APES CH. 13 (WATER)
What percent of water in the world is accessible fresh drinking water?
.024%
Desalination plants meet less than __% of the world's demand for water.
.3%
Desalination plants meet less than ___% of America's demand for water.
.4%
Drip trickle irrigation is used on only __% of the worlds land
1
The Ogalla aquifer supplies ____ of all the groundwater in the U.S.
1/3
The Ogalla aquifer is removing water ___-__ times the rate of its recharge.
10-40
There are ___ desalination plants as of 2010
14450
It is economically and technically feasible to reduce water waste to ___%.
15
What fraction of the annual surface runoff is lost and not available to us.
2/3
What fraction of water used is wasted through leaks, evaporation, or other losses?
2/3
Only __ of the 177 largest rivers in the world currently drain into the ocean.
21
There are ___ desalination plants in America.
250
Reservoirs hold __-__ times the water that flows through the rivers.
3-6
In flood irrigation, ___% of water is lost through evaporation.
40
One disadvantage of dams is that they have displaced __-__ million from their homes worldwide.
40-80 million
Dams have caused 1 out of __ of the world's freshwater plant and fish species to be listed as endangered or extinct.
5
In the US alone ___ of water is unnecessarily wasted.
50%
China has planned to build around __ dams to catch as much water as possible
60
___% of irrigation water doesn't reach the intended crop
60
Flood irrigation has __-__% efficiency
60-80
A drought is a long period of time where precipitation is a minimum of ___% below average. (Vegas)
70%
Water overall is used for ____% irrigation ____% industry (mostly cooling) ____% residences
70, 20, 10
Center pivot irrigation has low pressure sprinklers with approximately __% efficiency and low energy precision application sprinklers with __-__% efficiency
80, 90-95
Lake Chad has shrunk by __% since 1963
97
The rest of water that is not accessible drinking water is _____% salt, and ___% freshwater that is polluted, trapped in ice, or too deep.
97, 3
What is a structure built across a river to control its flow?
A dam
_____ provide drinking water for nearly half the world's population
Aquifers
Peep aquifers hold enough water to potentially support _____s of people for centries
Billions
The first major reason why water is wasted is because it is really ____.
Cheap
What country is largely affected by glaciers melting into rivers?
China
_____ change has caused increased glacier melts
Climate
The best irrigation system system is ______-____, with above ___% efficiency
Drip trickle, 95
In what method do above ground pipes precisely drip water directly onto plants at a slow steady rate?
Drip/trickle
Over-withdrawal of water and upstream dams have caused many inland lakes and seas to begin ___ __.
Drying up
True/false: Israel doesn't use municipal sewage water to irrigate because it is dirty.
False, Israel uses treated municipal sewage water to irrigate
True/false: The Ogalla aquifer is a renewable resource.
False, the Ogalla aquifer is a NONrenewable resource
True/false: The water table doesn't fluctuate with precipitation.
False, the water table does fluctuate with precipitation
True/false: Since the government doesn't subsidize the price of water, it is very expensive.
False. Government subsidies keep water prices artificially low.
True/false: Desalination plants produce only a little bit of ultra-salty waste water than needs to be disposed of.
False. It produces huge quantities of ultra salty waste water that needs to be disposed of
True/false: Pumping seawater through pipes and using chemicals to sterilize it kills virtually no marine organism.
False. Pumping seawater through pipes and using chemicals to sterilize it kills many marine organisms.
True/false: There is no incentive to invest in water saving technologies because it is so expensive.
False. There is no incentive to invest in water saving technologies because it is so cheap.
True/false: Desalination plants are practical in nearly every area of the globe.
False. They are only practical in the most water starved areas that have the money to afford the high maintenance costs.
Most of the world uses _____ irrigation
Flood
In what method does water flow by gravity through unlined ditches in fields running parallel to the rows of crops?
Flood irrigation
Dumping the ultra salty waste water of desalination plants onto land has the potential to pollute ___ water and ___ water.
Groundwater, surface water
(Higher/lower) water price would encourage water conservation.
Higher
What middle eastern country is a leader in drip trickle irrigation that has eliminated water subsidies to raise the cost of irrigation water?
Israel
An example of a lake that has drastically dried up is Lake ____ in ___.
Lake Chad in Africa
Water can be replenished laterally through the _____.
Lateral flow of water from rivers to streams
The Ogalla aquifer is located in the _______ area of the U.S.
Midwest
Flooding irrigation delivers more/less water than needed
More
Are peep aquifers renewable?
No
Is there much known about the geologic ecologic impacts of pumping water from peep aquifers?
No
Once an aquifer experiences subsidence, can you refill it?
No
The ______ aquifer is the world's largest aquifer.
Ogalla
______ of aquifers is creating falling water tables in many areas of the world.
Overpumping
What are ancient deposits of water that are very deep in the ground?
Peep aquifers
What is the 1/3 of surface runoff that we can count on as our source of freshwater?
Reliable runoff
What is an artificial lake created by a dam stopping the flow of a river?
Reservoir
What is it called when high pressures force saltwater through membranes with pores small enough to allow the water to go through but not the salt?
Reverse osmosis
In areas with salt water nearby, removing the freshwater from aquifers allows salt water to infiltrate the aquifer and contaminate the water. What is this called?
Saltwater intrusion
Mexico City, Florida, California, and Louisiana have a lot of ______.
Sinkholes
What is the collapse of sand and rock in aquifers after the water is removed?
Subsidence
Water that doesn't infiltrate the ground or evaporate is called ______.
Surface runoff
What is water on the surface that comes from precipitation and snow melt that flows across the land and empties into other bodies of water, passing through unclean surfaces.
Surface water
What is the top level of the zone of saturation called?
The water table
Some peep aquifers are between countries, and there are currently no international ______ governing them.
Treaties
True/False: Water collects and forms groundwater deposits
True
True/false: Government subsidies for the price of water gives the false message that water is abundant and can be wasted.
True
True/false: One disadvantage of a desalination plant is that is has a high cost due to high amounts of energy required to run it.
True
What countries are the largest grain producers?
U.S., China, India
The cost of drilling from peep aquifers is _____, but likely very ____.
Unknown, high
What is land in which water drains from in a particular body of water?
Watershed
__ management is key to the longevity of reservoirs
Watershed
Are most aquifers renewable?
Yes
Does dumping the ultra salty waste water of desalination plants threaten marine life in the vicinity?
Yes
Is drip trickle irrigation expensive to start up?
Yes
What are the spaces in the soil rock where water completely fills the spaces called?
Zones of saturation
What are underground caverns and porous layers of sand and gravel and bedrock that store water and allow it to flow called?
aquifers
Access to water is a national/global security issue because ____________
countries without it will invade those with it
Depending on the clarity of the river and the size of the dam, it could take __ to ___ for reservoirs to fill in.
decades to centuries
What is the removal of salts from ocean or brackish water to provide fresh water for those who need it?
desalination
What is the hearing of saltwater until it evaporates, then condensing and collecting the freshwater called?
distillation
Once the ice and snow that is fed into the rivers is gone, the rivers will begin to ____ up.
dry
Another major problem of water conservation is the lack of government subsidies to improve the ____ of water use.
efficiency
One disadvantage of dams is that most of the land filled by reservoirs was very productive ____.
farmland
One method of water conservation would be the government giving every household enough water to meet their basic needs for basically ____. Any water used over that limit must be paid a higher rate. This is called the ____-____ approach.
free user-pays approach
Most freshwater is trapped in _____.
glaciers
One problem of rivers is that many are fed by melting _____ and mountain____.
glaciers, snow
Access to water is an economic issue in __ and _____
industry and agriculture
Is water distributed equally?
no
Access to water is an ecological issue because of ___
pollution
Aquifers can be recharged naturally through ____.
precipitation
Which of the following is NOT a goal of a dam or reservoir: Control runoff to prevent floods generate electricity provide habitats for animals supply water for cities, towns, and agriculture
provide habitats for animals
Reservoirs are constantly losing value due to ____ occurring.
sedimentation
Where does groundwater come from?
the infiltration of precipitation into the ground
Sediment destroys _____ due to its abrasive nature
turbines
What is percolation?
water flowing through the soil after infiltration.
What is infiltration?
water seeping into the ground from the surface
Access to water is a women and children's issue in that ______
women and kids have to walk to the well to get the water
