APES- Ch. 12 (1) Food, Soil Conservation, and Pest Management Review Questions

What are some characteristics of industrialized agriculture?

(also called high-input agriculture) -uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures, -major goal for any crop has been to steadily increase its yield—the amount of food produced per unit of land. -practiced on one-fourth of all cropland, mostly in developed countries, but has spread since the mid-1960s to some developing countries - now produces about 80% of the world's food

What is overnutrition?- consequences?

-occurs when food energy intake ex- ceeds energy use and causes excess body fat. Too many calories, too little exercise, or both can cause overnu- trition. - People who are underfed and underweight and those who are overfed and overweight face similar health problems: lower life expectancy, greater susceptibility to disease and illness, and lower productivity and life quality

Define famine.

-severe shortage of food accompanied by mass starvation, death, economic chaos, and social disruption. -Usually caused by crop failures from -Drought -Flooding -War -Other catastrophic events

One out of every _____ people suffer from a deficiency of one or more vitamins and minerals.

1 out of every THREE

What are some ways that malnutrition and early childhood death from improper nutrition can be reduced?

1. Immunize children 2. Breastfeeding unless mother is HIV+ 3. Prevent diarrheal dehydration 4. Prevent blindness 5. Family planning 6. Education on nutrition, drinking water, childcare for mothers.

What are the effects of a deficiency in vitamin A, Iodine, and Iron?

1. Iron- component of hemoglobin, deficiencies result in anemia, increased fatigue, and infection 2. Vitamin A- blindness 3.Iodine- lack of this mineral results in MR, stunted growth, goiter enlargement (the thyroid gland which controls metabolism)

What were the 3 steps of the Green Revolution which resulted in an 88% increase in global food production?

1. Plant monocultures of high yield plant species (rice, wheat, and corn) 2. Use large amounts of fertilizers, pesticides, and water 3. Increase number of crops grown on same plot each year, "multiple croppings"

Describe the two types of traditional agriculture.

1. Traditional subsistence agriculture-human labor and draft animals, produce food for own family. 2. Traditional intensive agriculture- human labor and draft animals, fertilizers, water systems, sells overage for profit.

Approximately, _____ terrestrial organisms supply 90% of our food calories.

14 supply 90% (from book) ???- per PPT- 23 species supply___% of our food calories??

Name some countries that require mandatory labeling of GMF.

Australia, South Korea, Canada, and Japan.

What are the different layers in a soil profile?

O horizon: leaf litter A horizon: topsoil B horizon: subsoil C horizon: parent material, often bedrock

One in ______ people in developing countries are undernourished or malnourished.

One in SIX

What is undernutrition?- consequences?

People who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs suffer from chronic undernutrition, or hunger -leads to mental retardation, stunted growth, and increases susceptibility to infectious disease, living on less than 1000 calories a day

What are the primary causes of undernutrition and malnutrition

Root cause of food insecurity is POVERTY, which prevents poor people from growing or buying enough food. -Other obstacles to food insecurity are political upheaval, corruption, and war.

What occurred during the First and Second Green Revolution?

Since 1950, high input agriculture has produced more crops per unit land. First- 1950- 1970-increase crop yields second- since 1967-Production of dwarf varieties, more plants, less area. Preserved large amount of forest, grasslands, wetlands, and mountain terrains.

What country produces more than 70% of the world's genetically modified foods?

UNITED STATES

What country leads the world in both mean production and consumption?

United States?

Name two grains that have been specially bred for tropical and subtropical climates.

World grain has tripled in production- RICE and WHEAT developed for the tropics and subtropics in 1967. China and India are now largely self-sufficient in food production today.

What is slash and burn agriculture?

burn and clear small plots and plant until soil quality degrades. NOT SUSTAINABLE

What 3 grains provide 48% of all food calories?

wheat, rice, and corn

What is polyculture?

when different plants are grown together. Higher productivity. (Benefits over monoculture crops mature at different times so have food throughout year. Soil stays covered, less erosion from wind/water)

What is malnutrition? - consequences?

—deficiencies of protein and other key nutrients—which weakens them, makes them more susceptible to disease, and hinders the normal physical and mental development of children.