AP2 ch 21 extra study

Which statement regarding air and the respiratory system is true? A) Air moving from the nasal cavity to the lungs is heated almost to body temperature. B) Breathing through the mouth decreases heat loss. C) Air continues to rise in temperature and water saturation as it moves out of the respiratory tract. D) Breathing through the mouth decreases water loss.

A) Air moving from the nasal cavity to the lungs is heated almost to body temperature.

Which statement about pulmonary ventilation is correct? A) Alveolar ventilation (VA) is less than the respiratory minute volume because some inhaled air never reaches the alveoli. B) The volume of the anatomic dead space is inconsequential and can be ignored in respiratory calculations. C) Alveolar ventilation and respiratory minute volume mean/measure the same thing. D) Respiratory minute volume is the amount of air that reaches the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs each minute.

A) Alveolar ventilation (VA) is less than the respiratory minute volume because some inhaled air never reaches the alveoli.

Choose the correct statement regarding baroreceptor reflexes. A) Baroreceptors in the aortic sinus are monitored by sensory nerves within the vagus nerve (N X). B) Baroreceptor reflexes in the carotid sinus are monitored by sensory nerves within the accessory nerve (N XI). C) When arterial blood pressure decreases, respiratory minute volume decreases. D) When arterial blood pressure increases above normal levels, respiratory minute volume decreases due to stimulation of respiratory centers.

A) Baroreceptors in the aortic sinus are monitored by sensory nerves within the vagus nerve (N X).

Which of the following structure(s) form(s) the floor of the nasal cavity? A) Hard palate B) Internal nares C) Nasal conchae D) External nares

A) Hard palate

How does one adjust the pitch of the sound the larynx produces? A) Increasing or decreasing the tension on the vocal folds B) Slowing the flow of air through the vocal folds C) Increasing or decreasing the distance between the vocal folds D) Moving air though the vocal folds more forcefully

A) Increasing or decreasing the tension on the vocal folds

Which statement regarding partial pressures of respiratory gases is reasonable? A) Not all of the oxygen from atmospheric air is absorbed before being exhaled. B) Our lungs remove much of the nitrogen available in the air we breathe. C) Air is fully dehydrated before being exhaled. D) Compared to alveolar air, exhaled air contains less carbon dioxide; therefore humans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A) Not all of the oxygen from atmospheric air is absorbed before being exhaled.

Which statement regarding the trachea is true? A) The diameter of the trachea changes from moment to moment. B) The trachealis muscle is found anterior to the tracheal cartilages. C) Contraction of the trachealis muscle increases the diameter of the trachea. D) Sympathetic stimulation decreases the diameter of the trachea.

A) The diameter of the trachea changes from moment to moment.

What happens in the respiratory system if pneumocytes type II are not functioning properly or are destroyed? A) The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation. B) Surface tension would decrease. C) The blood air barrier would get thinner. D) Lung infections would occur more easily.

A) The surface tension would make the alveoli smaller and cause them to collapse upon exhalation.

During internal respiration, the exchange of the respiratory gases takes place between which of the following? A) The systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells B) The pulmonary capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells C) All of the listed responses are correct. D) The pulmonary capillaries and the air within the alveoli

A) The systemic capillaries and the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells

Which description accurately describes the attachment of the vocal ligaments (vocal cords)? A) The vocal ligaments are suspended almost horizontally between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages, inferior to the vestibular ligaments. B) The vocal ligaments are embedded in the vocal folds. C) The vocal ligaments lie within a pair of relatively inelastic vestibular folds. D) The vocal cords are suspended vertically between the corniculate cartilages and the epiglottis.

A) The vocal ligaments are suspended almost horizontally between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages, inferior to the vestibular ligaments.

What is the name of the large, shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx? A) Thyroid cartilage B) Cuneiform cartilage C) Arytenoid cartilage D) Cricoid cartilage

A) Thyroid cartilage

Which type of epithelial tissue is not seen in the respiratory mucosa? A) Transitional epithelium B) Simple squamous epithelium C) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) Stratified squamous epithelium

A) Transitional epithelium

The structure(s) that constrict during an asthma attack is (are) the _________? A) bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles B) secondary bronchi and tertiary bronchi C) trachea and primary bronchi D) trachealis muscle

A) bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles

In breathing, the purpose of contracting the diaphragm and expanding the rib cage is to: A) decrease thoracic pressure so that air moves into the lungs. B) compress air trapped in the anatomic dead space. C) equalize the pressure inside and outside the thoracic cavity. D) increase the pressure within the thoracic cavity.

A) decrease thoracic pressure so that air moves into the lungs.

The _________ respiratory group functions in every breath cycle by triggering the ____________ muscles; whereas the ____________ respiratory group functions only when breathing demands increase above resting levels. A) dorsal; primary inspiratory; ventral B) dorsal; secondary inspiratory; ventral C) ventral; primary expiratory; dorsal D) dorsal; primary expiratory; ventral

A) dorsal; primary inspiratory; ventral

The paranasal sinuses include the __________ sinuses. A) frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary B) occipital, parietal, temporal, and mandibular C) mandibular, maxillary, frontal, and temporal D) ethmoid, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal

A) frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary

In erythrocytes (RBCs), most of the hydrogen molecules from carbonic acid bind to which of the following? A) hemoglobin B) bicarbonate C) chloride D) oxygen

A) hemoglobin

Which is a unique feature of the right lung? A) horizontal fissure B) cardiac notch C) oblique fissure D) inferior lobe

A) horizontal fissure

The pressure inside the respiratory tract at the alveoli is called _________________. A) intrapulmonary pressure B) interpulmonary pressure C) intrapleural pressure D) atmospheric pressure

A) intrapulmonary pressure

The production of sounds in the larynx is known as? A) phonation B) articulation C) amplification D) resonance

A) phonation

Each terminal bronchiole supplies a single _________. A) pulmonary lobule B) alveolus C) bronchopulmonary segment D) alveolar duct

A) pulmonary lobule

Gas exchange surfaces in the alveoli consist of which tissue type? A) simple squamous epithelium B) stratified squamous epithelium C) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium D) simple cuboidal epithelium

A) simple squamous epithelium

Alveolar ventilation is partially calculated by: A) subtracting anatomic dead space from tidal volume. B) subtracting inspiratory reserve volume from anatomic dead space. C) multiplying the respiratory rate by the tidal volume. D) dividing the tidal volume by inspiratory reserve.

A) subtracting anatomic dead space from tidal volume.

Regarding movements of the diaphragm and rib cage: A) when the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly. B) superior movement of the rib cage decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. C) superior movement of the rib cage decreases the depth and width of the thoracic cavity. D) contraction of the diaphragm increases the pressure within the thoracic cavity.

A) when the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly.

Which atmospheric gas has the lowest partial pressure (mm Hg) and the lowest gas concentration (%) in exhaled air (saturated)? A) H2O (water vapor) B) CO2 (carbon dioxide) C) N2 (nitrogen) D) O2 (oxygen)

B) CO2 (carbon dioxide)

Which of the following happens during external respiration? A) Entry of air into the nasal cavity B) Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood C) Delivery of air to the respiratory zone of the lungs D) Transport of oxygen by hemoglobin in the red blood cells

B) Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary blood

What structures comprise the respiratory defense system? A) Nasal conchae B) Mucus and cilia C) Surfactant-secreting cells D) Nasal vestibule

B) Mucus and cilia

Where is the opening of the distal auditory tube located? A) Nasal cavity B) Nasopharynx C) Laryngopharynx D) Oropharynx

B) Nasopharynx

Which is correct regarding intrapulmonary pressure? A) Negative intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out of the lungs. B) Positive intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out of the lungs. C) A pressure differential of 3 mm Hg exists when atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures are equal. D) Positive intrapulmonary pressure results in inhalation.

B) Positive intrapulmonary pressure pushes air out of the lungs.

What is the specific term for moving air into and out of the lungs? A) Internal respiration B) Pulmonary ventilation C) Gas diffusion D) Cellular respiration

B) Pulmonary ventilation

Choose the correct statement regarding bronchioles. A) The walls of bronchioles contain very thin layers of smooth muscle. B) Sympathetic activation leads to bronchodilation. C) Extreme bronchodilation may occur during allergic reactions. D) Resting tension in the muscular walls of the bronchioles eliminates the mucosal folds.

B) Sympathetic activation leads to bronchodilation.

Which of the following statements about the functions of the respiratory system is not true? A) The respiratory structures warm, filter, and humidify the air we breathe. B) The respiratory system removes CO2 and adds O2 to the atmosphere. C) The respiratory system works in conjunction with other systems in the body to produce articulated speech. D) The nasal mucosa in the upper nasal cavity is lined with olfactory receptors, enabling the sense of smell.

B) The respiratory system removes CO2 and adds O2 to the atmosphere.

Which cartilage of the larynx contains the structure commonly known as the Adam's apple? A) Cricoid cartilage B) Thyroid cartilage C) Hyoid bone D) Corniculate and arytenoid cartilages

B) Thyroid cartilage

Which parts of the larynx are involved in the production of sound? A) Epiglottis B) Vocal folds C) Corniculate cartilages D) Vestibular folds

B) Vocal folds

Hemoglobin inside red blood cells acts as: A) a base that contributes HCO3- to the plasma. B) a buffer by reversibly binding the H+ ions produced from the dissociation of carbonic acid in solution inside the cell. C) an enzyme that converts CO2 to carbonic acid. D) an acid that contributes H+ ions to HbH+.

B) a buffer by reversibly binding the H+ ions produced from the dissociation of carbonic acid in solution inside the cell.

The cartilages that reinforce the trachea are C-shaped for all of the following reasons except to _________________. A) allow a change in diameter of the trachea B) allow a change in diameter to increase the pitch of sound produced by the larynx C) allow food to pass through the esophagus easily D) prevent the trachea from collapsing or overexpanding

B) allow a change in diameter to increase the pitch of sound produced by the larynx

In dysplasia: A) a tissue changes structure in response to injury or chemical stresses. B) cells are damaged, and functional characteristics change. C) cells become malignant and metastasize. D) abnormal cells form a cancerous tumor.

B) cells are damaged, and functional characteristics change.

Relaxation of the diaphragm results in ____________. A) inhalation as the pressure in the thoracic cavity falls below atmospheric pressure B) exhalation as the pressure in the thoracic cavity rises above atmospheric pressure C) inhalation as the pressure in the thoracic cavity rises above atmospheric pressure D) exhalation as the pressure in the thoracic cavity falls below atmospheric pressure

B) exhalation as the pressure in the thoracic cavity rises above atmospheric pressure

Blood leaving peripheral tissues has a partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) of 40 mm Hg. As a result, we can infer from a standard hemoglobin saturation curve that: A) peripheral tissues remove 50 percent of the oxygen originally in arterial blood. B) nearly 75 percent of the original oxygen in the arterial blood remains in venous blood. C) only 25 percent of the original oxygen remains in venous blood. D) the peripheral tissues remove more than 97 percent of the oxygen from the blood.

B) nearly 75 percent of the original oxygen in the arterial blood remains in venous blood.

The difference between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds in the larynx is that the vestibular folds __________. A) are involved with the production of sound B) play no part in sound production C) are highly elastic D) articulate with the corniculate cartilages

B) play no part in sound production

Tidal volume (VT) is defined as which of the following? A) the amount of air that one can draw into the lungs after having completed a quiet respiratory cycle B) the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions C) the amount of air that would remain in the lungs if they were allowed to collapse D) the amount of air that one can voluntarily expel after having completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle

B) the amount of air one moves into or out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions

At which temperature will hemoglobin most readily give up its oxygen reserves? A) 38°C B) 15°C C) 43°C D) 20°C

C) 43°C

What part of the larynx helps prevents food or liquid from getting into the larynx and lower respiratory system? A) Cricoid cartilage B) Glottis C) Epiglottis D) Vocal folds

C) Epiglottis

______ are primary inspiratory muscles; they _______ the rib cage A) Internal intercostals; depress B) External intercostals; depress C) External intercostals; elevate D) Internal intercostals; elevate

C) External intercostals; elevate

How do the nasal conchae affect the nasal cavity? A) Form the nasal septum B) Improve air flow C) Help clean the air D) Provide more surface area for gas exchange

C) Help clean the air

Which of the following statements about the blood-air barrier is not true? A) The barrier consists of the fusion of the basement membrane of the simple squamous epithelium of an alveolus with the basement membrane of the endothelium of a pulmonary capillary. B) The membrane is very thin, on average 0.5 micrometers. C) It includes pneumocytes type II and alveolar macrophages. D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse quickly because of the large surface area of the respiratory membrane.

C) It includes pneumocytes type II and alveolar macrophages.

Which part of the pharynx is the most superior? A) Oropharynx B) Laryngopharynx C) Nasopharynx D) Tracheopharynx

C) Nasopharynx

Which part of the pharynx is the most superior? A) Tracheopharynx B) Oropharynx C) Nasopharynx D) Laryngopharynx

C) Nasopharynx

Which is true regarding the respiratory changes associated with aging? A) Maximum respiratory minute volume increases with age. B) Vital capacity actually increases. C) Some degree of emphysema is normal in individuals over age 50. D) Compliance increases with age.

C) Some degree of emphysema is normal in individuals over age 50.

Which of the following statements about the trachea is FALSE? A) Because of their shape, the tracheal cartilages enable the trachea to distort and expand when the person is swallowing food. B) The tracheal cartilage is composed of hyaline cartilage. C) Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system decreases the diameter of the trachea, thus making it more difficult to breathe. D) The tracheal cartilages reinforce the trachea and protect against overexpansion.

C) Stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system decreases the diameter of the trachea, thus making it more difficult to breathe.

The olfactory region of the nasal cavity includes all of the following but one. Which structure is NOT part of the olfactory region? A) The superior portion of the nasal septum B) The superior nasal concha C) The nasal bones D) The inferior surface of the cribriform plate

C) The nasal bones

Which is true regarding the respiratory changes associated with smoking? A) Smoking masks the lung function deterioration that occurs with aging. B) There is no value in quitting smoking, as far as risk for developing lung cancer is concerned. C) The rate of lung deterioration for former smokers is similar to that of nonsmokers, but it starts from a lower baseline. D) Individually, colon, breast, and prostate cancers each cause more deaths per year in the United States than does lung cancer, and just more than half of lung cancer patients survive more than 10 years.

C) The rate of lung deterioration for former smokers is similar to that of nonsmokers, but it starts from a lower baseline.

What is the main difference between the conducting portion of the respiratory system and the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? A) The conducting portion parts are outside the lungs. B) The respiratory portion has less surface area. C) The respiratory portion does gas exchange. D) The distance between the blood and air is smaller in the conducting portion.

C) The respiratory portion does gas exchange.

What is the benefit of the rich vascularization of the upper respiratory system? A) Helping with olfaction B) Respiratory defense C) Warming and helping humidify the inspired air D) Improving mucus secretion

C) Warming and helping humidify the inspired air

The nasal cavity and superior portion of the pharynx are similar to the superior portion of the lower respiratory tract in that both consist of : A) a complex series of ducts and respiratory pouches. B) simple cuboidal epithelia. C) a ciliated respiratory mucosa. D) simple squamous epithelia.

C) a ciliated respiratory mucosa.

Air enters the respiratory passageways when the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the __________. A) arterial pressure B) abdominal pressure C) atmospheric pressure D) blood pressure

C) atmospheric pressure

Which of the following structures is/are part of the lower respiratory system? A) larynx B) pharynx C) bronchus D) nasal vestibule

C) bronchus

The respiratory epithelium's lamina propria: A) is dense connective tissue that supports the respiratory epithelium. B) consists of two layers of smooth muscle. C) contains mucous glands that discharge secretions onto the epithelial surface. D) contains ciliated cells.

C) contains mucous glands that discharge secretions onto the epithelial surface.

The inspiratory center of the DRG contains neurons that control lower motor neurons innervating which of the following? A) accessory inspiratory muscle B) internal intercostal muscle C) diaphragm D) accessory expiratory muscle

C) diaphragm

Your five-year-old nephew throws a tantrum and holds his breath until he passes out. You need not fear for him as his dorsal respiratory group (DRG) will kick in and restart his breathing when he begins to experience the chemical effects of ____________. A) hypocapnia B) polycythemia C) hypercapnia D) anemia

C) hypercapnia

A decrease in oxygen levels to a tissue is called __________. A) anoxia B) dyspnea C) hypoxia D) hyperpnea

C) hypoxia

Which pulmonary characteristic is defined as the amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle? A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory capacity D) inspiratory reserve volume

C) inspiratory capacity

Cystic fibrosis: A) occurs due to severe underproduction of mucus in the respiratory system. B) is a contagious disease. C) is the most common lethal inherited disease among Caucasians of Northern European descent. D) is most common among African American males.

C) is the most common lethal inherited disease among Caucasians of Northern European descent.

When a child picks her nose, her finger reaches into the: A) nasopharyngeal meatus. B) oropharynx. C) nasal vestibule. D) paranasal sinuses.

C) nasal vestibule.

The majority of cells in the alveoli are simple squamous epithelial cells called ____________________. A) alveolar macrophages B) dust cells C) pneumocytes type I D) pneumocytes type II

C) pneumocytes type I

Which of the following is an accessory inspiratory muscle? A) diaphragm B) rectus abdominis muscle C) sternocleidomastoid muscle D) internal oblique muscle

C) sternocleidomastoid muscle

Which statement regarding emphysema is NOT true? Paradoxically, people with emphysema: A) have lungs that are more compliant than a person with healthy lung tissue. B) tend to maintain a healthy pink color due to exaggerated breathing movements. C) tend to have a bluish coloration to their skin. D) have alveoli that are larger than those in healthy lungs (due to destruction of the walls and connective tissue between adjacent alveoli).

C) tend to have a bluish coloration to their skin.

Which part(s) of the respiratory system filter(s), warm(s), and humidify(ies) incoming air? A) oropharynx B) smallest bronchioles C) upper respiratory tract D) lower respiratory tract

C) upper respiratory tract

What is the most superior portion of the lower respiratory system? A) Primary bronchi B) Pharynx C) Trachea D) Larynx

D) Larynx

Where is the opening of the distal auditory tube located? A) Laryngopharynx B) Oropharynx C) Nasal cavity D) Nasopharynx

D) Nasopharynx

Which statement about pleural fluid is incorrect? A) Pleural fluid causes atelectasis. B) Pleural fluid reduces the friction of the visceral pleura relative to the parietal pleura as we breathe. C) Pleural fluid makes the lungs stick to the inner walls of the thorax. D) Pleural fluid helps cause atelectasis.

D) Pleural fluid helps cause atelectasis.

Which of the following is not a function of the upper respiratory portion of the respiratory system? A) Warming the air B) Filtering the air C) Moistening the air D) Producing sound

D) Producing sound

Which statement is not correct regarding the mucus escalator: A) The mucus escalator is a function of the respiratory mucosa. B) Mucus reaching the pharynx will be swallowed or coughed out. C) Cilia sweep mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx. D) The mucus escalator traps all particles down to 1μm in size.

D) The mucus escalator traps all particles down to 1μm in size.

Which statement concerning the branching of the lower respiratory tract is incorrect? A) There are two primary bronchi-one for each lung. B) Tertiary bronchi branch several times, giving rise to bronchioles. C) Each bronchiole branches to form roughly 6500 terminal bronchioles. D) There are six secondary bronchi-three for each lung.

D) There are six secondary bronchi-three for each lung.

Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? A) Moving air into and out of the lungs B) Providing a surface for gas exchange C) Producing sounds D) Transporting oxygen to the tissues

D) Transporting oxygen to the tissues

The combination of widespread edema and the bluish coloration of skin are descriptors for individuals with which condition? A) asthma B) emphysema C) cystic fibrosis D) chronic bronchitis

D) chronic bronchitis

Which structure forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates it from the oral cavity? A) external nares B) internal nares C) soft palate D) hard palate

D) hard palate

The Bohr effect for pH and the effect of temperature affect the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen because: A) decreasing both pH and temperature causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. B) increasing temperature causes hemoglobin to retain oxygen while increasing pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. C) increasing both pH and temperature causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen. D) increasing temperature and lowering pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen.

D) increasing temperature and lowering pH causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen.

Type II pneumocytes: A) are phagocytic. B) are unusually thin and delicate. C) contain elastic fibers. D) produce surfactant.

D) produce surfactant.

Breathing, which involves the physical movements of air into and out of the lungs, is called __________. A) alveolar ventilation B) internal respiration C) gas diffusion D) pulmonary ventilation

D) pulmonary ventilation

The purpose of the fluid in the pleural cavity is to __________. A) allow for the exchange of electrolytes during respiratory movements B) provide a medium for the exchange of O2 and CO2 C) provide lubrication for diaphragmatic contraction D) reduce friction between the parietal and the visceral pleurae

D) reduce friction between the parietal and the visceral pleurae

In representative respiratory reflexes: A) chemoreceptors in aortic or carotid sinuses sensitive to changes in blood pressure alter the activities of the respiratory system. B) baroreceptors sensitive to the pH, PO2, or PCO2 of the blood or cerebrospinal fluid alter the activities of the respiratory centers. C) irritating physical or chemical stimuli in the nasal cavity, larynx, or bronchial tree inhibit protective reflexes, such as coughing or sneezing. D) stretch receptors that respond to changes in the volume of the lungs are responsible for inflation and deflation reflexes.

D) stretch receptors that respond to changes in the volume of the lungs are responsible for inflation and deflation reflexes.

Which laryngeal cartilage has, on its superior surface, ligamentous attachments to the hyoid bone, the epiglottis, and the smaller laryngeal cartilages? A) corniculate cartilage B) cricoid cartilage C) arytenoid cartilage D) thyroid cartilage

D) thyroid cartilage

Which pulmonary volume is defined as the amount of air that you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions, such as when doing your homework? A) vital capacity B) inspiratory capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume D) tidal volume

D) tidal volume

Gas exchanged between blood and the lungs passes through the capillary endothelial cells that surround the alveoli, as well as ________. A) thin cartilage plates B) alveolar macrophages C) type II pneumocytes D) type I pneumocytes

D) type I pneumocytes