AP World History Units 5 + 6 (1750-1900: Modern Era) - Final Exam Sem. 2

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Causes of the French Revolution

- influenced by the American Revolution - France in debt due to war spending - lack of representation of the common people in the Estates-General

Tanzimat Reforms (Ottoman Empire)

- legal systems updated to include equality under the law - abolished corrupt government - created secular schools - promoted by the Young Turks

Focuses of the 1st Industrial Revolution

- steam power - iron - textiles

National Assembly

An assembly formed by the commoners who did not have equal representation in the Estates General with the other 2 estates; storm the Bastille in protest and promote peasant revolts

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the views expressed in the two sources? A. Source 1 assumes that people are fundamentally rational and capable of being persuaded by rational arguments, whereas Source 2 assumes that people are fundamentally irrational and motivated by instincts and passions. B. Source 1 asserts that liberty is synonymous with individual freedom of action, whereas Source 2 asserts that true liberty involves a collective obligation to act in the best interests of the community. C. Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior. D. Source 1 argues that members of the elite should follow the democratically expressed will of the people, whereas Source 2 argues that members of the elite should lead and lift up the people by providing them with education.

C. Source 1 emphasizes the importance of religious identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior, whereas Source 2 emphasizes the importance of ethno-linguistic identities and solidarities as drivers of human behavior.

Waterways such as canals and rivers were important in the process of early industrialization because they provided A. cheap electrical power needed for industrial production B. access to leisure activities for the growing middle class C. a source for improved sanitation for the rapidly urbanizing population centers D. a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

D. a means for integrating economic activities in regional and national markets

One cause for rapid industrialization in the U.S.

European immigrants served as factory laborers

What is one example of state-sponsored industrialization?

Muhammad Ali of the Ottoman Empire leads Egypt to become industrialized, and oversaw the building of factories and shipyards

Common cause of American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions and German and Italian unifications

Nationalism

Environmental consequences of the Industrial Revolution

Smog, waste-polluted water supply

What is one example of government-sponsored industrialization?

The Meiji Restoration in Japan

The Enlightenment

The application of human reason to natural laws

Bourgeoisie

The middle class which owned the means of production

Proletariat

The working class

Economic reasons for imperialism

- Europeans needed more raw materials and trade markets - Europeans conquered territory to protect their trading posts

Causes of migration - labor systems

- Migrants became indentured servants to pay for their passage to the new land - Migrants who were contract laborers agreed to work for low wages - Convicts sent to work in penal colonies

8 Causes for the Industrial Revolution in England

- Proximity to water (allowed for easy and efficient trade) - Lots of raw materials - Agricultural productivity (because of innovations like crop rotation and the seed drill) - Urbanization - Legal protection of private property (eliminated the fear that the govt. would interfere with entrepreneurs) - Access to foreign resources - Accumulation of capital - The Factory System (allowed for mass production of goods with machines such as the water frame and the spinning Jenny for textiles)

3 examples of nationalist motives for imperialism

- The British establish colonies in India after losing the American Revolution - France, not to be outdone by the British, established colonies in North Africa, West Africa, and Indochina - Japan encroaches the economy and politics

Focuses of the 2nd Industrial Revolution

- steel - gas power - communications

Significance of palm oil

A cash crop in Africa, served as a lubricant for industrial machinery

Settler colony

A colony where people relocate from their native country to that colony

What is a multinational corporation and what are two examples?

A company that is heavily engaged in international trade, beyond exporting and importing; HSBC, Unilever

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and direct effect

A document written by the National Assembly that protected basic human rights and promoted a limited monarchy --> results in King Louis XVI becoming angry and thus initiating the Reign of Terror (where he is beheaded)

Unilever

A multinational corporation established by the British and the Dutch

Ghost Dance Movement

A ritual following the Indian Removal Act which was meant to hasten the coming of the dead to remove the Whites from the Native Americans' land

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea built by the British

Hundred Days of Reform

A successful movement in Qing dynasty China which resulted in the abolition of the corrupt civil service exam (an idea which was previously opposed by Empress Dowager Cixi) and industrialization

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 Iwasaki's position in the letter on the relationship between the Mitsubishi Company and the Japanese government is most clearly a response to A. Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes B. Japan's policy of strict economic isolation and restricting cultural contacts with the West C. concerns that Japan's aggressive economic and foreign policies were jeopardizing relations with its East Asian neighbors D. the prospect that the development of domestic shipping might lead to a war between Japan and Western countries

A. Western governments gaining access to Japan's markets by imposing laissez-faire economic regimes

Indian Removal Act

All Indians removed from the East to reservations in the Midwest so that Americans could colonize western American lands

Monroe Doctrine

An American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from European powers

Population of East Indian Descent Guyana 317,000 Trinidad and Tobago 468,500 Suriname 161,000 Guadeloupe (French) 60,000 Martinique (French) 57,700 Grenada 12,000 Jamaica 96,000 British Virgin Islands 2,300 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5,900 French Guiana 12,000 Saint Lucia 5,200 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,500 Belize 7,600 Barbados 4,000 Population of East Indian Descent as a Percentage of the Total Population Guyana 39.80 Trinidad and Tobago 35.43 Suriname 27.00 Guadeloupe (French) 15.00 Martinique (French) 13.00 Grenada 10.80 Jamaica 8.20 British Virgin Islands 8.00 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.00 French Guiana 5.20 Saint Lucia 3.15 Saint Kitts and Nevis 3.00 Belize 2.10 Barbados 1.75 Considering global trends in late-nineteenth-century migration movements, the specific migrations that produced the demographic situation shown in the table most likely contributed to which of the following social or political changes in India? A. The granting of suffrage to Indian women B. An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations that had formerly been held by men C. A decreased emphasis on the importance of marriage and child-rearing in traditional Indian culture D. A decline in the use of child labor in Indian agriculture

B. An increase in the number of Indian women engaging in occupations that had formerly been held by men

Together with access to coal deposits, which environmental factor most directly contributed to Great Britain's early industrialization? A. Its location on an island group separate from continental Europe B. Its abundance of iron ore C. Its cold climate, unsuitable for cultivating many crops D. Its plentiful domestic sources of gold and silver

B. Its abundance of iron ore

Manifest Destiny

Belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent, as it was their land

Opium Wars

Conflicts between the British and the Chinese due to China's problem with opium addiction; Britain prevails and forces China to open up trade ports to them and establish free trade

Cause for the Italian Unification

Count Cavor leads the unification under the House of Savoy (a native Italian dynasty)

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the positions expressed by the authors of the two sources regarding the idea that existing political boundaries should be changed so that each nation has its own state? A. Source 1 explicitly supports the idea, but Source 2 explicitly rejects it. B. Source 1 explicitly rejects the idea, but Source 2 explicitly supports it. C. Both Source 1 and Source 2 explicitly support the idea. D. Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.

D. Neither Source 1 nor Source 2 explicitly supports the idea.

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Wesseling's argument in the second paragraph best illustrates which of the following important distinctions within the practice of imperialism in the nineteenth century? A. The difference between European and non-European imperialism B. The difference between land-based imperial expansion and overseas or maritime imperial expansion C. The difference between the economic costs of imperialism and its economic benefits D. The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism

D. The difference between the economic effects of direct and indirect imperialism

What religious belief emerged during the Enlightenment?

Deism (the idea that God exists as the Creator, but does not intervene)

What was the role of women in the Industrial Age?

Domestic work and child raising (as taught by the Cult of Domesticity)

Effect of migration on families

Men usually migrated for work, so women often had greater roles in the home and in society

Cause for the German Unification

Otto Von Bismarck leads 3 wars which united the Germans against the enemy (nationalism)

What were the negative societal effects in the Industrial Age?

Population growth resulted in poor living conditions and diseases easily spread; families were fractured due to separation from each other because of different jobs)

Causes of migration - challenges

Poverty in India, China, and Ireland (potato famine)

Social contract

Power is in the hands of the people, and the people give that power to the government so that the government will protect the natural rights of the people. The people also had the right to overthrow the government if it was corrupt.

Social Darwinism

Survival of the strongest and wealthiest nations

Main reason that other nations followed suit of Britain and industrialized

Wealth

Economic Imperialism

When one country has significant economic power over another country

Cash crop farming

an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit; replaces sustenance farming in Africa to supply Western nations (a result of imperialism)

Common consequences of new industrial technology

- Increased trade - New waves of migration

Haitian Revolution

- Inspired by the French revolution - African slave population killed their masters and burned their houses - First successful slave revolution

Locomotives

- Invented in 1st Industrial Revolution - Could hold lots of cargo and connected distant areas, which increased trade and migration - Examples: Trans-Siberian Railroad in Russia and the Trans-Continental Railroad in the U.S.

B. The creation of Indian ethnic enclaves in Caribbean societies

Steam Engine (James Watt)

- Invented in 1st Industrial Revolution - Eliminated the sole reliance on water frames to power factories - Powered ships instead of wind, which increased trade

Telephone

- Invented in 2nd Industrial Revolution - Allowed people to talk across long distances - Allowed for an increase in migration

Steel

- Invented in 2nd Industrial Revolution - Stronger than iron - Produced in mass quantities with the Bessemer Process

Simon Bolivar

- Leader of the Creoles in the Latin American revolution - Writes Letter from Jamaica, which argues for constitutional republics, democratic ideas, and natural rights

Imperialism

A process by which one nation extends its influence and power into another nation by diplomacy or force

Natural rights

An idea of John Locke that the rights of life, liberty, and property were God-given and not granted by the government

Self-Strengthening Movement

An unsuccessful movement in Qing dynasty China which attempted to modernize China while maintaining their traditional culture (like Japan)

Source 1 "Beloved brothers in Christ, here again we should see and admire the boundless love of God toward us, that He has placed over us this great empire of the Ottomans. The Empire is a mighty obstacle to the Latin heretics in the West. By contrast, to us, the Orthodox people of the East, the Empire has been a means of salvation. For God has continued to put into the heart of the Sultan of these Ottomans an inclination to keep free the religious beliefs of our Orthodox faith and to protect us, even to the point of occasionally chastising Christians who deviate from their faith. Brothers, lately you would have heard a lot about this new system of 'liberty' originating in France. But let us examine the concept more carefully to see if it can be reconciled with good civil government and safety for the citizens. We see from the example of the French Republic that a national, democratic form of government can only provide 'liberty' if the word is taken to mean the freedom to simply act upon one's appetites and desires. But true Christian liberty, properly understood, means something quite different: to be free to live according to both divine and human laws. In other words, it is to live free to follow your conscience and free of any trouble with the authorities. Seen in this light, the new French system of liberty is a path leading to destruction, confusion, overturning of good government, or, simply speaking, a new ambush of the devil to lead us Orthodox Christians astray." Anthimos, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem [then part of the Ottoman Empire], Paternal Instruction, leaflet printed in Greek for distribution among Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire, 1798 Source 2 "I address you in Hungarian today* because reviving our language is like cleansing the mirror of our history, so that the flies buzzing around may not deprive us of its light. It is a sad fate for a nation to perish—especially a nation such as ours that can boast of brilliant feats and that has only sunk to its present condition through the bitter workings of fate. It is of no use to try to accept with stern philosophy, common sense, and cold blood that all men are equal in everything, that the whole human race is a single nation. No! We are national beings and we were raised with our Hungarian selves that way, so that we can never be Germans, or French, or Poles, or Spaniards. We long for glory in this life as Hungarian sons of the Hungarian nation and, in the next, we pray that the angels of the heavens may know us as Hungarians. It is time for the mind of the Hungarian nation to be clarified through a revival of our mother-tongue. How can our educated classes study the languages of Europe, if we are forgetting our own? How could we lift up our people, most of whom live in the countryside, if we cannot offer them books to read in the language they speak? What we urgently need is a group of scholars who would be paid solely to translate works from Latin, French, German, and Greek into Hungarian—this would do more good for the refinement of the country's mind than a thousand Latin and German schools." *At the time, many educated Hungarians preferred to communicate in German, the language of the Austrian Empire of which Hungary was a part. György Bessenyei, Hungarian writer, "Oration on the Subject Matter of the Nation," essay published in 1817 Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the arguments made in the two sources regarding ideas of liberty and equality? A. Both sources reject the ideas for the same reason, namely that demands for liberty and equality would lead to political instability and sweeping social changes in Europe. B. Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims. C. Source 1 embraces the ideas because of the promise of emancipation they hold to oppressed minority groups, whereas Source 2 embraces the ideas because of their origins in Enlightenment thought. D. Both sources embrace the ideas for the same reason, namely that liberty and equality are inalienable natural rights and governments' attempts to restrict those rights are doomed to fail.

B. Source 1 rejects the ideas because of the threat they represent to multinational empires, whereas Source 2 rejects the ideas because of the universal and equalizing nature of their claims.

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The commercial rivalries discussed in the third paragraph best illustrate the interplay between nineteenth-century economic development in Japan and the development of A. extractive economies as part of Western imperialism B. Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses C. a global consumer economy leading to increased living standards worldwide D. new regional and international identities opposed to nationalism

B. Western-dominated large-scale transnational businesses

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Which of the following pieces of information that Trollope reveals about himself in the passage might best explain his contention that economic inequalities ought to be addressed "gradually and without any sudden disruption of society"? A. His advanced age B. His Christian faith C. His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition D. His relatively high level of education

C. His admission that he was born into a fortunate condition

Causes of migration - settler colonies

Engineers, geologists, and others who were technologically/intellectually advanced migrated to these colonies to extend technological innovations to the new nation

New Zealand

Established as a settler colony by the British, leading to a war between the native Maori people and the British

Ethnic enclaves and examples

Formed when migrants of the same culture groups together in one place - The Chinese in America and Peru, where they worked on railroads and farms - Indians as indentured servants in England - Irish in America as factory workers and public laborers, which also resulted in the spread of Catholicism in the U.S.

Karl Marx

Founder of communism (idea of no social classes and everyone is equal), author of the Communist Manifesto

"We can agree that, in principle, it might be a good idea to permit both foreigners and Japanese to engage in coastal and seaborne shipping around and from Japan, because that would increase competition and improve efficiency. But, in practice, we know that seaborne shipping is too important a matter to be given over to foreigners. To do so would mean a loss of business and employment opportunities for our people in peacetime. And, in times of war, to not have the domestic capacity to transport goods would be tantamount to abandoning our status as an independent nation. In recent decades, Japan was forced to sign various treaties with foreign powers allowing their ships to proceed freely from one Japanese harbor to another. Some people claim that these treaty rights also allow foreigners to transport Japanese made goods, either around our country or for export to Korea or China. I am not qualified to discuss the legal merits of these positions, but I would like to point out that, unless we have a plan for developing our own domestic shipping businesses, we will never be able to compete with the foreigners in this field. In founding the Mitsubishi company,* my goal has been to help recover for Japan the right of seaborne shipping, so we no longer have to delegate it to foreigners. I regard this not only as my business interest but also as my duty as a citizen. If we don't succeed as a company, it would be useless for the government to try to renegotiate the unequal treaties, or to attempt to further develop Japan's economy. The government knows this, and that is why it protects our company. And we need the government's protection to compete against foreign rivals, such as the [British] Peninsula and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. Recently, the P&O Company has been working to set up a new line between Yokohama [in Japan] and Shanghai and is attempting to claim rights over the [Japanese] ports of Nagasaki, Kobe, and Yokohama. The P&O Company is backed by its massive capital, large fleet of ships, and experience operating in Hong Kong and China. How can we compete against such a giant if we do not have the backing of our national government?" *The Mitsubishi company was established in 1870 as a maritime shipping firm. In subsequent decades, it diversified into mining, manufacturing, and other fields. Yataro Iwasaki, president of the Mitsubishi Company, letter to company managers, 1876 The debates about maritime shipping in Japan alluded to in the first paragraph were most directly connected to which of the following nineteenth-century developments? A. The development of Marxist critiques of international capitalism B. The development of trade union and labor movements dedicated to advancing industrial workers' rights C. The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade D. The development of opposing political factions supporting or resisting Westernization reforms within many Asian governments

C. The development of rival economic theories differing with respect to their views of free trade

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's characterization of democracy in the second paragraph can best be seen as a direct reference to which aspect of the historical situation in the late nineteenth century? A. The political and social radicalism of the French Revolution B. The emergence of strong labor unions in many industrialized countries C. The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise D. The resentment of United States cultural influences in some European countries

C. The movements to reform countries' political systems by expanding the franchise

Sepoys

Indian soldiers hired by the British to claim more territory in India from the weak Mughal Empire

Toussant L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution

Tupac Amaru II

Leads a rebellion against the Spanish in Peru

White Australia Policy

Stated that no one could immigrate to Australia who wasn't British

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the American Revolution?

The American colonists were influenced by the ideas of natural rights and the social contract, thus prompting them to revolt against the British government. Additionally, the Declaration of Independence references these Enlightenment ideas.

How did the British Empire consolidate power in India during the Industrial Revolution?

The British shut down the Indian iron industry because they suspected they were using the iron as ammunition to revolt against British rule

Utilitarianism

The idea of John Stuart Mill that one's actions were for everyone's collective happiness, not for the happiness of the individual

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment affect slavery?

The idea that humans had unalienable rights promoted the abolition of slavery and serfdom

White Man's Burden

The idea that the allegedly superior white race had a duty to share that culture with others

Laissez-faire economics

The idea that the government should stay uninvolved in the economy

What book was written by Adam Smith?

Wealth of Nations

Spheres of Influence in China

Western nations take advantage of a weakened China and divide it into sections where certain nations had exclusive trading rights (Qing Dynasty still remained in power, however)

Communist Manifesto

Written by Karl Marx, argued that the workers should own the means of production and share wealth

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Xhosa people thought that killing their cattle, which were thought to be infected with a European disease, would bring spirits to expel the Europeans from their land but instead resulted in famine and death for the Xhosa people

One cause for rapid industrialization in Russia

- Trans-Siberian railroad was built, which allowed for an increase in trade - Was the largest steel producer in the world

Scramble for Africa

- competition between European nations over territory in Africa - Otto Von Bismarck realized it would cause a war, thus leading him to call the Berlin Conference, where it was decided (without the representation of Africans) which colonies would be taken by which European nation

What was the content of Wealth of Nations?

- criticism of mercantilism - promotion of laissez-faire economics and capitalism

Effects of labor unions

- implementation of a 5 day work week - limits placed on work hours - minimum wage - influenced other rebellions regarding voting rights to those who did not meet previous property-owning requirements - implementation of child labor laws and enforcement of mandatory education for children

In addition to the implementation of laissez-faire economics, what were some economic changes in the Industrial Age?

- increase in consumerism - increase in advertising - increase in leisure

Economic effects of imperialism

- interconnected global economy - weakening of colonial economies due to cash crop farming

Causes of labor unions

- poor and dangerous working conditions - unsanitary living conditions - low pay

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Penal colony

A colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

What is a joint-stock company?

A company where investors invest money and shareholders gain/lose money due to the success/failure of the company

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned immigration from China to America

What prompted the Japanese to open up their trade ports?

Commodore Matthew Perry sends U.S. naval fleets and convinces Japan by proving (and in a way threatening) the military might of the U.S.

The painting shows a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor. In addition to Japan, which of the following non-European states created an empire in the Asia-Pacific region in the late nineteenth century? A. Australia B. China C. Korea D. The United States

D. The United States

Australia

Established as a penal colony by Britain

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Samory Toure's War

Initiated by Savory Toure when the French tried to colonize his land in West Africa, but the French prevailed

Why was the Ottoman Empire considered the "sick man of Europe"?

It was not industrialized, thus resulting in declining power

Nationalism

People loyal to a nation rather than a specific ruler

Empiricism

Reality and knowledge is discerned through the senses and scientific experiences rather than sources like the Bible

Balkan Conflict

The Ottomans occupied the Balkans, but the Balkan people, inspired by nationalism, revolted and gained independence

Sino-Japanese WAr

The Qing Dynasty in China became angry that Japan was trying to colonize Korea, Japan prevails and establishes Korea as a Japanese colony

Four examples of economic imperialism

- British East India Co exercised economic power over India, so when Britain needed cotton, they made the Indian export economy mostly cotton - British East India Co. forced Indian farmers to farm opium for the British to smuggle into China, as Britain was in a trade deficit with China (people in China became addicted, creating more profit for Britain) - U.S. invests in industrialization of Latin American nations to establish railroads and industries so that they could trade - Britain finances the building of the port of Buenos Aires in Argentina for their own trading purposes

Cause of Latin American Revolution

- Creoles influenced by the Enlightenment and previous revolutions - Creoles angry because they lost wealth due to mercantilism and were denied positions of authority which were reserved for Peninsulares

Industrialization in Japan

- Did not want to lost traditional culture, but knew industrialization would be inevitable - Borrowed industrial techniques without succumbing to European influence

Cultural reasons for imperialism

- European belief of the superiority of the white race - Christians in Europe wanted to gain more converts and establish school and hospitals

Internal combustion engine

- Invented in 2nd Industrial Revolution - Gasoline powered engine

Telegraph

- Invented in 2nd Industrial Revolution - Sent pulses of electricity to communicate across long distances - Allowed for an increase in migration

Meiji Restoration

- Limited Westernization, Japanese industrialization - Railroads built - Feudalism abolished - Constitutional monarchy established - Taxes increased to support these changes financially

Because women still had little rights at this time, what were some examples of how these rights were advocated for?

- Mary Wollstonecraft writes A Vindication of the Rights of Women (argued for women's rights and education) - Seneca Falls Convention (argues for women's suffrage)

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

A multinational corporation established by the British in China because they needed to finance trade in China after the Opium Wars

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why people from nonindustrialized regions constituted the majority of migrants in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Nonindustrialized regions often experienced large population increases that made it more difficult for people to find local jobs. B. Many people from nonindustrialized regions were recruited into the service of European imperial governments. C. Many people in nonindustrialized regions were illiterate and unable to find jobs other than performing manual labor. D. Nonindustrialized regions were often more susceptible to the spread of epidemic diseases because of a lack of quality medical care.

A. Nonindustrialized regions often experienced large population increases that made it more difficult for people to find local jobs.

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the third paragraph? A. The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment. B. The failure to grant political rights to women is at odds with the idea of natural rights. C. The economic policies of the French monarchy have been the main cause of the revolution. D. The calls to reform the criminal justice system do not take into account the severity of the social problems posed by France's high crime rates.

A. The French Revolution has advanced the principles of Enlightenment.

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which other process in the mid to late nineteenth century most directly led to situations in which non-Western countries found it very difficult to protect their indigenous industries from Western competition, as described in the passage? A. The imposition of free-trade regimes on countries such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin American countries through military or diplomatic pressure from Western countries B. The successful modernization and Westernization of countries such as Japan and Russia, through domestic economic reforms and efforts to attract foreign investments C. The evolution of White settler colonies, such as Canada and Australia, into mostly self-governing dominion territories within the British Empire D. The emergence and spread of anti-imperialist sentiments and political movements in some European colonies, such as British India and Dutch Indonesia, as a result of the spread of nationalism

A. The imposition of free-trade regimes on countries such as China, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin American countries through military or diplomatic pressure from Western countries

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The rapid growth of nineteenth-century industrial cities such as Manchester is best understood in the context of which of the following economic developments? A. The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories B. The adoption of protective legislation for workers that encouraged people to seek industrial jobs C. The abolition of slavery that made plantation agriculture less profitable D. The migration of people from colonial areas to Europe in search of better economic opportunities

A. The increases in agricultural productivity that freed up laborers for work in factories

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains a difference between European and South Asian migration during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers. B. European migrants often established enclaves in urban areas, whereas South Asian migrants intermixed with local populations. C. European migrants often returned to their home societies, whereas South Asian migrants remained in their new countries. D. Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often transplanted their culture into their new countries.

A. Unlike European migrants, South Asian migrants often served as indentured laborers.

A caption below the image read:The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America. It is characterized by its oval head and rather thin lips. The complexion may vary in color but is generally light.The Yellow Race occupies mostly East Asia, China, and Japan. It is characterized by its high cheekbones and almond- shaped eyes.The Red Race, which once upon a time inhabited all of North and South America, has reddish skin, deeply set eyes, and a long and arched nose.↵ (PPT) The Black Race, which occupies mostly Africa and the southern parts of Oceania, has skin that is very dark, dark brown eyes, and curly hair. Although ideas of European superiority over non-Europeans had existed for centuries, views such as those expressed in the passage provide evidence of an important change in the late nineteenth century that is best explained by the fact that they A. combined old cultural prejudice with supposedly "scientific" new ideas of the biological and evolutionary basis of human differences B. were based on the premise that the biological diversity of the human species should be reduced through support of interracial marriages C. romanticized non-European peoples by portraying them as "noble savages" closer to nature than "overcivilized" Europeans D. reflected new anthropological and linguistic research that showed that all humans share a common African ancestor

A. combined old cultural prejudice with supposedly "scientific" new ideas of the biological and evolutionary basis of human differences

Estates-General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France; the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) The instructions to Lugard in articles (d) and (f) best reflect which of the following regarding the purpose of the board of directors' letter? A. As a high-ranking agent of the British Royal Niger Company, Lugard would have been likely to recognize on his own the economic potential of the areas he was about to explore. B. As a commercial enterprise, the British Royal Niger Company hoped that Lugard's voyage would allow it to expand its exports of African raw materials to Europe and its imports of European finished goods to Africa. C. As tropical disease made travel in Africa dangerous to Europeans, the board of directors needed to emphasize the economic rewards that Lugard would personally reap if his mission was successful. D. As a transnational company competing for business on the global market, the British Royal Niger Company wished to obtain information about the financial resources of its competitors.

B. As a commercial enterprise, the British Royal Niger Company hoped that Lugard's voyage would allow it to expand its exports of African raw materials to Europe and its imports of European finished goods to Africa.

"After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is an implicit claim that the author makes in the second paragraph? A. In some cases, governments need to stifle freedom of speech. B. Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity. C. Man's natural condition is one of suffering and a struggle for survival. D. Loyalty to one's nation is the greatest virtue a person can aspire to have.

B. Religion has been a force holding back the progress of humanity.

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) Which aspect of the historical situation in West Africa in the 1890s best explains the board of directors' instructions to Lugard in article (h) of the letter? A. Europeans still had very limited information about the physical geography of the West African interior. B. West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe's industrializing economies. C. In the aftermath of the abolition of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Europeans lost interest in West Africa, both politically and economically. D. High levels of local resistance to imperialism effectively prevented Europeans from extending their control in West Africa beyond coastal regions until the very end of the twentieth century.

B. West Africa was becoming a source of important raw materials for Europe's industrializing economies.

"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's point of view in discussing his right to rule the Nama lands "by double conquest" is historically significant mostly because it illustrates how A. African political leaders learned to use effectively the European diplomatic discourse of sovereignty and state rights to ultimately forestall the advance of imperialism B. interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and ultimately limited Africans' ability to resist imperialism C. European imperialism fostered among Africans a sense of belonging to new national units and ultimately led to nationalist resistance movements D. some African leaders were able to play one European colonial power against another to ultimately preserve their lands from colonial infringement

B. interethnic conflicts in Africa led to political fragmentation and ultimately limited Africans' ability to resist imperialism

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 Which of the following aspects of the Marxist critique of capitalism would be most useful in understanding why the author of the passage chose to invoke Karl Marx's thought in the first paragraph? A. Most Marxists believed that capitalism would be overthrown by a workers' revolution, and Wesseling is arguing that colonial workers were also beginning to organize for a revolution. B. Many Marxists argued that imperialism is the last and final stage of capitalism, and Wesseling's analysis is premised on the same belief. C. Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting the economic development of the colonies and reducing them to mere raw material export economies, and Wesseling appears to agree with that criticism. D. Some Marxists emphasized imperialism's positive economic impacts in introducing more modern modes of production into the colonies, and Wesseling seems to agree with that assessment.

C. Many Marxists criticized imperialism for arresting the economic development of the colonies and reducing them to mere raw material export economies, and Wesseling appears to agree with that criticism.

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The rapid growth of industrial output in Russia during the 1890s was most likely comparable to the growth of industrial output in which other state during the same period? A. The Ottoman Empire B. Qing China C. Meiji Japan D. Brazil

C. Meiji Japan

"Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's perspective in the last paragraph is historically significant because it most directly illustrates which of the following rationales for African people resisting European imperial encroachment? A. Resistance to safeguard valuable natural resources threatened by European economic imperialism B. Resistance to protect the right to practice native African religions threatened by European missionary activities C. Resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by direct European territorial expansion D. Resistance to restore pre-nineteenth-century native states and empires destroyed by earlier waves of European colonialism

C. Resistance to preserve traditional political structures threatened by direct European territorial expansion

"Writing now, at an age beyond sixty, I must admit that we do not understand the operations of God's wisdom and are, therefore, unable to tell the causes of the terrible inequalities that we see around us,—why so many people should have so little to make life enjoyable, while a few others, not through their own merit, have had gifts poured out to them from a full hand. We acknowledge the hand of God and His wisdom, but still we feel horror at the misery of many of our brethren. We who have been born in a more fortunate condition—we to whom wealth, education, and liberty have been given—cannot, I think, look upon the unintellectual and toil-bound life of those who cannot even feed themselves sufficiently by the meager wages they have earned with so much sweat, without experiencing some feeling of injustice, some sting of pain. This consciousness of wrong has produced in many enthusiastic but unbalanced minds a desire to make all things right by pursuing equality. But any careful observer of our society, or any student of our history has to admit that, as unjust as it may seem, inequality is part of the natural order of things. You can make all men equal today, but God has so created them that they shall become unequal again tomorrow. The very word 'equality' presents to the imaginations of men ideas of communism, of ruin, and insane democracy. Instead of obsessing about equality, we should be working toward reducing inequalities—provided, of course, that we do so gradually and without any sudden disruption of society." Anthony Trollope, British novelist, autobiography written during the 1870s and published after his death in 1882 Trollope's arguments in the second paragraph are most clearly intended to offer an alternative to the arguments made by which late nineteenth-century group? A. Liberals B. Conservatives C. Socialists D. Nationalists

C. Socialists

"OBJECTIVES OF YOUR JOURNEY In these parts of West Africa, France has obtained a few treaties with powerful chiefs, on the basis of which she claims immense regions in the great bend of the Niger River. She also sends French adventurers into a recognized British sphere of influence to make further treaties with native persons who claim to be the rulers or kings of certain regions. The goal of your journey therefore will be to (a) in places where the French pretend they have made treaties with the native rulers, to obtain a written declaration from the rulers that such statements are false, and then to make treaties for us; (b) in places where the French have made no such pretense, to secure treaties accompanied by a short declaration that no previous treaties have been made with any European; . . . (d) to collect detailed information of every kind about the regions you visit, but especially to make inquiries as to the existence of gold—either gold sands in rivers or gold lodes in rock; . . . (f) to impress upon all African chiefs how advantageous it would be for them to have Europeans bringing goods to their country, which can only be done if they sign the treaties; . . . (h) to note especially carefully the prevalence of gum arabic trees, shea butter trees, and rubber vines* in each region you visit." Letter from the directors of the British Royal Niger Company to its agent, Captain Frederick Lugard, directing him to travel up the Niger River in West Africa, 1894 *African trees that were used by Europeans in the production of cosmetics and processed food additives (gum Arabic), soap and candles (Shea butter), and tires and machine transmission belts (rubber) The rival British and French claims over the Niger River region in the 1890s were most directly a part of which of the following processes? A. The British efforts to safeguard the routes to India, Great Britain's most important colony B. The response of established colonial powers to the ambitions of new imperial states such as Germany and Italy C. The European "scramble" to acquire territories in Africa through both peaceful and military means D. The shift from "imperialism by company" to direct imperial rule in many European colonies

C. The European "scramble" to acquire territories in Africa through both peaceful and military means

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 The economic changes in rapidly industrializing countries such as the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth century led most directly to which of the following social or intellectual changes during the same period? A. The emergence of nationalism and separatism among ethnic minority groups in multiethnic empires B. The development of economic theories advocating free trade, such as laissez-faire C. The creation of new social classes and class consciousness D. The growth of the woman suffrage movement

C. The creation of new social classes and class consciousness

Which of the following best summarizes the way in which the development of the factory system and the development of new transportation infrastructure such as railways worked together as factors facilitating British industrialization? A. The factory system produced the surplus labor that led large numbers of British people to emigrate overseas, and the new transportation infrastructure enabled those migrants to make their journeys. B. The factory system concentrated the working classes in cities, and new transportation infrastructure allowed governments to better monitor and police these workers. C. The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time. D. The factory system led to an ever-greater degree of specialization of labor and, by doing so, helped meet the railway industry's need for highly skilled workers.

C. The factory system concentrated production in relatively few locations, and the new transportation infrastructure allowed more goods and people to reach these locations in less time.

"By 1830 an English textile worker was already producing with his mechanical spinning machine 350 to 400 times as much yarn per hour as an Indian craftsman with his traditional spinning wheel. The consequences for Indian textile production were fatal. In 1814 India imported one million meters of English textiles, in 1820 it imported 13 million and in 1890 more than two billion. British rule in India gave the British manufacturers free rein and made the protection of indigenous producers impossible. It stands to reason that Karl Marx condemned the driving force behind British expansion in India by calling it the 'millocracy' [meaning rule by the owners of textile mills]. . . . To be sure, the immense productivity of English textile workers from the early nineteenth century on made this branch of British industry superior to all of its former competitors, colonial and noncolonial alike. But while other countries could shield themselves from this danger by introducing protectionist tariffs, such protection did not exist in the British colonies. So here, in the case of the destruction of Indian textile industry, we see the importance of the colonial situation, namely the colonies' political dependence on the West, in arresting their economic development." Henk L. Wesseling, Dutch historian of colonial South and Southeast Asia, The European Colonial Empires, 1815-1919, book published in 2003 The economic statistics cited by Wesseling in the first paragraph are most likely intended to illustrate which aspect of the nineteenth-century global context? A. The deteriorating working conditions of British industrial workers B. The growing demand for calicoes and other Indian textiles in Britain C. The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing D. The spread of socialist ideology in the colonies in response to European economic exploitation

C. The role of British imperial policy in reversing the development of Indian textile manufacturing

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The disparities of wealth mentioned by Parkinson in the passage are best explained in the context of the A. lower prices for consumer goods made possible by industrialization B. higher wages available for industrial work as compared to agricultural work C. high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century D. failure of urban governments to create infrastructure and public health services in rapidly growing cities

C. high profits and low wages associated with manufacturing industries in the nineteenth century

A caption below the image read:The White Race, the most perfect of the human races, lives mostly in Europe, West Asia, North Africa, and North America. It is characterized by its oval head and rather thin lips. The complexion may vary in color but is generally light.The Yellow Race occupies mostly East Asia, China, and Japan. It is characterized by its high cheekbones and almond- shaped eyes.The Red Race, which once upon a time inhabited all of North and South America, has reddish skin, deeply set eyes, and a long and arched nose.↵ (PPT) The Black Race, which occupies mostly Africa and the southern parts of Oceania, has skin that is very dark, dark brown eyes, and curly hair. Based on the context of European imperialism in the late nineteenth century, a historian examining the image and its caption would likely explain that they provide evidence of how France sought to A. remind students that African states directly threatened France and its way of life B. demonstrate that the transfer of its republican system of government to French colonies would prepare those colonies for eventual independence C. reassure students that France's inhumane colonial policies were justified by a so-called "civilizing mission" D. help integrate migrants from its colonies into French society

C. reassure students that France's inhumane colonial policies were justified by a so-called "civilizing mission"

Population of East Indian Descent Guyana 317,000 Trinidad and Tobago 468,500 Suriname 161,000 Guadeloupe (French) 60,000 Martinique (French) 57,700 Grenada 12,000 Jamaica 96,000 British Virgin Islands 2,300 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5,900 French Guiana 12,000 Saint Lucia 5,200 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1,500 Belize 7,600 Barbados 4,000 Population of East Indian Descent as a Percentage of the Total Population Guyana 39.80 Trinidad and Tobago 35.43 Suriname 27.00 Guadeloupe (French) 15.00 Martinique (French) 13.00 Grenada 10.80 Jamaica 8.20 British Virgin Islands 8.00 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.00 French Guiana 5.20 Saint Lucia 3.15 Saint Kitts and Nevis 3.00 Belize 2.10 Barbados 1.75 Compared with late-nineteenth-century East or South Asian migrants to other world regions, the ancestors of the populations shown in the table likely received a somewhat better reception in their host societies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. Because they mostly arrived in the Caribbean as temporary indentured workers, Indians were not initially expected to stay in their host countries on a permanent basis. B. Because they migrated to societies that already had well-established racial hierarchies, Indians in the Caribbean were not usually perceived as belonging to the lowest social class upon their arrival. C. Because many Indian immigrants to the Caribbean already understood or spoke some English when they arrived, they generally faced fewer linguistic obstacles to their economic and social integration than did Asian immigrants elsewhere. D. Because of the ethnic and religious diversity of Caribbean colonial societies, there was no prejudice against newcomers, and immigrants, including Indian laborers, were generally welcomed by local populations.

D. Because of the ethnic and religious diversity of Caribbean colonial societies, there was no prejudice against newcomers, and immigrants, including Indian laborers, were generally welcomed by local populations.

. "After long periods of error, philosophers have at last discovered the true rights of man and how they can all be deduced from the single truth: that man is a perceptive being capable of reason and acquiring moral ideas. At last, man could proclaim his rights out loud, rights that for so long had been ignored. He could submit all opinions to his own reason and use that reason to search for truth. Every man learned with pride that nature had not forever condemned him to base his beliefs on the opinions of others or the superstitions of antiquity. Thus developed an understanding that the natural rights of man are inalienable and cannot be forfeited and a strongly expressed desire for freedom of thought, trade, and profession. There also developed a desire to alleviate people's suffering, to eliminate all criminal laws against political dissenters, and to abolish torture. A desire arose for a milder system of criminal legislation that could give complete security to the innocent. All of these principles gradually filtered down from philosophical works to every class of society whose education went beyond basic literacy. These principles became the common faith of all people." Marquis de Condorcet, French nobleman and philosopher, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, published in 1794 Which of the following is the main claim that the author makes in the passage? A. Europeans should learn from the knowledge and wisdom of classical Greece and Rome. B. Philosophy and science are fundamentally incompatible. C. Ethics and morality are subjective and culture-specific. D. People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

D. People have natural rights that can be established through rational inquiry.

D. Social Darwinism

The painting shows a Japanese mother and her children receiving news that their husband/father has died fighting in an overseas war. The husband's/father's uniform and sword are lying on the floor. Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century is most directly explained in the context of the decline of which of the following empires? A. The Portuguese Empire B. The Spanish Empire C. The Russian Empire D. The Qing Empire

D. The Qing Empire

"Italians establish everywhere in Argentina the types of businesses in which they are employed in Italy: a pasta factory, a distillery, a sawmill, a lime furnace. Indeed, our compatriots engage in all types of industries and trades. Some are money brokers, some are blacksmiths, some are jewelers, some build houses, some are mechanics, and some are mill owners. In the rural districts, many people engage in multiple trades. Our immigrants in these areas might at once be a blacksmith and a shoemaker, a cook and a tailor, or a porter and a bricklayer. Our immigrants are willing, gracious, happy, and always trusting in a better future." Giosuè Notari, Italian ambassador in the city of Córdoba in Argentina, report to the Italian government describing the state of Italian immigrants in the city and province of Córdoba, 1905 Which of the following best explains why transoceanic migration increased significantly in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A. The development of bourgeois society in Europe led to the adoption of a tiered system of classes of travel on oceangoing ships. B. The increased demand for plantation labor in the Americas resulted in larger numbers of African slaves being transported across the Atlantic. C. New navigational techniques allowed ships to traverse the open ocean instead of needing to sail along the coasts. D. The development of steam-powered ships made it easier and safer for people to cross the oceans.

D. The development of steam-powered ships made it easier and safer for people to cross the oceans.

"In late nineteenth-century Tsarist Russia, the state participated directly in the nation's economy to an extent unequaled in any Western country. For example, in 1899 the state bought almost two-thirds of all metallurgical production in Russia. By 1900, the state controlled some 70 percent of the railways and owned vast tracts of land, numerous mines and oil fields, and extensive forests. The economic well-being of Russian private entrepreneurs thus depended in large measure on decisions made by the state authorities in St. Petersburg. This was a major reason why a large portion of the Russian middle class took a very timid approach to politics in this period. Russia's economic progress, particularly in the last decade of the nineteenth century, was remarkable by every standard. Railway trackage virtually doubled, coal output in southern Russia jumped from just under 3 million tons in 1890 to almost 11 million tons in 1900. In the same region, the production of iron and steel rose from about 140,000 tons in 1890 to almost 1,250,000 in 1900. Also, between 1890 and 1900 Russian production of cotton thread almost doubled and that of cotton cloth increased by about two-thirds. By 1914 the Russian Empire was the fifth-largest industrial power in the world, though its labor productivity and per-capita income still lagged behind those in Western Europe." Abraham Ascher, historian, The Revolution of 1905: A Short History, book published in 2004 As described in the passage, the pattern of economic development in Russia in the nineteenth century differed most strongly from which other pattern of economic development during the same period? A. The emergence of resource export economies, such as those in colonial South Asia B. The expansion of transnational businesses, such as global banking and insurance companies C. The implementation of economic policies to promote industrialization, such as the attempts to develop a cotton textile industry in Egypt D. The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies

D. The transition from preindustrial to industrial production through the actions of private entrepreneurs or companies

"There is no town in the world where the distance between the rich and the poor is so great, or the barrier between them so difficult to be crossed. The separation between the different classes, and the consequent ignorance of each other's habits and condition, are far more complete in this place than in any other country in Europe, or even in the rural areas of Britain. There is far less personal communication between the master cotton spinner and his workmen and between the master tailor and his apprentices than there is between the Duke of Wellington and the humblest laborer of his estate, or than there was between King George III and the lowliest errand boy in his palace. I mean this not as a matter of blame, but I state it simply as a fact." Richard Parkinson, English clergyman of the Anglican Church, "On the Present Condition of the Laboring Poor in Manchester," paper published in London, 1841 The class relationships in Manchester described by Parkinson are best explained in the context of the A. low education levels of urban residents and the scarcity of schools B. increasing pressure for greater political representation of new industrial towns in national governments C. declining wealth of the traditional landed aristocracy in comparison to factory owners and industrialists D. continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

D. continuous migration of new workers to industrial towns and the high job turnover

:Your Highness, dear Major Leutwein! I received your long letter late last night. I take it from this letter that you accuse me of various misdeeds and seem to claim the right to condemn me to death as if I were a common criminal. You seem to try to reason with me by force of guns. You say that I arrogantly claim to be the ruler over certain territories. This is my answer: You white men know very well that this territory of which you speak has been under my rule since the death of my grandfather. The Herero nation attacked my grandfather's Nama nation without any cause, but he fought them back and conquered them. Later these same tribes attacked me as well. I conquered them a second time. So these lands that you seek are mine by double right of conquest. This has been an old rule of war. Obviously you cannot see any other way of getting hold of these lands, so you are attacking me by force. You say that you are sorry that I do not accept German protection and do not pledge my allegiance to the German emperor. Here is my answer: I have never in my life seen the German emperor and I am sure he has never seen me. Therefore, I could not have possibly hurt him. God has made us both rulers in different parts of the world. I don't think that one can call someone guilty if he wants to remain an independent ruler over his land and his people. If you intend now to have me killed because of my love of independence, this is not shame or harm. If I have to die, I shall do so as an honest man defending my property and my rights." Hendrik Witbooi, leader of the Nama people in the German colony of South West Africa, letter to the commanding officer of the German colonial army, 1894 Witbooi's statement in the last paragraph that he would likely be killed in the process of resisting the Germans is historically significant because it shows that Africans understood the A. need to appeal to the Europeans' sense of lawfulness and due process B. importance of concealing the true extent of African military forces in order to lull the Europeans into complacency C. inevitability of the conquest because of the supposed racial superiority of Europeans D. low probability that armed resistance would be successful because of the military advantages of Europeans

D. low probability that armed resistance would be successful because of the military advantages of Europeans

How did the Meiji Restoration influence Japan to expand?

Japan gained power from the Meiji Restoration and expanded to Korea, Southeast Asia, and China

King Leopold II

King of Belgium who claims the Congo as his own colony and gained wealth from forced labor and brutality

What economic theory replaced mercantilism in the Industrial Age and how was this different from the previous?

Laissez-faire capitalism (free market) - no limit on wealth - focused on supply and demand rather than exports - no government intervention in economics

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