AP2 LS CHAP 18 BLOOD
identify the result of the sympathetic response to blood loss
- increased force of heart contraction -increased heart rate
these components of plasma that will be found in similar concentration to that of interstitial fluid are .. ( 3 )
- nutrients -waste products -electrolytes proteins would not be fond in similar concentration to that of interstitial fluid
antibodies
- recognize and immobilize foreign antigens -recognize antigens that are not normally found in your plasma -are proteins
which of the following correctly describes erythropoietin ?
- stimulates the development of erythrocytes -its a hormone -it is produced in the kidneys
leukocytes are classified according to
- whether or not cytoplasmic granules are visible when the cells in a blood smear are stained granulocytes or agranulocytes
hemoglobin is all of the following
-a protein -is a pigment -is suspended in the cytosol of erythrocytes -transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide
sympathetic response to blood loss ( over 10% )
-blood pressure decreases causing the ANS system ( autonomic nervous system ) to kick in , bring about vasoconstriction of blood vessels -increased heart rate -increased force of heart contraction in attempt to maintain blood pressure -blood flow is redistributed to heart and brain to keep these vital structures functioning blood loss greater than 40% could result in loss of life
What are some of the functions of lymphocytes
-coordinate immune responses -attack abnormal body cells They DO NOT participate in phagocytizing of pathogen, debris or bacteria, antigen antibody complexes or allergens f
these are all the types of substances that are transported by the blood
-ions -hormones -waste products -formed elements -dissolved materials
blood is described based on the following physical characteristics ... -
-pH -volume -color -plasma concentration -temperature
place the following cells in order in which they occur in the erythrocyte developmental pathway
-proerythroblast -erythroblast -normoblast -reticulocyte -erythrocyte
An average of about ____________ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day
1%
place the cells of the monocyte development and maturation pathway in order ( following the red arrows in the figure )
1. hemocytoblast 2. myeloid stem cell 3.progenitor cell 4.monoblast 5.promonocyte 6.monocyte
the 5 types of leukocytes in order from most to least abundant NLMEB
1. neutrophils ( 50-70% ) 2. lymphocytes ( 20-40% ) 3. monocytes ( 2-8% ) 4. eosinophils ( 1-4% ) 5. basophils ( .5-1% ) acronym for types of WBC or leukocytes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
order of events that occur during the intrinsic pathway to coagulation
1. platelets release factor XII 2. factor XI changes inactive factor IX to active factor IX 3. factor VIII changes inactive factor X to active factor X wut?
order of steps of hemostasis
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation phase
the steps of hemostasis in order -
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation phase
in order from most to least abundant, the component of plasma are ..
1. water ( 92% ) 2. proteins ( approx 7% ) 3. .small solutes and gases ( less than 1% )
a neutrophil is about ___________ times larger in diameter than an erythrocyte; is named fro its neutral or pale staining __________ ; and has a light lilac colored ___________
1.5 , granules, cytoplasm
platelets are about ___________ the size of an erythrocyte
1/4
basophils are about ________ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements , basophils are the _____________ abundant
2 , least basophils make up generally less than 1% of formed elements
which of the following images is a eosinophil
C A - appears to be a lymphocyte ( agranulocyte ) E - appears to be monocyte ( agranulocyte) B- appears to be neutrophil D- appears to be basophil
match the components of whole blood, indicated in the figure with their description
a - plasma b- buffy coat c - erythrocytes
As RBC pass through small blood vessels, erythrocytes may pack together, single-file, like a roll of coins; this formation is called a _____________
a rouleau ( rouleaux ) this is not a disfunction or problem just a name for when they pass through blood capillaries
hemostasis
a stoppage of bleeding , which consists of three sequential phases ( while there is a bit of overlap ) 1. vascular spasm - the blood vessel constricts suddenly and in doing so limits the amount of blood that can leak from the damaged vessel , chemicals are released from the endothelial cells of the vessel to further stimulate the spasms - this typically lasts a few min 2. platelet plug formation - platelets begin to stick to the exposed collagen fibers with the assistance of a plasma protein called von willebrand factors, which serves as abridge between platelets and collagen fibers -as more and more platelets aggregate to the site, a platelet plug develops and close off the injury 3. coagulation phase -
to test compatibility of blood types between a donor and recipient, a specific blood test called an _______________ test must be performed
agglutination test - where they mix the blood and see if the coagulate
________________ are leukocytes that have such small specific granules in their cytosol that they are not clearly visible under the light microscope
agranulocytes so they actually do have granules but they are just not visible when stained or under a light microscope the two types are lymphocytes and monocytes lymphocytes - reside in lymphatic organs , make up 20-40% of total leukocyte sin blood -T lymphocytes - manage and direct an immune response and some directly attack foreign cells -B lymphocytes - stimulated to to become plasma cells and produce antibodies -NK cells - aka Natural killer cells - attack abnormal and infected tissue cells monocytes - larger 3x the size of erythrocytes - make up about 2-8% of all leukocytes -kidney shaped or c shaped -transform into macrophages - which phagocytize bacteria, viruses, cell fragments, dead cells and debris
__________ exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
albumins albumins are the smallest and most abundant plasma proteins , making up approx. 58% of all plasma proteins -because if is the most abundant type of plasma protein it exerts the greatest colloid osmotic press to blood volume and blood pressure -albumin also acts as transport proteins that carry hormones and some lipid in the blood globulins- second largest group of plasma proteins ( 37 %) , play a role in the bodies defense firbrogen ( 4% ) responsible for clotting
a hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ___________ globins and two polypeptides called __________ globins
alpha and beta globins- 2nd largest group of plasma proteins ( 37%), both alpha and larger beta globins bind and transport certain water insoluble molecules and hormones, some metals and ions alpha globins - smaller beta globins- larger
it can be said that ________ serves as the 'delivery system' for the body
blood f
the term hematocrit is composed of the prefix , hemato - , which means relating to the _____________, and the suffix -crit, derived from kino, which means to ____________
blood, separate hematocrit , an instrument for measuring the separation of blood volume , typically a centrifuge does this to measure a blood sample
A + blood has ..
both A and D antigens ( RH factor ) and B antibodies
leukocytes enter the tissues from blood vessels by a process called _____________ whereby the squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls
diapedesis
diapedesis - chemotaxis
diapedesis - the process by which WBC or leukocytes enter the blood vessels, whereby they squeeze between the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls chemotaxis - a process in which leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by the presence of molecules released by damaged celled, dead cells , or invading pathogens
deconstruction of the medical term for a red blood cell reveals that the prefix _____________ means 'red' and the suffix _________ means 'cell'
erythro cyte
_____________ transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and the lungs
erythrocytes
identify the general classes of the membrane bound components of whole blood
erythrocytes , leukocytes, and platelets key word here is membrane bound. this is not the whole set up whole blood
following trauma to the walls of blood vessels, ____________ is converted into long , insoluble strands of ____________ which help form a blood clot
fibrinogen , fibrin fibrinogen - a plasma protein that participates in blood clotting fibrin - converted from fibrinogen , after this takes place and the clot has formed the proteins ( fibrin which was converted from fibrinogen ) are removed and the remaining plasma is left which is called serum
What are the three 'formed elements' that make up blood What are 'formed elements'
formed elements - these make up 45% of whole blood , WBC, RBC and platelets
each hemoglobin molecule can transport a maximum of _________ oxygen molecules
four
leukopoeisis involves three different types of maturation processes ; ___________ maturation , ______________ maturation , and ______________ maturation
granulocyte maturation monocyte maturation lymphocyte maturation
the medical terms that refer to the synthesis of formed elements is ______________
hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis they mean the same
the red color of material blood is due to the presence of ________ in the erythrocytes
hemoglobin
most leukocytes please molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body . what type of substance is released by basophils?
histamine, a vasodilator heparin , an anticoagulant
in which portion of a sample of whole blood will you find the antigens that determine an individuals ABO blood type ?
in the red blood cells area ( C )
when a lymphocyte is activated , the thin rim of the blue gray cytosol will ____________ in volume and thus the size of the lymphocyte will ______________
increase , increase
the circled cells in the figure are ...
leukocytes granulocytes
which components of whole blood provide protective functions for the body ?
leukocytes , platelets and plasma all play protective roles for platelets and plasma protect the body against blood loss ( clotting and replenishing ) erythrocytes are the only component of whole blood that do not provide protective functions for the body
the cells in the organs that remove old and /or damaged erythrocytes are called _____________
macrophages monocyte - are a type of leukocyte that differentiate( transform ) into these macrophages
monocytes become active phagocytic cells called __________________
macrophages they 'differentiate ' into macrophages
the number of __________ in a persons blood rises dramatically in the presence of a chronic bacterial infection , as more are produced that target the bacteria
neutrophils the most numerous leukocyte - 50-70% - neutral or pale color with light lilac colored granules - -1.5 times the size of erythrocyte - with multi lobed nucleus -stay in circulation for 10-12 hours -help destroy bacteria - the number of neutrophils dramatically rises in the presences of chronic bacterial infection, as more neutrophils are produced that target the bacteria
what is the main function of eosinophils?
phagocytize antigen antibody ( ag ab complex ) complex and allergens
what is the function of neutrophils ?
phagocytize pathogens , especially bacteria . this is the most abundant granular leukocyte they do not phagocytize cellular debris and dead cells, monocytes do this..
whole blood
plasma makes up 55% , formed elements make up 45% ( 44% being red blood cells ) and the final one percent of formed elements is the buffy coat which includes platelets and leukocytes
composition of blood plasma - specifically plasma proteins ( which in total make up 7% of the plasma total )
plasma proteins are there to serve as a buffer against pH changes
the erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh positive __________ antigen D
possess
the category of plasma component least likely, under normal conditions , to be present in the same amount in interstitial fluid is _____________
protein
formed elements are constantly produced in _________
red bone marrow
platelets ( which are a part of formed elements ) are created in the ___________
red bone marrow
what types of regulatory functions are performed by blood?
regulation of body temperature regulation of body fluid levels regulation of pH of tissue fluids
different types of anemia
sickle cell disease congenital hemolytic anemia - often genetically determined - malformation of erythrocyte membrane proteins erythroblast anemia - characterized by a higher circulating number of immature , nucleated erythroblasts
when over 10% of blood is lost, a survival response is initiated by the __________ division of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic
if the plasma of a blood sample contains neither anti _ a or anti - B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ___________
the blood does not have antibodies AGAINST A or B meaning the blood type involves A and B , meaning it has to be AB It is not O as O blood would have A and B antibodies
when erythrocytes are removed from circulation , what happens to the proteins that were in the plasma membrane?
they are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein
platelets production process is called
thrombopoiesis
when erythrocytes are removed from circulation , the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein _____________ and stored int he liver by the protein __________
transferrin , ferritin
