AP2 ch 23

Which of the following contains the most energy that can be used to make ATP? A) 1 gram of fat B) 1 gram of muscle C) 1 gram of protein D) 1 gram of carbohydrate

A) 1 gram of fat

In the absorptive state of metabolic activity: A) androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis. B) glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves. C) epinephrine is important in stimulating glycogenolysis in skeletal and cardiac muscle. D) insulin inhibits glucose uptake and glycogenesis.

A) androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone stimulate protein synthesis.

__________ is the breakdown of organic molecules (hydrolysis) and _______ is the build up of organic molecules (dehydration synthesis) A) catabolism, anabolism B) anabolism, catabolism

A) catabolism, anabolism

Which primary mechanism of heat transfer is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact? A) conduction B) radiation C) evaporation D) convection

A) conduction

What is the most important product of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, which will allow the mitochondria to produce ATP? A) energy-rich hydrogen atoms B) NAD C) carbon dioxide D) ATP

A) energy-rich hydrogen atoms

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. A) glucose B) glycogen C) fat D) protein E) All of the answers yield energy at the same rate.

A) glucose

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell? A) glucose B) ATP C) water D) O2

A) glucose

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as A) gout. B) lupus. C) anorexia nervosa. D) rheumatoid arthritis. E) None of the answers is correct.

A) gout.

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of A) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). B) carbohydrate. C) grams (also, g, or gms). D) ATP units. E) degrees Celsius.

A) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

Urea is formed in the A) liver. B) large intestine. C) stomach. D) kidneys. E) small intestine.

A) liver.

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A) mitochondrion B) chloroplast C) Golgi apparatus D) nucleus E) rlysosome

A) mitochondrion

What is basal metabolic rate? A) the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person B) the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an average person C) the amount of heat generated by an awake, alert person D) the maximum energy expenditure during exercise of an athlete E) the minimum resting energy expenditure of a sleeping person

A) the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Homeostatic control of body temperature is termed A) thermoregulation. B) energetics. C) thermic monitoring. D) basal metabolic rate. E) homeostasis.

A) thermoregulation

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work? A) glucose B) ATP C) water D) O2

B) ATP

Of all the energy released in catabolism, about ________ percent is lost as heat warms the surrounding tissues. A) 40 B) 80 C) 60 D) 10 E) 20

C) 60

If this cellular process starts with glucose, the CAC turns __ times. A __-carbon molecule is converted into a 5-carbon molecule by the removal of a CO2. __ NAD produced. __ ATP produced. A __-carbon molecule combines with a 4-carbon molecule in the first step of the cycle. __ FADH2 produced. __ NADH produced. __ CO2 produced.

2 / 6 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 2

What is the definition of metabolism? A) The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. B) The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions. C) The synthesis of more complex molecules from simple molecules or atoms. D) The rate of a chemical reaction is equal in the forward and reverse directions.

B) The sum of all chemical reactions, both breakdown and build-up reactions.

Which statement describes glycolysis? A) This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. B) This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. C) This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. D) This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. E) This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

B) This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? A) This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. B) This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. C) This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. D) This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. E) This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

B) This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

Metabolism can be defined as A) anabolism - catabolism. B) anabolism + catabolism. C) heat - catabolism. D) catabolism - anabolism. E) anabolism + heat.

B) anabolism + catabolism.

Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for all of the following except A) protein synthesis. B) diffusion. C) glycogen synthesis. D) ion transport. E) muscle contraction.

B) diffusion.

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as A) avitaminosis. B) hypervitaminosis. C) Kwashiorkor. D) hypovitaminosis. E) carbohydrate loading.

B) hypervitaminosis.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are A) vitamins. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates.

B) lipids.

Which response is coordinated by the heat-gain center? A) Parasympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medullae releases epinephrine. B) The vasomotor center increases blood flow to the dermis. C) In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases. D) Shivering decreases body temperature.

C) In children, hypothalamic TRH release increases.

Which of the following is a response coordinated by the heat-loss center? A) Hormones are released to increase the metabolic activity of all tissues. B) The vasomotor center is stimulated. C) The respiratory centers are stimulated. D) A gradual increase in muscle tone occurs.

C) The respiratory centers are stimulated.

Which 2-carbon molecule is inserted into the reactions of the citric acid cycle to start these reactions? A) NAD B) pyruvate C) acetate D) coenzyme A

C) acetate

Growth and repair involve primarily what type of reactions? A) catabolic B) It depends on which body or cell part is growing or repairing. C) anabolic

C) anabolic

A(n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A) water-soluble vitamin B) essential fatty acid C) complete protein D) carbohydrate E) fat-soluble vitamin

C) complete protein

Which nutrient group provides vitamins A, B12, pantothenic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin? A) fruits B) vegetables C) dairy D) grains

C) dairy

Which of the following occurs when water is released (lost) during a reaction? A) dehydration hydrolysis B) catabolic hydrolysis C) dehydration synthesis D) catabolic synthesis

C) dehydration synthesis

The energy stored in ATP comes from which of the following? A) kinetic energy B) heat C) food molecules D) adenosine triphosphate

C) food molecules

Which process describes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources? A) glycolysis B) glycogenolysis C) gluconeogenesis D) glycogenesis

C) gluconeogenesis

Convection __________. A) changes a liquid to a vapor B) is the direct transfer of energy through physical contact C) is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body D) is energy similar to radiant heat from the sun

C) is the result of conductive heat loss to the air that overlies the surface of the body

Which of the following is not a product of cellular respiration? A) ATP B) carbon dioxide (CO2) C) oxygen (O2) D) water (H2O)

C) oxygen (O2)

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into what? A) NAD•H B) phosphate C) pyruvate D) citric acid E) glutaraldehyde

C) pyruvate

The major job of coenzymes in oxidative phosphorylation includes all of the following except A) ionization of hydrogen atoms. B) release of electrons to the first cytochrome of the electron transport chain. C) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. D) release of hydrogen ions. E) None of the answers is correct.

C) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

What happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination? A) they are removed directly by the kidneys B) they combine with pyruvate and enter the citric acid cycle C) they combine with CO2 and enter the urea cycle D) they combine with fatty acids and enter beta-oxidation E) they combine with CO2 and are exhaled

C) they combine with CO2 and enter the urea cycle

Of the 20 amino acids, ________ are essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) 20

D) 10

Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe A) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. B) ketone bodies in his urine. C) lowered blood pH. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

D) All of the answers are correct.

Define energetics. A) Energetics is the force generated by muscular contractions. B) Energetics is how much energy is derived from food. C) Energetics is the sum of all the energy created by nutrient breakdown in the body. D) Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another. E) Energetics is the balance of food intake with energy expenditure.

D) Energetics is the study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another.

How is ATP used in our bodies? A) It is converted to ADP for storage and later use. B) It is used to create more energy. C) ATP is used to make potential energy. D) The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.

D) The energy released from ATP is converted into kinetic energy to do work.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? A) This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. B) This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. C) This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D) This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. E) This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

D) This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

In the postabsorptive state of metabolic activity, __________. A) androgens, estrogens, and growth hormone also stimulate protein synthesis B) glucagon inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, primarily in the liver C) insulin stimulates triglyceride synthesis D) glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

D) glucocorticoids stimulate the mobilization of lipid and protein reserves

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A) electron transport chain B) citric acid cycle C) ATP production by ATP synthase D) glycolysis E) acetyl CoA formation

D) glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. A) electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA B) acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis C) glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain D) glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain E) citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA

D) glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. A) deprivation B) starvation C) preabsorptive D) postabsorptive E) absorptive

D) postabsorptive

What heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a person's heat loss when indoors? A) insensible perspiration B) conduction C) convection D) radiation E) sensible perspiration

D) radiation

The function of the citric acid cycle is to A) produce water. B) transfer the acetyl group. C) produce carbon dioxide. D) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. E) hydrolyze glucose.

D) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. A) the endoplasmic reticulum B) cytoplasm C) the nucleus D) the mitochondria E) the plasma membrane

D) the mitochondria

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? A) C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy B) C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy C) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 D) 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 E) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

E) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

What is the primary way energy is shuttled from the citric acid cycle to the electron transport system? A) NAD B) coenzyme A C) FADH2 D) FAD E) NADH

E) NADH

Which molecule is a key reactant in both ATP production from fatty acids and lipogenesis? A) glycerol B) glucose C) pyruvate D) triglycerides E) acetyl-CoA

E) acetyl-CoA

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called A) catabolism. B) glycolysis. C) anabolism. D) oxidative phosphorylation. E) metabolism.

E) metabolism.

During lipolysis, A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. B) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP. C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

E) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.