AP World History Unit 5 Questions
Describe British rule within India in the form of the Arms Act of 1878.
This was put in place to prevent uprisings similar to the one in 1857. This restricted access to materials and the subsequent production of firearms. British colonizers limited India's ability to mine and work metals in areas such as the mineral-rich state of Rajasthan. The mining industry was extinct by 1800.
Explain the significance of interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney).
This was used for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military, and if a component were to break, it could be easily replaced with a new, identical part. It was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology.
Why was the phrase "unalienable rights" so significant in the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson picked that phrase from John Locke to put in the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and included the rights of life, liberty, and happiness.
How did Jean-Jacques Rousseau impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
A contemporary of Voltaire, he expanded on the idea of a social contract by elaborating upon child-rearing and education, and his work called The Social Contract stated the General Will of the population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry it out. This would later inspire several revolutions.
What was Haiti to the French prior to the revolution?
A rich sugar and coffee colony on the western third of St. Domingue, also known as Hispaniola.
Explain how the "invisible hand" connects to capitalism and laissez-faire.
Adam Smith believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make their own choices in their own interests, the "invisible hand" of the market would cause them to make decisions that were beneficial to society, which connects to laissez-faire because it involves limited government involvement and to capitalism in that places of production are privately owned.
Explain the Dreyfus Affair and anti-semitism. What obstacles did Zionists face?
After centuries of battling anti-semitism and pogroms, violent attacks against Jews, many European Jews concluded that they could not live in peace, so they needed to control their own land. Support for Zionism increased because of the Dreyfus Affair, where Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer, was convicted for treason, but later pardoned. The land Zionists wanted was controlled by the Ottomans, and Palestine Arabs were living in the region. The Palestines and Ottomans were mostly Muslim.
Why is it unique that Japan industrializes before any others in Asia?
It was the first country to industrialize in Asia, and had the least contact with Europe since the 17th century.
What was the cause of the New Zealand Wars? What was the result?
After the establishment of colonies by the British in New Zealand in 1840, English control over Maori affairs increased, as well as pressure to obtain their land. This resulted in the New Zealand Wars, where the British won in 1872 though the Maori tribes fought together.
Explain the significance of the spinning jenny (James Hargreaves).
Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.
While mostly European nations (and the US and Japan) began taking over the global market, what happened with Middle Eastern and other Asian nations?
Although Middle Eastern and Asian countries were consistently producing manufactured goods, their share in global manufacturing declined.
Explain what the factory system was and how it 'doomed' the cottage industry.
Although the water frame was much more efficient at spinning cotton than one person doing it, the mechanism doomed the cottage industry because textile production was moved to factories that could house these bulky machines.
Angry riots gave way to what in Paris? Why was this significant?
Angry crowds in Paris and other areas of France stormed the Bastille, a prison symbolizing the corrupt monarchy and aristocracy, causing some royal officials to flee the country.
What did the King threaten to do to the National Assembly?
Arrest them when they began meeting in Paris.
What were the two shifts in society caused by increases in agricultural production?
As farmers grew more food, a larger population could be supported, and as it was grown more efficiently, less people were needed to work in agriculture.
Why did coaling stations become so important?
As steam-powered ships replaced sailing ships in worldwide travel, coaling stations became important as refueling stations located on key points of trade routes.
Why is the Industrial Revolution significant in the scope of world history?
As the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to Europe and North America, and then to the rest of the world, it changed societies, increasing the world population, shifting people from farms to cities, and expanding the production and consumption of goods.
Explain how the Seneca Falls Convention was significant to the feminist movement.
At this convention, activists demanded women receive the right to hold office, hold property and manage their income, and be legal guardians of their children, as well as to be given the right to vote.
Why is this period called the "Age of Isms?"
Because more schools of thought arose such as socialism and liberalism, which were opposed by conservatism.
Why are these countries able to industrialize?
Because they possessed capital, natural resources, and water transportation.
How did Voltaire impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
Being exiled from France, living in England caused him to develop an appreciation for its constitutional monarchy and regard for civil rights. He brought these ideas back to France, where he campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform, which influenced the U.S. constitution.
Who follows after Britain in industrializing?
Belgium, France, and Germany, and later Russia and Japan.
Why were abundant rivers, strong fleets, and protections for private property significant for Britain?
Britain had a natural network of rivers supplemented by publicly funded canals and harbors, which made the transport of raw materials and finished goods inexpensive. Britain had the strongest navy in the world, which also would bring in raw materials. Protection of private property was enforced to assure entrepreneurs that their business would not be taken away by businesspeople or the government.
What were the global consequences of these movements for unification?
By 1871, two new powers, Italy and Germany, emerged as an environment of competing alliances. However, unification did not solve all of Italy's troubles, as poverty led to great emigration in the late nineteenth century, mostly to the United States and to Argentina, where immigration was encouraged.
Which commodity led to the success of Britain as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution and why?
Cotton because when Britain industrialized, it allowed them to have higher productivity, so they were able to replace Indian and Middle Eastern goods.
Describe the Italian Unification.
Count di Cavour, the prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, strove to unite the Italian Peninsula under the only native dynasty, the House of Savoy. At this time, the region was made up of kingdoms and city-states, and most people spoke regional languages rather than Italian. Although he was liberal, Cavour also believed in realpolitik, or the practical politics of reality. So, he convinced Napoleon III of France to engage in war with Austria to weaken their influence in the Italian Peninsula. He backed out after winning a couple battles, but that was all that was needed for several areas to join Piedmont.
What three developments led to increased agricultural productivity/the agricultural revolution?
Crop rotation, rotating different crops in and out of a field each year, the seed drill, a device that effectively places seeds in a designated spot in the ground, and crops like the potato, which increased calories in peoples' diets.
Who was Simón Bolívar? What were the Bolívar Revolutions?
Despite seeing the harsh results of the slave uprising in Haiti and Reign of Terror in France, Bolívar was one of the creoles who continued to emphasize Enlightenment ideals in Latin America. He was born into a wealthy family, and defeated the Spanish in Latin America, establishing Gran Colombia. He saw himself as a liberal who believed in a free market and abolishing slavery.
What were the continuities of the Creole revolutions?
Despite the constitutions of newly independent countries in Latin America abolishing slavery and some social distinctions, most governments were conservative. The creoles formed a powerful and conservative upper class, just like before the wars of colonial independence.
How did British colonial rule in India also impact ironworks?
During the period of company rule, where the British East India Company took over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858, steep British tariffs weakened India's ability to mine and work metals.
What does July 14, 1789 become?
French Independence Day
How did coal and steam power change the use of ocean-going ships and boats on lakes or rivers?
Engines powered by coal and steam allowed ocean-going ships and boats on lakes to not rely on the wind for power. On rivers, steam-powered ships could travel quickly upstream instead of having to sail up or be towed by people and animals along the shore.
Describe the Haitian Revolution. Who revolted? Who led them?
Enslaved Africans and maroons began the rebellion by killing their masters and burning their homes. The American and French revolutions led Toussaint L'Ouverture to join the revolts in 1791 and lead the army of African slaves and maroons to the point of establishing an independent government.
Within the French Revolution itself, what did moderates like Marquis de Lafayette almost accomplish?
Establishing a constitutional monarchy.
During the Age of Isms, feminism becomes a large movement. What is it and what were the demands of this movement?
French writer Olympe de Gouges published a "Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen" to conflict with the male version of this that France had adopted. Mary Wollstonecraft argued that females should receive the same education as males.
What delayed the industrial revolution in France?
Having sparsely populated urban centers limited the amount of labor available for factories. The French Revolution and other wars involving France used up the attention and capital of French elites.
Prior to his imprisonment, what did L'Ouverture create for Haiti? What did his successor create and why was this significant within Latin American revolutionary movements?
He created a constitution that granted equality and citizenship to all residents, as well as dividing up plantations, with the lands being distributed among formerly enslaved and free black people. L'Ouverture successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, issued a Haitian declaration of independence, which made Haiti the first country in Latin America to gain independence and be led by blacks.
How did Baron Montesquieu impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
His work The Spirit of Laws praised the British Parliament's checks on power and he also influenced America's government by separating the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
Briefly summarize the differences between Thomas Hobbes and John Locke; how might these philosophies impact revolutions?
Hobbes believed that people's natural state was living in a bleak world in which life was horrible, while as a part of the social contract, some rights were given up in return for the government's law and order. Locke believed that the social contract gave citizens the right to rebel against an unjust government, and that a child was born with a blank slate that would be filled with knowledge.
What was a key factor in its success?
Human capital, or the workforce.
Describe the German Unification.
In Germany, nationalist movements had already risen because of French occupation of German states. After the Congress of Vienna settled the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, revolutions broke out in many European states including Prussia and Austria. Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck, who also favored realpolitik, used nationalism to engineer three wars that led to the unification of Germany. After winning the war between Prussia and Denmark, the war between Prussia and Austria, and the Frano-Prussian War, Bismarck founded the new German Empire with the recently acquired territory.
How was Nationalism both a threatening and unifying force?
It was a force that threatened large empires, but also drove efforts to unite those with a common culture into one political state.
How did coal impact iron?
In the 1700s and early 1800s, improved processes helped iron workers increase outputs, including the use of coke, a refined form of coal that made much larger iron producing furnaces possible.
Describe Ottoman Nationalism.
In the 1870s and 1880s, Ottomanism was established, which was a movement that aimed to create a more modern and unified state. Officials minimized the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences in the empire. They also took control of local schools and mandated a standard curriculum. Nationalist ethnic and religious groups of the Ottoman Empire were skeptical about Ottomanism, and its attempt to unify the state ended up intensifying people's feelings about difference while strengthening their desire for independence.
Where are European countries beginning to establish control and why?
In the Americas because it has a lot of silver and other valuable resources that can be collected and shipped back to Europe.
How did the Reign of Terror impact France? Who became emperor of France in 1804?
In the Reign of Terror, thousands of opponents of the French Revolution were executed by the Jacobins, including the king and queen. The general Napoleon Bonaparte became emperor of France in 1804.
The Age of Isms focuses on responding to various social ills and issues. What are these ills and issues?
Increased poverty in cities and poor workers living in slums without proper sanitation or political representation.
These new ideas and old political structures clash, leading to revolutions. What are the two major aims of revolutions?
Independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation.
When does the US begin its industrial revolution? By what year does it become a leader in industry?
It began its industrial revolution in the 19th century, and by 1900, it was a leading industrial force in the world.
Explain defensive modernization and why this was significant to Japan's unique success and identity.
It consciously adapted technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States in order to protect its traditional culture. By learning from western countries, Japan built up its economic and military strength so that it could maintain its traditions. This led to Japan becoming a world power.
What did the Enlightenment emerge from? How does the role of religion change?
It emerged from the Scientific Revolution and the humanism of the Renaissance. While not denying the presence of God, they concluded that the natural world caused human accomplishments and that natural laws controlled politics and social status.
How did Eli Whitney's system lead to the division of labor and specialization of labor?
It led to the division labor by allowing factory owners to not have to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product. It also led to the specialization of labor because each worker could now focus on one type of task.
What was the second industrial revolution? How is it characterized?
It occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics. It is characterized by the introduction of electricity, which made the telephone and radio possible.
Why was James Watt's steam engine of 1765 so instrumental to machinery and their use?
It provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which generated energy for machines in textile factories.
What was the slogan of the French Revolution?
Liberte, egalite, et fraternite, meaning liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Describe the geographic advantages that led to Britain's industrial success.
Located on the Atlantic Ocean with many seaways, Britain could efficiently import raw goods and export finished goods. The country was also above rich coal deposits, which helped separate iron from its ore and powered the steam engine.
Briefly discuss why creoles were desiring independence from Spain. Why did they not ask the lower castas for help?
Many creoles were wealthy owners of estates, mines or businesses, and they disliked Spain's mercantilism. They also wanted more political power since government jobs were typically given to peninsulares. They did not ask the lower castas for help because of the attention it could draw.
What were the effects of these demographic changes on industrialization?
More people were able to work in factories and provide a market for manufactured goods.
How did Thomas Paine impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
Not being one to avoid conflict, he was militant in his defense of Deism in his book The Age of Reason, and his previous work, Common Sense, made him popular to Americans because of his avocation for liberty from Britain, though his anti-church writings severely damaged his reputation.
Who was José Roza and what was his role within the Philippines' Propaganda? What were the results?
One of the most prominent Filipino students who traveled to Europe to attend universities and embraced the atmosphere of nationalism and republicanism, inspired by the Enlightenment. He contributed to magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Filipinos. This Propaganda Movement did not call for revolution or independence, so when Rizal was executed in 1896, it inspired the first nationalist movement that could challenge Spanish rule.
The King was forced to accept a new government due to what acts by peasants?
Peasants rising up against nobles in the countryside forced the king to create a new government where the National Assembly was in charge.
How did this become a key factor (where did the workforce come from specifically)?
Political upheaval and widespread poverty brought many immigrants to the United States from Europe and East Asia.
What does Russia focus on?
Railroads and exports.
How did abolitionism emerge from the Enlightenment? How did the abolitionist movement impact various locations around the world?
Reform movements to provide rights and equality expanded to slaves and serfs, where abolitionists fought to end the Atlantic Slave trade and free all slaves and serfs. The first states that banned slave trade were Denmark in 1803, Great Britain in 1807, and the United States in 1808. In the United States, the population increased after the end of slavery with Brazil in 1888.
Why did they need to focus on this?
Russia's 36,000 miles of railroad, including the Trans-Siberian Railroad, connected its commercial and industrial areas, and Russian coal, iron, and steel industries developed as a result of their railroads.
What else was abolished? Why?
Serfdom in Europe because of the change in economy from agrarian to industrial and peasant revolts that convinced leaders to reform.
How did Mary Wollstonecraft impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
She published A Vindication of the Rights of Women, in which she argued that females should get the same level of education as males, as it would allow women to participate in political and professional society instead of relying on men to support themselves.
Who was Lola Rodríguez de Tió, and what was her role in Puerto Rico's revolution? What were the results?
She was a recognized poet when there was little educational opportunity for women. She became famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain's exploitive rule over Puerto Rico. She welcomed political thinkers and revolutionaries into her home, encouraging them by singing lyrics of revolutionary songs. The uprising in 1868 caused Rodriguez to be exiled to Venezuela, but she returned only to be exiled again.
What was the role of shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia? Why did it suffer?
Shipbuilding was a resurgence in India in the 17th century mainly because of political alliances formed between India and western countries. However, it suffered because British officials mismanaged resources and had poor leadership during their colonization.
How did Adam Smith impact the Enlightenment and/or Revolutions?
Smith's book The Wealth of Nations addressed mercantilism by calling for freer trade. While Smith supported some government regulations and saw the benefit of taxes, he mostly advocated for laissez-faire, which means "leave alone" in French. These ideas provided a foundation for capitalism.
What was the impact of the cottage industry on women?
Spinning at home was hard work and pay was little, but the cotton industry gave women weavers some independence. Production was slow, so investors demanded faster production, leading to the development of technologies and machines that turned out cloth more efficiently.
What does Germany become a leading producer of?
Steel and coal when it finally unified in 1871.
What were the innovations of the first revolution?
Textiles, steam power, and iron.
Describe British rule within India in response to the rebellion of 1857.
The British began to close mines completely because of the rebellion of 1857, because they believed that the mines were being used to get lead in order to make ammunition.
How did the Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime trading empires, and increased agricultural productivity impact societies? How does this impact lead to industrialization?
The Columbian Exchange, rise of maritime empires, and increased agricultural productivity impacted societies by introducing new crops, developing the Atlantic Slave Trade, and creating labor systems. These all led to industrialization by causing migration and expanding the production and consumption of goods.
How does Deism emerge from the Enlightenment? What is its overall impact?
The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason caused some thinkers to reconsider the relationship of humans to God, and Deism began to be adopted, which held that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion. Deists believed that these laws were best understood through scientific inquiry rather than the Bible.
How did the Enlightenment impact social and national revolutions?
The Enlightenment's ideals of individualism, freedom, and self-determination challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and led to the United States, Haitian, Creole, and French revolutions.
Describe Balkan Nationalism.
The Ottomans' influence in the Balkans came to a halt when they failed to conquer Vienna in 1683, mainly caused by the increasing contact with Western European ideas and powers that Balkan nationalism developed. The exposure of Enlightenment ideas and the reverence with which Greece and its ancient culture were viewed across Europe reawakened Greek cultural pride and sparked Greek nationalism. With the help of a British, French, and Russian fleet, Greek independence was obtained. People rallied around important cultural markers, like language, folk traditions, history, and religion.
Who were the key players in the second industrial revolution?
The United States, Great Britain, and Germany.
Explain the most permanent changes of the French Revolution.
The abolition of feudalism and the adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, a statement stating basic human rights, were the most permanent changes brought by the French Revolution.
What were the cottage industries?How did they incorporate both slave labor abroad and workers in Britain to compete with Indian cotton?
The cottage industry was created by Britain to compete with Indian cotton. Using imported raw cotton produced by slave labor in the Americas, it was also known as the putting-out system, in which merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their homes.
What delayed the industrial revolution in Germany?
The country being fragmented into numerous small states.
Explain how the American Revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment.
The economic ideas of the physiocrats provided a defense of free market ideas to counteract English mercantilism. American colonists became increasingly independent politically, with colonial legislatures making decisions instead of Parliament, which was far away in London.
By 1900 Russia became the fourth leader of steel production. What halts this expansion in industry?
The economy remained overwhelmingly agricultural until after the Communists took power in 1917.
What was the Enclosure Movement and how did migration impact this?
The government fenced off the commons to give exclusive right of use to people who paid for the privilege to do it or purchased the land. Many farmers became landless and destitute, and many minor ones moved from rural to urban areas, who made up the workforce for the new industries.
Why does migration increase? Why is it seen as 'the best option'?
The growing population in rural areas did not remain there, and the English allowed farmers to cultivate land or tend sheep on government property, known as "the commons".
How will nationalism impact this period?
The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened Europe's multiethnic empires.
What were the ideals associated with the Enlightenment? How did these ideals pave the way for revolution?
The ideals of the Enlightenment included individualism, freedom, and self-determination, which challenged the roles of monarchs and church leaders and led to the United States and French revolutions, as well as others around the world.
Why didn't India restart its production right after British colonial rule ended in 1948? Explain.
The lack of technological innovation after so many years of abandoning mines led to a crude, labor-intensive method of mining, creating a false impression that India's mineral sources were inaccessible.
How did the philosophes impact revolutions and the Enlightenment. Who did they include?
The philosophes included Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin from America, Adam Smith from Scotland, and many French thinkers. These thinkers and writers explored political, social, and economic theories by popularizing concepts that corresponded with those of thinkers of the 17th century.
What was the Enlightenment?
The shifts involved with emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community values.
Why were colonies also necessary for Great Britain's success in industrializing?
They collected timber from the colonies, which was used to build ships. Because of the wealth accumulated during the trans-Atlantic slave trade, British capitalists had excess capital that private entrpreneurs used to invest in the creation of new commercial ventures.
What was the impact of these revolutionary movements on new nations in Latin America? What were caudillos, and how did the revolutions lead to their rise?
They suffered from the wars for independence. Caudillos were strong, local leaders with regional power bases who often intervened in national politics to influence decisions. Sometimes they defended the regional elites or the indigeneous people and peasants, but opposed representative forms of government.
What economic issues led to the French Revolution?
They were spending more money than they were taking in, partially to finance a series of wars, such as assisting the Americans in the American Revolution. So, there was a meeting of the Estates-General in 1789, but the huge number of commoners in the group caused them to form the National Assembly.
Explain the significance of the water frame (Richard Arkwright).
Used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel.
Describe British rule within India in general.
Using company rule, control over several parts of India allowed the British to enforce high tariffs that caused the decline of India's ability to mine and work metals.
Explain the implications of the future of nationalism.
While nationalism still influences how people view themselves and their political allegiances, it might be declining. In Europe, many countries have agreed on using the same form of currency, allowing people to travel across borders, and coordinating public policies, reflecting a shift toward a larger political grouping.
What led to demographic changes during this time of industrialization?
With nations industrializing and medical care improving, infant mortality rates decreased and people could live longer.
What was the impact of the Creole revolutions on the role of women?
Women did not gain much from the Creole revolutions, as they were still unable to vote, enter contracts, be independent from men, or receive a quality education.
Why/how did wool and flax decline? Explain why Indian cotton replaced it.
Wool and flax could not be produced quickly enough or in a large enough quantity to compete with cotton imports.
