sophistication in the post-classical era.
Why was African slave labor so practical in the Americas?
Many of the Amerindians who probably would have done the work would've died.
Serfs
Most people during the middle ages, who farmed self-sufficient agricultural estates called manors. They were NOT slaves.
"Dasas"
Meaning "dark" referring to their skin, it was the Aryan name for indigenous people of Indus valley region; regarded as socially inferior to Aryans
Assimilated
Meaning to take in (information, ideas, or culture) and understand fully.
What diseases spread to the Amerindian populations?
Measles, smallpox, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, and yellow fever
Gavrilo Princip
Member of the Black Hand and assassin of Franz Ferdinand, the assassination that would then lead to WWI.
Unit 1 & 2 Foundation and classical: Gender roles
Men(Hunter): Took leadership roles Women(Gatherer): Highly valued for their gathering skills
3100 BCE
Menes unites Egypt
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Military leader who unified southern Italy
What were the 3 major migrations in Mesopotamia from 3500-1000 BCE?
Minoans, Phoenicians, and the Israelites
Kublai Khan
Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China. He captured the capital and set up a new capital in Beijing, which he called Khanbaluk, or "city of the Khan".
Akbar
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India. He married a Hindu and tried to reconcile the faiths.
Heliocentric theory
Nicolas Copernicus's theory that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.
Were people's lives satisfied when workers from rural areas moved to urban areas for wealth?
No, most industrialized occupations were dull, tedious, and underpaid. Lengthy workdays with few breaks and repetitive tasks gave workers little sense of accomplishment. Unlike farmers where they could have a choice on what they could use, factory personnel had no control over tools, jobs, or even working hours. They couldn't do much about their situation until labor unions formed (Marxism) and helped stimulate proper conscience of some middle class people (bourgeoisie).
Aryans
Nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; They suggested beginning of caste system. On the caste system they were the "noble" class. They left behind the Vedas.
Charlemagne
One of Clovis's descendants that ruled a kingdom that spread across a huge part of Europe, which is now both modern-day France, and Germany. He was crowned by the Pope as the new emperor in 800 CE, united church and state. But still, the Pope was the one controlling the crown and the ceremony took place in Rome.
John Knox
One of John Calvin's admirers who carried Calvinism to Scotland, and from there it made its way into England.
Coca leaves
One of the crops the Inca ate and grew, because it eliminated altitude sickness.
Harapan Civilization
One of the first civilizations in the world that is surrounding the Indus River Valley
Minaret tower
One of the four towers surrounding a mosque for muezzin to call the faithful to prayer (5 times a day)
Yin and Yang
One of the harmony of opposites in Taoism: Yin- Female, moon, completion, cold, dark, submission Yang- Male, sun, creation, heat, light, dominance
Taj Mahal
One of the most famous monument in Islamic lands, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who dedicated this white marble mosque and tomb to the memory of his wife. He planned to build a similar mausoleum out of black marble for himself, but he was deposed of by his son and spent the rest of his life in prison, where he supposedly could see his wife's tomb through a small window with the help of a mirror.
Suleymaniye
One of the most famous religious complex built by Suleiman the Magnificent. It is a blend of Islamic and Byzantine architectural features.
Sugarcane
One of the primary crops of the Americas (Brazil mainly), which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate. It resulted in great profit. The strong demand of this crop in Europe was complemented by the trade with China for tea.
Allied Powers
One of the settled sides of World War I with the countries of England, France, Russia, and Italy (who switched sides at the last minute). (Green on map)
Central Powers
One of the settled sides of World War I with the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. (Pink on map)
Grand Canal
One of the world's longest waterworks projects built in the Gold era of Tang/Song before the modern era. It was a series of man-made waterways that connected the major rivers and made it possible for China to increase the amount and variety of international trade.
Canton
One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty
What do Eastern Orthodox Churches look like
Onion domes on the buildings
What product did China want from the British East India Company?
Opium
Renaissance
Or "rebirth" was characterized by an attempt to revive the values of the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, Greece and Rome. It spread from Italy north, and by the 16th century had inspired new art styles in the Netherlands and Germany, as well as such literacy geniuses as William Shakespeare in England. It encouraged people to think in different ways.
Turks
Originally Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Middle East during various times of the era. The Seljuks invaded the Byzantine Empire. By the end of the post-classical era, the Ottomans captured Constantinople and many other parts of Europe.
What were some major Gunpowder Empires?
Ottomans (Sunni) and the Safavids (Shi'a) in Southwest Asia, Ming and Qing in China, the Mughals (Sunni) in India, and the new Russian empire.
Chinese inventions Unit 1 & 2 Foundational and Classical period:
Paper, printing, compass, and porcelain
What were some major cities during Unit 4 The world shrinks 1450-1750
Paris, London, and Amsterdam
Tribute
Peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger
Indo-Europeans
People from an area north of Mesopotamia. They migrated south into western Asia and in the Indus Valley. This massive migration threatened all of the early civilizations except for China.
Ancient Egyptians
People in the early river valley civilization of Egypt where they only knew the lower half of the River (delta).
Peninsulares
People living in the New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain. They had the highest status.
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Period of technological change beginning in England that coincided with industrial innovations (Industrial Revolution) to supplement old farm equipment/techniques with new innovated ones.
Republic of China
Period starting and ending 1911-1949 CE, after the Qing dynasty fell in China
Globalization
Periodization 6 term that is like Hellenization or like spheres of influence.
Viceroys
Personal representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire (Basically Vice president)
Empire
Place that brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler.
"Nations"
Political entities that inspired nationalism and movements of political reform. It is a union often characterized by a common language, shared historical experiences and institutions, and similar cultural traditions, including religion at both the elite and popular levels (Borders, language, and culture).
All-Indian Muslim League
Political organization founded in British India in 1906 that was a nationalist group established for Muslims. They were demanding Indian independence from the British
4 Khanates
Political organizations each ruled by a different relative, with the ruler of the original empire in Central Asia designated as the "Great Khan", or the one that followed in the steps of Genghis.
What did Sumerians believe in?
Polytheism
Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal and Spain presumed to divide the world in two by seeking the Pope's blessing on this treaty, which drew a new line north and south through the Atlantic, giving Portugal the land east and Spain the land west. Portugal actually lost in the long run, because the lands that they "received" were already claimed by empires that did not recognize the Portuguese claims.
What were some major maritime powers?
Portugal, Spain, France, and England
What was the first European kingdom to explore other lands seriously?
Portugal, mainly because its geographic location on the Atlantic Ocean, with a long seacoast with good harbors.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who a few years after the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias, rounded the Cape, found southern Swahili cities, and hired a Muslim guide that helped him to sail all the way to India.
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and returned to Portugal with the news.
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate elite women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted the women's movement; made it easier to confine the women to the household.
Polydaemonism
Prehistoric peoples believed in this belief: the belief in many spirits (not specific Gods). Bushes, rocks, trees, plants, or streams could be inhabited by these spirits.
The Nile
River in Egypt where the current went north, emptying into the Mediterranean sea. It was one of the first river valleys for civilizations (Egyptians). The delta was marshy, triangular area of land, formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river which provides excellent soil for farming.
Jesuits
Priests that were an order of the Catholic Church that specialized in international missionary work. They began arriving into China during the 16th century, and they dazzled their hosts with European science and technology (they corrected calendars, and timings on their solar eclipses). However, they had limited success in converting people to Christianity. After the Pope condemned what he called 'ancestry worship', Kangxi ordered the end to these ministries.
Early specialized jobs
Priests, traders, and builders
Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister who unified northern Italy
Why did the Huns begin to migrate south and west during the classical period?
Probably caused by drought and lack of pasture
Samurai
Professional warriors who swore loyalty to the daimyos. They lived by a warrior's code - the bushido - that required them to commit suicide (seppuku) by disembowelment if they failed their masters.
Calvinism
Protestant sect founded by John Calvin.
Otto von Bismark
Prussian military leader who subjugated rebels and declared the beginning of the German Empire.
Geocentric theory
Ptolemy's theory that Earth is the center of the Universe.
What two cities did the Ming emperors allow trade in?
Quanzhou and Guangzhou
Chinese junks
Refined in late Tang and Song period and used in Zheng He's expeditions, they were the best ships in the world at their time, with nine masts, and being far larger than the ships Christopher Columbus was to sail only a few decades later. They were used militarily, technologically, and commercially. Some of the ships were used for storage.
Jainism
Religion founded in India, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed.
Shintoism
Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.
The Water Frame (1764)
Richard Arkwright's invention that replaced the hand-driven Spinning Jenny with one powered by water power, increasing spinning productivity even more.
3 branches of Christianity
Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestantism
Triangular trade
Route that carried rum from New England to West Africa, slaves to the West Indies, and molasses and rum back to New England.
What countries politically imposed the Industrialization?
Russia and Japan
2350 BCE
Sargon of Akkad
What were the 3 kings the Hebrews untied under from 1020-922 BCE?
Saul, David, and Solomon.
Crop Rotation
Scientific farmers improved this type of method in the 2nd agricultural revolution, which eventually controlled nutrients in the soil.
Book of the Dead
Scrolls that served as a guide for the afterlife in ancient Egypt
Shang Dynasty location
Second Chinese dynasty along several rivers in the north China plains.
Barbarians
Settled agriculturalists generally named nomads this, meaning an inferior lot that needed to be kept out of their villages.
What were big exports in China during the Han dynasty?
Silk, porcelain, and lacquer work
When Mesopotamia flooded once a year, a thick bed of mud was left behind. What was this rich soil used for farming called?
Silt
Did racism cause slavery or did slavery cause racism?
Slavery caused racism.
Bedouins
Small groups of nomadic people in Arabia that had a huge impact on the course of history during the post-classical era. They controlled the trade routes across the Saudi Arabian desert.
Tobacco
Smoking this became fashionable in England, and so these plantations rose in the tidelands of Virginia (Jamestown).
Alexander the Great
Son of Philip II of Macedon, he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. He was the FIRST world conqueror and one of the greatest generals in history. He was taught by Aristotle when he was 13, and he commanded the cavalry of his father when he was only 18. He became king of Macedonia at the age of 20. In 334 BCE, he crossed into Asia and systematically began the conquest of the Persian empire. He died suddenly of a fever at age 33.
Where were most of the immigrants coming into North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries come from?
Southern Europe. They were fleeing famine, poverty, and discrimination in their origin.
"Junta"
Spanish colonies in South America rebelled against Spain. This term came to be used for these local governments who wanted to overthrow colonial powers. Two of these centers in South America were Caracas, Venezuela and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who led a Spanish expedition in 1519 CE, where he marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and defeated the great empire with only a few hundred soldiers. Two weapons helped a great deal - guns and disease.
Council of the Indies
Spanish government text that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies.
Dark Ages/Middle Ages
Started 475 CE, in Europe when Rome fell. It is a time when many aspects of the Roman civilization were lost, such as access to long-distance trade. It ended around 1000 CE.
Andes Mountains
Steep and rocky mountains that stretch down the western edge of south America, from Colombia in the north of Chile in the south. It generally had poor soil and ice and snow covered the highest elevations year-round.
Order of metals used in history
Stone, Copper, Bronze, Iron, Steel
Caliph
Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims
What were the main cash crops during the Industrial Revolution era?
Sugar, cotton, and rubber. Many countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and southeast Asia became highly dependent on these. The practice earned Latin American countries the nickname of "Banana Republics".
Irrigation
Supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of channels
Business Cycles
Swings between economic hard times to recovery and growth.
What one major disease originated from the Americas and spread to Europe?
Syphilis
Patriarchal system
System in which men hold power in the family, economy, and government. It began to form after the 1st Agricultural Revolution when men took over most agricultural cultivation and domestication of animals, while women were responsible for raising children, cooking food, and keeping the house.
3-field system
System in which they rotated crops, allowing a field to remain fallow every third year.
Bureaucracy
System of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
What dynasties of China were there during the Unit 3 Post-Classical period (600-1450 CE)?
Tang and Song Dynasties
Ziggurats
Temples high in the sky built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses that they worshipped. "Someone upstairs runs the show"
"Banana Republics"
Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.
Mulattoes
Term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. They have the lowest status.
1st Industrial Revolution main invention types:
Textiles
Abolitionist Movement
The American and French revolutions stimulated this movement, since both emphasized liberty, equality, and justice. Because most slaves were not allowed to read and write, most outspoken abolitionists were free whites in England and North America. However, Africans themselves took up the struggle to abolish slavery and the slave trade, with frequent slave revolts in the 18th and 19th centuries making slavery an expensive and dangerous business.
Where did Chinese and Japanese immigrants go during the Industrial Revolution?
The Chinese came to sugarcane fields in Cuba during the 19th century. Both the Chinese and Japanese laborers came to Peru where they worked on cotton plantations, in mines, and on railroad lines.
Western Front
The French and the British fought on this front against the Germans in World War I. It was eventually joined by Americans in 1917. The war bagged down quickly, with both sides digging trenches, and fighting from them until the war ended in 1918. The Stalemate occurred partly because new technology (machine guns, airplanes, tanks, and poison gas) made any offensive attack so lethal that the army had to retreat to trenches. Attacks were followed by counter-attacks that resulted in huge casualties. It literally got to the point where each side simply hoped that the other would run out of young men first. Indeed that happened when the United States entered the war, and Germany could not match the combined forces.
Ptolemy
The Greek philosopher and astronomer who constructed a geocentric theory where all planets, the moon, and the sun revolved around the earth.
Moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. It is Hindu for one with the universe. (it is like Heaven from Christianity)
Charles V
The Holy Roman Emperor that tried to keep Europe religiously united. He is the grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella. He allied with the Pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He is the person who told the Pope to not grant the request to Henry VIII's annulment. He was unable to coordinate the fragmented territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Moreover, he had to defend his eastern territories from the growing Ottoman Empire.
What 3 native tribes appeared in America during the post-classical period?
The Inca, Maya, and Aztecs
Sati
The Indian custom of a wealthy widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.
Manchus
The Ming dynasty was overthrown by this northern power in 1644. In the past, this group did help the Ming emperors fight the Mongols and Japanese, but they turned on the Ming once they discovered how weak the empire was. They created the next dynasty: Qing ('pure') Empire, naming it because they saw themselves as restoring China to glory. They were seen by some as not being truly "Chinese" because they were northern people from the outside. They saw the mandate of heaven as justification for their takeover. They outlawed Chinese from learning their language, and required Chinese men to shave their heads and grow long queues at the back of their heads as sign of submission.
How did the revolution of Brazil happen?
The Portugal's royal family fled to Brazil when Napoleon's troops stormed the Iberian Peninsula. They established schools, hospitals, and a library (enlightenment books) there. The king returned to Portugal in 1821, after Napoleon's threat was over, leaving Brazil in the hands of his son, Pedro. Under pressure from Brazilian elites, Pedro declared Brazil's independence, and he signed a charter establishing a constitutional monarchy that lasted until the late 19th century when Pedro II was overthrown by republicans (1889).
Boyars
The Russian nobility class (10% aristocratic families) who often plotted against the feudalistic political and economic structure.
Tsar
The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word Caesar.
Isfahan
The Safavid capital city. It was considered to be one of the most architecturally beautiful in all the world, with its monumental entryways, large courtyards, and intricate decoration.
Dalai Lama
The Tibetan leader that supported the Mongols in reemerging as a regional power. The Mongols bestowed him this name, which means "universal teacher" of Tibetan Buddhism.
What two areas were African slaves traded to?
The Western Hemisphere (men), and Islamic lands in the Middle East and India (women). Fewer slaves crossed the Sahara than crossed the Atlantic, but the numbers were substantial.
Self-determination
The ability to make one's country their own nation state, away from another power controlling them.
Deforestation
The action of clearing a wide area of trees. Timber was needed for ships, buildings, wagons, barrels, and many other items in Europe. Wood shortages were made worse by the Little Ice Age, where people burned wood to keep warm, and by the mid-17th century, forests were growing scarce and wood prices skyrocketed.
Congress of Vienna
The allies that had defeated Napoleon met in Vienna in 1815 to reach a peace settlement that would make further revolutions impossible. This was controlled by the representatives of three nations: Britain, Austria, and Russia. Each country wanted something different. The British wanted to destroy the French war machine, Russia wanted to establish an alliance based on Christianity, and Austria wanted to return to absolutism. They reached an agreement based on restoring the balance of power in Europe, or the principle that no one country should ever dominate the others. Rather, the power should be balanced among all the major countries (France, Prussia, Russia, and England). The monarchy in France was restored, and France was "ringed" with strong countries by its borders to keep its military in check.
Racism
The belief that one race of people is inferior to another. In the 16th century, when Europeans first encountered Africans, they interpreted African ways to life as inferior to those in Europe, and so did not think of enslavement as being immoral.
Simony
The buying and selling of high church offices, which often produced revenue for the holder.
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Created by Menes. (Star at top on map)
Cardinal Richelieu
The chief minister to King Louis XIII in the early 17th century. He shaped French absolutism. He undermined the power of the nobility by burning their castles and crushing attempts to conspire against the king. He also built a large bureaucracy capable of collecting taxes efficiently and serving as the "eyes and ears" of the king.
What is the period after the river valley civilizations called?
The classical age (1000 BCE-600 CE)
Karma
The concept of good and bad deeds in Hinduism.
What did the tsarists government in Russia encourage to build during the industrial revolution?
The construction of railroads to link places within the vast reaches of the empire. The railroads also gave the Russians access to the empire's many coal and iron deposits, and by 1900, Russia ranked fourth in the world in steel production.
Sumerians
The creators of the first Mesopotamian civilization in 3500 BCE) between the 2 rivers. (Green on image)
Colombian Exchange
The cross-cultural exchange that developed along the Great Circuit, the name giving credit to the man unwittingly starting the whole thing. It included a huge number of products that changed diets and work habits around the world.
Mary Stuart
The deposed queen of Scotland and Elizabeth's cousin, who was living under house arrest in England. She had clandestine plots with Philip II to restore Catholicism. In 1587, she was executed for treason, and the next year England defeated the Spanish Armada, thus ensuring Protestantism in England.
Mecca
The destination for religious pilgrims who traveled there to visit shrines to around 360 gods and spirits. At the center of the city is a simple house of worship called the Ka'aba, which contained among its many idols the Black Stone, which is all that remains of the original structure built by Ibrahim and it was placed their by Ismail.
What happened once human settlement began?
The development of reading and writing, and the period of "History" began.
Haji
The event where Muslims make their pilgrimage to Mecca
Protestantism
The faith, practice, and church order of the Protestant churches. It was widely accepted in Germany
Fujiwares
The family that ran things in Japan from 794-1188 CE. They had military might that allowed them to manipulate the emperor.
Karl Marx
The father of communism who first wrote about his interpretation of history and vision for the future in The Communist Manifesto in 1848. He saw capitalism as an economic system that exploited workers and increased the gap between the rich and the poor. He believed that these conditions in these industrialized countries would become so bad that workers would join together in a Revolution of the Proletariat (workers) and overcome the bourgeoisie (owners of the factories). He envisioned a new world after the revolution, one in which social classes would disappear because ownership of private property would be banned. According to him, communism encourages equality and cooperation, and without property to encourage greed and strife, governments would be unnecessary. His theories took root in Europe, but did not control European governments during the 19th century.
Nationalism
The feeling of identity within a common group of people.
Torah
The first 5 books of the Hebrew Bible. Christians respect it as part of the Old Testament. In the books, God (Yahweh) chose Abraham to be the 'father' or first, of the Hebrew people. Abraham obeyed Yahweh and sacrificed Isaac and Ishmael.
Abu-Bakr
The first caliph after the death of Muhammad, he was Muhammad's father-in-law and one of his close friends.
Olmecs
The first civilization that appeared in Mexico. Their trade and culture influenced other parts of Central America and shaped the development of later civilizations in the area.
Chavin
The first influential civilization in South America that arose on the mountains of present day Peru. The culture shows no evidence of political or economic organization. The spread of the art styles and religious images demonstrates the powerful influence of this culture.
Teotihuacan
The first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. His army advanced all the way to the city of Vienna.
How did the American Revolution happen?
The first major revolution that inspired other countries to revolutionize as well. It began when American colonists resisted Britain's attempt to impose new taxes and trade controls on the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. "Taxation without representation" turned political theory on its ear, but it became a major theme as the rebellion spread from Massachusetts throughout the rest of the colonies. Colonial leaders set up a new government and issued the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The fighting continued for several years until the newly created United States eventually won. The United States Constitution that followed was based on enlightenment principles, with three branches of government that check and balance one another
Dukkha
The first of the Four Noble Truths: There is suffering. Suffering is an intrinsic part of life also experienced as dissatisfaction, discontent, unhappiness, impermanence.
Mauryan Dynasty
The first united Indian state, founded by Chandragupta, after Alexander's defeat of weakened India; it lasted 322-183 BCE
Lao-Tse (604-531 BCE)
The founder of Taoism that wanted to solve the constant feudal warfare and other conflicts that disrupted society during his lifetime. Others believe he is a mythical character.
Marga
The fourth of the Four Noble Truths: the path that leads out of suffering (Noble Eight-fold Path)
Nepotism
The granting of offices to relatives. Pope Alexander VI conferred a cardinal's hat upon his 16 year old son.
Ibn Khaldun
The greatest historian and geography of the 14th century, he was a Moroccan (North Africa) who wrote a comprehensive history of the world.
Paterfamilias
The head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.
Franz Ferdinand
The heir to the Austrian throne that was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, that set in motion a series of events in which one country after another declared war on another. This overall started World War I.
Pluralism
The holding of multiple church offices.
Qur'an
The holy book of Islam. It emphasized equality of all people before Allah, and it outlawed female infanticide, and provided that dowries go directly to brides. Men could have up to 4 wives.
Crusades
The invasions of Christian lands by Muslims
Menes
The king of Upper Egypt that united all of Egypt. He created a double crown from the red and white crowns. He made Memphis his capital, and created the first Egyptian dynasty
Patricians
The land-owning aristocrat noblemen in Ancient Rome
Shudras
The landless peasants, commoners, and servants of the caste system below the Vaishyas.
Vaishyas
The landowners and merchants of the caste system below the Kshatriyas.
Songhay (Songhai)
The largest and most organized empire of Africa from the middle of the 15th century until the late 16th century. It is in northwest Africa, in areas that had been controlled by the earlier kingdom of Mali. It was prosperous, its cities boasted beautiful public buildings, and Islam was strongly supported by the elite. But they didn't have guns, and that was their downfall.
Qing Dynasty
The last imperial dynasty of China in 1644-1911 CE) after the Ming dynasty was overthrown by the Manchu. (Map is China today)
Why did spinning and weaving from homes go to factories?
The machines got too bulky and expensive to stay in homes. Wealthy textile merchants set up the machines in factories, and had the workers come to these places to do their work.
Camel
The main animal herded in the Sudan and the Arabian peninsula.
Indulgences
The most controversial, the belief that a believer could draw on Jesus's and the saint's previous stock of grace to reduce the sinner's or a relative's time in purgatory.
Middle Passage
The name for the voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Bakufu
The name given to the Tokugawa government. It means the tent government that temporarily replaced the emperor. The tent government eventually settled in Edo (modern Tokyo), and ruled their independent subjects by instituting alternative attendance.
"Window to the West"
The name that Peter the Great's gave to his city of St. Petersburg with a port easily accessible to Europe.
"The Middle Kingdom"
The name the people living in China called China, because they saw their civilization at the center of all that paid it honor.
The Great Circuit
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that linked directly to the old water trade routes established in previous eras.
Ramadan
The ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.
Rig Veda
The oldest work, contains hymns, devoted to Hindu Gods (Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Baghauad Gita)
8-Fold Path
The path of life followed by Buddhists to reach nirvana.
Liberalism
The people that believed this belief supported a republican democracy. Emphasis was generally on liberty or the freedom from oppression, rather than on equality.
Radicalism
The people who believed this advocated drastic changes in government and emphasized equality more than liberty. Their philosophies varied, but they were most concerned with narrowing the gap between elites and the general population. The Jacobins during the French Revolution and Marxism that appeared in the mid-19th century were variations of this ideological family.
Cotton
The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India in 6000 BCE, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop cultivated in North America.
3 inventions forged the way for a new phase of development within some of the agricultural societies. What were these 3 inventions?
The plow, invention/use of bronze, and the advent of writing.
Alternative attendance
The practice of daimyos spending every other year at the Tokugawa shogun's court. This requirement meant that daimyos had limited time to focus on building armies back home, and they also had to maintain expensive second homes in Edo.
Nomadism
The practice of moving frequently from one place to the other. It was dictated by the need for pasture for the animals. This life style developed across the grassy plains of central Eurasia and nearby desert areas of the Arabian peninsula and the Sudan. These people may be categorized by the animals that they tended.
Abrogation
The repeal or abolition of a law, right, or agreement.
Industrialization widened the gap between who?
The rich and the poor by creating opportunities for businessmen to be far richer than the upper class in an agricultural society could be.
Suffrage
The right to vote
How was Chinese wealth generated during the classical eras?
The silk road
Waterloo
The site of Napoleon's defeat in 1815, which ended his last bid for power
Cultural diffusion
The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Catholicism
The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.
Fragmentation
The tendency for regions to turn toward local beliefs and values and resist influence from other areas.
Umma
The term for all Muslims as a community.
Mestizos
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. They are below Creoles in their status.
Elliptical orbits
The theory that Johannes Kepler created that said there was an oval-like path on which an object (Planet) in space travels.
Zhou Dynasty
The third Chinese dynasty. This group came after the Shang dynasty. It was split in western and eastern halves. The west beginning 1100-771 BCE and the east 770-221 BCE.
Nirodha
The third of the Four Noble Truths: there is a way out of suffering, which is to eliminate attachment and desire.
Ancien Regime
The traditional political and social order in Europe before the French Revolution 97% of the population was in the Third Estate (bourgeoisie).
Forbidden City
The walled section of Beijing where the last Ming emperors lived in luxury during the end of the dynasty. These emperors had little to do with governing the empire.
The American Civil War (1861-1865)
The war in the United States fought between the industrialized north and the agriculturally/not much industrialized south that delayed further immigration until the 1870's but it spurred the need for industrial war products, all the way from soldiers' uniforms to guns to railroads for troop transport. Once the war was over, cross-country railroads were built which allowed more people to claim parts of vast inland America and to reach the west coast.
War of the Roses
The war that had brought Henry VII to power.
Kshatriyas
The warriors of the caste system below the Brahmin
What era did the Catholic church lose significant power in almost every way and why?
The world's shrinks period from 1450-1750. It began to lose power during the Renaissance, where scientists and literary writers began to challenge the church and also, the Pope's political power was compromised as centralization of government gave more authority to kings (Protestant Reformation).
What was an important consequence of the appearance of the Gunpowder Empires?
Their conquest of most nomadic groups
Type of government in ancient Egypt
Theocracy (Pharoh ruling which others saw as a divine figure or God)
Cattle Nomads
These animals were herded in the upper reaches of the Nile river and the Southern Sudan grass areas far away from civilization centers.
Horse nomads
These first nomads did NOT ride them, but devised chariots for the animals to pull. Some of these nomads (Hyksos and Hitties) formed empires.
Reindeer Herders
These nomads populated Scandinavia (Northern Climate) and were generally far away from civilization centers.
Mycenaeans
These people who were precursors to the later Greek civilization collapsed shortly after their famous conflict with Troy in the Trojan wars.
Opium Wars
These wars began after the Qing refused to listen to British protests of the trade ban. The British sent well-armed infantry and gunboats to attack first Chinese coastal villages, and eventually towns along the Grand Canal. The British used the Canal to reach inland areas, fought ill-equipped villagers all the way to the Yellow River, when the Qing surrendered. Although the British did not take over the government, they forced the Qing to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, allowing trade.
Why did the Ottomans in 1450-1750 CE have more sustained trade than the other empires at the time?
They controlled the Dardanelles, Black Sea, and the Mediterranean sea.
How did the Indus valley civilization fall?
They disappeared as Aryans from the north spilled into the area and took control.
How did the Hittites fall?
They experienced foreign invasions from the northeast, never to appear as a unified empire again.
How did the Egyptian river valley civilization fall?
They experienced strong attacks from the north, and the government lost control of Nubia, a region to the south. They survived, but were considerably weaker than before.
Why did the churches in the post-classical period have significance?
They had a great deal of political and economic power.
What did the Tokugawa Japanese think about the Europeans?
They had less patience with Christian missionaries from the west than the Chinese did. Their aversion to Europeans was based partly on their observation of the Spanish conquest of the Philippines, a fate they did not want to share. They also worried that Europeans might conspire with the daimyos to destroy Tokugawa control.
What did the Chinese do with Gunpowder
They invented Gunpowder, and used it culturally for fireworks in festivals.
Why is our knowledge of prehistoric people limited?
They left no written records
Asoka
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India and the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya. He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
Ashoka
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India. He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
Japanese feudalism
This form of government became prominent in Japan during the post-classical era. Under this system, a Shogun ran a centralized military government with regional divisions based on military strength. A daimyo led each of these divisions, and a number samurai fought under the daimyos command.
Economic Imperialism
This form of imperialism allowed the area to operate as its own nation, but the imperialist nation almost completely controlled its trade and other business. For example, it may impose regulations that forbid trade with other nations, or imperialist companies may own or have exclusive rights to its natural resources. During this era, China and most of Latin America were subjected to this type of imperialism.
Colonial Imperialism
This form of imperialism is virtual complete takeover of an area with domination in all areas: economic, political, and socio-cultural. The subjugated area existed to benefit the imperialist power, and had almost no independence of action. In this era, almost all of Africa and southern and Southeast Asia were colonized.
Shi'a
This group of Muslims thought that the caliph should be a relative of the Prophet, and so they rejected the Umayyad's authority. Meaning "The party of Ali" and they sought revenge for Ali's death.
Scientific Racism
This idea system became popular among conservative thinkers in industrialized societies. It used scientific reasoning and evidence to prove its premise that blacks are physiologically and mentally inferior to whites.
The Communist Manifesto
This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.
Confucianism
This philosophy accepted and endorsed inequality as an important part of an ordered society. It confirmed the power of the emperor, but held him responsible for his people, and it reinforced the patriarchal family structure that was already in place in China. Confucius created this, when he was trying to fix China. It is NOT a religion with gods.
Harem
This term means a collection of wives and concubines that fills a household. When female African slaves were brought to India and the Middle East on the slave trade, they became part of these individuals. They were not slaves, and their children had higher status than those of the concubines. The African women were almost always granted the lower status as concubines.
Enclosure
This term means fencing or hedging large blocks of land for experiments with new techniques of farming. It began in the 1700's, when wealthy landowners began to enlarge their farms using this method.
Justinian Code
This was a law code that systematized Roman law going back to the Republic and continuing through the empire. It became the basis for law in Western Europe and eventually the USA.
Absolutism
This was reinforced by the belief in divine right, or the god-given authority to rule. According to divine right theory, kings were not gods but served as "God's lieutenants upon earth". In these countries, no one else had the right to share policy making powers with the king, not even the nobility. countries include: France, Russia, Spain, and Prussia.
The Reign of Terror
This was the period in France that lasted for about two years, with thousands of people guillotined and thousands more fleeing the country.
Peter the Great
This was the tsar of Russia ruling during the late 17th and early 18th centuries, that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. As a boy, he frequently visited the "German suburb" of Moscow, the place where all foreigners were forced to live, apart from Russians. He was intrigued with their Maritime talk, and as a young man in 1688, he took the first of several trips to Europe, where he studied ship building, and other western technologies, as well as governing styles and social customs.
What product did the French gain wealth in?
Trading furs
Arabs
Traveling people who lived throughout North Africa and Southwest Asia/Middle East. They spread Islam significantly.
Conservatism
When the goal of change is less important than changing with a respect for the rule of law and traditions of society (DO NOT like change or the unknown). People who supported this philosophy at first advocated the return of absolute monarchs, but came to accept constitutional monarchy by the mid-1800's. These people generally disapproved of the revolutions of the era, particularly the French Revolution.
Eastern Africa
Where first humans probably emerged from.
Minamoto
Winners of the civil war that took control of Japan and installed their leader as the shogun.
Enlightenment
Wisdom. During the 17th century, the Scientific Revolution began to be applied to social and political areas of life, a movement known as this. The movement was inspired by the Reformation as well.
Who spun thread and wove fabrics at home while tending to children and other domestic duties?
Women
Advanced technology in Unit 1 & 2 Foundations & Classical period:
Writing, math, astronomy, pottery, metallurgy, laws, courts, medicine, clothing, and music.
Young Turks
Young rebellious people (Janissaries) in the Ottoman Empire that pushed for a Turkish national state. A constitution was granted in 1876, but was later rescinded under a new sultan. However this movement continued on through the era.
What were the classical civilizations in Unit 2?
Zhou China and Han China, the Greek Empire, the Roman Empire, and the Mauryan and Gupta Empires in India.
What dynasty began the Silk road?
Zhou dynasty