APEC 2015 Final Review Raskin
Continental System
1806-1807, attempted to prevent British goods from reaching European continent in order to weaken British economically and destroy its capacity to wage war; allied states resented French economic gain and cheated, helped Brit.
Cogito, ergo sum
"I think therefore I am" Descartes argues that one must doubt everything that one cannot be absolutely sure of. Descartes contends that the only thing humans can be sure of is their own existence. From there on they must form clear and distinct ideas to discover truth. For example, I have a clear and distinct idea of a perfect being. Thus the perfect being, or God, must exist
Henry IV
"Paris is worth a Mass" when he became king of France; first of Bourban monarchs
tabula rasa
"blank slate", John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.
Petrarch
"father of Italian Renaissance humanism" with use of Italian vernacular
Thirty Years' War
"last of religious wars", took place mainly in Germany,showed conflict between French Bourbons and Spanish Habsburgs,consisted of Bohemian Phase, Danish Phase,Swedish Phase,Franco-Swedish Phase
laissez-faire
"let people do as they choose"; a policy based on the idea that government should play as small a role as possible in the economy
Blitzkrieg
"lightning war", Hitler stunned Europe with the speed and efficiency of his military. Involved panzer divisions (about 300 tanks per unit) supported by planes.
Lebensraum
"living space." The doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus, a nation must expand to be strong. B/c of Social Darwinism, expansion and right of superior individuals to secure authoritarian leadership over masses.
Ostpolitik
"opening to the east"; policy under the West German chancellor, Willy Brandt, in the 1970s; called for "good neighborly" relations with East Germany and led to greater cultural, personal, and economic contacts between East and West Germany.
glasnost
"openness"; Gorbachev's policy of encouraging Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet Union.
perestroika
"restructuring"; a term applied to Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union; these reforms included the beginnings of a market economy, encouraging "openness" in dialogue, the creation of a new Soviet parliament with elected membership,
Kulturkampf
"struggle for civilization" liberals joined Bismarck in attack on Catholic Church.
Aryans
"superior" Germanic people seen as the master race
Pico della Mirandola's Oration
"to him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills."; idea found after compiling works of many different philosophers
enlightened absolutism
18th century, Philosophes agreed that people must be ruled by an ruler who acts on certain principles. This ruler must believe in natural rights. They must foster arts, science, and education. Most of all, they must not be arbitrary in rule; instead they must obey laws and enforce them fairly on all subjects. A ruler well educated with enlightenment ideas. Examples of these rulers: Fred II of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II of Austria.
the Chernobyl disaster
1986 Ukrainian nuclear power disaster; made Europeans more aware of potential environmental hazards, leading to the rise of environmental advocacy groups.
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia
28 volumes on sciences, arts, and trades that were made to change the general way of thinking and spread knowledge;attacked religious superstition and advocated toleration and program for social,legal,and political improvements that would lead to a society that was more tolerant and reasonable (price drastically reduced in later editions, which made it more available)
Grand Empire
3 parts: French empire (inner core), series of dependent states (inc. Spa. Net., Ita. Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of Rhine (all Ger. States except Aus. and Prus.)), and allied states (defeated by Napoleon: Prus. Aus. Rus); Napoleon considered himself leader of all, sought revolutionary principles but demanded obedience
beggars and prostitutes
30% of all the population in Mainz
Directory
5 administrators elected by Council of Elders/ Constitution of 1795 as executive authority; set up after Thermidorean Reaction
Battle of the Somme
60,000 British casualties in the first day. By the end, several months later, there were over one million casualties on both sides. Tanks were first used in warfare during this devastating Battle. Used artillery and trench warfare as strategy
Thomas Cook
A British pioneer of mass tourism. Offered trips to many places after he found out he can get some profit by lowering prices and increasing the amount of passengers. Tours to Paris and Switzerland.
Battle of El Alamein
A British victory in WWII that stopped the Axis forces from advancing into Northern Africa
Gerardus Mercator
A Flemish cartographer (1512-1594) was one of the first to produce a world map that showed, with relative accuracy, the general outline of the continents.
Marshal Henri Pétain
A French hero of WWI, established an authoritarian regime called Vichy France over a part of France.
Pope Clement VII
A Medici pope who refused to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon; his indecisiveness in choosing alliances led to the Sack of Rome by Charles V and marked the end of the High Renaissance in Italy.
Black Hand
A Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom. The Bosnian activist who assassinated Ferdinand was a member of this organization.
Rasputin
A Siberian peasant who belonged to a religious sect that indulged in sexual orgies. Alexandra was fallen under his influence, who thinks of him as a holy man for he alone was able to stop bleeding of her hemophiliac son. He interfered in gov't affairs. Was assassinated
Sputnik I
A Soviet space satellite, the first of its kind.
Josip Broz Tito
A Yugoslavian who led a band of guerrillas against German occupation forces. A great example of resistance groups grew strong enough to take on Germans in pitched battles.
Pope John XXIII
A charismatic pope who only reigned from 1958-1963. Sparked a revival of Catholicism by summoning the 21st ecumenical council
stagflation
A combination of high inflation and high unemployment that was prevalent in the US from 1973 to the mid 1980s, partly stemming from an increase in oil prices.
Permissive society
A critical term labeling the society following WWII and the Cold War that had its morals relaxed from the rigid code of the 1800's
the Brezhnev Doctrine
A document asserting that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened in another socialist state; used to justify moving Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968.
the People's Charter
A document drawn up by the London Working Man's Association; demanded universal male suffrage, payment for Parliament members, elimination of property qualifications for Parliament members, and annual Parliament sessions
Andy Warhol
A famous artist of the Pop Art movement, the Soup can fella. Began as an advertising illustrator.
Leon Trotsky
A former Menshevik turned fervid revolutionary. A leader in Bolshevik Revolution. Lenin and he organized a Military Revolutionary Committee within Petrograd soviet to plot overthrow of the Professional Government.Bolshevik forces seized Winter Palace, seat of Provisional Govt.
Manhattan Project
A former US agency that was responsible for developing atomic bombs during World War II.
Birth of a Nation
A full-length feature film that was shown IN AMERICA. Made before WWI.
Impressionism
A genre of painting whose focus is on the changing effects of light on objects in nature; representative artists include Monet, Manet, Morisot, Cassatt, Degas, Renoir, and Pissarro
Post-Impressionism
A genre of painting whose practitioners began the retreat from accurately and objectively depicting the external world; representative artists include van Gough, Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, Gaugin, and Seurat
Bismarckian System
A group of alliances that preserved the status quo at some point for some reason
al-Fatah
A guerrilla movement led by the PLO political leader Yasir Arafat, initiated terrorist attacks on Israeli territory
Kreditanstalt
A joint-stock investment bank in Austria.
Credit Mobilier
A joint-stock investment bank in France.Took in savings of small investors and bought shares in new industries. These investments were essential to Continental industrialization.
Betty Friedan
A journalist and mother of three, published "The Feminine Mystique" which analyzed the middle class woman of the 50's, founded National Organization for Women
Boxer Rebellion
A large outburst of violence. It was when the Chinese went all crazy against foreigners. an allied army of British, French, German, Russian, American, and Japanese troops attacked Beijing and made them shut up
Duma
A legislative assembly created by Nicholas II, it was elected directly by a broad franchise. Created due to the Revolution of 1905.
Bloody Sunday
A massive procession of workers went to St. Petersburg to present a petition of grievances to the tsar, due to the food shortages caused by the war. Troops opened fire on the peaceful demonstration which later led to a revolution.
Alchemy
A medieval chemical "science" and speculative philosophy aiming to achieve the transmutation of lead into gold, the discovery of a universal cure for disease, and the discovery of a means of indefinitely prolonging life
Wannsee Conference
A meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, it was held in Berlin. The purpose of it was to inform senior Nazis and senior Governmental administrators for the "Final solution to the Jewish question" or the killing of all the Jews of Europe.
Alexandra Kollontai
A minister of social welfare and supporter of revolutionary socialism. while in exile in Switzerland took lead in pushing Bolshevik program for women's rights and social welfare reforms. Created Zhenotdel
Realism
A movement in the literary and visual arts as is evident in the "politics of reality" of Bismarck or Cavour. This word was first employed in 1850 to describe a new style of painting and soon spread to literature. This belief was closely related to the materialistic outlook. It was a school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people.
Indian National Congress
A nationalist thing that led people to want self-government, and wanted the British to go out of India
The Cheka
A new Red secret police. It replaced the old tsarist secret police. They aimed at nothing less than destruction of all those who opposed the new regime. Bourgeoisie were singled out who consider as "class enemies".
Jacksonian Democracy
A new era of mass goverment in American politics; the electorate was expanded and the traditional liberal belief in the improvement of human beings was given expression through juvenile detention schools and new penal institutions.
team sports
A new form of mass leisure. Were strictly organized, with rules and officials to enforce them. Intended to provide training for people to develop individual skills as well as teamwork.
Romanticism
A new intellectual movement that was developing at the end of the eighteenth century as a reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason in discovering truth. This movement had its beginning in Germany when a group of German poets began to emphasize emotion, sentiment, and the importance of inner feelings in their works. Another important characteristic of this movement was individualism or an interest in the unique traits of each person. Sentiment and individualism came together in this movement's stress on the heroic. The hero was a solitary genius who was ready to defy the world and sacrifice his life for a great cause.
mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
Concentration Camps
A place where people were sent to do forced labour and were tortured mentally and physically.
Rudyard Kipling's The White Man's Burden
A poem which was written on the notion that the superior white people have the moral responsibility to raise ignorant native people to a higher level of civilization.
"Containment"
A policy adopted by the U.S., its goal was to use whatever means to limit Soviet expansion and to prevent the spread of opposing ideas into other parts.
Militarism
A policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World War I.
General Georges Boulanger
A popular military officer who attracted public attention of all those discontented w/ Third Republic. Appeared as strong man on horseback, savior of France. In 1889, their was a coup d'etat, and he lost nerve & fled.
Kraft durch Freude
A program instituted by the Nazi Regime in Germany that coordinated the free time of the working class by offering leisure time activities.
the People's Will
A radical group of populist believers who resorted to violent means in order to overthrow tsarist autocracy assassinated Alexander II in 1881.
Thermidorean Reaction
A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror after Robespierre was executed ( named after month of Thermidor); Terror began to decline and National Convention curtailed power of Committee of Public Safety
neo-Gothic architecture
A revival of medieval building which left European countrysides adorned with pseudo-medieval castles, cathedrals, and other building; an example o the historical consciousness of the Romantics.
mass society
A society where the concerns of the majority (usually the lower class) outweigh everyone else. Characterized by a larger and vastly improved urban environment, new patterns of social structure, gender issues, mass education, and mass leisure.
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation
A speech made on January 1st, 1863, making most of the nation's slaves "forever free"
Heinrich Himmler
A strong believer in Nazi racial ideology and leader of the SS plus Gestapo, he was also put in charge of German resettlement plans in the east.
the Fall of the Berlin Wall
A symbol of the Cold War, it was dismantled in 1989, opening a free border to the West, after more than half a million people participated in mass demonstrations; political reunification between East and West Germany was achieved the following year.
League of Nations' mandates
A system established after WWI where a nation officially administered a territory decree on behalf of the _____. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as decree's, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine.
the American System
A system of production featuring interchangeable, identical parts, allowing the final product to be put together easily. Reduced costs and saved labor by eliminating the need for skilled workers; revolutionized labor in America.
cottage system
A system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked in their homes using tools and raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs.
Simone de Beauvoir
A teacher turned novelist who was involved in the existentialist movement which brought her to political work. Wrote the book "The Second Sex" which stated that women had been defined by their differences from men.
Postmodernism
A term used to cover a variety of artistic and intellectual styles and ways of thinking prominent since the 1970s; broadly speaking, it is the rejection of the modern Western belief in objective truth, instead focusing on the relative nature of reality and knowledge.
Peace of Augsburg
A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
A treaty with these members. United States, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand.
poison gas
A vapor used especially in chemical warfare to injure, disable, or kill upon inhalation or contact.
Dopolavoro
A vast national recreation agency established by Mussolini in Italy. It introduced many Italians to many facets of mass culture and mass leisure. It was also a way for the gov't to supervise the masses.
Great Depression
A very severe, protracted economic downturn with high levels of unemployment. Two Factors: a downturn in domestic economies and an international financial crisis created by the collapse of the American stock market in 1929. Occurred after World War I
plutocrats
A wealthy class that controls a government.
Afrikaners
AKA Boers, original descendants of Dutch colonists in Africa
Jackson Pollock
Abstract Expressionist painter who became famous for works like Lavender Mist. Employed swirling form and chaotic patterns
general will
According to Rousseau this is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.
the Public Health Act
Advocated by Edwin Chadwick, it created a National Board of Health to establish modern sanitary systems.
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Thomas Cromwell
(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant.
Short Parliament
(1640) Scottish military revolt in 1640 occurred when Charles attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on Scottish Presbyterian Church-needed new taxes-Parliament reconvened-refusal of Petition of Right-disbanded after a month
Seven Years' War
(1756-1763) War caused by Prussia's refusal to return Silesia to Austria. Maria Theresa would not accept this. Two new rivalries: Britain and France over colonial empire/ Austria and Prussia over silesia. There were three major areas of conflict: Europe, India, and North America. Was the result of the diplomatic revolution of 1756, including France, Prussia, Great Britain, Russia..
Alexander II
(1855-1881) Tsar of Russia, called the Liberator due to his reforms, but was a realist. He abolished serfdom
Treaty of Locarno
(1925) This treaty guaranteed Germany's new eastern borders with Poland were conspicuously absent from the agreement, a clear indication that Germany did not accept those borders as permanent, the ------ pact was viewed by many as the beginning of an era of European peace.
Truman Doctrine
(1947) Sparked by the events in Greece, stated it would provide money and military aid to countries who claimed they were threatened by Communist expansion.
Marshall Plan
(1947) The European Recovery Program, where the U.S. provided financial aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II, was hugely successful. The idea was to fight the spread of communism by fixing economic problems in Europe.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
(1949) A military alliance formed in which the countries who signed (U.S. and its allies, most of west and north Europe) agreed to provide mutual assistance if any one of them was attacked,
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
(1951) France, West Germany and Benelux countries and italy formed a common market to foster trade growth
Hungarian uprising
(1956) Inspired by the Polish protests, Communists here desired reform and independence. Ended in ousting of soviets and election of Nagy as the new leader
Great Leap Forward
(1958) Mao's radical program to expedite the arrival of a classless socialist society. existing collective farms were combined into vast "people's communes," each containing more than thirty thousand people it was a disaster
Bay of Pigs
(1961) America's failed attempt to invade Cuba through this location.
"Prague Spring"
(1968) Period of euphoria following Dubchek's reforms
The War Guilt Clause
(Article 231);It declared Germany and Austria responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay reparations for all the damage which the Allied gov'ts and their people were subjected to.
Baron d'Holbach
(Paul-Henri Thiry) wrote System of Nature (1770);preached doctrine of strict atheism and materialism
Kellogg-Briand pact
(This was drafted by the American secretary of state and the French foreign minister). Sixty three nations eventually agreed to the pact, in which they pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy." Nothing was said about consequences if the treaty was violated.
Abbe Sieyes' What is the Third Estate?
- issued a pamphlet, saying "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been thus far in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something." Not representative of general feeling; revival of reform does not = overthrowing traditional institutions
the Jacobins
- radical deputies who gathered at the beginning of the Revolution, especially on August 4, 1789 (when the National Assembly voted to abolish feudalism) ; largest and most powerful political club of the revolution. Leader - Maximilian Robespierre
the Aztecs
1100 migrated to Valley of Mexico, established capital at Tenochtitlan,built great city and aqueducts; great warriors
French Parlements
13 law courts responsible for registering royal decrees; frustrated efforts at reform. Gained new strength in the 18th century as defenders of "liberty" against the monarchy, but often pushed their own interest by blocking new taxes (financial problems = fundamental problem in monarchy)
The Travels of John Mandeville
14th century book that told of realms filled with precious stones and gold
Ferdinand Magellan
1519,passed strait at southern tip of South America,sailed across Pacific Ocean to reach Philippines ( name associated with first knwon circumnavigation of earth)
Francisco Pizarro
1530 this person landed on Pacific coast of South America w/ 180 men and steel weapons, gunpower, and horses; lucky b/c Incas had succumbed to smallpox; defeated Atahualpa and captured Cuzco
the Edict of Nantes
1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants
Leon Battista Alberti
15th century Florentine architect who said " Men can do all things if they well"
James Watt
1760s: Asked to repair a Newcomen engine (steam pump) but added a separate condenser/steam pump and transformed Newcomen's machine into a genuine steam engine (Rotary Engine).
Party of Resistance
After 1840, this group dominated the Chamber of Deputies. The group was led by a man who believed that France had finally reached the "perfect form" of government and needed no further institutional changes. This group was the other one of two groups that emerged in response to the new bourgeoisie king.
Denazification
After WWII, the Allied policy of rooting out any traces of Nazism in German society by bringing prominent Nazis to trial for war crimes and getting rid of any known Nazis from political office. The Nazi party was made illegal.
Dominion of Canada
After being acquired by Britain from France, Canadian rebels demanded separation from Britain. During the American Civil War, the British gov't established this with its own constitution.
Einsatzgruppen
After defeat of Poland, Heydrich ordered these special strike forces that he had created to round up all Polish Jews and concentrate them in ghettos established in a # of Polish cities. In June 1941, it was given new responsibilities as mobile killing units, then to bury the Jewish in mass graves.
Austro-Prussian War
After isolating Austria, Bismarck decisively defeated the Austrians in this war after goading them with the joint occupation of Schleswig-Holstein in June 14, 1866. The war lasted 6 weeks or to July 3. Austria was now excluded from German affairs and lost Venetia.
Weimar Republic
After the Imperial Germany of William II had come to an end with Germany's defeat in WWI, a German democratic state known as the ___ had been established. From its beginnings, it had no good political leaders.
The Symbolists
Against realism. Interested in writing poetry, knowledge of the world was impossible.
Malacca
Albuquerque sailed to his harbor on the Malay Peninsula (1511) which had been trandsformed into thriving port and major stopping point for spice trade
Tsar Nicholas I
Alexander I's brother. Took the throne and CRUSHED the Decembrist Revolt. After that, he became afraid of revolutions at home and abroad. He was very willing to use his troops to crush revolutions, which gave him the nickname the Policeman of Europe.
classical economics
Also called economic liberalism, had its primary tenet in laissez-faire. Where the govt. Should not interfere with the economic liberty of the individual and should restrict itself to only three functions: defense of country, police protection of public, and construction and maintenance of public works to expensive for individuals to undertake.
Women's liberation movement
Also called feminism, Girls increasingly protesting that political and legal equality had not brought true equality with men
Gulf War
American-led liberation of Kuwait in 1990; the Iraqi invasion of neighboring Kuwait sparked this international response; by 1991, a significant part of Iraq's armed forces had been destroyed; the first important post-Cold War conflict; the Soviets supported the American action.
Vietnam War
Americans sent troops to support the South Asians against the communist, soviet supported North Asians. A dragging war and increasing draft caused a strong anti-war movement among young people in the U.S.
Abstract Expressionism
An art movement that artists applied paint freely to their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions rather than realistic subject matter. Artists dribbled and spattered paint onto their paintings
White Rose Movement
An attempt by a small group of students and one professor at the University of Munich to distribute pamphlets denouncing the Nazi regime as lawless, criminal, and godless. Members were arrested and executed.
Kosovo
An autonomous province within Yugoslavia, mostly inhabited by ethnic Albanians and considered sacred ground by Serbians; in 1989, Milosevic stripped the province of its autonomous status, outlawed the Albanian language, and began massacring ethnic Albanians; NATO established a peace plan;
France's Third Republic
An improvised constitution was made, establishing a bicameral legislature with an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. A president selected by the legislature would rule for 7 years. The Constitution of 1875 solidified this ___, which lasted for 65 years.
Dawes Plan
An international commission produced a new plan for reparations. (It was named after the American banker who chaired the commission); it reduced reparations and stabilized Germany's payments on the basis of its ability to pay. It opened the door to heavy American investments in Europe
Theodor Herzl and Zionism
An international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, (OPEC)
An international oil cartel; increased oil prices in the 1970s as a result of the Arab-Israeli War.
Hong Kong
An island that the Chinese got through war
Inertia
An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius's book was based on dissections of the human body. It illustrated Vesalius's examination of individual organs and general structure of the human body
John Wesley and Methodism
Anglican minister experienced a deep mystical experience; became a missionary to the English people bringing "glad tidings" of salvation; preached to the masses,especially the lower classes;converts were organized into Methodist societies, which were attempted to be kept within the Anglican church, but became a seperate sect
The Blue Angel
Another full-length feature film that was shown IN AMERICA. It starred Marlene Dietrich and was one of the first films with sound.
Reds
Another name for the Bolshevik army between 1918 and 1921. They were forced to fight on many fronts. They became a well-disciplined and formidable fighting force, due to organizational genius of Trotsky. Able to move troops rapidly from one battlefront to the other.
Ireland's Easter Rebellion
April 24, 1916. The violence that erupted when members of ____ Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied government buildings here on Sunday. British forces crushed this rebellion and condemned its leaders to death.
Chechnya
Area in southwestern Russia which remained under Russian control after the collapse of the Soviet Union; Yeltsin used brutal force against its inhabitants, who wanted to create an independent republic; Putin continued the fighting throughout 2000, reducing the capital city to ruins.
Socialist realism
Art where the primary focus is on the 19th century pictorial style which was aimed at realistic representation. Was intended to inculcate social values useful to the ruling regimes.
Mannerism
Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space.
Jay
As the Ap exam and Final are approaching, He is still struggling to find his textbook. He doesn't know if it was left on the football field many years ago or on the airplane, but no amount of studying can prevent him from failing the Final and Ap exam. In the end he will just be sitting there with leftover Oreo on his lip and thinking to himself "why do I always get wrecked."
suburbs
As urban conditions worsened, middle class families moved to these outer areas of the city, where they could insulate themselves and reside in individual houses with gardens.
trade unions
Association of workers in the same job, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
the Germanic Confederation
Austria, Prussia, the 38 states that used to be the HRE. This confederation had no power due to no executive, and no good central organ
Moctezuma
Aztec Ruler, mistook Cortes to be god and welcomed him into the empire,later took hostage
Martin Luther King Jr.
Baptist minister who became the leader of a movement for racial equality organizing non-violent demonstrations.
The Spirit of the Laws
Baron de Montesquieu's most famous work which applied the scientific method to the social and political arena to develop "natural laws"
Johann Sebastian Bach
Baroque composer who composed Mass in B Minor,Saint Matthew's Passion,and other cantatas and motets;music was his means of worship to God;had a quiet provincial life
George Frederick Handel
Baroque musician;stormy international career;wrote a lot of secular music but probably best known for his religious music (Messiah)
Robert Owen's New Lanark
Based on the ideals of cooperative living, he turned a squalid factory town in Scotland into a flourishing and healthy community; failed to create a similar community in Indiana.
Johannes Kepler
Based upon the vast astronomical data of Brahe, this astronomer discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion that both confirmed and modified the Copernican theory; known for his discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets
Entente Cordiale
Basically agreements made between France and Britain so that they would be friends
Historical and Critical Dictionary
Bayle's most famous work that showed his application of rationalism to Bible with attack of traditional religious practices and heroes (King David); "Bible of the 18th century"
Waiting for Godot
Beckett's play with unrealistic action on stage, "what is happening now?"
millenarianism
Belief that end of the world was at hand and Anabaptists would usher in the kingdom of God with Munster as the New Jerusalem
utopian socialism
Belief that human cooperation is superior to competition; against private property, industrial capitalism. Viewed with contempt by later Marxists.
Max Planck and quanta
Berlin physicist; Energy is radiated discontinuously in irregular packets.
Squadristi
Between 1920 and 1921, a band of armed Fascists called ____ were formed and turned loose in attacks on socialist offices and newspapers.
Maginot Line
Between 1930-1935 France built this series of concrete and steel fortifications armed with heavy artillery along its border with Germany.
Diplomatic revolution
Between 1933 and 1936 Hitler and Nazi Germany achieved a_______ in Europe.
iron and blood speech
Bismarck resubmitted the army appropriations bill to parliament and gave this passionate appeal to his liberal opponents. His opponents were not impressed and rejected the bill again, but he reorganized the army anyway.
Realpolitik
Bismarck was the ultimate realist and practitioner of this, or the "politics of reality." Pretty much Machiavelli all over again.
On the Motion of the heart and blood
Book in which Harvey demonstrated that the heart was the beginning point of circulation of the same blood in the body which makes a complete circuit throughout the body
The Starry Messenger
Book that Galileo Galilei published that had the findings of what he saw in the sky.
Evolutionary Socialism
Book written by Eduard Bernstain about revisionism. Challenged the Marxist ideas
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Britain used its superior naval power to maximum effect by imposing a naval blockade on Germany, and Germany retaliated w/ a counter blockade enforced by the use of ___. German Gov't declared area around British Isles a war zone & threatened to torpedo any ship caught in it.
Thatcherism
British Prime Minister's economic policy; used austerity measures to control inflation; improved the British economy at the expense of the industrial north and education.
Yorktown
British general Cornwallis surrenders here to American and French forces; initiates the Treaty of Paris, 1783: recognition of American Independence and gives Americans control of western territory
Robert Owen
British industrialist who made his money in cotton, he became famous for his theories about social reform, which called for the creation of voluntary associations of workers based on cooperation rather than competition.
William Pitt the Elder
British middle class favored expansion and world empire, which led to the spokesman __________ to become Prime Minister in 1757. He further ambitions by acquiring Canada and India in the seven years war. He was dismissed by George III.
battles of Austerlitz and Trafalgar
British navy defeated French-Spanish fleet in 1805
Tony Blair
British prime minister elected in 1997, a young and energetic Labour Party moderate; influential in forming an international anti-terrorism coalition; however, his support of the war in Iraq caused his popularity to plummet.
The Beatles
British rock and roll group
Edwin Chadwick
British urban reformer, obsessed with eliminating poverty and squalor; appointed as secretary of the Poor Law Commission, he published "Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain" advocating system of modern sanitary reforms.
1527 sack of Rome
Brought temporary end to Italian wars by armies of Spanish king Charles I; Spanish dominated Italy after
Department store
Businesses brought together an array of products to sell in one place
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
By American president Wilson to the Congress that he believed justified the enormous military struggle then being waged. 1918. about the discussion of war aims to a higher ground, not just territorial gains. Peace, self-determination, and domestic safety.
Five-year plans
By Stalin, a significant shift in economic policy when he launched his first __. Its goal was the transformation of Russia form an agricultural country into an industrial state as soon as possible. Emphasized max production of capital goods. Succeeded in quadrupling production of heavy machinery
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
John Maynard Keynes
Cambridge economist published his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Contrary to the traditional view that depressions should work themselves out through the mechanisms of a free economy, He argued that unemployment stemmed not from overproduction but from a decline in demand,
the United Kingdom
Came into existence in 1707 when England and Scotland united; term British came into use to refer to both Scots and English.
Pierre Trudeau
Canadian liberal prime minister elected in 1986; dedicated to Canada's federal union, passing the Official Languages Act, which allowed both French and English to be used in civil service.
Samuel de Champlain
Cartographer, explorer, governor of New France. The major role Champlain played in the St Lawrence River area earned him the title of "father of New France
Revolution of 1905
Caused by Bloody Sunday. Incited workers to call strikes and form union, the zemstvos demanded parliamentary gov't, ethnic groups revolted, and peasants burned the houses of landowners.
Peace for our time
Chamberlain said that the Munich agreement meant_______.Hitler had promised Chamberlain that he had made his last demand, all other European problems could be settled by negotiation.
conservatism
Characterized as a political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, stressing established institutions, and preferring gradual development to abrupt change.
Pope John Paul II
Charismatic pope, elevated to the papacy in 1978; reasserted traditional Catholic teaching on birth control, women in the priesthood, and clerical celibacy; his travels throughout the world strengthened the church, especially outside the West;
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572
Charles IX's guards killed prominent Huguenot leaders and unleashed a wave of violence in PAris
Baron de Montesquieu
Charles de secondat was known as this. He was a French philosophe who published Persian Letters, the spirit of the law. He subtly criticized French institutions
Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring
Chief exponent of musical primitivism; 1 of the 3 most significant ballets composed for Diaghilev's company
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Child prodigy, suffered b/c couldn't find a permanent patron, wrote The Marriage of Figaro, Magic Flute and Don Giovanni.
domino theory
Cited as justification for American intervention in Vietnam, the belief that if the Communists succeeded in Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall to communism.
Franz Joseph Haydn
Classical composer who spent most of his life as musical director for wealthy Esterhazy brothers; visits to England introduced him to world of public concerts rather than princely patrons;wrote The Creation and The Seasons
First Estate
Clergy members owning about 10% of the land, w/ 130,000 people (<1% population) ; exempt from the taille; radically divided between the higher clergy (aristocrats) and the parish priests (commoners)
the euro
Common currency in the European Union; introduced in 1999.
Leonid Brezhnev
Communist leader of the Soviet Union reluctant to reform, he lived by the slogan "No experimentation"; under his leadership, there was a limited relaxation of authoritarian rule, although dissenters were still punished; the Soviet Union faced significant challenges during his these years,
Unconditional surrender
Complete forfeit of a belligerent nation
Commonwealth of Independent States
Comprised of the former Soviet republics; established in 1991 after Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus declared that the Soviet Union "ceased to exist".
Epicycles
Concentric spheres within spheres that planetary bodies traveled on
Falklands War
Conflict between Great Britain and Argentina in 1982; Britain successfully crushed Argentina's attempt to take control of this, one of Britain few remaining colonial territories; generated popular patriotic support for Thatcher.
Klemens von Metternich
Congress was dominated by this Austrian representative. Experienced diplomat, who was conceited and self-ensured, claimed he was guided at Vienna by principle of legitimacy.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative British Prime Minister, elected in 1979; known as the "Iron Lady", she broke the power of labor unions, oversaw a large military buildup, and improved the British economic situation; however, her policies negatively affected northern industrial areas and led to cutbacks in education;
evolutionary socialism / revisionism
Contrary to Marxism, they believed that revolution was not necessary to reach a communist state, but rather small steady changes were the best
railroads
Contributed significantly to the Industrial Revolution; demand for coal and iron furthered the growth of those industries;Created new job opportunities and a symbol of the Industrial Revolution, it provided a visible sense of power and economic growth.
Soviets
Councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies formed throughout Russia in 1917; played an important role in Bolshevik Revolution. Represented more radical interests of lower classes and were largely composed of socialists of various kinds.
the Maastricht Treaty
Created an economic and monetary union, the European Union (EU), between EC members in 1994.
the European Union (EU)
Created as part of the Maastricht Treaty, it introduced a common currency, the euro, and created a European Central Bank in the 1990s; also established a common agricultural policy, instituted programs to provide aid to its poorest regions, and eliminated passports;
the London Working Men's Association
Created the People's Charter, demanding political democracy.
On the Origin of Species
Darwin wrote this book in 1859 in which he presented his theory of evolution in the principle of natural selection. The basic idea of this book was that all plants and animals had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life. In this book, Darwin also presented the theory of natural selection and "survival of the fit." In this book, Darwin discussed plant and animal species only. He was not concerned with humans themselves.
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Discourse on Method
Descartes's most famous work,, Written by Descartes in 1637. "I think therefore I am." Separation of mind and matter (Cartesian Dualism).
George Stephenson
Designed the Steam-powered train "Rocket", this was the first commercially successful powered railroad.
Pablo Picasso
Developed Cubism, a new style. Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Henry Cort
Developed system of puddling
Richard Trevithick
Developed the first steam-powered locomotive, on an industrial rail line in southern Wales; pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles an hour.
the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Developed under the direction of Robert Owen; with the goal of organizing a strike for an 8 hour work day; lack of working class support led to a collapse of the federation.
Jethro Tull
Discovered that using a hoe to keep the soil loose allowed air and moisture to reach plants and enabled them to grow better. He used a drill to plant seeds in rows instead of scattering them by hand, a method that had lost much seed to the birds.
Anti-Semitism
Discrimination against Jews
El Greco
Domenikos Theotocopoulos from Crete, moved to Spain and became church painter; epitome of Mannerism
Whigs
Dominated Goverment and received support from the new moneyed interests created by industrialization.
Congress of Berlin
Dominated by Bismarck. It seems like they decided to control what happened to the area around where the Ottoman Empire was
Tories
Dominated govt. till 1830 and had little desire to change the existing political and electoral system. Their leadership during Napoleonic wars made them wary of radicalism and reforms. Their response to the falling agricultural prices was the Corn Law of 1815, placed high tariff on foreign grain.
Peterloo Massacre
Due to the Corn Laws, it was the death of eleven people which led Parliament to take repressive measures; restricted large public meetings and dissemination of pamphlets among poor.
Crimean War
Due to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire the Russians invaded Moldavia and Walachia in order to protect Christian shrines in Palestine. Great Britain and France fought against Russia to prevent it from becoming a dominant power in Eastern Euro. Ended with the Treaty of Paris and proved costly for all sides, but Austria remained neutral in the war. This destroyed the Concert of Europe.
Edward VI
During his short reign of England, Protestant ideas exerted a significant influence on the religious life of the country
Anabaptists, Munster
Dutch Anabaptists caused an uprising that led to legal recognition
Rembrandt van Rijn
Dutch painter;painted opulent and colorful portraits during early career but became more introspective; great Protestant painter of 17th century
Boers
Dutch/ Afrikaans word for farmer which came to denote the descendants of Afrikaans-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in South Africa
Erich Honecker
East German Communist leader; used the secret police force to rule East Germany with violent repression; his refusal to institute reforms led to a large exodus through Hungary, mass demonstrations, and ultimately the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
balance of power
Eighteenth century practice of equalizing political and military forces that guaranteed the independence of the great powers by ensuring that no one country could dominates Europe.
Vaclav Havel
Elected as first president of the new Czech Republic in 1993; a dissident playwright, he initially came to power after the collapse of the communist government in Czechoslovakia in 1989; he declared amnesty for 30,000 political prisoners and set out on a goodwill tour to the West.
Coal Mines Act of 1842
Eliminated the employment of boys under ten and women in mines.
Mary Queen of Scots
Elizabeth's Catholic cousin who was next in line to English throne;fled to England because of rebellious Calvinist nobles; beheaded by Elizabeth
The German "blank check"
Emperor William II and chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg responded this, their assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany's "full support," Total freedom of action; carte blanche.
William Wordsworth
English Romantic era poet who wrote about the evils of the industrial factory system.
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies (1820-1903)
William Shakespeare
English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
J.M.W. Turner
Englishman who dwelled on nature and landscaped a lot. He produced over 20,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolors. He did not idealize nature or reproduce it with realistic accuracy. He tried to convey its moods by using light and color to suggest natural effects. he paved the way for the Impressionist painter s of the last half of the nineteenth century.
natural rights
Enlightenment idea of "life, liberty, and property/pursuit of happiness"
Grand Alliance
Entry of the US into the war created this coalition that ultimately defeated the Axis powers (Germany Italy, and Japan). Consisted of the US, Britain and Soviet Russia.
Ming and Qing dynasties
Eras of greatness for China
Bauhaus School
Especially important in the spread of functionalism. It is the school of art, architecture, and design, founded in Weimar, Germany. Its teaching staff consisted of architects, artists, and designers who worked together to blend study of fine arts w/ applied arts
On the Subjection of Women
Essay published by John Stuart Mill, with his wife, Harriet Taylor; argued that legal subordination of one sex to the other was wrong, and that with equal education, women could achieve as much as men.
Zhenotdel
Established by Kollontai, a women's Bureau within the Communist Party. This organization sent men and women to all parts of the Russian Empire to explain the new social order. They were especially eager to help women w/ matters of divorce & women's rights. It failed.
London Mechanics' Institute
Established by reformers in Britain, to address the perceived threat the middle classes believed that the lower "dangerous" classes posed; designed to make the working classes more productive members of society.
the European Community (EC)
European economic union created by the expansion of the EEC in 1973 to include Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark with more European nations joining later; consituted the world's largest single trading entity;
slave trade
European exploration increased this; millions of AFricans were removed from their homes and forcibly shipped to plantations in the new World
hand-loom weavers
Even when the power loom came into production, these continued to do well because of the inefficiency of the power looms. They died out when they were replaced by big factories.
Hegel's dialectic
Everything evolves, and all change in history is the result of conflicts between antagonistic elements.
Committee of Public Safety
Executive group established by National Convention that was supposed to supervise the elimination of the "enemies of the revolution"
Orthodox Church
Experienced a schism in Russia that created very unsettling conditions
The New Deal
FDR's policy of government; didn't really work that great.
John Stuart Mill
Famous advocate of liberalism, a philosopher who wrote On Liberty, his most famous work in 1859, it was a classical statement on the liberty of the individual. Argued for absolute freedom and sentiment on all subjects that needed to be protected from govt. censorship and tyranny of majority. Also enthusiastic supporter of women's rights, published On the Subjection of Women, argued difference between sexes not nature but social practice, and women could equal men through equal education.
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Famous book by Nicolaus Copernicus that was never published due to fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers.
Attaturk
Father of Turks; helped create a new republic
Flora Tristan
Female utopian socialist; advocated the synthesis of socialism and feminism. She wrote "Worker's Union" and traveled through France preaching the need for liberation and equality for women.
total war
Fighting in which all of a nations resources, including civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort
Galileo Galilei
First European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope. Discovered craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots with his telescope.
music halls and dance
First one appeared in London, they were aimed towards males at first. Promoters made them more respectable for women and children. they were more for adults. Shocking how some stuff was sexually suggestive.
Spanish Armada
Fleet of warships that Philip II organized; failed and guaranteed England to be Protestant
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish surgeon who published "On the Fabric of the Human Body". This person considered the father of modern anatomy. Was able to correct mistakes of Galen.
Lorenzo the Magnificent
Florence's leader;formed group of artists and scholars
Elvis Presley
Folkabilly musician who mixed R and B with Rock and roll
Charles V
Forced to focus on Turkish and French invasions while the Lutherans prosper. When it came time for him to fight the Shmalkaldic League he had already began to lose the battles.
"guest workers"
Foreign workers temporarily employed in European countries in order to alleviate a severe labor shortage in the 1950s and 1960s; actively recruited for economic reasons, they were often unwelcome politically and socially, creating tension with local native populations;
First International
Formed by British and French trade unionists, served as an umbrella organization for the working-class interests. It would later fail in 1872.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Formed by Egypt to represent the interests of these Arab inhabitants of modern Israel. They espoused the belief that only Palestinian peoples had the right to form a state in Palestine
European Economic Community (EEC) or Common Market
Formed by the same six countries as the ECSC, eliminated large free-trade area protected by common tariff. Encouraged cooperation
Welfare state
Forming in Great Britain, the Labour Gov't under Attlee passed reforms to allow for more social services
mass leisure
Forms of recreation appealing to large amounts of people in society. It provided workers with amusement after work and on weekends.
Batavia
Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in INdonesia; today the city of Jakarta.
garden city movement
Founded by Ebenezer Howard, it advocated the construction of new towns separated from each other by open country that would provide rec. areas, fresh air, and a sense of community.
Young Italy
Founded by Giuseppe Mazzini: an organization dedicated to created a united Italian republic; although several Italian states rose in revolt, counterrevolutionary forces prevailed and only Piedmont was able to keep its liberal constitution.
Boy Scouts
Founded in Britain by Robert Baden-Powell, it provided organized recreation for boys as well as adventure combined with discipline.
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Franco-Prussian War
France dismayed by the turn of events in Germany forced William I to take his relative out of candidacy for Spain's throne. Bismarck edited a letter from France to start a war between isolated France and Prussia. Prussia along with support from some German Provinces defeated the French and forced France to pay a 5 billion franc indemnity and give Alsace and Lorraine to Germany.
Little Entente
France's alliance with Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia
taille
France's chief tax; land tax applicable to non-nobles
the first servant of the state
Frederick II like to describe himself as_____; the impersonal state was beginning to replace personal monarchy
Ernst Renan's Life of Jesus
French Catholic scholar. He questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible. Saw Jesus as a human being whose value was in the example he provided by his life and teaching
Francois Truffaut
French Director who experimented with subject matter more complex than Hollywood would attempt
General Ferdinand Foch
French General who led an allied counterattack in the war in March 1918. They were supported by arrival of 140,000 fresh American troops, defeated the Germans at the Second Battle of the Marne on July 18.
Louis XV
French King. After his regent Fleury died, _____ ruled alone. He was lazy, and weak, minister/mistresses began to influence king, they took control affairs of the state, and undermined the prestige of the French monarchy.
Louis XVI
French King. Knew little on operations of French govt. and lacked energy to deal decisively with state affairs. Was king at 20 years of age.
Huguenots
French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.
Hector Berlioz
French Romantic composer; one of the founders of program music, an attempt to use moods and sounds to depict action and emotion.
Blaise Pascal
French Scientist that tried to keep science and religion united. Invented the calculator and devised theory of chance and probability.
Francois Mitterand
French Socialist president elected in 1981; instituted liberal policies to improve the ailing French economy, support workers, and nationalize commerce and industry; ultimately these Socialist programs largely failed and he was forced to reverse some policies;
Jacques Chirac
French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq.
Jean Paul Sartre
French existentialist philosopher, believed in the death of god meaning that humans had no destiny
Albert Camus
French existentialist philosopher, who called the world absurd and without meaning, humans' only source of hope could be themselves.
John Calvin
French humanist whose theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion
Napolean Bonaparte
French military and political leader;overthrew Directory. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.
Rene Descartes
French nativist philosopher; proponent of dualism; argued that "threads" within the body control movement, and that some behaviors occur without thought. Wrote Discourse on Method and famous for saying cogito ergo Sum
Marie-Jean de Condorcet
French philosophe who thought that humans had progressed through 9 stages of history, the spread of science and reason would lead to the 10th state of perfection
Racine and Moliere
French playwrights that had a classical style
Georges Sorel
French political theorist who combined bergson's and nietzsche's ideas on limits of rational thinking with his interest in revolutionary socialism, advocating nonrational and violent action as the only sure way to achieve ends of socialism;
Louis Blanc
French socialist; wrote "The Organization of Work," in which he maintains that social problems could be solved through government assistance, specifically the creation of state-financed workshops.
Joseph de Maistre
French spokesperson who wanted a restoration of a hereditary monarchy, because only it could guarantee order in society and avoid chaos from big revolutions. He was an authoritarian conservatistiver
Jacques Bossuet
French theologian and preacher who argued that government was established by God to organize society ( Book=Politics Drawn from the Very Words o Holy Scripture)
French-Indian War
French vs. British.French had initial success, until the British used William Pitt the Elder. British gained land at Montreal, Great lakes area, and Ohio valley.
Bombing of Dresden
From Feb 13 to 15, 1945, created a firestorm that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants.
Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems
Galileo's most famous work; widely available because it was written in Italian versus Latin;perceived as a defense of the Copernican system; caused Galileo to be placed on house arrest
an "orgy of blood"
Gandhi's prediction on the process of creating a divided India.
Contagious Diseases Acts
Gave police officers the right to inspect prostitutes for illness and arrest or fine them. (England)
Britain's Poor Law Commission
Gave some aid to the poor, but not very helpful against unemployment. Produced reports on sucky effects of urban industrial life.
Martin Luther
German Monk who led Protestant Reformation with 95 Theses, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Ludwig von Beethoven
German composer; inspired by the revolutionary events across Europe. Began his career within the classical framework, but later used Romantic elements such as his use of uncontrolled rhythms to create drama. Eventually became completely deaf.
V.A. Huber
German housing reformer. Said that good housing was a prerequisite for a stable life
Oswald Spengler's The Decline of the West
German philosopher who argued that civilizations and cultures are subject to the same cycle of growth and decay as humans. His major work reflected the disillusionment when he emphasized the decadence of ___ civilization and posited its collapse.
Second Battle of the Marne
Germans, led by Ludendorff against French General Foch. Germans wanted to have a grand offensive in the west to break the military stalemate. Germans were successful in advancing but got defeated. William II capitulated to public, while Socialists under Ebert announced establishment of republic.
General Hindenburg
Germany military; was the commanding General, In 1916, they declared a system of total war mobilization with his fellow general
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
British East India Company
Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Totalitarianism
Governmental control over all aspects of economic social, political, cultural, and intellectual life, the subordination of the individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France, and Russia
Aristotle
Greek Philosopher whose views on astronomy were based on circular planetary movement. Said that heaven had circular motion
Galen
Greek physician who influenced the medieval medical world in anatomy, physiology, and disease; doctrine of four bodily humors
the Concert of Europe
Grew from the great powers fear of revolution and war, it was made to maintain the new status quo they had constructed. It came from reaffirmation of Quadruple Alliance, the countries vowed to prevent any restoration of Bonapartist power, and met periodically in conferences to discuss their common interests. Had four meetings from 1818 to 1822.
Free Corps
Groups of antirevolutionary volunteers that were called upon to crush the radical socialists trying to seize power in Berlin. They brutally murdered Liebknecht and Luxemburg.
Carl Jung
He believed that Freud's theories were too narrow. He said that the unconscious was an opening to deep spiritual needs and ever-greater vistas for humans. There is the "personal unconscious" and the "collective unconscious."
Claus von Stauffenberg
He believed that only the elimination of Hitler would bring the overthrow of the Nazi regime. He planted a bomb in Hitler's East Prussian headquarters that exploded but failed to kill him.
Ernest Rutherford
He demonstrated that the atom could be split, and dubbed the 1920's the "heroic age of physics."
Cecil Rhodes
He founded gold and diamond companies that monopolized production of the precious commodities. He tried to create a series of British colonies all linked together by a railroad. But the British Gov't forced him to resign as prime minister of the Cape Colony before he could do so.
Commodore Matthew Perry
He led American naval forces against Japan to force them to let them trade with them
Nicholas II
He relied on the army and bureaucracy to uphold his regime. But World War I magnified his problems. Took personal control of his armed force, and got severely destroyed in the war.
Leopold II and the Belgian Congo
He solely ran the Belgian Congo. He used it for profit, but in brutal ways
The Dreyfus Affair
He was a Jewish captain in the French general staff, and was found guilty of selling army secrets. Evidence was found that pointed to his innocence. but the army refused another trial. Republic leaders insisted on a new trial. Was still found guilty, but he was pardoned and later exonerated.
General Hideki Tojo
He was the Prime Minister of Japan from 1941-1944 and opposed female employment.
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact
Hitler negotiated this ceasefire deal with Stalin and shocked the world. A secret protocol to the treaty created German and Soviet spheres of influence in Poland if/when it was conquered.
Albert Speer
Hitler's personal architect. He was made minister for armaments and munitions in 1942. By eliminating waste and rationalizing procedures, he was able to triple the production of armaments from 1942-1943. His urgent plea for a total mobilization of resources for war effort went unheeded.
Inquisition
Holy Roman Office that condemned Copernicanism and ordered Galileo to reject his Copernican thesis
dictated peace
How the Big Four basically cut down Germany's army, navy, and air force, as well as demilitarizing German land west of the Rhine to serve as a barrier to any future German military moves westward against France.
Id, ego, and superego
Human's inner life was the battleground of these three things. the please, the consequences, jail or get fat. to know right and wrong
Erasmus' The Praise of Folly
Humorous yet effective criticism of the corruptness of society; especially harsh on abuses within the clergy
Janos Kadar
Hungarian leader; enacted the most far-reaching economic reforms in Eastern Europe, termed "Communism with a capitalist facelift"; under his leadership, Hungary slowly moved away from Soviet dominance, establishing friendly relations with the West; fell from power during economic decline;
Magyarization
Hungary had a parliamentary system, but it was controlled by ____ landowners. The Hungarians tried to solve their nationalities problem by imposing the ____ language on all schools as well as the government and military officials.
Inductive Method
Hypothesis is developed on the basis of data from experiments and observation (specific to general)
Pop art
Images of culture taken and used in creating fine art
Surrealism
Important as an artistic movement. Influenced by the theories of Freud, believed existed beyond the world of physical appearances. It sought a reality beyond the material, sensible world and found it in the world of the unconscious through the portrayal of fantasies, dreams, or nightmares.
Monroe Doctrine
In 1823 the President created this due to his distrust with the British propositions in a joint action with the US against European Interference in Latin America. It guaranteed the independence of the new Latin America nations and warned against any further European intervention in the New World.
Battle of Verdun
In 1916, the German high command decided to take the offensive against the French fortifications , This ferocious Battle cost 700,000 lives and resulted in an exchange of only a little land. This city was subjected to artillery shelling and was severely damaged. Population dropped hard.
Nuremberg laws
In 1935, Nazis unleashed another stage of anti-Jewish activity when new racial rules were announced. These -excluded German Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages and extramarital relations with Jews and German citizens. It essentially separated Jews from Germans politically,
brothers Grimm
In Germany, these two people collected and published local fairy tales.
BBC
In Great Britain Parliament set up this independent, public corporation, supported by licensing fees. Elsewhere in Europe the typical pattern was direct control by the government
iron curtain
In March 1946, in a speech to an American audience, former British Prime Minister, Churchill, declared that "a ____" had "descended across the continent," dividing Germany and Europe into two hostile camps.
Rome-Berlin Axis
In October 1936, Mussolini and Hitler concluded this agreement that recognized their common political and economic interests.
The March Revolution
In capital city of Petrograd, by the working-class women after the introduction of bread rationing. On March 8, 1917, 10,000 women marched through city, and called for a general strike. This caused the tsar to abdicate
Dmitri Mendeleyev
In chemistry, this Russian man classified all the material elements then known on the basis of their atomic weights and provided the systematic foundation for the periodic law.
decolonization
In most of the world's settlements between 1947 and 1962, a period of independence movements developing in settlements and freedom being granted to these new countries.
Balkan Wars
In the First one, the Ottoman people lost. The second one was because the people that beat the Ottoman persons in the first war could not decide how to divide the land they won.
Yalta Conference
In this meeting Stalin was deeply suspicious of Western powers, also eager to obtain economically important resources and strategic military position. Roosevelt was all about self-determination. Grand Alliance approved a "Declaration on Liberated Europe"
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Including professional, business, and cooperative groups; foundations; religious, peace, and disarmament groups; youth and women's groups; environmental and human rights groups; and research institutes;
Russification
Instituted by Alexander, he banned the use of all languages from schools except for Russian. Made solely to piss off national groups and create new sources of opposition to tsarist policies.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Intellectual who glorified the irrational. Christianity is to blame for western civilization's enfeeblement
League of Nations
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
al-Qaeda
International terrorist organization run by Osama bin Laden.
Samuel Crompton
Invented "mule" - combined aspects of Arkwright's water frame & Hargreaves' spinning jenny --> increased yarn production even further.
James Hargreaves
Invented spinning jenny - enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities.
Joseph Swan
Invented the light bulb (Englishman)
Richard Arkwright
Invented water frame that used water or horse power to spin yarn; increased productivity in the cotton industry.
Thomas Newcommen
Inventor of the steam pump or atmospheric engine, in which power was derived from air pressure.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Iranian leader; under his government, 53 Americans were taken hostage in 1980; furthered the view of the US as the "great Satan", an enemy of Muslim peoples everywhere.
Saddam Hussein and the war in Iraq
Iraqi leader; the US used claims of his alleged relationship with the al-Qaeda terrorists to launch this "preemptive" war in 2003; this attack, and its fallout, served to deepen anti-American sentiment in the Arab world.
Samuel Beckett
Irish playwright who lived in France, a strong proponent of "theater of the absurd"
Irish Republic Army (IRA)
Irish terrorist organization; resorted to vicious attacks against the ruling government and innocent civilians in northern Ireland; received considerable support from sympathetic local populations.
Home Rule
Irish wanted it, having a separate parliament but not complete independence.
Six-Day War
Israel launches a preemptive strike, decimates its enemies and triples its territory
April Theses
Issued by V.I. Lenin based on his own version of Marxist theory. Thinks Russia could move directly into socialism w/o bourgeois revolution. In it, he maintained that soviets of soldiers, workers and peasants were ready-made instruments of power. Bolshevik used this to overthrow Provisional Govt.
Army Order No. 1
Issued to all Russian military forces, it encouraged them to remove their officers and replace them with committees composed of "the elected representatives of the lower ranks" of the military.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
It allowed slavery in certain territories to be determined by popular sovereignty. This in turn led to the creation of a new sectional party, the Republicans.
Lord Tennyson's The Princess
It expressed an ideal of femininity that many women aspired to. Women are only to obey and do the housework.
Reform Act of 1884
It gave the vote to all men who paid regular rents or taxes, thus largely enfranchising the agricultural workers, a group previously excluded.
The Nineteenth Amendment
It gave women the right to vote in the United States.
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
It lasted ten years, from 1966 to 1976, the Red Guard was set loose to destroy any evidence of the old way to force communism to come about.
Functionalism
It meant that buildings, like products of machines, should be useful, fulfilling the purpose for which they were constructed. Art and engineering were to be unified, and all unnecessary ornamentation was to be stripped away. U.S. was a leader.
Pan-German League
It stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social divisions and unite all classes. They were also anti-Semitic.
Bismarck's welfare legislation
It was enacted to woo workers away from socialism. Passed laws that established sickness, accident, and disability benefits
London's one million
It was one of the first cities ever to reach 1 million people, and was classified by this term
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)
It's members were Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Great Britain and the United States. the U.K. and U.S. meant to prevent the USSR from expanding southward by protecting these countries.
Federico Fellini
Italian Director who experimented with subject matter more complex than Hollywood would attempt
Bernini and Gentileschi
Italian artists during the Baroque period
Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
Italian dude who supported Mazzini and republican cause of Young Italy and was democratic republican. Learned experience in guerilla warfare during exile. His men were known as the Red Shirts, he was assigned to stop a revolt in Southern Italy against the Bourbon kings of the Two Sicilies. Victorious on Sicily he marched up the mainland where he chose to retire to a farm due to the possibility of a civil war. Red shirts = followers
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer who thought circumference of earth was less than people believed and Asia was larger, so thought that Asia could be reached sailing west; persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance expedition ( Santa Maria, Nina, and Pinta); thought he had reached Asia when he reached Bahamas ( 1492)
the Mafia
Italian organized crime syndicate; spread from southern Italy to northern Italy in the 1980s; one of a number of issues and crises plaguing Italy in the 1970s and 80s including a severe economic recession, student unrest, mass strikes, and terrorist attacks.
Cesare Beccaria's On Crimes and Punishments
Italian philosophe's essay on idea that punishments should serve only as deterrents, not as exercises in brutality;favored imprisonment to capital punishment
Pope Paul III
Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.
the Red Brigades
Italian terrorist organization responsible for the kidnap and murder of prime minister Aldo Moro in 1978.
Benito Mussolini
Italian. began movement that he called the Fascio di Combattimento (league of combat); beginning of the first fascist movement in Europe. He was expelled from the socialist party after switching his position from the socialist position to intervention in WWI. So he laid foundations for fascism
Suez Canal
Its construction was led by Ferdinand de Lesseps, and was built to provide a link between the Mediterranean and Red seas.
white-collar jobs
Jobs such as telephone operators, clerks, secretaries ect. The growth of them provided an escape for women accustomed to working dirty jobs such as those in the coal mines.
Joseph Stalin
Joined the Bolsheviks and was content to hold dull bureaucratic job of party general secretary. Party secretary was most important in party hierarchy, who appointed regional, district, city, and town party secretaries. He used his post as party general to gain complete control of communist party,
Crystal Palace
Kensington, London - structure that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851. Huge structure made completely out of glass/iron.
Destalinization
Khrushchev's policy regarding undoing some of the most repressive policies, like labor camps, intellectual freedom bans and reducing powers of the secret police
English Bill of Rights
King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Frederick II the Great
King of Prussia. One of the best educated and most cultured monarchs in 18th century. An Enlightened ruler, who made few innovations in the administration of the state, his diligence in overseeing operations made the Prussian bureaucracy well known for its efficiency and honesty. Followed philosphes recommendations for reform. New code of laws the eliminated torture except in murder and treason, limited speech/press freedom, and religiously tolerant. Didn't allow social mobility for poor, and made Prussia more aristocratic. Larger military, and used it to seize Austrian lands. Led to War of Austrian Successions, and Seven Years war, after reign Prussia recognized as great European power.
Frederick William I
King of Prussia. Promoted Prussia's civil bureaucracy by establishing the General Directory, chief administrative agent of the central govt. which supervised military, police, economic and financial affairs. The army was the most important thing in Prussia, called it "Prussian Militarism." ________ had rigid class stratification, Junkers, nobles, were the officers in the army, lower classes had few rights, but encouraged non nobles to pursue administrative posts. Army fourth largest in Europe, and had strict rules, which led to many deserters.
King William I
King of Prussie while Bismarck was doing his thang. This guy was the one who sent the Ems telegram. Yeah...
Divine Right
King received absolute power from God
Great Patriotic War
Known to the Soviets as the _____, the German-Soviet war witnessed the greatest land battles in history as well as incredible ruthlessness. To Nazi Germany, it was a war of oppression and annihilation that called for merciless measures.
Korean War
Korea was divided by the 38th parallel because of a difference of governmental views in the North and South. The North invaded the South in 1950, and the U.S. assisted the South while communist China and the USSR supported the North it was concluded with an armistice
No Man's Land
Land under dispute by two opposing parties, especially the field of battle between the lines of two opposing entrenched armies. Troops lived in holes in ground, separated from each other by a ____.
battle of Solferino
Large battle where the French beat the Austrians for the Italians
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Pizarro
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
Law of General Maximum
Law that set price controls on goods; government was unable to enforce them so they ultimately failed
V.I. Lenin
Leader of Bolshevik party.Became enemy of tsar when his bro executed for planning to assassinate tsar. He moved to St. Petersburg joined illegal group - union for liberation of the working class. And got arrested, shipped to Siberia. Created USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
Konrad Adenauer
Leader of CDU in west Germany, served as chancellor from 1949-1963. Known as the founding hero of the Federal Republic, associated with economic miracle.
Louis Kossuth
Leader of Hungarian liberals in Austria who called for "commonwealth" status, including their own legislature; after seizing the capital, they were initially granted their own legislature, army, and control over policy and budget; ultimately the rebellion failed when Tsar Nicolas I sent a Russian army to aid the Austrians in crushing the Hungarian revolution and restoring an autocratic goverment under Austrian control.
General Erwin Rommel
Leader of the Afrika Korps; broke through the British defenses in Egypt and advanced toward Alexandria. Also defended the beaches at Normandy.
William Gladstone
Leader of the Liberal party and rival of Disrael. During his first liberal administration, a series of impressive reforms were made. His first ministry has been called by historians the apex of "classical British liberalism." Legislation and government orders opened civil service positions to competitive exams rather than patronage, dropped religious requirements for degrees at Oxford and Cambridge, introduced the secret ballot for voting, and abolished the practice of purchasing military commissions. The Education Act of 1870 attempted to make elementary schools available for all children. These reforms were typically liberal. By eliminating abuses and enabling people with talent to compete fairy they sought to strengthen the nation and its institutions.
Charles de Gaulle
Led the Free French movement; he created governments-in-exile in London. His movement thwarted the attempt of French Communists to dominate the major French resistance groups.
Red Army Faction
Left-wing terrorist organization in Germany comprised of middle class youth who denounced capitalism and supported acts of revolutionary terrorism to bring down the existing system.
New Economic Policy
Lenin pulled Russia back from the abyss by aborting war communism in favor of his __. A modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and war communism. It had saved Russia from complete economic disaster.
Politburo
Lenin's death inaugurated a struggle for power among the members of --, the institution that had become the leading organ of the party. The chief political and executive committee of a Communist party.
War communism
Lenin's policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants' produce during the civil war in Russia. It was used to ensure regular supplies for the Red Army.
Revolutions of 1848
Liberal and nationalist rebellions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown; in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the rebellions failed.
Count Camillo di Cavour
Liberal minded nobleman who had made a fortune in agriculture and made more money in banking, railroads and shipping. Admired the British, esp. Parliament, industrial techniques and economic liberalism. He favored a constitutional govt. Became Prime Minister in 1852 he pursued policy of economic expansion. This allowed him to pour money into a large army. He got Napoleon III to help him drive the Austrians out of Italy.
zemstvos
Local Assemblies that provided a moderate degree of self government. Representatives of this were elected from the noble landowners, townspeople and peasants but the property based system of voting gave a distinct advantage to nobles. Given limited power to provide public service, and levy taxes to pay for services.
Charles X
Louis 18's brother, took over in 1824; helped out the aristocrats with an act in 1825; encouraged the Catholic church to take control over the school system. He was forced by revolts to accept the system of ministerial responsibility
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII's chief minister whose centralizing policies helped poewr of monarchy (eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots,used intendant system); however, French debt spiraled
Versailles
Louis XIV's court,helped control nobles w/ entertainment and strict daily life; high cost of building contributed to financial issues
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis XIV's general controller of finances;tried to increase wealth through mercantilism;expanded quantity and improved quality of French manufactured goods and raised tariffs on foreign goods
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI's wife, she was a spoiled Austrian princess who spent all her time to court intrigues. Financial crisis worsened in France, and neither Louis XVI nor his wife did anything about it. This neglected of the state lead to violent revolution.
William Wordsworth
Lover of nature, one of the most important characteristics of Romanticism, is especially evident in his works. The worship of nature led people to criticize the eighteenth century science, which, they believed, had reduced nature to a cold object of study.
95 Theses, 1517
Luther wrote those after being greatly angered by the sale of indulgences;Germans received well
Gustavus Adolphus
Lutheran king of Sweden, responsible for reviving Sweden with well-disciplined army,killed in Battle of Lutzen
Gas chambers
Made to look like shower rooms, people would be crammed into these and get gassed, usually by a gas called Zyklon B. Their bodies would then be cremated.
Nicolas II
Maintained the fact that the absolute power of tsars should be preserved. His approach wasn't realistic in the view of the new circumstances he faced.
Arthur Harris
Major bombing raids began in 1942 because of this guy. He was the wartime leader of British Air Force's Bomber Command.
Napoleon III
Many labeled him "the Small," because they believed he only won title of president due to his name. He was a clever politician who understood the popular forces of his day. He was patient and gained the support of the army and the Catholic Church. He resorted to the coup d'etat in order to revise the constitution to gain universal male suffrage and become elected for 10 more years, the N. Assembly disliked him.
Piedmont and the House of Savoy
Many supporters of the unification of Italy looked at this northern Italian state as their best hope to achieve this goal.
Commune
March 26, 1871, radical republicans formed an independent republican goverment in Paris. Paris became a self-governing town after receiving its liberties.
Consuelo Vanderbilt
Married the Duke of Marlborough, a wealthy American Heiress, and got $10 million from her.
yellow press
Mass circulation newspapers, They were written in an easy to understand style and full of sensational stories. A tabloid.
"supply-side economics"
Massive tax cuts under Ronald Reagan, most of which benefited the wealthy, that would supposedly stimulate rapid economic growth and generate new revenue to cover increased federal spending; although this plan seemed to work in the short term, it led to record government deficits.
Bushido
Meaning "Way of the warrior," it is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life. It was revived in the Japanese military in the 1930s-40s and helped create fanaticism among Japanese military personnel.
"natural philosophers"
Medieval Scientists that preferred refined logical analysis to systematic observations of the natural world
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
Deductive Method
Method developed by Descartes that stated a conclusion can be reached using prior known facts( general to specific)
psychoanalysis
Method developed by Sigmund Freund to resolve a patient's psychic conflict
puddling
Method of of producing better quality iron, in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron, developed in Britain in the 1780s by Henry Cort
legitimacy
Metternich claimed he was guided by this. He considered that in order to reestablish peace, it was necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions. This was already done in France, Spain and Italian states, but was ignored and overshadowed by practical considerations of power.
Bourgeois
Middle class that benefitted most from the Industrial Revolution
Manchukuo
Military takeover of Manchuria by the Japanese. Was not supported by the civilian government, which fell apart. Was condemned by the League of Nations.
Christian Democratic Parties
Moderate political parties that experienced a comeback in the 50's. these parties were interested in ____ and economic reform.
Spice Islands
Moluccas; Portuguese thought Malacca could serve as a way station on the route here
Kristallnacht
More violent phase of anti-Jewish activity. the infamous ___or night of shattered glass. Assassination of a 3rd secretary in German embassy by a Polish Jew caused a Nazi-led destructive rampage against Jews in which synagogues were burned, 7,000 Jewish businesses destroyed, at least 100 Jews killed.
coitus interruptus
Most common form of birth control during 18th century. Aka "removal"
Madame de Pompadour
Most famous of Louis XV's mistresses. Intelligent, beautiful woman who charmed Louis XV and gained wealth/power. Made govt. decisions and gave advice on appointments and foreign policy.
MTV
Music video channel launched in the early 1980s, radically changing the music scene by making image as important as sound in the selling of records.
minimalism
Musical offshoot of serialism which has won popular support but not critical favor; uses repeated patterns and series, but with gradual changes; more tonal and harmonic than serialism.
Blackshirts
Mussolini's "gang" used to control Italy
First Consul and Emperor
Napoleon directly controlled the entire executive authority of gov., influence over legislature, appointed members of bureaucracy, controlled army, and conducted foreign affairs; ambasador for life 1802, king of France 1804- stabilized regime, provided permanence
the 100 Days
Napoleon escaped from Elba and ruled France for this time
Saint Helena
Napoleon exiled to here by victorious allied; small forsaken island in middle of S. Atlantic
Italian and Egyptian campaigns
Napoleon was made commander of French army in Italy and he influenced them with his intelligence and confidence;after returning back to France, he tried to take Britain by taking Egypt but his supplies were cut off;he then abandoned his army and took part in a coup d'etat that led to his dictatorship
Grand Army
Napoleon's army of over 600,000 men
Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors
Nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, and freedom of speech and press are wrong
Slobodan Milosevic
Nationalist leader of Serbia; resisted the separist movements of the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia; used the Yugoslavian army to initiate brutal assaults against Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo and instituted a program of "ethnic cleansing
Extermination Camps
Nazi camps equipped with gassing facilities for the mass murder of Jews.
National Socialist German Worker's Party
Nazis headed by Hitler
Jacques Louise-David
Neoclassic artist who was extremely popular during the French Revolution (painted Oath of the Horatii)
the old and new elites
New entrepreneurs who made large profits from their factories, and traditional landed wealthy people.
steamboats
New invention in transportation, particularly useful in the US on the Mississippi and Missouri river.
serjents
New police force established in France; wore blue uniforms to be easily recognized and lightly armed to distinguish them as a civilian, not military body.
Industrial Revolution
New sources of energy and power (i.e. coal and steam) were used to build and run new machinery, decreasing the use of human and animal labor, and increasing productivity. Human labor was reorganized to maximize profits from the new machines; factories replaced workshops. Beginning after 1750, Europe shifted from a traditional economy based to farming and handicrafts to an economy based on machine-based manufacturing, specializied labor, and industrial factories.
machine gun
New weapon: shot multiple rounds fast, very efficient at killing
Principia
Newton's famous book, Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.
Peter Stolypin
Nicholas II's chief adviser, under him important agrarian reforms dissolved the village ownership of land and opened the door to private ownership by enterprising peasants.
the New World
North & South America. First 'discovered' by Christopher Columbus.
Bloody Mary
Oldest daughter of Henry VIII. Queen of England from 1553-58. Known for her ruthless, deadly suppression of the Anglicanism in attempting to re-Catholicize England. She married Spain's Philip II.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
On March 3, 1918, the new Communist gov't (by Lenin) signed this w/ Germany and gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and Baltic provinces. And this led to the civil war.
Menshiviks
One division of Marxist Social Democratic Party in 1903. They wanted Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model. Like S.D. of Germany, were willing to cooperate temporarily in parliamentary democracy while working toward ultimate achievement for socialist state.
Danish War
One of Bismarck's wars arose over the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. The govt. tried to incorporate these two duchies into Denmark; this outraged nationalists because both areas were largely German. SO Bismarck got Austria to ally with Prussia and defeated them. Austria received Holstein and Prussia took Schleswig, this meant Austria would be excluded from the Germany.
Treaty of Versailles
One of the 5 separated treaties w/ the defeated nations - Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, all w/ Paris. On June 28, 1919, w/ Germany. It was by far the most important. Was cruel and unfair to Germany
Joseph Lister
One of the first people to deal with the problem of postoperative infections. He developed the antiseptic principle. Following the work of Pasteur, he perceived that bacteria might enter a wound and cause infection. His use of carbolic acid, a newly discovered disinfectant, proved remarkably effective in eliminating infections during surgery. His discoveries dramatically transformed surgery wards as patients no longer succumbed regularly to what was called "hospital gangrene."
Wassily Kandinsky
One of the founders of abstract painting. Tried to avoid representation, art should speak to the soul
India's cotton cloth production
One of the world's greatest exporters of cotton cloth in the 18th century, thousands of hand spinners and weavers became unemployed when British control brought inexpensive British factory-produced textiles. An example of the policy pursued by industrialized European states to prevent the growth of industry in their colonies.
Queen Victoria
One ruler of England, she reflected the sense of British national pride.
Ausgleich
Only when military disaster struck in Austria did the Austrians ally themselves with the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians. The result was a negotiated _________ or Compromise of 1867 which created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Holding them together was a single monarch and a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances
Great Exhibition of 1851
Organized by Britain - world's first industrial fair. Housed at Kensington, London in the Crystal Palace - huge structure made completely out of glass/iron - tribute to British engineering skills, exhibits showing wide variety of products created by Industrial Revolution and displayed Britain's wealth/symbol of British success.
Green parties
Organized political parties that emerged in the 1970s with the goal of raising ecological awareness; especially successful in Germany; these parties have not replaced traditional political parties, as they tend to have internal disagreements on issues and policies
Bolsheviks
Other division of the party. A small faction of Russian S.D. A communist. Left-wing. Seized power in Nov. 1917. Under Lenin's direction, it became a party dedicated to violent revolution. Lenin believed only violent revolution could destroy capitalist sys. Believed small group could achieve this.
Fall of Constantinople 1453
Ottoman Turks won against Byzantine Empire (80,000 against 7,000) plus cannons
Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800
Outlawed associations of workers in Britain; failed to prevent the formation of trade unions, however; repealed in 1824. A response to the radicalism of the French working class.
Yasir Arafat
PLO political leader that formed al-Fatah
macrocosm-microcosm analogy
Paracelsus believed that the chemical reactions of the universe as a whole were reproduced in humans on a smaller scale. Human was a small replica of the larger world
Acerbo Law
Parliament enacted this in July of 1923 which stipulated that any party winning at least 25% of the votes in the next national election would automatically be allotted two thirds to the seats in parliament. The national elections held in 1924, resulted in an enormous victory for the Fascists.
Pensees
Pascal's book that described his feelings about keeping science and religion united, wanted to show Christianity doesn't have to be contrary to reason.
Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)
Passed by British Parliament, it allowed public authorities to arrest dissenters to the war as traitors.
Reparations
Payments made by a defeated nation after a war to compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the war; required from Germany after WWI.
mir
Peasants had to repay the state in a series of long term installments. To make sure this was done, peasants were subjected to the authority of their _____ or village commune, which was responsible for the land payments to the govt.
mulattoes
People with one Black European parent and one European parent.
Charles Dickens
Perhaps the greatest of the Victorian novelists. This man's realistic novels, which focused on the lower and middle classes in Britain's early industrial age, became extraordinarily successful. His descriptions of the urban poor and the brutalization of human life were vividly realistic. Though his works were mostly realistic, an element of Romanticism still pervaded his novels. This is evident in his novel The Old Curiosity Shop, in which his description of Birmingham takes on the imagery of Dante's Hell.
Peace, land, and bread
Petrograd women shouted this slogan during International Women's Day.
Neoplatonism
Platonic philosophy based upon a hierarchy of substances and a theory of spiritual love
partitions of Poland
Poland divided initially into three territories: Austria got Galicia (agriculturally rich district of Poland) , Russia took largest slice of land in eastern Poland, and Prussia took smallest but most valuable territory, called West Prussia. Later, Russia and Prussia undertook a second ______. Austria, Prussia, and Russia even went as far as to undertake a third ______ in 1795.
Lech Walesa
Polish Solidarity leader, elected in 1990 as President of Poland; faced severe unemployment and popular discontent; defeated in the 1995 elections by Kwasniewski, who continued Poland's move toward a market economy.
Poland's Sejm
Polish diet,2 chamber assembly where landowner members completely dominated the few townspeople and lawyers;kings were required to agree to share power with this diet; had negative results for central monarchy because the real aim of members was that central authority would not affect their local interests
Solidarity
Polish independent labor movement; with the support of workers, intellectuals, and the Catholic church, the party was able to win a series of concessions; reactionary measures taken by the government led to the arrest of party leaders and the outlawing of the union in 1981;
Chartism
Political movement organized by working class. Requested universal male suffrage and pay for Parliament members. Also demanded yearly Parliament sessions. Died out after 1848 without seriously threatening the British factory systems. Working class political party sought to extend the franchise to all males and argues that members of Parliament should receive salaries.
the role of computers
Possibly the most revolutionary of all technological inventions of the twentieth century, an essential element of modern civilization; the development of the transistor, silicone chip, and microprocessor opened the road to these
serialism
Postmodern experimental musical trend in which the composer restricts his or her intuitive freedom according to specific preset values, allowing the work to "create" itself to some extent and generating new and unanticipated compositions; critically respected, but largely ignored by the public.
"magic realism"
Postmodern literary style which combined realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds.
the Inca
Powerful empire in area now Peru; skilled builders constructed complex cities in the Andes Mountains; Machu Picchu is most famous city; were defeated by the Spanish who took their gold and silver
"massive retaliation"
President Eisenhower's administration adopted this policy in response to the Korean war. It allowed for the full use of American nuclear bombs to counteract any Soviet attack in Europe.
New World Order
President George H.W. Bush's vision for post-Cold War international affairs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President of the US during Great Depression and World War II
Neville Chamberlain
Prime minister of Britain, a strong advocate of appeasement and believed that the survival of the British Empire depended upon an accommodation with Germany. He had made it known to Hitler that he would not oppose changes in central Europe, provided that they were executed peacefully.
Winston Churchill
Prime minister of Britain; longtime advocate for a hard -line policy toward Nazi Germany. He proved to be an inspiring leader who rallied the British people with stirring speeches.
George Eastman
Produced Kodak camera
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
Pierre Bayle
Protestant who became a leading critic of traditional religious attitudes. Believed that the rational principles of textual criticism should be applied to the bible and other secular documents. Wrote the historical and critical dictionary
Puritans
Protestants within Anglican church who wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from Church of England
Zollverein
Prussia formed this in 1834, a German customs union which eliminated tolls on rivers and roads among member states and stimulated trade and added to the prosperity of its member states.
Junkers
Prussia made its military the most important institution in the state. _______ became synonymous with extreme exaltation of military values.
James Joyce and stream of consciousness
Published in 1922, told story of one day in the life of ordinary ppl in Dublin by following the flow of their inner dialogue. Disconnected ramblings and veiled allusions pervade his work. Interest of unconscious - Surrealism, new literary techniques in 1920s.
coke
Purified form of coal that produced little or no smoke, high quality production of steel and iron
Maria Theresa
Queen of Austria. Resolved to reform her empire to prepare for a war with Prussia. Abolished the Austrian and Bohemian chancelleries and replaced them with departments of foreign affairs, justice, war, commerce, and internal affairs. Curtailed roles of provincial assemble in taxation and local administration. Clergy/noble pay taxes to diets. Made Austrian empire more centralized and more bureaucratic. She was a staunch catholic and didn't let philosophes advise her. Ruled with her son Joseph 1765-1780.
Catherine II the Great
Queen of Russia. Wife of Peter III, she was an autocrat in Russia. Corresponded with some philosophes. Could not afford to alienate Russian nobility. Instruction written as a guide to deliberations, she questioned serfdom, torture, and capital punishment, also advocated principle of everyone equal in eyes of law, but this produced little change. Strengthened landholding class at expense of all others. Gentry formed corporate groups with special legal privileges, with Charter of the Nobility formalizing these rights. Successful at expanding Russia's land area by defeating the Turks.
"White backlash"
Race riots breaking out from the more radical approaches to attaining civil rights and extremist radical black leaders led to this
English Royal Society
Received little government support, or funding, tried to appeal mostly to educated scientists. Community of Scientist in England.
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Reduced the workday for women and children between 13 and 18 to ten hours.
Elizabeth I
Reestablished Protestantism as the state religion of England and she led the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
Gestapo
Resistance groups in Germany were mostly crushed by this group, they were the German internal security police as organized under the Nazi regime, known for its terrorist methods directed against those suspected of treason or questionable loyalty.
Luddites
Resistant to new "labor serving" machinery, destroyed machines and burned factories.
Russian serfdom
Resulted from abundance of land and shortage of peasants; aristocrats were able to bind peasants to land
Eduard Bernstein
Revisionist. A member of SDP, spent years in exile in Britain where he was influenced by moderate English socialism & parliamentary sys. Challenged the Marxist orthodoxy w/ a book called Evolutionary Socialism. Thinks middle class was expanding rather than declining, against marxism
William and Mary
Revolution Settlement confirmed them as monarchs
Agricultural Revolution
Revolution that led to a dramatic increase in food production throughout Europe in the 18th century
Charles Martel Club
Right-wing terrorist organization in France; used bombings to foment disorder and bring about totalitarian regimes; received little public support and was quickly crushed by authorities.
Herculaneum and Pompeii
Roman cities that were popular 1700 tourist attractions because they just got discovered back then.
Nicolai and Elena Ceausescu
Romanian Communist dictators; used a secret police force to crush dissenters, rejected any reforms; his policies, which led to food shortages, a drop in the standard of living, and the destruction of rural villages, following a series of mass demonstrations, they were captured and executed
Joseph II
Ruled with mother in Austria 1765-1780, when achieved sole power wanted to make changes. Carried on his mother's chief goal: enhance Habsburg power in monarchy and Europe. Abolished serfdom, gave peasants hereditary rights to their holdings. Using Physiocratic ideas, he eliminated internal trade barriers, ended monopolies, and removed guild restrictions. New penal code: abrogated death penalty, used principle of equality before law. Complete religious tolerance, issued 6000 decrees and 11000 laws. Everyone unhappy due to drastic changes, most changes were undone.
Russo-Japanese War
Russia tried to expand its territory in the south and east, and got confronted by Japan. Japan made a surprise attack on the Russian Eastern fleet at Port Arthur, and Russia sent its Baltic fleet to the east, only for it to be defeated at Tsushima. Russia lost and sued for peaces.
Romanovs
Russian dynasty that started when the Zemsky Sobor chose Michael as the new tsar in place of Ivan the Terrible
Vladimir Putin
Russian president, vowed to return Chechnya to Russian authority and adopt a more assertive role in foreign affairs; launched reforms aimed at boosting the economy, yet a large number of Russian citizens remained in poverty.
Boris Yeltsin
Russian president; took power in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union; committed to introducing a free market economy as rapidly as possible -- a difficult transition which led to economic hardship, social disarray, and the rise of organized crime;
Michael Bakunin
Russian, believed small groups of well-trained, fanatical revolutionaries could perpetrate so much violence that state & its institutions would disintegrate. After his death, anarchist used assassinations as their primary instrument of terror.
Russian "scorched-earth" policy
Russians torched own villages and countryside to prevent Napoleon's army from finding food and forage
the weekend
Saturday and Sunday; time of leisure
Osama bin Laden
Saudi leader of al-Qaeda, he orchestrated the attacks on the US on September 11, 2001 as well as earlier attacks on US embassies and a US naval ship; set up terrorist training camps in Afghanistan under the protection of the fundamentalist Islam Taliban rulers.
Watergate
Scandal involving the Nixon administration; an attempted bugging of the Democratic National Headquarters; secret tapes revealed Nixon's complicity, forcing him to resign in 1974.
Yugoslavia
Serbia formed the nucleus of a new south Slav state, called __, which combined Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
Bosnia
Serbian forces, under the direction of Milosevic, launched a brutal attack on this republic in the early 1990s, acquiring 70 percent of their territory and instituting a policy of "ethnic cleansing" against Muslim citizens; following NATO air strikes, a peace treaty was signed
Factory Act
Series of acts (1809-1833) passed by British Parliament. Limited child labor hours for children ages 9-16 to 12 hrs/day, forbade employment of those under 9, and required children to attend school during working hours
Robert Walpole
Served as Prime Minister from 1721 to 1742 and pursued a peaceful foreign policy to avoid new land taxes. Elected as prime minister for both Georges in Britain.
The "consumer society"
Shift from rural to urban areas accompanied by an increase in real wages which enable the working class to aspire to the consumption patterns of the middle class. New products popular like televisions, refrigerators, cars.
Helsinki Agreements
Signed in 1975, these accords recognized the borders established in Europe since WWII, thereby acknowledging the Soviet sphere of influence and reducing tensions between the superpowers.
child labor
Significant source of labor during the Industrial Revolution; cheap and abundant, children forced to work in factories and mines because of convenient size. British Parliament attempted to resolve this issue with the Factory Act in 1833.
Enabling Act
Since Nazis still didn't possess an absolute majority, it provided the legal basis for Hitler's subsequent acts. He no longer needed Reichstag or President Hindenburg. He became a dictator appointed by parliamentary body itself.
Hitler Jugend
Since early indoctrination of nation's youth would create the foundation for a strong totalitarian state for future, this organization was made
"peace and love"
Slogan used by hippies
Battle of Magenta
Small battle where the French beat the Austrians for the Italians
working class
Social class consisting of factory workers who receive low wages and are at high risk for unemployment. "Laborers"
Consumerism
Social order that encourages the attainment of goods and services
Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Something that Tokyo created; it encompassed the entire region under Japanese protection. Said that they intended to liberate the Southeast Asian colonies from Europe control. For the time being, Japan just ruled on a war time basis.
Adolf Hitler
Son of an Austrian customs official. He experienced four major influences in Vienna: Schonerer, Lueger, Lanz, and Wagner. Much of his early anti-Semitism was from an ex-Catholic monk Lanz.
Stalinization
Soviet Satellite states tried to imitate policies starting in 1948 such as collectivizing agriculture and implementing tools of repression.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet leader; recognized the social, economic, and political problems within the Soviet Union and developed a program of radical reforms, termed "perestroika", to address these issues; created a new state presidency, becoming the Soviet Union's first president
Berlin Blockade
Soviet policy that meant the blocking of any land transport into West Berlin to stop movement of supplies, this was the first major event in the Cold War. Soviets wanted to control all of Berlin and stop the creation of West Germany
Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
Space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and interwoven into 4-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a from of energy (E=mc^2)
Latin American revolts
Spain & Portugal lost control over places in Southern America. James Monroe told the European people to leave them alone
Cuba and the Philippines
Spain lost these countries to the United States, this furthered people's discontent for the status quo
Spanish-American War
Spain lost, and because of it, people's discontent for the status quo grew.
the Battle of Lepanto
Spain's leadership of a holy league against the Turks resulted in a stunning victory
the viceroy
Spanish ( in Lima) governor of New World; served as king's chief civil and military officer
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Spanish explorer who led expedition across Isthmus of Panama and reached Pacific Ocean ( 1513)
Francisco Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975)
Saint Teresa of Avila
Spanish mystic and nun of Carmelite order who had mystica lvisions that she claimed resulted in ecstatic union of her should with God
Lope de Vega
Spanish playwright of 1500 plays,wrote to entertain
Collectivization
Stalin inaugurated a policy of ___ of agriculture before his five-year plan. Its goal was to eliminate private farms and push people into collective farms. One of its major aims was to stimulate industrial growth through profits from rural economy.
The Big Three
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, leaders of ______ of Grand Alliance
Vincent van Gogh
Starry Night; art can act as its own form of language
Schutzmannschaft
State-financed police force in Germany, modeled after the London police. Initally a civilian body, it soon became organized along military lines and was used for political purposes; their weaponry included swords, pistols, and brass knuckles.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude"
Story of a fictional town as seen by several generations of its founding family, slipping back and forth between fact and fantasy; an example of "magic realism", the author attempts to show that fanstasy and fact depend on one's point of view.
Georges Clemenceau
Strong leader of the French war government (end of 1917); 'war is too important to be left to generals'; he established clear civilian control of a total war government
Nicolaus Copernicus
Studied math and astronomy, completed a manuscript of his famous book "On the Revolutions of heavenly spheres", invented heliocentric conception (sun centered).
Nikita Khrushchev
Successor to Stalin, announced an ultimatum to the West about removing their forces from West Berlin. Not popular in the Communist Party. Had the Berlin Wall put up.
Kamikaze
Suicide attacks by military aviators from Japan, against Allied shipping, in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II.
Louis XIV
Sun King,grand ruler of France who exemplified absolutism;controlled nobles by keeping them at court
slave morality
Superior intellectuals must free themselves from thinking like others, create their own values and lead the masses. Man is something that is surpassed
uhuru
Swahili for freedom, it was demanded by the Kikuyu people as part of the Mau Mau movement that used terrorism to attain its goals.
Ingmar Bergman
Swedish Director of "the Seventh Seal"
Jacob Burckhardt
Swiss historian and art critic who portrayed Italy as birthplace of modern world in his book The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy;exaggerated individuality and secularism not religion
tariffs
Taxes imposed on imported goods. usually to raise revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries
a "New Democrat"
Term used by Bill Clinton to describe his political stance, which favored a number of the Republican policies of the 1980s; a booming economy and relatively peaceful foreign policy made Clinton a popular president despite a scandal involving charges of misconduct.
September 11, 2001 and the World Trade Center
Terrorist attack carried out against the United States by al-Qaeda; in response, George W. Bush vowed to wage war on terrorism, invading Afghanistan along with NATO forces in 2001.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
The American general who directed the Allies
Wolfe
The British General that died in the French Indian War
Florence Nightingale
The British would have lost far more soldiers in the Crimean War if this woman did not help. Her insistence on strict sanitary conditions saved many lives and helped to make nursing a profession of trained middle-class women.
Women into the home
The Fascists portrayed the family as the pillar of the state and women as the basic foundation of the family. ".........." Became the Fascist slogan. Women were to be homemakers and baby producers
Montcalm
The French General that died in the French Indian War
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
The German Communist Party was created by radical, left-wing socialist led by these two people.
Luftwaffe
The German air force
First Battle of the Marne
The Germans seemed on the verge of success, but had underestimated the speed that the British were able to mobilize troops into battle. An unexpected counterattack by British and French forces under French commander General Joseph Joffre stopped the Germans. The war quickly turned into a stalemate
Ptolemy
The Greatest astronomer of antiquity, who lived in the second century A.D.
Indian National Congress
The Hindu independence organization, the other being the Muslim League.
Sergei Witte
The Minister of Finance for Russia. Believed that railroads were a powerful weapon in economic development, and he pushed the gov't towards a program of massive railroad construction. Also encouraged the use of protective tariffs.
Gleichschaltung
The Nazis acted it soon after the Enabling Act - their new source of power.The coordination of all institutions under Nazi control. By end of summer of 1933, w/in 7 months of being appointed chancellor, Hitler and Nazis established foundations for a totalitarian state.
Congress of Vienna
The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet at here in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. Many countries invited but the decision was guarded by representative of the 4 great powers.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
The Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik in 1957 caused the US to embark on a massive, government-funded project to place a manned spacecraft on the moon;
SA
The Sturmabteilung, or Storm Troops. Hitler worked assiduously to develop the party into a mass political movement w/ badges, uniforms, its own newspaper, and its own police force or party militia. It was used to defend the party in meeting halls and to break up the meetings of other parties.
Benjamin Disraeli
The Tory leader in Parliament; was apparently motivated by the desire to win over the newly enfranchised groups to the Conservative Party. He believed that the uneducated classes would defer to their social superiors when they voted. He knew the liberals, viewed as the party of reform, would not oppose the reform bill.
the superpowers
The United States and the Soviet Union, emerged after WWII
Nazi New Order
The ____ plan for their conquered territories. It included the extermination of Jews and other inferiors, ruthless exploitation of resources, German colonization in the East, and the use of the Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians for slave labor.
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
August Comte and positive knowledge
The attempt to apply the methods of science systematically to the study of society was perhaps most evident in the work of this Frenchman.He created a system of "good understanding" based upon a hierarchy of all the sciences.
Vichy France
The authoritarian regime established by Henri Petain, pretty much a Nazi puppet state.
Battle of Britain
The battle that was fought in the air, when Germany lost to ___.
Suez Canal
The canal for ships to get to the Indian Ocean faster
Petrograd
The capital of Russia, formerly Saint Petersburg.
the factory
The chief means of organizing labor for the new machines of the Industrial Revolution; low paid unskilled jobs, more production.
Dunkirk
The coastal town where Hitler out maneuvered the British and then trapped them. The British had to send citizens in boats to go retrieve their soldiers.
Operation Barbarossa
The codename for the Nazi Germany invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II
Council of Trent
The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
Armistice Day
The day when the new German Gov't agreed to an ceasefire.
the Olympics, the Tour de France, the World Cup
The development of satellite television and other technological breakthroughs helped make these sporting events a global phenomenon; these events promote national and local pride, but can also be used for political purposes, including boycotts and terrorist activities, and to benefit big business;
Self-determination
The doctrine that the people of a given territory or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their own government and political future. The Paris Peace Conference was supposedly guided by this.
secularism
The emphasis on the here and-now rather than on the spiritual and otherworldly.
Maria Montessori
The first Italian woman to receive a medical degree. Then went through a lecture tour in Italy on the subject of the "new woman." She established a system of childhood education based on natural and spontaneous activities in which the students learned at their own pace.
White Russians
The first serious threat to Bolsheviks came from Siberia where this anti-Bolshevik force under Kolchak pushed westward and advanced almost to Volga River before being stopped. There were 3 separate armies, but they were all defeated by Bolsheviks
survival of the fittest
The idea made by Darwin stating that those that were naturally selected would live, and the unfit would soon die and become extinct.
country house
The large, expensive houses of the aristocrats.
the Amalgamated Society of Engineers
The largest and most successful trade union in England, secured generous unemployment benefits for a small weekly payment, rejected Chartism and the ideas of Robert Owen in favor of a more moderate policy
Auschwitz
The largest and worst of the Nazi death camps, it was located in southwestern Poland.
Mahatma Gandhi
The leader of the Indian National Congress, he objected to the division of India
Fuhrerprinzip
The leadership principle, it entailed nothing less than a single-minded party under on leader. The Nazi party has to follow it. By Hitler: "A good National Socialist is one who would let himself be killed for his ___ at any time."
Johann Tetzel
The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.
Fidel Castro
The left-wing revolutionary who overthrew the Cuban dictator Batista and established a Soviet-supported totalitarian regime
The Empyrean Heaven
The location of God and all the saved souls. This place was located beyond the tenth sphere
Reichstag
The lower house of the German parliament, it was elected on the basis of universal male suffrage, but it did not have ministerial responsibility.
Eugene Delacroix
The most famous French Romantic artist. Largely self-taught, he was fascinated by the exotic and had a passion for color. Both characteristics are visible in his The Death of Sardanapalus, a portrayal of the world of the last Assyrian king. This man combined theatricality and movement with a daring use of color. Many of his works reflect his own belief that "a painting should be a feast to the eye."
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most famous Sultan of the Ottomans, Suleiman the magnificent led the Ottomans into a golden age in 1520-1566. He was a brilliant war general and took the Ottomans on to conquer areas of eastern Europe and a much larger portion of the middle east. He improved their government substantially and assumed the role of absolute power.
Berlin Wall
The most recognizable symbol of divided Europe after WWII, it was built around the west of this town to cut off the flow of refugees to the West.
Sudetenland
The mountainous northwestern border area of Czechoslovakia that was home to three million ethnic Germans, Hitler demanded the cession of it to Germany and said he was willing to risk world war to achieve his objective.
Voltaire
The name that Francois Marie Arouet was known by. Wrote Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religious toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought. Was considered the greatest figure of the enlightenment and was hailed as the successor to Racine
Spirit and Opportunity
The names of the Mars rovers; two vehicles sent by NASA to Mars to collect data; concluded that the planet once had generous supplies of water.
Congress System
The network when the five powers of Europe (Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, then France was added later) met periodically in conferences to make sure people don't revolt
William II
The new emperor of Germany. Was eager to pursue his own policies, and dismissed Bismarck
Dadaism
The nightmare landscapes of WWI battlefronts gave rise to this. It attempted to enshrine the purposelessness of life. Revolted by insanity of life, they tried to give it expression by creating anti-art. A European artistic and literary movement
Reign of Terror
The period 1793-1794 in revolutionary France,led by Robespierre, when suspected traitors were beheaded in great numbers
"ethnic cleansing"
The policy of killing or forcibly removing people of another race; used by the Serbs, under Milosevic, against the Bosnian Muslims in the 1990s; 250,000 Bosnian Muslims were killed
David Lloyd George
The policy of reform was advanced by him, an orator from Wales who had been deeply moved by the misery of Welsh coal miners. Tried to enact the policy by increasing taxes, but the House of Lords thought otherwise.
reason of state
The principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests of its ruling family.
New Imperialism
The revival of ____ after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa.
cosmology
The science of the origin and development of the universe. Built on synthesis of ideas from Aristotle, Ptolemy and Christian Theology.
Grand Tour
The sons of aristocrats completed their education by making a tour of Europe's major cities, which was a process called the _______.
apartheid
The system of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa until the 1990s, which involved political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites
detente
The term that described relaxation of tension in USSR/US relations that occurred in the 1970s after the Vietnam War displayed American fallibility.
Union of Utrecht
The union created for the Netherlands that granted their independence against Spain
Geocentric Universe
The universe is a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at the center. The Earth was imperfect and constantly changing
Alexandra
The wife of Nicholas II, she fell under the influence of Rasputin.
The Bolshevik Revolution
These people against Provisional Government. And Provisional Government collapsed quickly after seize of Winter Palace
Sephardic Jews
These people had been expelled from Spain in the 15th century;settled in cities like Amsterdam,Venice,London,and Frankfurt, where they were relatively free to participate in banking and commercial activities;even though they were relatively free,they were still insecure because their religion set them apart from the Christian majority
Ashkenazic Jews
These people in eastern Europe; were restricted in movements, forbidden to own land or hold many jobs, forced to pay special taxes and subject to periodic outbursts (pogroms)
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
These two cities were the target of the world's first nuclear attack, August 6, 1945. The first was ____
Czech Republic and Slovakia
These two states created when Czechoslovakia split peacefully in 1993. [First one became one of Eastern Europe's most prosperous and stable countries, while second one struggled with political and economic instablility]
bobbies
These were the new police officers who appeared on the streets of London as a result of the failure of the previous police officers.
domestic servants
They are people who work or live in an employer's household; Differing from serves and peasants, they receive wages as well as having freedom to leave the job.
philosophes
Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept them safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.
Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner
This Book written by Spinoza was not published till after his death. The book was written about the philosophy of pantheism (God is everything)
T.E. Lawrence
This British officer in the Middle East; incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords. In 1918, British forces from Egypt destroyed rest of Ottoman Empire in Middle East.
Tycho Brahe
This Danish nobleman built the elaborate Uraniborg castle, the world's first purposely built astronomical observatory, and steadfastly compiled the positions of the stars and planets for twenty years
Isaac Newton
This English Mathematician invented calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
Francis Bacon
This Englishman , who was a lawyer and a lord chancellor, rejected Copernicus and Kepler. In his work the "The Great Instauration" he called for reconstruction of all human knowledge. Formalized the empirical method.
Michael Faraday
This Englishman discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction and put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of electricity, although economically efficient generators were not built until the 1870s.
Louis Pasteur
This Frenchman formulated the germ theory of disease, which had enormous practical applications in the development of modern, scientific medical practices. He was not a doctor but a chemist who approached medical problems in a scientific fashion. He went to Paris as director of scientific studies at the Ecole Normale. Through his experiments on fermentations, he soon proved that various microorganisms were responsible for the process of fermentation, thus launching the science of bacteriology. His examination of a disease threatening the wine industry led to the development of the process of pasteurization. He also found a preventative vaccination against rabies.
Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary
This Frenchman was the leading novelist of the 1850s and 1860s. He perfected the realist novel. His most famous work was a straightforward description of barren and sordid provincial life in France. a woman of some vitality, is trapped in a marriage to a dull provincial doctor. She seeks to live a more romantic life like those in novels, but unfulfilled, she is driven to commit suicide.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
This German physicist - upset a belief. In essence, he argued that no one could determine path of an electron b/c very act of observing electron w/ light affected electron, a founder of quantum mechanics. He won a 1932 Nobel Prize for his _____.
Franz Liszt
This Hungarian-born composer best exemplifies the achievements of the New German School. A child prodigy, he established himself as an outstanding concert artist by the age of twelve. Between 1824 and 1827, he embarked on a series of concert tours throughout France, England, and Switzerland before settling in Paris, where he became an idolized figure of the salons. He has been called the greatest pianist of all time and has been credited with introducing the concept of the modern piano recital.
Reform Bill of 1867
This act was an important step toward the democratization of Britain. It lowered the monetary requirements for voting (taxes paid or income earned), thereby enfranchising many male urban workers. More than doubled number of voters. Disraeli believed this would benefit the Conservatives, but industrial workers helped to produce a huge liberal victory in 1868.
cholera
This disease ravaged Europe, especially rampant in overcrowded cities
Code Napoleon (the Civil Code)
This document preserved most of revolutionary gains by recognizing principle of equality of all citizens before the law, the right of individuals to choose their professions, religious toleration, and abolition of serfdom and feudalism; property rights protected; trade unions and strikes outlawed; reflected uniform legal system; most rights restricted
Plurality of words
This famous book written by Bernard de Fontenelle was presented in the form of an intimate conversation between a lady aristocrat and her lover. It taught the fundamentals of a mechanistic universe in a lighthearted fashion.
Battle of Kursk
This fight Hitler's generals had urged him to build an East Wall based on river barriers to halt the Soviets. Instead, Hitler gambled on taking the offensive with new tanks. German forces were soundly defeated by Soviets. It was the greatest tank battle of WWII.
Fabian Socialists
This group Stressed the need for the workers to use their right to vote to capture the House of Commons and pass legislation that would benefit the labouring class. Weren't Marxist, favoured evolution toward a socialist state through democratic means.
Frankfurt Assembly
This group had failed to achieve German unification in 1848-1849, so German nationalists focused on Austria and Prussia as the only two states powerful enough to dominate German affairs.
Cotton Industry
This industry took the first major steps toward the Industrial Revolution in the 1770s and 1780s with the creation of the modern factory; new advances in production made it more efficient to bring workers to the machines and organize labor collectively than to leave workers dispersed in their cottages; this brought laborers and their families to live in the new towns that grew around the factories.
rotary engine
This invention by James Watt used steam power to turn a shaft, thus driving machinery. As a result, steam power could be applied to spinning and weaving, leading to the establishment of cotton mills across Britain.
Lord Byron
This man dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero that he had described in his work, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. He participated in the movement for Greek independence and died in Greece fighting the Ottomans.
Charles Darwin
This man formulated an explanation for evolution in the principle of natural selection which he presented in 1859 in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. He also wrote On the Descent of Man, where he argued the animal origins of human beings. This man also came up with the theory of "survival of the fit."
Percy Bysshe Shelley
This man was expelled from school for advocating atheism. He set out to reform the world. His Prometheus Unbound, completed in 1820, is a portrait of the revolt of human beings against the laws and customs that oppress them. He drowned in a storm in the Mediterranean.
Richard Wagner and Gesamtkunstwerk
This man was the eventual son-in-law of Liszt. Building on the advances made by Liszt and the New German school, he ultimately realized the German desire for a truly national opera. He was not only a composer, but also a propagandist and writer in support of his unique conception of dramatic music.
Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers
This man was the most famous artist of the Realist school. In fact, the word Realism was first coined in 1850 to describe one of his paintings. He reveled in a realistic portrayal of everyday life. His famous work shows two road workers breaking stones to build a road. This representation of human misery was a scandal to those who objected to his "cult of ugliness." To this man, no subject was too ordinary, too harsh, or too ugly to interest him.
Sir Walter Scott
This man's novels became European best-sellers in the first half of the nineteenth century. Ivanhoe, in which he tried to evoke the clash between Saxon and Norman knights in the medieval England, became one of his most popular works.
Marshall McLuhan's "global village"
This media critic predicted in the 1960s that advances in mass communications technology would lead to a "shrinking" of the world, the lessening of cultural differences, and a transformation; his vision was essentially optomistic,
Tehran Conference
This meeting by Big Three was to decide future course of the war. Major decision concerned the final assault of Germany. Churchill wanted British and U.S. to follow up their North African and Italian campaigns. Stalin and Roosevelt argued successfully for an American-British invasion of Continent.
Potsdam Conference
This meeting involving American, British, and Soviet leaders discussing the terms at the end of WWII. One aim was the death of Nazism. Another aim was the debate over free elections in Europe.
Ireland and the Potato
This nutritious and relatively easy to grow crop gave peasants a basic staple to survive and allowed for population growth.
Charles Fourier's phalansteriesterm
This person believed in this competitive industrial system was failing to satisfy human passions and actually repressed them. Proposed small model communities. They would consist of 1620 people and were self-contained cooperatives; communally housed the inhabitants would live/work together. Work assignments rotated frequently to relieve workers of undesirable tasks; untested due to no financial support.
Edward Cartwright
This person invented the power loom - allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with spinning of yarn. However, these were inefficient, enabling cottage/hand-loom weavers to continue to grow until mid-1820s.
Thomas Malthus
This person supported belief that govt. Should not interfere with economic matters. Wrote Essay on the Principles of Population, he argued that when unchecked population increase in a geometric ratio while food output increases in an arithmetic ratio. Result is severe overpopulation and starvation of the human race. Misery and poverty were part of nature's law; no one should interfere with nature's law.
Emperor Maximilian
This person was put in Mexico by Napoleon III to be its emperor. When France got itself into a war, the army had to leave, he had no army, and was captured, and later executed.
Leo Tolstoy
This person wrote War and Peace, a novel about NAP's invasion of Russia; vivid descriptions of military life
William Harvey
This person wrote a book called "On the Motion of the heart and blood" that stated blood circulates throughout the body and started at the heart, not the liver
Benedict de Spinoza
This philosopher from Amsterdam was excommunicated from the synagogue for rejecting the tenets of Judaism. Believed in pantheism, and rejected Descartes's ideas. Wrote "Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner"
Existentialism
This philosophy reflected the sense of meaninglessness caused by two world wars.
Allied Strategic Bombing Survey
This revealed that the production of war material actually increased between 1942 and 1944.
Wilkes and Liberty
This slogan was used by supporters of a journalist who publicly wrote something bad about the king; arrested; booted from parliament; got back in; booted again.
Alexander Kerensky
This socialist rebel was prime minister in the Provisional Govt after Nicholas II. when General Kornilov tried to attack Petrograd and seize power, ___ released Bolsheviks from prison and turned to the Petrograd soviet for help. His action showed Lenin the weakness of P.G. Disposed by the Bolsheviks
Abstract expressionism
This style of art was synonymous with the New York art scene
Anglo-German Naval Pact
This treaty allowed Germany to build a navy that would be 35 percent of the size of the British navy, with equality in submarines.
Kurt Weill's The Threepenny Opera
This used music such as jazz rhythms and other musical idioms instead of the usual classical music.
Francis Xavier
This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity
France's Second Republic
This was established when the new constitution, created under the orders of the provisional government, was ratified on November 4, 1848. The ________ had a unicameral (one-house) legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage for three years and a president, also elected by universal male suffrage, for four years.
proletariat
This was the name given to the industrial working class. The bourgeoisie had emerged victorious out of the ruins of feudal society, but now they were antagonists in an emerging class struggle. This time they faced the ______.
Elizabeth Blackwell
This woman achieved the first major breakthrough for women in medicine. Although she had been admitted to the Geneva College of Medicine in New York by mistake, her perseverance and intelligence won her the respect of her fellow male students. She received her M.D. degree in 1849 and eventually established a clinic in New York City.
factory discipline
To increase productivity and efficiency, factory workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep a steady pace of production; this timed format was a massive adjustment from preindustrial practices. Rules were minute and detailed, with dismissals and fines for misdoings; children were often beaten for their infractions.
Purges
To rid (a nation or political party, for example) of people considered undesirable. Stalin strengthened the party bureaucracy under his control; those who resisted were sent into forced labor camps in Siberia. His desire for sole control of decision making also led to ____ of the Old Bolsheviks,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract
Treatise that harmonized individual liberty with governmental authority;society agreed to be governed by its general will
The Communist Manifesto
Treatise written in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in which the beginnings of Marxism can be found. It was a draft of a statement of the Communist League. This treatise may have started the revolutionary upheavals. One of the most influential treatises in modern European history.
Vienna and the Ottoman Empire
Turks under Suleiman I the Magnificent attempted to conquer this city(1529) but were repulsed
Battle of Midway
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. Established American naval superiority in the Pacific.
Strategic Defense Initiative ("Star Wars")
US plan to create a space shield that could destroy incoming missiles; part of Reagan's renewed arms race and return to the harsh anti-Soviet rhetoric of the Cold War.
the Cuban Missile Crisis
USSR wanted to station nukes in Cuba, but the U.S. blockaded Cuba. In negotiations, Khrushchev agreed to turn the fleet back if the U.S. dropped plans to invade Cuba
D-Day
Under Dwight D. Eisenhower the allied forces landed on the beach in Normandy, France. This battle was one of the greatest naval invasions ever.
Baron Haussmann and Paris
Under the direction of this man, Napoleon reconstructed Paris. Modernized the city and reconstructed the city for military reasons as well as aesthetic purpose.
Heliocentric Universe
Universe that consists of 8 spheres with the Sun motionless at the center
Battle of Stalingrad
Unsuccessful German attack on this russian city during World War II from 1942 to 1943. It was the furthest extent of German advance into the Soviet Union.
Leo XIII's De Rerum Novarum
Upheld individual's right to private property, and criticized "naked" capitalism for the poverty and degradation which left for the working classes.
John Cabot
Venetian seaman who explored New England coastline of Americas under license from King Henry VII
the Great Famine
Very potato dependent population, this blight, a fungus that turned the potatoes black, decimated the Irish population. Led to the deaths of more than one million Irish, and the emigration of two million Irish to America and England.
Arnold Schoenberg and atonal music
Viennese composer, developed _____ music, then 12 _____ composition - used a scale composed of 12 notes independent of any ______ key after he realized ______ music lack the use of traditional forms
War of the Austrian Succession
War that was a result of the Habsburg emperor Charles VI's daughter, Maria theresa, taking the throne. Charles had negotiated with the Pragmatic Sanction to have them agree to recognize Maria Theresa as heir to throne, but this plan failed, resulting in worldwide conflagration.
trench warfare
Warfare in which he opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire; characteristic of World War I
Alexander III
Was convinced that reform was a mistake through the assassination of his father. He extended the powers of the secret police, advocates of revolutionary groups, social reform, and constitutional monarchy were persecuted.
pocket boroughs
Wealthy aristocrats who controlled a number of districts, by controlling these districts it enabled them to automatically get a certain amount of votes in their favor, The districts/counties had representatives who would vote representing their district.
Helmut Kohl
West German chancellor during the reunification of Germany; became the first chancellor of the reunified Germany; forced to raise taxes in order to support the economic revitalization of eastern Germany; faced high levels of unemployment and discontent.
the Vendee
Western France; place of counterrevolutionary rebellion that started when peasants revolted against new military draft (supportive of monarchy)
Degenerate art
What Hitler and the Nazis called the modern craft of that age. They also called it "Jewish art."
the Edict of Worms
When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands.
The Blitz
When Germany wanted to take over the English channel, so Hitler bombed the British a lot.
Pearl Harbor
When Japanese occupied Indochina in July 1941, the Americans responded by cutting of sales of vital scrap iron and oil to Japan. Japan's military leaders decided to preempt any further American response by attacking this American naval fleet
Lateran Accords of 1929
When Mussolini's regime recognized the sovereign independence of a small enclave of 109 acres within Rome, known as Vatican City, which had remained in the church's possession since the unification of Italy in 1870; in return, the papacy recognized the Italian state.
Open door policy
When one country would not restrict the commerce of the other countries that it influences
Berlin Airlift
When the U.S., France, and Great Britain flew supplies to Berlin during the Berlin Blockade.
labor strikes
Where a majority of the workers refuse to work, were necessary to achieve the worker's goals.
Policy of appeasement
Where the dominant states satisfied the demands of dissatisfied powers, in the hopes that this would prevent war.
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange, husband of James II's daughter Mary, was invited to invade England
Paul Cezanne
Woman with Coffee Pot; "you must see in nature the cylinder, the sphere...."post impressionist artist who sought to visually express underlying geometric forms
domestic servants
Women who made money by selling their household services to other families, predominant type of female labor during the Industrial Revolution; continuation of traditional female work patterns.
Boticelli's Primavera
Work that reflected the artists interest in Greek and Roman mythology (painting of garden of Venus,eternal spring);possessed otherworldly quality
Pamela
Written by Samuel Richardson, master tries to seduce his servant, she sends him a letter about how she feels about this, master marries her because he likes her mind and body.
Mein Kampf
Wrote by Hitler in prison. Meaning My Struggle. An autobiographical account of his movement and its underlying ideology. His propaganda, mass psychology, mass organization of ppl. Most remarkable is its elaboration of series of ideas that directed H's actions once he took power.
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Wrote the foundations of the nineteenth century, said modern day Germans were the only pure successor to Aryans
Maximilien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution(Reign of Terror); believed "Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads" and Republic of Virtue; his execution ended the Reign of terror
Carbonari
[literally charcoal burners] secret societies motivated by nationalistic dreams
Treaty of Tordesillas
a 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
Henry M. Stanley
a British-American newspaperist that wrote about David Livingstone in Africa
Aletta Jacob and family planning
a Doctor In 1882 in Amsterdam he founded Europe's first birth control clinic ( Suggested by reformers who thought the problem of poverty could be solved by reducing the number of children in the lower classes. )
the Calas Affair
a Protestant was accused of murdering his own son to stop him from becoming a Catholic; he was then tortured to confess his guilt and died shortly thereafter; Voltaire was angry and published broadsides which caused retrial which proved the son really committed suicides; appeals for toleration appeared more reasonable
David Livingstone
a Scottish explorer that aroused interests about dense tropical jungles of central Africa
joint-stock investment banks
a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.
individualism
a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence
Popular Front
a combination of socialists and radicals (leftist parties). They started a program for French workers, but did not solve the depression obviously
inflation
a general and progressive increase in prices
fascism
a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.
Marcilio Ficino
a leader of Florentine Platonic Academy comissioined by Cosimo de' Medici to translate Plato's dialogues; dedicated life to exposition of Neoplatonism
Warsaw Pact
a military alliance, formed in 1955 in response to the creation of NATO, in which the Soviet Union and its satellite, communist states agreed to provide mutual assistance in the event of an attack.
Christian humanism
a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
a novel that was about a mad scientist who brings into being a humanlike monster who goes berserk.
Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther
a novel, written by a German writer, which contained a tragic figure who was an important model for Romantics. This German writer later came to reject Romanticism in favor of Classicism.
standing armies
a permanent military force maintained by the nation
Commonwealth
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Greek Revolt
a rebellion against the Ottoman Turkish masters. national sentiment added to the struggle for liberation. First viewed as negative, later became a noble cause by an outpouring of European sentiment. European powers avoided the situation toll 1827 when combined British and French forces defeated an Ottoman fleet. Later Russia attacked the Ottoman provinces: Moldavia and Wallachia in 1828.
Realschule
a school that offered modern languages, geography, and bookkeeping to prepare young boys for careers in business. (in Germany)
mass education
a state-run school system. Usually free & compulsory, that aims to ensure that all children in society have at least a basic schooling.
plebiscite
a vote of the populace in which a single question is presented to the people for a simple "yes" or "no" Napoleon made effective use of it in becoming "Consul for Life" and later emperor
infanticide
abandonment/killing of [unwanted] babies
Oedipus Complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Thomas More's Utopia
account of idealistic life; reflects concerns with economic, social, and political problems; presents society based on cooperation and reason and communal ownership
the Constitution of 1789
addition of 12 amendments, including the bill of rights, to the ______; many rights derived from the natural rights philosophy of the philosophes; American Revolution seen as the embodiment of Enlightenment politics
Alfonso de Albuquerque
admiral who set up port facilities on coast of India ( Goa), which eventually became headquarters for Portuguese operations
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
adopted on August 26 by the National Assembly, it is the ideological foundation and an educational device for the nation, a charter of basic liberties reflecting the ideas of the major philosophes of the French Enlightenment. Reflective of the American Declaration of Independence and constitutions. Equal rights for all men (however, excluded women).
audiencias
advisory groups of viceroy who also functioned as supreme judicial bodies
Declaration of Pillnitz
afraid that other countries would follow France's lead and begin revolutions, Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia issued this declaration in August 27, 1791, inviting other European monarchs to intervene on behalf of Louis XVI if his monarchy was threatened.
Treaty of Karlowitz
allowed Austria to take control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia
Jan van Eyck
among first to used oil paint; created Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride;didn't master perspective and proportion but place emphasis on visual reality and details
Blackpool
amusement park in England
Coney Island
amusement parks close to New York
Mohandas Gandhi
an Indian guy who used non-violent protest to try to get India free from the British
mercantilism
an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790
an important pillar in the old order, it was secularized and its property nationalized. This "document" made it so that both priests and bishops were to be elected by the people and paid by the state; The Catholic church now became an enemy of the Revolution. Viewed as a mistake by the National Assembly because it gave the counterrevolution a popular base to operate from (opposition of the church).
astrolabe
an instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets
May Day
an international labor day, organized by the Second International, to be marked by strikes and mass labor demonstrations.
Hanseatic League
an organization of cities in northern germany and southern scandinavia to create a commercial alliance
coup d'etat
an overthrow of the government; Napoleon took part in one after returning from Egypt
The Beer Hall Putsch
an uprising in Germany, where the Nazis revolted...and were crushed
Joseph II's Toleration Patent
answered philosophe's call for religious toleration by recognizing Catholicism's public practice while granting Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Orthodox the right to worship privately;gave subjects equal rights
Paracelsus
appointed city physician and professor of medicine at Basel but could not get along easily with others; rejected work of both Aristotle and Galen; believed human was a small replica (microcosm) of the larger world (macrocosm)
Thomas Cranmer
archbishop of Canterbury who declared Henry VII's marriage to Catherine null and void and moved England to a more Protestant direction
Balthasar Neumann
architect of pilgrimage church of the Vierzehnheiligen (Fourteen Saints) in southern Germany and the Bishop's Palace/Residenz;used Baroque-Rococo style
David Hume's Treatise on Human Nature
argued that observation and reflection grounded in a systematized common sense made conceivable a "science of man", or social science;careful examination of the experiences of human life would lead to a knowledge of human nature that would make this "science of man" possible
querelles des femmes
arguments about women;women portrayed as prone to vice, easily swayed, and sexually insatiable; men needed to control them; women argued that they also had rational minds and could frown from education
nationalism
arisen during French Revolution on emphasis on brotherhood; involved unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols;
Margaret Cavendish
aristocratic woman who wrote scientific works,plays,and biographies; critical of growing belief that humans would be masters of nature through science. These works include "Observations upon experimental philosophy" and "Grounds of Natural philosophy
Patriots v. the Orangists
artisans, merchants, and shopkeepers who wanted democratic reforms. They fought against this family but were owned by them in the end
Masaccio
artist who revived style of Giotto; realistic representation with dimensions and perspective
priesthood of all believers
as long as one believes in god then he doesn't need the church to have a personal relationship with god
salvation by faith (sola fides)
asserts God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith or belief alone, to the exclusion of all human efforts or works. All humanity, it is asserted, is fallen and sinful, under the curse of God, and incapable of saving itself from God's wrath and curse.
Ptolemy's Geography
astronomer of 2nd century whose map was most important to Europeans at end of 15th century when Latin translation was made; map showed spherical world w/ Europe, Asia, and Africa and 2 oceans
the seven sacraments
baptism,confirmation,Eucharist,reconciliation,anointing of the sick, holy order, matrimony
Meiji Restoration
basically a new transformation of the government in Japan.
serfs
basically slaves that worked in exchange for protection from owner
banknotes
became a substitute for gold and silver currency
the invasion of Russia
beg. of Napoleon's downfall, 1812, b/c Russians had challenged Continental System; Rus forces refused to battle and retreated while torching
Pantheism
belief that God is the universe; all that is is in God, and nothing can be apart from God
Kepler's "music of the spheres"
belief that the harmony of the human soul was mirrored in numerical relationships existing between the planets
Addison and Steele's Spectator
best known magazine that instructed and entertained;appealed to women with its praise of family,marriage,and courtesy
Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations
best statement of laissez-faire ( 1776); a strong attack on mercantilism with 3 basic principles :1.if 1 country can supply another country with a product cheaper than the latter, it is better to purchase than to produce 2. labor is the true measure of wealth 3. state should not interfere in economic matters, but should protect society from invasion, defend individuals from injustice, and keep up certain public works;emphasized economic liberty of individual
Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists
biography of Italy's many great artists
Leonardo Bruni's The New Cicero
biogrpahy of classical Roman Cicero who became inspiration for civic humanism
four bodily humors
blood: warm & moist; yellow bile: warm and dry; phlegm: cold and moist; black bile: cold and dry
Marx's Das Kapital
book on political economy. It wasn't finished because of preoccupation with organizing the working class movement.
a Kempis' Imitation of Christ
book that stressed religious life and following Jesus instead of religious dogma ( related to mystical movement Modern Devotion)
Marie Stopes' Married Love
book which emphasized sexual pleasure in marriage and soon became a best seller.
The Schlieffen Plan
called for the German army to make a vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France that would sweep around Paris and encircle most of the French army. German troops crossed into Belgium on and reached the Marne River, only twenty miles from Paris.
Renaissance hermeticism
came from manuscript translated by Cosimo de' Medici; 1 stressed occult sciences while other stressed philosophical beliefs of pantheism (divinity embodied in all aspects of nature)
Frederick William the Great Elector
came to power in midst of Thirty Years' War,built strong and efficient army, established General War Commissariat to levy taxes for army and be agent for civil government;made deal with nobles to award them with high ranks and unlimited power over their peasants if they did not challenge his control; followed mercantilist policies
Tenochtitlan
capital city of the Aztec empire,located where Mexico city stands now
Carnival
celebrate in the weeks leading up to the beginning of Lent;great time of indulgence with hearty consumption of food (esp. meat and other delicacies), heavy drinking, intense sexual activity, and release of aggression
portolani
charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians in 13th and 14th centuries ( were drawn on flate scale, so little use for longer overseas voyages)
gin
cheap drink, classic sign of English taverns (consumption in England rose from 2 to 5 million gallons between 1714 and 1733)
Robert Clive
chief representative of East India Company in India; consolidated British control in Bengal
Capetown
city Boers began to settle around
English Civil War
civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I
Peter the Great
coarse and rather rude but his travels to Russia gave him a strong vision to westernize Russia and make it a great power;reorganized army,central government,mercantilism, and Russia became a great military power but policies became detrimental in the long run
Michelangelo's David
colossal marble statue commissioned by Florentine government;ideal beauty and 14ft. high
lateen sails and square rigs
combination of these helped Europeans construct ships mobile enough to sail against wind, engage in naval warfare, and also large enough to carry heavy goods
Protestant education
combined more widespread classical emphasis of humanist schools with religious instruction
Third Estate
commoners, w/ 98% of the population were divided by occupation, education, and wealth: Peasants: 75-80% population, 35-40% land; no more serfdom, but still had obligations to local Landlords, which angered them Artisans, shopkeepers, etc. : economic discontent within this class was an important factor in the Revolution (sudden increase in the price of bread) Bourgeoisie/middle class: 8% population, 20-25% land; consisted of merchants, industrialists, and bankers who controlled trade, manufacturing, and finances. Resentment for being excluded from social/political privileges of the nobles; opposition of elites to the old order = action against monarchical regime and traditional privileges (wealthier bourgeoisie basically = to nobility)
Spanish Inquisition
complaints about sincerity of Jewish converts caused Ferdinand and Isabella to ask the pope to form this court
Paris Commune
composed of the sans-culottes, "without knee-breeches"/ordinary patriots without fine clothes, a government that ruled over Paris and was led by George Danton. Thousands of "traitors" / those resisting public will were executed.
Peace of Utrecht
confirmed Philip V ( grandson of Louis XIV) as Spanish ruler, which initiated a Spanish Bourbon dynasty
witches
connected to activities of devil,increased trials and executions in 16th+17th centuries,confessed to practices like allegiance to devil,nocturnal gathering,evil incantations, and special ointments after torture, hysteria declined after religious wars started
Great Fear
constant agrarian revolts by the peasants resulted in a vast panic between July 20 and August 6. This fear of invasion by foreign troops and the aristocrats resulted in the formation of more citizens' militias
the Habsburgs
controlled HRE;wealthy and much success due to dynastic marriages
Cosimo d' Medici
controlled small merchant oligarchy that governed apparently republican government in Florence
Britain's Ministry of Munitions
created because of need to ensure enough ammo for soldiers
Isabella d'Este
daughter of duke of Ferrara;married marquis of Mantua;known for intelligence; "first lady of the world";court was important center of art and learning
Marburg Colloquy
debate between Luther and Zwingli over the sacrament of the Lord's Supper
Oliver Cromwell
dedicated Puritan who helped form the New Model Army and defeat the forces supporting King Charles I; unable to work with Parliament, came to rely on military force to rule England
Henry VII Tudor
defeated Yorkist king Richard III to establish Tudor dynasty; reduced internal tension and controlled nobles by forming Court of Star Chamber;good at extracting income while pleasing middle class;left strong monarchy
Immanuel Kant
defined Enlightenment as "man's leaving his self-caused immaturity" and proclaimed the motto "Dare to know!Have the courage to use your own intelligence!"
Bramante and Saint Peter's
designed small temple with Doric columns surrounding sanctuary enclosed by a dome;this harmonious building led Pope Julius II to commission him to design new basilica for Rome
pietism
desire for a deeper personal devotion to God
Louis XIV's wars
desire for increase in royal power and military glory led to these;4 wars between 1667 and 1713 (vs. Triple Alliance,vs. United Provinces, vs. HRE/League of Augsburg,War of Span. Succession); left France impoverished and surrounded by enemies
scurvy
disease because of lack of vitamin C, because of bad conditions on ships
yellow fever
disease carried by mosquitos often, because of bad conditions on ships
John Wyclif and the Lollards
disgust w/ clerical corruption led him to attack on papal authority and medieval Christian belief; thought Christians should rely on Bible alone
Peace of Lodi and balance of power
document signed by Italian states which ended almost a half-century of war;created alliance system ( Milan, Florence, and Naples versus Venice and the papacy
National Convention
dominated by lawyers, professionals, property owners, and a few artisans. Almost all were young, had political experience, and were distrustful of the king abolishment of the monarchy and establishment of a republic. Split into factions over what to do with the king (most important were the Girondins and the Mountain, both Jacobins)
Skepticism
doubt about the truth of something (religion)
conscription
drafting of soldiers for the army
civic humanism
duty of intellectual to live an active life for one's state
Hohenzollerns
dynasty that helped bring rise of Brandenburg-Prussia; inherited lands in Rhine valley and duchy of Prussia end of 17th cent.=3 disconnected masses in western, central, and eastern Germany
vote by order or by head?
each order had one vote(unfair to 3rd estate) , or each person had one vote
Baroque
elaborate and extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century
Alexander Dubchek
elected First Secretary in Jan 1968. Successor to Novotny in Czechoslovakia, granted reform like freedom of speech and press, relaxation of secret police activity
Salon
elegant drawing rooms in the urban houses of the wealthy where invited philosophes and guests gathered to discuss and spread ideas
Neoclassicism
emerged in late 18th century as an established movement;captured dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome
party of Movement
emerged in response to the new bourgeoisie king. This group led by Adolphe Thiers favored ministerial responsibility, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of the franchise. Made up of upper-middle class men.
Playboy
emerged in the 50's, adding a new dimension to the sexual revolution for men. A magazine that had a message of sexual gratification being able to be found outside of marriage
French Classicism
emphasis on clarity, simplicity, balance,harmony of design;reflected shift of France from chaos to order
Treaty of Paris
ended 7 Year's War. The French ceded Canadia and lands east of Mississippi to British
the Columbian exchange
enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, food, human population, diseases and ideas; one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture and culture.
Peace of Westphalia 1648
ensured all German states were free to determine own religion
anarchism
especially prominent in less industrialized & democratic countries. Believed people were inherently good but corrupted by states & society. True freedom could only be achieved by abolishing state & all existing social institutions.
Universal Laws of Gravitation
explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in strait lines but instead continue elliptical orbits about the Sun; states that object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force
Castiglione's Book of the Courtier
expressed 3 basic attributes of perfect courtier (good fundamental characteristics, should build physique and be educated about arts,expected to follow conduct of modesty; all principles in order to best serve prince
Emperor Qianlong
expressed no interest in British products when confronted by Lord Macartney
Prussian militarism
extreme exaltation of military virtues
Marco Polo
famous explorers of the East who went on a journey to the court of Khubilai Khan (his account of these experiences in "Travels" was the most informative description of Asia by European travelers)
Maria Winkelmann
famous woman astronomer; most famous of female astronomers in Germany; received training from self-taught astronomer; married Gottfried Kirch and became his assistant; applied for position as assistant astronomer at the Berlin Academy, she was highly qualified but was denied (because she was a woman and had no university degree)
nepotism
favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)
Bund deutscher Madel
female counterpart to the HJ; "league of German Maidens"
High Renaissance
final stage of Renaissance art;marked by increasing importance of Rome as new cultural center of Italian Renaissance
Amsterdam
financial and commercial capital of Europe during 17th century(expansion due to fleets of ships,manufacturing, and banking)
internal combustion engine
first fired by gas and air in 1878. it gave rise to automobile & airplane. It used the pressure created by the expansion of the gases to do mechanical work
the assembly line
first used in U.S. for guns and clocks, they helped increase production in many different business. Workers would line up and repeat the same action to build a part of the item and by the time it reached the end of the line, the item was complete. Henry Ford used it to make the Model T
Second Industrial Revolution
focused on steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum. The Germans were the main leaders in this one [at least at the beginning]
escape to Varennes
forced to return to Paris and upset with revolutionary events, King Louis XVI tried to flee France in 1791 and almost succeeded before being captured at Varennes; discredited him and lost the peoples trust (formerly, politicians were unified on the basis of their trust for the king). Later used as evidence of treason to convict and execute the king.
chapbooks
form of popular literature; short brochures printed on cheap paper;contained both spiritual and secular material;showed that popular culture did not have to be primarily oral
Fifth Republic
formed by the new constitution drafted by de Gaulle, in it the powers of the president were increased to a near dictatorship.
Ivan III
formed new Russian state of Moscow; threw off Mongols by taking advantage of dissension among them
Charles de Gaulle
formed the French Popular Movement, President of France in 1958,
Journal des Savants
founded by Denis de Sallo, was the earliest scientific journal published in Europe, although from the beginning it also carried a proportion of non-scientific material
Emmeline Pankhurst and the suffragettes
founded the Women's social and Political Union; advocated of extending the right to vote to women.
Camille Pissarro
founder of impressionisn, sought 1st impression of changing effects of light on color
Mughal Empire
founders came from mountainous region north of Ganges River valley; Babur's grandson brought rule to most of India
Brunelleschi's dome
friend to Donatello;drew inspiration from architecture of antiquity; built dome for Cathedral of Florence
Reform Act of 1832
gave explicit recognition to the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution. It defranchised fifty-six rotten boroughs and enfrachised forty-two new towns and cities and reapportioned others. This gave the new industrial urban communities some voice in government. A property qualification (of 10 pounds annual rent) for voting was retained. Thus, the _______ primarily benefited the upper middle class; the lower middle class, artisans, and industrial workers, still had not vote.
la belle époque
golden age in European civilization. Economic boom and a high level of prosperity.
Octavia Hill
granddaughter of a celebrated social reformer. Rehabilitated some old dwellings and constructed new ones to create housing for 3,500 tenants.
Philip II
great advocate of militant Catholicism; wanted to secure lands from father and make Spain a dominant power
Francesco Guicciardini
great historian; his History of Italy and History of Florence represent beginning of modern analytical historiography
House of Medici
greatest bank in Europe, controlled wool,silk, mining of alum industries, bankers of the papacy, 1494- expelled from France due to bad loans and poor leadership
Donatello's David
had essence of sculptures of antiquity; celebrated Florentine heroism;simplicity and strength
David Ricardo's iron law of wages
he said that ...an increase in ppl means more workers; which makes wages fall; which makes misery and starvation; then the population will go down; which makes less workers; which makes higher wages; which makes ppl have bigger families.
John Law's bubble
he was a French guy who tried to create a national bank and paper currency, but people went overboard and drove the price of the stock to high levels, and he and his company went bankrupt.
Lord Macartney
head of British mission ( 1793) that visited Beijing to press for liberalization of trade restrictions
Antoine Watteau
his Rococo work reflected his lyrical views of aristocratic life while having an element of sadness as the artist revealed the fragility and transitory nature of pleasure,love,and life(Painted Return from Cythera)
Lorenzo Valla
his major work, The Elegance of the Latin Language created new literary standard for proper use of classical Latin
Prince Henry the Navigator
his sponsorship helped Portugal explore coast of Africa; motives were seeking a Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims, acquiring trade opportunities, and extending Christianity; founded school for navigators
Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf
his teachings helped spread Pietism in Germany ;he and his Moravian Bretheren emphasized that the personal experience in God constituted true religious experience;opposed rational approach to God
Emelyn Pugachev
illiterate Cossack who started a mass revolt of lower-class people. Eventually captured, tortured, then executed
Dual Monarchy
in Austria when 2 rulers ruled over one kingdom
liberal studies
includes history, moral philosophy, eloquence, letters,poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music; purpose was to produce individuals who followed path of wisdom and could convince others to also
cartels
independent commercial enterprises that worked together to control prices and limit competition. Especially strong in Germany.
joint-stock trading companies
individuals bought shares in a company and recieved dividends whil a board of directors ran the company and made important decisions
Propaganda
information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause
guillotine
instrument of execution that consists of a weighted blade between two vertical poles;"more humane" method promoted by Parisian doctor after whom it was named
Renaissance humanism
intellectual movement based on study of classical literary works of Greece and Rome
Gottlieb Daimler
invented a lighter internal combustion engine in 1886, which led to the development of cars
Antoine Lavoisier
invented system of naming chemical elements; regarded as founder of modern chemistry
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the first telephone in 1876
Thomas Edison
invented the light bulb (the american)
Tanks
invented to be bullet-proof; the British made them first; did not have a large effect on WWI
Maria Sibylla Merian
involved in Scientific Revolution as entomologist; wrote "Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam", which showed drawings of the life cycles of insects on Surinam
Elba
island of the coast of Tuscany, where Napoleon was 1st exiled; rule restored to Bourbons
Social Democratic Party
it supported revolutionary Marxist ideas and it organized itself as a mass political party competing in elections for the Reichstag (German Parliament)
Philosophical Transactions
journal published which documented experiments and used to communicate with other scientists by the English Royal Society;the prototype for medical journals
Middle Passage
journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas ( middle leg of the triangular trade route)
Raphael
known for Madonnas and frescoes in Vatican Palace
Louis XI the Spider
known for wily and devious ways;greatly advanced development of French territorial state;used taille to secure income but independence of nobles threatened him;created base for development of strong monarchy
the Papal States
lay in central Italy;Great Schism let individual cities become independent of papal authority;Renaissance popes devoted much energy toward reestablishing control over Papal States
Mao Zedong
leader of Communist China whose long term goal of building a socialist society didn't work very well. His regime became increasingly oppressive
Gustavus Vasa
leader of Swedish barons who overthrew Christian II and went on to become king of Sweden and established a Lutheran Reformation
Ho Chi Minh
leader of nationalistic regime in North Vietnam, supported by the USSR
Francois Quesnay
leader of the French physiocrats
Georges Danton
leader of the Paris Commune; newly appointed minister of justice: Influential leader within the Jacobins, was a favorite of the sans-culottes, but was eventually arrested and executed towards the end of the reign of terror
Robert Clive
leader of the army of the British East India Company, leaded at the battle of Plassey, which eventually left Britain in control of the Indian sub-continent for 200 years
House of Orange
leaders of most of the 7 provinces of the Dutch Republic, favored development of a centralized government with selves as hereditary monarchs
Physiocrats
led by Francois Quesnay; rejected mercantilism and believed that wealthy could only increase by agriculture and "laissez-faire" or leaving natural economy alone
Henry Fielding's History of Tom Jones, A Foundling
lengthy novel about numerous adventures of a young scoundrel;witty and described characters akin to real types in English society
Thomas Hobbes
lived during English Civil War; thought humans were solitary,poor,nasty, etc and contracted to commonwealth and absolute rulers to organize themselves
sans-culottes
lower-class Parisian republican in the French Revolution.
Albrecht Durer
made 2 trips to Italy and absorbed what Italians could teach; famed for Adoration of the Magi
agricultural enclosures
made England a land of large estates eventually. Destroyed the traditional patterns of English village life.
Bank of England
made loans, issued paper banknotes backed by its credit-became negotiable
Menno Simons
man responsible for rejuvenating Dutch Anabaptism; stressed separation from world in order to truly emulate life of Jesus; Mennonites spread through Northern Europe and New World
Bartholomeu Dias
man who tried to take advantage of westerly winds in South Atlantic to round Cape of Good Hope, but feared mutiny so he returned
Vasco da Gama and Calicut
man whose fleet rounded Cape of Good Hope and crossed Arabian Sea to reach port on southwestern coast of India; found spices that earned profit of several thousand percent
Prester John
man whose magical kingdom in Africa was supposedly founded by Thomas, apostle of Jesus
Canals
man-made waterways that led to drop in transportation costs
condottieri
mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states
Cardinal Mazarin
minister to Louis XIV,disliked by nobles who started Frondes to rebel against his power;crushing of Fronde led to citizens believing more in the crown
Restoration
monarchy and House of Lords came back, Parliament was acknowledged
the Bastille - July 14, 1789
most famous of the series of urban/rural uprisings( in July/August 1789, stopping the King in his attempts to halt the revolution. Increased troops and mob activity in Paris led to formation of the "Permanent Committee". They got arms from the Invalides, and needing gunpowder, attacked the armory/state prison. Its fall became a symbol of triumph over despotism; the king could no longer enforce his will and the National Assembly was saved
Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty,Equality, Fraternity)
motto of the French Revolution
compass
navigational aid that helped sailors explore seas below equator
Book of Common Prayer
new Protestant prayer book/ liturgical guide
Saint Petersburg
new capital city constructed by Peter the Great,"window on the West"
Count Otto von Bismarck
new prime minister of Prussia by William I. regarded as too conservative and determined the course of modern German history. dominated German and European politics till 1890. Born in the Junker class, studied Law but got tired of bureaucratic routine and managed country estates. In 1847, became a delegate in the diet of the Germanic Confederation, and was an ambassador to Russia and France. main goal was to guide Prussia's unification of Germany and was very flexible in the ways he chose to reach his goals (ex. War only a last resort and only used if he will win and gain for it).
Second Estate
nobility: owned 25-30% of the land, w/ 350,000 people (<2% population); divided between nobility of the robe and the sword; tax exemption
Tennis Court Oath
on June 20th, the 3rd estate arrived at their meeting place to find the doors locked; they moved to a nearby tennis court and made this oath, to continue to meet until they produced a French constitution. These actions (June 17 - 20) were the 1st steps in the French Revolution (3rd estate had no legal right to act as the National Assembly). This "revolution of lawyers" of the 3rd estate was threatened when the king (Louis XVI) prepared to use force to side with the 1st estate, but.....
Francesco Sforza
one of leading condottieri in 1447,turned on Milanese employers,conquered city,became new duke
Robert Boyle
one of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments;work on properties of gases led to law that volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it
House of Fugger
one of the most powerful banking families of the 16th century, they were closely tied to the fortunes of the Habsburg family and went bankrupt when the Hapsburgs defaulted on their loans
the Netherlands
one of the richest parts of Philip's empire; became prosperous from commerce and flourishing textile industry; rebellion arose after Philip attempted to crush Calvinism; became divided
Nagasaki and the Dutch
only community in Japan allowed to remain after government closed trading posts
James II
openly Catholic, attempted to further Catholic interests and created conflict with Parliament; issued Declaration of Indulgence which suspended all laws barring Catholics and Dissenters from office
Three Laws Of Planetary Motion
orbits of the planets around the sun were elliptical;speed of a planet is greater when it is closer to the sun and decreases as its distance from the sun increases;the square of a planet's period of revolution is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun ; eliminated idea of uniform circular motion and idea of crystalline spheres
pogroms
organized attacks against Jews
Sistine Chapel's ceiling
painted by Michelangelo after commission from Pope Julius II;attempted to tell story of Fall of Man by depicting 9 scenes from the Genesis
Caspar David Friedrich
painted many landscapes with an interest that transcended the mere presentation of natural details. conveyed a feeling of mystery and mysticism. He painted Man and Women Gazing at the Moon. his human figures were small compared to of nature, but they expressed the human yearning for infinity
Thomas Gainsborough
painter guy who painted Conversation in the Park which shows the relaxed life of two aristocrats
Renaissance popes
papacy from end of Great Schism to beginning of Reformation;temporal preoccupations overshadowed spiritual duties
Test Act
passed by Parliament in 1673, only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
Peasant's War, 1524
peasant's in Germany revolted only to be looked down upon by Luther, who wrote Against the Robbing...in order to keep support of rulers
Cuius regio, eius religio
phrase meaning the ruler of the land would determine the religion of the land
coffeehouse
place that helped promote the spread of Enlightenment ideas
Geneva
place where Calvin took up a ministry that lasted until his death; city council accepted hi new church constitution ( Ecclesiastical Ordinances= clergy and laymen were both part of church government)
Johannes Gutenberg
played big role in bringing process of printing with movable type to completion; his Bible was first true book to be produced from movable type
madrigals
poem set to music
West Germany's "economic miracle"
policies of new currency, free markets, low taxes, plus American financial aid that led to economic growth.
African National Congress
political activity by blacks in South Africa led to this in 1912 formed as a group of intellectuals who wanted economic/political reform. After the arrest of their leader, Nelson Mandela, its members called for armed resistance to the white government
John Locke
political thinker who was against the absolute ruler; "Two Treatises of Government",humans are naturally good and had rights to life, liberty, and property;humans mutually established government to protect their rights and could rebel if government didn't do their job
the Concordat of 1801
pope gained right to depose French bishops; state retained right to nominate bishops; Catholic church permitted to hold processions again and reopen seminaries; pope acknowledged accomplishments of the Revolution and agreed to not question church lands confiscated; clergy paid by state
Henri Bergson
popular revolutionary against reason; a French philosopher who accepted rational scientific thought as practical instrument for knowledge, but was incapable of truth; reality not able to be divided into analyzable parts Reality was the "life force"
Richard Arkwright's water-frame
powered by horse or water, which turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels. invented in response to the invention of the flying shuttle, which sped up the process of weaving on a loom.
economic depression
prices fall dramatically (especially those of agricultural products). Profits are also reduced
"God, glory, and gold"
primary motives of exploration
the asiento
privilege granted to the british to transport 4,500 slave a year into spanish latin america
Petition of Right
prohibited tasation,arbitrary imprisonment, quartering of soldiers in private houses, declaration of martial law in peacetime without Parliament's consent
Public Health Act of 1875
prohibited the construction of new buildings without running water and an internal drainage system in England
Scientific Method
proper means to examine and understand the physical realm; crucial to the evolution of science
Chateaubriand's Genius of Christianity
published in 1802, was soon labeled the "Bible of Romanticism."
Corn Laws
put really high taxes on foreign grain; bad for working class ppl
Levellers
radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society.
battle of Waterloo
raised army to attack allied forces at Belgium; met combined British and Prussian army under duke of Wellington and suffered bloody defeat, ended the Napoleonic wars
sweatshops and sweating
refers to the subcontracting of piecework usually, but not exclusively, in the tailoring trade
Olympe de Gouges
refused to accept exclusion of women from political rights and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen; ignored by the National Assembly
Britain's Navigation Acts
regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies
deism
religious outlook shared by most philosophes;existence of all-knowing God who created the universe but had no direct involvement in the world ,and allowed it to run according to its own natural laws
Estates-General
representatives from the 3 orders of French society; dealt with the kings finances
Girondins
represented the provinces and wanted to keep the king alive; lost to the Mountain, who represented Paris and condemned Louise XVI to death in 1793 by a very narrow margin
new monarchies
reult of attempts made to reestablish centralized power
Edict of Fontainebleau
revoked Edict of Nantes, provided for destruction of Huguenot churches and closing of Protestant schools, caused 200,000 Huguenots to leave France
Fronde
revolts led by nobles in France ( 1st=nobles of the robe,2nd= nobles of the sword) who resented increasing centralization of power; crushed by Cardinal Mazarin
Henry Ford
revolutionized the car industry by mass producing the Model T.
intendants
royal officials who were sent out to provinces in order to execute orders of the central government; conflicted w/ provincial governors but were victorious, so ended up strengthening power of the crown
Pius II's Execrabilis
said appeals to a council over head of a pope was heretical
"to conquer nature in action"
said by Bacon; control and domination of nature became central proposition of modern science and technology that accompanied it
Cardinal Fleury
second cardinal of Louis XV. Budget became balanced under him.
Guglielmo Marconi
sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901.
The Great Society
set of domestic programs in the United States. Creation of a welfare state first begun in the New Deal, programs for health care for the elderly, a "war on poverty", and an end to racial injustice
French Royal Academy of Sciences
society funded by Louis XIV, which was thought to benefit the king and state and emphasized practical science for new tools and machines. Community of scientists in France
the Gold Coast
southern coast of the hump of West Africa where Portuguese discovered new source of gold
Burschenschaften
special student societies that wanted a free and united Germany. Their motto was "Honor, Liberty, Fatherland."
cahiers de doléances
statements of local grievances drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General, advocating a regular constitutional government abolishing fiscal privileges of the church and nobility
Leonardo da Vinci
stressed need to go beyond realism and create ideal form from realistic portrayals;painted Last Supper
Rococo
style that appeared by 1730's;emphasized grace and gentle action and rejected strict geometrical patterns and had many curves (like seashells and flowers);very secular, light,and charming
Sugar factories
sugar plantations in Caribbean Jamaica produced 50,000 tons of sugar yearly with slave labor, St. Domingue (Haiti) = 500,000 slaves with 3,000 factories, 100,000 tons of sugar per year, huge death rate,= site of first successful slave revolt in 1793
encomienda
system that let conquering Spaniards collect tribute from natives and use them as laborers; Spaniards were supposed to protect the Indians, pay them wages, and supervise their spiritual needs
the Ems Telegram
telegram that Bismarck edited to make France declare war on Prussia
the American Bill of Rights
ten of the 12 amendments made in 1789, granting freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, assembly, right to bear arms, protection of property, trial by jury due process of the law, etc.
Republic of Virtue
the Committee of Public Safety said that once the war and domestic crisis were over, the true ____. would follow, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen would be fully realized; along with the Terror, the Committee of Public Safety created a new order called by Robespierre the ____a democratic republic composed of good citizens
Hanovarians
the Georges (I II III) 1714, new dynasty-the _______-was established when the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne died with an heir. Crown was given to Protestant rulers of German state Hanover.
Wilhelm Liebknect and August Bebel
the Marxists leaders of the German Social Democratic Party
Final Solution
the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler.
transubstantiation
the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist
Sevastopol
the Russian fortress in Crimea that was attacked by France & Britain during Crimean war
Armenian Genocide
the Turkish government organized the department of the _____in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first ___ of the 20th centuries
consubstantiation
the actual substantial presence and combination of the body and blood of Christ with the Eucharistic bread and wine according to a teaching associated with Martin Luther
Rhineland
the area between France and Germany that the French took over to help the Germans pay their reparations. It was remilitarized under Hitler, which violated the Treaty of Versailles.
battle of Sedan
the battle where the Prussians on a small scale DESTROYED the French & captured Napoleon III
Wilbur and Orville Wright
the brothers who flew the first fixed wing plane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Sarajevo
the capital of Bosnia; where the Archduke was shot
July 4, 1776
the date of the declaration of independence from the British Empire; approval of the declaration by the Second Continental Congress; affirmed the Enlightenment's rights of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness", beginning the war for American independence
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings and persecuted Puritans
coal
the fuel of the Industrial Revolution
Nationalization
the government taking over things in a country
Gavrillo Princip
the guy who assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand
organic evolution
the idea that all plants and animals had evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler forms of life. Darwin and Lamarck both had their own theories of exactly how this process occurs.
purgatory
the intermediate place of suffering for those who died in a state of repentance and grace but who were not yet sufficiently stainless to enter heaven
Jean Jaures
the leader of French socialism. Was an independent socialist who looked to the French revolutionary tradition instead of Marxistism to justify revolutions
day-trippers
the lower class people that would go to places like Coney Island, and would annoy the upper class people with their presence
bourgeoisie
the middle class within the Third Estate
Northern Renaissance
the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature
Silesia
the part of Austria that had a lot of natural resources, and it was densely populated, and it was taken over by Prussia in the war of the Austrian Succession
renaissance
the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world
materialism
the philosophical theory that matter is the only reality
absenteeism
the practice of church officeholders ignoring duties and hiring underlings who were usually not qualified; priests became ignorant and inept
pluralism
the practice of high church officials taking over more than one church office
Hermetic magic
the preserve of an intellectual elite from all of Europe. Fused with alchemical thought into a single intellectual framework
France's July Revolution of 1830
the response to Charles X's edicts that imposed rigid censorship on press, dissolved legislative assembly and reduced electorate in preparation for new elections. Was led by moderate liberals who formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe, causing Charles X to flee
Louis XVIII
the restored monarch of France in 1814. accepted the Napoleon code. He was criticized by the ultraroyalists who didn't like how he compromised so easily
simony
the selling of Church offices
North German Confederation
the states allied with Prussia when Prussia was (successfully) trying to expand
"missile gap"
the term used in the United States for the perceived superiority of the number and power of the Soviet Union's rockets in comparison with the U.S.'s
Empiricism
the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experimentation
Machiavelli's The Prince
this book is 1 of the most famous treatises on political power; written from preoccupation with Italy's political problems and his knowledge of ancient Rome;expansion of political power were means to restore order in his time; thought morality was not basis for political activity
Brandenburg-Prussia
this country rose because of the Hohenzollern dynasty,led by Frederick William the Great Elector
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
this essay told of his philosophies on tabula rasa and his idea that knowledge is derived from our environment, not from heredity and by changing the environment and subjecting people to proper influences, they could be changed and a new society created
Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
this historical writing showed philosophe-historian's emphasis on science and reason and dislike of Christianity
Claude Monet
this person enchanted their paintings with water and painted many pictures capturing interplay of light, water, and atmosphere. Impression Sunrise
Edmund Burke
this person was the creator of conservatism, and this person wrote his Reflections on the Revolution in France. It was a response to the French Revolution especially its radical republican and democratic ideas. He believed each generation had duty to preserve and transfer society's contract/partnership. Advised against violent overthrow of govt. by revolution, but didn't reject change in a gradual way or in evolutionary improvements.
Bernard de Fontenelle
this secretary of the French Royal Academy of Science was a direct link between the Scientific Revolution and the philosophes;communicated scientific knowledge in a clear and witty fashion with his books that appealed to the upper class
Tokugawa shoguns
titles given to powerful individuals who achieved unification of Japan
Germany's War Raw Materials Board
to allocate strategic resources to make things needed; the most private industries would make war materials at limited profits; given power to take over factories not cooperating with government
Long Parliament
took a series of steps that placed severe limitations on royal authority; caused Parliament to split over decisions
the triangular trade
trade between north America, Africa, and West Indies. They traded gold,rum, sugar, and slaves.
James Cook's Travels
travel book account of his journey to Tahiti New Zealand and Australia; educated Europeans on different cultures and introduced idea of "natural man" who was far happier than many Europeans
Emile
treatise by Rousseau written in form of novel; said that education should foster rather than restrict children's natural instincts and balance between heart and mind ( made him a precursor of Romanticism)
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
treaty that gave Russia more land and the right to sail in Turkish waters, also Russia got 50% of Poland's territory
potatoes and maize
two crops that helped give nutrients to people
absolutism
ultimate authority in state rested in hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right
Black Hole of Calcutta
underground prison holding local British population as prisoners
Ferdinand and Isabella
union of 2 rulers/strongest Spanish kingdoms worked to strengthen royal control of government;controlled army,clergy; brought Inquisition and expelled all professed Jews from Spain;later expelled Muslims to form orthodox Catholic monarchy
John Hus and the Hussites
urged elimination of worldliness and corruption of clergy;attracted many followers;condemned as heretic and burned at stake
Great Northern War
war between Denmark and Sweden
Spanish Civil War
war in which General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government
Lusitania
was one of the British ships sunk more than 100 lost their lives; due to strong American protests over the German sinking of passenger liners, it forced German gov't to modify policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and briefly suspend it for a year
General Ludendorf
was the chief of staff in the German military. Led Germans in the second Battle of the Marne. In 1916, they declared a system of total war mobilization with his fellow general
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin
wealthy salon hostess who allowed encyclopedists to her salon and offered financial assistance to complete the work in secret
Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes
when Russia moved into Germany, and lost these two battles
domestic system
when a merchant-capitalist entrepreneur bought the raw materials, mostly wool and flax, and put them out to rural workers, who spun them into yarn, then wove it into cloth, then capitalist-entrepreneurs sold the finished product, made a profit, then used it to manufacture more.
the Decembrist Revolt
when military leaders of the Northern Union in Russia rebelled because they did not want Nicholas to become tsar.
the National Assembly
when the 1st estate wanted to vote by order, the 3rd estate responded by making itself a "_____" on June 17, 1789, deciding to create a Constitution.
Munich Conference
when the Germans, British, French, and Italians met to discuss Germany annexing Czechoslovakia.
Second German Empire
when the southern Germanic states joined Prussia+northern Germanic states
press-ganged
when you were captured and forced to join the navy
Birth control pill
wide spread use by the 1960's of this product gave more freedom in sexual behavior, a reliable contraceptive
Treatise on Toleration
written by Voltaire in 1763; argued religious toleration had created no problems for England and Holland,reminded governments that " all men are brothers under God"
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman
written by the founder of modern European feminism;pointed out that subjection of women to men was equal to slavery and that if reason was innate in all humans, then women should have the same rights as men
Emile Zola
wrote 23 volume series of novels on the "natural & social history ..."
