AP2 Final

the temperature of blood is about ___ thank measures body temperatures

1 degree C higher

the life span of an erythrocyte is about ___ days

120

if someone's blood pressure were listed as 115/70 then their MAP would be {70+1/3(45)=?}

85

which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

which is not correct regarding the white pulp of the spleen

It serves as a blood reservoir.

what is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

what is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle

SA node, through the atria, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, through the ventricles

which type of lymphocyte has coreceptors that assist in the interaction of the lymphocyte with a cell presenting antigen

T lymphocyte

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells.

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

the most abundant plasma proteins that regulate colloid osmotic pressure are the

albumins

The plateau phase of an action potential:

allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up

which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output

an increase in afterload

the left and right coronary arteries

are functional end arteries since the blockage of one of them leads to tissue death in the area it supplies

the pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. the pulmonary trunk is a

artery

According to the Frank-Starling law

as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

blood plasma is slightly ____; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of

basic, proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

lipid soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a

biogenic amine that is lipid soluble

sinusoids are found in

bone marrow, spleen, liver

aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood borne messenger angiotensin 2 or by low levels of sodium, and so it's regulation is said to be

both humoral and hormonal

Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which

calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels.

gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the ___ and the tissues of the body

capillaries

the cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

cardioacceleratory center from which sympathetic pathways extend

chemotaxis is the process by which

cells migrate along chemical gradients.

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

cervical lymph nodes

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by

combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response.

Precapillary sphincters will

control blood flow into the true capillaries cause blood to flow directly from the met arteriole into the post capillary venule open when the tissue needs nutrients close when the tissues needs have been met

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the

coronary sulcus

Tonsils have multiple invaginated outer edges called _______ that help trap material.

crypts

oxygen poor blood is ___ in color

dark red

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is

delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions

intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

which type of cell is the most effective to attack multicellular parasites such as tapeworms

eosinophils

the most numerous of the former elements are the

erythrocytes

fungi are

eukaryotic cells with a cell wall

which of the following lists the body's first, second, and third lines of defense in order

external innate, internal innate, adaptive

If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of

failed external innate immunity, but successful internal innate immunity.

exudate is

fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue

which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

a membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger

the hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

which are characteristics of type A blood

has anti B antibodies has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes will agglutinate with blood type B

cardiac output equals the

heart rate times stroke volume

the process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hemopoiesis

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

the thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ________ in GH levels.

increase, increase

Sympathetic innervation of the heart

increases the heart rate increases the force of contractions

the main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled

a fever__ reproduction of bacteria and ___ CAMs in the endothelium of capillaries of lymphatic nodes

inhibits; increases

which hormone induces it's target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels

insulin

what are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called

intercalated discs

Pectinate muscles are found on the:

internal walls of the right and left atria

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels.

intracellular, raising

beta-globulin transport____, whereas gamma-globulins are ____

iron ions; antibodies

Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because:

it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

lipid soluble hormone

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen

the type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage during infection is a

monocyte

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

more widespread and long-lasting effects

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for?

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae and are called distributing arteries

muscular arteries

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium

a drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of cross bridges formed during the hearts contractions (decreased contractility) would be a

negative inotropic agent

net filtration pressure is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure

which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation

numbness

lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

ovaries and testes

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

paracrine

the hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the

paraventricular nucleus

the heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction

"complement" refers to a group of

plasma proteins

the "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

platelets and leukocytes

Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a

positive chronotropic agent

which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

pulmonary veins

in an EKG, what do the T waves represent

repolarization of the ventricles

the thoracic duct collects lymph from all the following except

right arm (includes right foot, left leg, left shoulder, abdomen)

Someone with tachyarrhythmia would be expected to show an abnormally

small Q-T interval

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

small intestine

the path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one way flaps.

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called _________, which have a discontinuous basal lamina that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.

splenic sinusoids

the primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be

synergistic

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system includes the left ventricle and aorta?

systemic circuit

blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption

during ventricular contraction

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

thymus

thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___ by the follicular cells

thyroglobulin

the term "primary lymphatic structure" applies

to the red bone marrow and thymus

in arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media

the ___ of a vessel is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells

tunica media

the metabolic condition called ___ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune disease

type 1 diabetes

A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

vasa vasorum

angiotensin 2 causes

vasoconstriction, decreases urine formation, increases thirst

the term "epicardium" is another name for the

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

zona fasciculata