AP World History-Unit 2: Networks of Exchange
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ? A: Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves. B: The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert. C: The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities. D: Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.
A: Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.
The map above indicates that A: Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade B: Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa C: Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East D: Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A: Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
The map above indicates that A: Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade B: slavery existed in the western Sudan C: Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa D: Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East E: Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A: Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia? A: The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East B: The consolidation of western European monarchies C: The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China D: The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe
A: The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East
Malian Emperor Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following? A: The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia B: The development of new transportation technologies C: The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East D: The territorial expansion of West African empires
A: The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia
Which of the following statements about the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth century is true? A: The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful. B: The number of Buddhists and Muslims in Asia dropped significantly as a result of Mongol persecution. C: In China the Mongols eliminated the Chinese scholar-official class. D: The Mongols conquered Constantinople. E: Ibn Battuta's writings described in detail life in the court of Genghis Khan.
A: The invasion of Japan was attempted but was unsuccessful.
"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? A: To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past B: To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties C: To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots D: To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past
A: To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past
The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? A: Transportation and maritime technologies B: Large-scale trading organizations C: Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean D: The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate
A: Transportation and maritime technologies
Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the A: unifying influence of Islam B: excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia C: political unity of Africa and Asia D: widespread use of paper money
A: unifying influence of Islam
A historian researching the timeline of the spread of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa would find which of the following sources most useful? A: Bantu-language oral histories transmitted through generations B: Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations C: European travelers' accounts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries describing African industrial practices D: North African Muslim merchants' account books detailing purchases of iron tools
B: Archaeological evidence of early forges and smelting operations
Which of the following most directly contributed to the decline of Eurasian urban populations during the fourteenth century? A: Climate change B: Epidemic disease C: Religious wars D: Regional migration
B: Epidemic disease
Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? A: He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. B: He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. C: He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. D: He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. E: He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
B: He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.
Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ? A: Climate change B: Increased interregional trade C: Decreased agricultural productivity D: Increased invasions
B: Increased interregional trade
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. Voyages such as those referred to in the third paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following? A: A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He's naval expeditions B: Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds C: An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money D: Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass
B: Merchants' understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? A: The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. B: Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. C: Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. D: The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B: Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war.
Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? A: The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. B: Muslim merchants dominated the trade. C: European Christians became directly involved in the trade. D: Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.
B: Muslim merchants dominated the trade.
"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s English nobles resisted peasant demands such as those described in the passage because agricultural labor in many parts of fourteenth-century Afro-Eurasia had become scarce as a result of which of the following developments? A: The migration of peasants to cities in search of industrial employment B: Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases C: The development of wage-based economies with the emergence of capitalism D: Widespread famine resulting from rising global temperatures
B: Significant increase in mortality due to the spread of epidemic diseases
The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A: The empire of Alexander the Great B: The Mongol Empire C: The Russian Empire D: The Byzantine Empire E: The Ottoman Empire
B: The Mongol Empire
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A: The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. B: The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. C: The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. D: The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
B: The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially.
Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? A: The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam B: The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries C: The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists D: Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practiced in their realms
B: The activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? A: The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states. B: The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices. C: The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. D: The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.
B: The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices.
"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence of contagion has been proved by experience, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas* against fleeing the plague, so that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and an affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." *rulings on Islamic law Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness, Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A: The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B: The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C: The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D: The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity
B: The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests
Historians who argue that there was substantial global integration by the end of the thirteenth century would most likely cite which of the following as evidence to support their claims? A: The political unification of large territories under imperial rule in the Mediterranean and East Asia B: The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests C: The spread of global capitalism from Europe to Africa and Southeast Asia D: The creation of a new Atlantic trade system based on plantation economies in the Caribbean and the Americas
B: The widening and deepening of exchange networks linking Afro-Eurasia after the Mongol conquests
In the fourteenth century, merchants from China, Arabia, Persia, and Egypt were drawn to Calicut, India, primarily to purchase A: iron B: pepper C: sugar D: ivory E: tobacco
B: pepper
*Picture-Byzantium Between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire* The thirteenth-century map of Constantinople shown above indicates that the city A: was located on an island B: was highly fortified against outside attacks C: tolerated many religions D: looked down on trade and commerce E: valued and rewarded people of all classes
B: was highly fortified against outside attacks
Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century? A: Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean B: Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean C: Chinese in the Indian Ocean D: Russians in the Pacific Ocean
C: Chinese in the Indian Ocean
*Picture-The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following?* A: Spread of Hinduism B: Spread of Christianity C: Extent of trade routes D: Seasonal migrations of nomads
C: Extent of trade routes
The scene depicted in the painting is best understood in the context of which of the following wider Afro-Eurasian developments? A: The collapse of papal authority B: The diffusion of artistic traditions C: The spread of epidemic diseases D: The revival of classical architecture
C: The spread of epidemic diseases
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 Ibn Battuta's claim in the second paragraph that the ceremony that he observed at the court of the sultan of Sumatra was similar to a ceremony that he had seen at the court of the Delhi sultan in India is most likely understood in the context of which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1200-1450 ? A: Expanding trade facilitated increased tolerance of the traditions of other religious groups. B: Cultural exchange emerged from competition among maritime empires. C: Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions. D: Cultural exchange emerged from new patterns of regional commerce.
C: Increasing cross-cultural interactions facilitated the spread of cultural traditions.
Which of the following lists three places Ibn Battuta, the fourteenth-century Muslim traveler, visited? A: The Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, and Japan B: The Arabian Peninsula, France, and India C: India, Mali, and Persia D: India, Persia, and Poland E: England, Iraq, and Mali
C: India, Mali, and Persia
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? A: It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects. B: It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa. C: It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. D: It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.
C: It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks.
Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? A: Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. B: The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. C: Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. D: The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.
C: Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.
The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A: The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies B: The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate C: The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China D: The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C: The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? A: The establishment of diasporic merchant communities B: The establishment of new trading cities C: The introduction of new cultural traditions D: The emergence of syncretic belief systems
C: The introduction of new cultural traditions
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800 C.E. to 1350 C.E.? A: The spread of mercantilism B: The decline in epidemic diseases C: The rise of interregional commerce D: The decreasing need for agricultural workers
C: The rise of interregional commerce
The Little Ice Age, which lasted from 1300 to 1850 C.E., likely had the strongest effect on which of the following? A: The fall of the Aztec civilization B: The Protestant Reformation C: The severity of the Black Death D: The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
C: The severity of the Black Death
*Picture-TOTAL LAND DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AS MEASURED IN MILLIONS OF HECTARES*, 1200-1400* Source: Data adapted from Our World in Data, found online at Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how the spread of rice cultivation contributed to changing the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and the Middle East between 1200 and 1300? A: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in China and the Middle East but rose in India. B: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined more substantially in India than it did in the Middle East and China. C: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased in every region except China.
C: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions.
Which of the following best describes how the table illustrates the effect of the spread of the bubonic plague on the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe and the Middle East between 1300 and 1400 ? A: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops did not change significantly in either region. B: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops decreased more substantially in the Middle East than in Europe. C: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East. D: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased slightly in the Middle East and in Europe.
C: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined substantially in Europe and slightly in the Middle East.
Based on the maps and your knowledge of world history, which of the following could be best inferred about the South and East Asian trading cities on the map? A: They were under the direct political control of Oman. B: They had a majority Arab population. C: They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities. D: They were primarily sources of slave labor for the Omanis.
C: They had Muslim diasporic merchant communities.
Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government's decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century? A: Armed resistance from Arab navies B: Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade C: The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons D: Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security E: Fear of the spread of the plague to China
D: Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security
Trade spurred the introduction of both Islam and Hinduism to what is now called A: Japan B: Brazil C: Pakistan D: Indonesia E: Saudi Arabia
D: Indonesia
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a A: Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity B: Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence C: Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion D: Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
D: Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam
Which of the following best describes a way in which the table illustrates how an emphasis on wheat cultivation in Europe affected the total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops there compared with the rice-producing regions of China and India between 1200 and 1300 ? A: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in Europe increased at the same rate that the total amount of land devoted to agricultural crops in China and India declined. B: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops in China, India, and Europe remained relatively stable. C: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops declined in all three regions. D: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.
D: The total amount of land devoted to the production of agricultural crops increased considerably in Europe and declined in China and India.
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? A: They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. B: They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. C: They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. D: They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
D: They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
"After leaving India, we arrived in Sumatra. It is a fertile area, in which coco-palm, clove, Indian aloe, mango, and sweet orange trees grow. Local commerce is facilitated by tin and Chinese gold. The sultan was informed of our visit and sent the judge and experts on Islamic law to meet me. The sultan is an illustrious and generous ruler and a patron of religious scholars. He is constantly waging war against the non-Muslims of Sumatra, but is a humble man who walks on foot to Friday prayers. The non-Muslims of the area must pay a poll-tax to obtain peace. One Friday after leaving the mosque, the sultan mounted an elephant and we and his entourage rode with him on horses until we reached the palace. Male musicians came into the audience hall and sang before him, after which they led horses into the hall. The horses were embroidered in silk and wore golden anklets and danced before the sultan. I was astonished, even though I had seen the same performance at the court of the Delhi sultan in India*. My stay at the sultan's court lasted fifteen days, after which I asked his permission to continue my journey to China because it is not possible to sail to China at all times of the year. We then traveled to a kingdom on the Malay Peninsula aboard a Chinese ship. This kingdom is inhabited by non-Muslims and contains great quantities of aromatic spices and aloes. The merchants sell Indian aloe for a roll of cotton cloth, which is dearer to them than silk. The ruler is a non-Muslim. We then left the Malay Peninsula and sailed to another non-Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia. After seventeen days at sea, with a favorable wind and sailing with maximum speed and ease, we reached the land of China." *The Delhi Sultanate was a Muslim state in northern India that was ruled by a Turkic elite. Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345 The purpose of Ibn Battuta's account was most likely to A: glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia B: warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean C: encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce D: inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
D: inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
"The Crusader states were able to cling to survival only through frequent delivery of supplies and manpower from Europe. [They] were defended primarily by three semi-monastic military orders: the Templars, the Hospitallers, and the Teutonic Knights. Combining monasticism and militarism, these orders served to protect pilgrims and to wage perpetual war against the Muslims." Palmira Brummett, world historian, 2007 "Whenever I visited Jerusalem, I always entered the al-Aqsa Mosque, beside which stood a small mosque which the Franks had converted into a church ... [T]he Templars, ... who were my friends, would evacuate the little adjoining mosque so that I could pray in it." Usamah ibn Munqidh, Muslim historian, Jerusalem, circa 1138 The second passage does not support the first passage because the second passage A: shows that an influx of manpower from Europe was not critical for the survival of the Crusader states B: shows that Muslims vastly outnumbered Europeans in the Crusader states C: minimizes the importance of Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in the administration of the Crusader states D: presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler
D: presents an incident in which a military order supported a Muslim traveler
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The third paragraph most directly illustrates the ways in which rulers in the Indian Ocean in the period before 1450 A: used their military power to monopolize the trade in luxury goods B: attempted to incorporate new territories and peoples into their commercial empires C: sought to spread religious traditions by patronizing merchant communities D: used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
D: used expanding trade networks to facilitate state development
Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? A: Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. B: There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. C: Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. D: Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply. E: Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
E: Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.