AP World Test Chapter 16

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 brought about what in England?

A constant a bill of rights (also known as the Bloodless Revolution)

The wars and devastation of the early modern era in Europe, especially the Thirty Years' War, resulted in

Better European armies, weapons, and maneuvers (fought a lot so they got better)

The challenge to the church and its supporters was intense and emotional, resulting in

Bitter "wars of religion"

The English managed to overcome the Dutch trade monopolies by what means?

Building a larger navy to challenge oversees trade (England wanted something, put in the work, won and benefited)

Despite the fact that privileged families were much more likely to arrange marriages, unlike in other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe reflected

Freer choice of one's marriage partner instead of an arranged marriage (partially because they married later. Since the couple was older and could stand up for themselves)

Many religious and intellectual leaders viewed the new science with suspicion, as shown by the Catholic Church's renunciation of

Galileo (argued for Copernicus's heliocentric model)

The astronomer who discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon and who empirically demonstrated the heliocentric theory was

Galileo Galilei

The class of landholding families below the aristocracy and nobility in England were called the

Gentry (basically English burgoisie)

The Holy Roman Empire was ruled by Charles V, a member of this dynasty, during the Counter Reformation:

Hapsburg (ruled a lot of things so usually a good guess)

The English Civil War started when

Charles I was executed after refusing to grant rights to Parliament and attempted to arrest his critics.

In response to criticisms leveled against Catholic practices, the church met from 1545-1564 at the

Council of Trent (pretty sure this starts the Counter Reformation) (Counter-Reformation- the Catholic Church's reaction to the Protestant Reformation)

The Protestant Reformation changed Europe

Curtailing the power of the Catholic pope in Europe (beginning of the divide between church and state)

As the iron industry expanded, the consumption of fuel caused

Deforestation (needed wood for fires)

Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied on

Family and ethnic networks

What is meant by the "balance of power" in early Europe

Forming alliances with other European states to ensure that no one state became too powerful. (All would go against one)

Which of the following most frequently provided the opportunity to rise in social status in Europe during the period 1450-1750?

New business ventures or jobs in manufacturing and trade (more money to buy more land to increase status)

The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was

Issac Newton (on some fancy board of scientists in England)

Charles V's son, Phillip II, inherited which of these states?

Italy Germany Spain

The business practice of selling shares to individuals to raise money for trading enterprises and to share the risk and profits was termed:

Joint-stock company (Dutch east and west India Company)

By 1750, the world economy could best be described as

Moving toward unification based on European maritime dominance (Europe ruled worldwide trade and other economies went along with it and joined)

The most significant challenge posed by early modern astronomers was that of the "heliocentric" universe, first argued by:

Nicolas Copernicus

At the end of the English Civil War, the monarch was executed and replaced by

Oliver Cromwell

Who were not deemed part of the "unworthy poor" in the Netherlands?

Permanent city residents called the "deserving poor" (basically if you were always there and followed the rules you were part of the "deserving poor") (I think they got aid and tax breaks)

What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?

Potatoes and corn (American) (lead to population boom)

John Calvin denied human faith could merit salvation, instead, he preached that salvation was granted by God to those

Predestined (Calvinism)

Many Europeans believed that when natural disasters like earthquakes occurred, the cause was

Punishment from God (Big Portuguese city destroyed by earthquake and everyone thought they deserved it)

The Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV, eliminating

Religious freedom for French Protestants (I think it had been made by his grandfather)

Which of the following was the most significant revolution experienced by Europe in the period 1450-1750?

Religious: Protestant Reformation (not everyone was unified by religion anymore) (people willing to challenge authority)

"It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes... are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God." An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570 What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?

Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule (Mandate of Heaven parallel) (basically God chose ruler so disobedience toward the ruler is also disobedience to God)

Calvinism went further than Lutheranism in curtailing the power of the clerical hierarchy and

Simplifying religious rituals

One of the most important developments of the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation was when Ignatius of Loyola founded the

Society of Jesus or the Jesuits (did al lot of missionary work usually focused on upper levels of society)

Which of the following was NOT an important influence on the development of Enlightenment thought?

The Hundred Years War

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?

The influx of American silver into the Spanish economy (inflation from American silver is the Jesus word when it comes to the economy at this time)

The witch trials focused on what as the explanation of witchcraft?

The devil was the focus of evil as the enemy of God (more common in Protestant area)

What was the overarching significance of the Versailles palace?

The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch's triumph over the rights of the nobility

The Netherlands revolted against Spain in the 1560s and 1570s because of

The imposition of Spanish sales tax and Catholic orthodoxy (wanted free trade bc it is more profitable and had many people of other faith that really contributed to the economy)

To promote his ideas Martin Luther used

The printing press (gov had a hard time suppressing bc of the technology)

Although European peasants were free during the early modern era,

Their standard of living may have declined between 1500 and 1700 (plague in 1400s caused scarcity of labor so wages went up. Population boom that was helped by American crops made labor not scarce so they weren't paid as much)

Why were women not a greater part of the cultural movements of early modern Europe?

They were barred from most schools, guilds and professions (guilds were kind of like unions)

How did King Philip II of Spain try to enforce religious orthodoxy?

Using the Inquisition to punish heretics (tortured and burned heretics)

Bourgeoisie means

Wealthy urban class (step below nobility but made a lot of money)

Which of the following true about the roles of women in Europe?

Women were largely dependent on one's social class (if you were rich educated if you were on a farm you worked)

What was one factor in the reduction in European birthrates in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Young males often delayed marriage in order to save money or complete their education. (Later marriage than Middle East and Asia who married in teens: more likely to choose who they married) (women also had to save for dowry)

Political power in France and England

can be contrasted in the relative powers of the French Estates General and the British Parliament. (Estates general weak Parliament strong)

The Scientific Revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by applying which of the following?

careful observation experimentation (scientific method) mathematical calculations

Theories of heliocentrism

changed prevailing views on the orbits and composition of the planets. (The earth is not the center of the universe anymore)

One of the most visible environmental disasters of eighteenth-century Europe was

deforestation caused by the new iron industry's sudden need for wood and a period of colder temperatures. (Mini Ice Age)

The English Reformation led by Henry VIII (guy with like 8 wives) differed from what Martin Luther had started because the king

had parliament make him the head of the Church of England. challenged the pope's authority in England. wanted an annulment from his Catholic wife (Threw a fit that he didn't get his way and decided to pull his entire country into it)

Peasants in Italy and Ireland

produced wheat for large European cities while eating potatoes and maize. (they couldn't afford to eat the wheat)

The Enlightenment was termed such because it:

was carried out by only a few "enlightened" thinkers who were often opposed by political and religious leaders.