APES Chapter 7 & 8 Test Hints and Chapter Quiz

The entire land area that delivers freshwater runoff, sediments and dissolved oxygen and nutrients is called the a. estuary b. vertical zone c. littoral zone d. drainage basin

d. drainage basin

Air that travels over a mountain range is ________ than it was before going over. a. warmer b. less dense c. wetter d. drier

d. drier [Air moving over a mountain rises and cools; cold air cannot hold as much moisture]

Which of the following is not one of the three desert types? a. temperate b. tropical c. cold d. dry

d. dry

Beaches experience a high and low tide several times a day. The land region between high and low tides is called the a. barrier island. b. euphotic zone. c. barrier beach. d. intertidal zone.

d. intertidial zone

Watershed

land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances to a stream or river is called a watershed (drainage basin)

Biome

large terrestrial regions characterized by climate, soil, plants, and animals.

Rain Shadow Effect

reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing surface winds.

Feedback Loops

Case of global warming, we put co2 into the air, and cut down trees causing more carbon dioxide, causing polar ice caps to melt causes EVEN more carbon dioxide in the air

Coriolis Effect

Deflection of winds to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to the rotation of the earth

ENSO

El Nino-Southern Oscillation is a periodic climate change that can trigger extreme weather changes over two-thirds of the globe (prevailing westerly winds weaken or cease in the pacific ocean which makes the surface water warmer along the North and South American coasts.

Saturation Point

How much a substance can hold before it can't hold any more.

Lake Overturn

Iin summer and winter, layers of temperature in the water, water temperature spread more evenly.

Primary Productivity

Photosythesis-respiration (plants)

Hydrothermal Vent

Tuubee things that do chemosythesis

Which of the following statements regarding tropical rainforests is false? a. Tropical rainforests currently cover approximately 20% (one-fifth) of the world's land surface. b. At least one-half of the world's tropical rainforests have already been destroyed or disturbed. c. Tropical rainforests contain about one-half of all living things. d. Unless strong conservation measures are soon taken, most of these forests will be destroyed within your lifetime.

a. Tropical rain forests currently cover approximately 20% (one-fifth) of the world's land surface. [2%]

In a 2008 four-year study, researchers discovered that one primary species has greatly affected the world's oceans. a. True b. False

a. True

Climate is a. a long term weather pattern over a large area. b. stable within a given latitude; that is, the climate at the equator over one area of land will be the same as any land occurring at the equator. c. only affected by incoming solar radiation. d. a short term set of atmospheric conditions in a local area.

a. a long term weather pattern over a large area. [Climate is a weather pattern]

Unlike either tropical rainforests or coniferous forests, temperate deciduous forest species lose their leaves in the winter. They do this a. as a way of minimizing water loss. Leaf loss is done in conjunction with the trees minimizing their metabolism. b. all of the choices c. so that the nutrients stored in their leaves will be released to the soil by decomposers. d. in order to provide a food source for decomposers.

a. as a way of minimizing water loss. Leaf loss is done in conjunction with the trees minimizing their metabolism. [Temperate deciduous forest trees lose their leaves mainly as a way of minimizing water loss during the dry, non-growing season.]

Areas that are partially enclosed bodies of water where rivers meet the sea, and therefore areas of mixed fresh and salt water, are called a. estuaries. b. mangrove forests. c. salt marshes. d. coastal wetlands.

a. estuaries

When we say that parallel changes in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles and from lowlands to mountaintops, we are recognizing that changes in biomes in the two situations are similar. What we are really comparing is biome changes that occur in a. latitude versus elevation. b. time versus space. c. longitude versus elevation. d. convection cells versus elevation.

a. latitude versus elevation [Just as biomes change with different latitudes, biomes similarly change with different elevations.]

Humans can validly be accused of degrading and disrupting many freshwater systems; we cannot be accused of a. restoring too many wetlands. b. changing the freshwater habitats of rivers. c. allowing fertilizers and pesticides to enter water systems. d. draining wetlands so that we can increase farmlands.

a. restoring too many wetlands

Although tropical rainforests are very diverse and high in species richness, it is almost impossible to carry out sustainable agriculture on tropical rainforest soils. This is because a. soils contain too few nutrients for most crops. b. light intensity is too great for most crops. c. rainfall amounts are too great for most crops. d. decomposing organisms are in so great a number that they interfere with crop growth.

a. soils contain too few nutrients for most crops. [There is so much rainfall in tropical rainforests that soils are leached of vital nutrients.]

Freshwater rivers and streams may begin as melting snow on mountains or melting glaciers, or as runoff from precipitation on mountains. The region producing the water for rivers and streams is called the a. source zone. b. transition zone. c. floodplain zone. d. euphotic zone.

a. source zone

Air a. that is warmed by sunlight and the land beneath it is less dense. This less dense air rises. b. is warmed by sunlight and the land beneath it, but its density does not change. c. that is warmed by sunlight and the land beneath it is denser. This dense air falls. d. warms the land or water beneath it, but its density does not change.

a. that is warmed by the sunlight and the land beneath it is less dense. This less dense air rises. [Air becomes warmed as light interacts with land; the land warms the air above. Warm air is less dense and it rises. ]

Climate

an area's general patter of atmospheric or weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years

All of the following are greenhouse gases, except a. N2O, nitrous oxide. b. H2, hydrogen. c. H2O, water vapor. d. CH4, methane.

b. H2, hydrogen.

The largest of four, this ocean contains more than one-half the earth's water and covers one-third of the earth's surface. a. Arctic b. Pacific c. Atlantic d. Indian

b. Pacific

Coral reefs are among the world's a. oldest ecosystems. b. all of the choices c. more diverse ecosystems. d. most productive ecosystems.

b. all

Which of the following is not considered a freshwater inland wetland? a. marsh b. lake c. arctic tundra in summer d. swamp

b. lake

Although a number of factors vary, the primary factor that defines each of the three open ocean zones (euphotic, bathyal, abyssal) is a. pressure. b. light. c. nutrients. d. temperature.

b. light

Because of its high amount of sunlight and nutrients that wash in from the land, this freshwater zone has a high biodiversity. Species include crayfish, turtles, frogs, and rooted plants. a. profundal b. littoral c. benthic d. limnetic

b. littoral

A large lake that has clear, cold water and very few organisms living in it is called a ________ lake. a. hypereutrophic b. oligotrophic c. eutrophic d. mesotrophic

b. oligotrophic

The two most important factors that distinguish biomes are precipitation and a. altitude. b. temperature. c. latitude. d. wind.

b. temperature [Precipitation and temperature are the most important factors influencing biome formation.]

The tropics are warmer than the poles primarily because a. the spin of the earth draws warm air to the equator. b. the light from the sun is more intense. c. the air currents are warm. d. the ocean currents are war

b. the light from the sun is more intense [The equator receives the most intense sunlight, resulting in warmer climate.]

Mountains play a significant ecological role in all of the following ways except: a. they serve as sanctuaries for plant and animal species. b. they store much heat absorbed during the day, then slowly release the heat back to the environment. c. they hold the majority of the world's forests. d. they hold vast amounts of water as ice; mountains are important in regulating/influencing the Hydrologic Cycle.

b. they store much heat absorbed during the day, then slowly release the heat back to the environment. [Heat that mountains receive does not play a significant ecological role.]

A total of ________ convection cells (re)distribute warm, moist air and cold, dry air masses, resulting in conditions leading to various biomes. a. 3 b. 2 c. 6 d. 5

c. 6 [Three above the equator plus three below account for the convection cells]

The portion of a freshwater river that empties into the ocean may be described as a. a delta. b. the floodplain zone. c. all of the choices d. the mouth of the river.

c. all

Key factors that determine the types and numbers of organisms found in different ocean water layers include temperature, food availability, light availability, nutrient availability, and a. cloud cover. b. weather patterns. c. dissolved oxygen content. d. all of the choices

c. dissolved oxygen-content

The chaparral biome is largely maintained by a. cold temperatures. b. warm temperatures. c. fire. d. water.

c. fire [Chaparral is adapted to frequent fire to maintain the system.]

We continue to live in an "Age of Discovery," learning about nature all around us. Some areas have been more thoroughly researched than others, which means that some areas still have many secrets to reveal. Which of the following do we currently know the least about? a. the moon's surface b. the South Pole c. oceans d. Australia

c. oceans

A recent research report of open ocean findings showed that a. scientists had been correct in their estimates of ocean life all along. b. oceans contain many fewer microbial organisms than previously thought. c. oceans contain many more microbial organisms than previously thought. d. oceans contain significantly more large fish and large schools of smaller fish than previously thought.

c. oceans contain many more microbial organisms than previously thought

This aquatic zone makes up only 10% of the world's ocean area, but contains 90% of all marine species. a. Abyssal Zone b. life zone c. Bathyal Zone d. Coastal Zone

d. Coastal Zone

The primary producers responsible for up to 70% of primary productivity near the ocean surface are a. zooplankton. b. rooted plants near shorelines. c. phytoplankton. d. ultraplankton.

d. Ultraplankton

The euphotic zone of deep aquatic systems is a. the region of greatest primary production. b. the zone of light penetration. c. where most photosynthesis takes place. d. all of the choices

d. all

An ENSO (El Niño - Southern Oscillation) a. is the name of a weather pattern that occurs over tropical rainforests. b. is a device that measures ocean currents in the southern hemisphere. c. is an ocean current that runs from the east side of South America up the coast of New England, affecting weather patterns throughout the region. d. is a large-scale weather pattern in the southern hemisphere that produces warmer Pacific Ocean water and disrupts normal world weather patterns.

d. is a large-scale weather pattern in the southern hemisphere that produces warmer Pacific Ocean water and disrupts normal world weather patterns [An ENSO is a large-scale weather pattern in the southern hemisphere that produces warmer Pacific Ocean water and disrupts normal world weather patterns.]

Which of the following is false? a. The human ecological footprint is intensifying and spreading across the globe. b. Human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the world's biomes. c. A majority of the world's major terrestrial ecosystems are being degraded or used unsustainably. d. none of the choices

d. none of the choices [All of these statements are true]

Examples of organisms that live in the abyssal zone are a. sharks and rays. b. tuna and anchovies. c. whales and dolphins. d. oysters and sponges.

d. oysters and sponges

Areas of permanently frozen soils in arctic tundra are called a. ice. b. glaciers. c. chaparral. d. permafrost.

d. permafrost

Although variations in a number of the following factors often occur, which is the defining character of a desert? a. cloud cover b. plant life c. temperature d. precipitation

d. precipitation [Deserts are regions that are extremely dry; evaporation exceeds precipitation]

Although variations in a number of the following factors often occur, which is the defining character of grassland? a. temperature b. soil type c. latitude d. precipitation

d. precipitation [Grasslands receive intermediate amounts of precipitation, between deserts and forests.]

Short-grass prairies fit within the ________ grasslands. a. tropical b. cold c. tundra d. temperate

d. temperate [Short-grass prairie is a type of temperate grassland]

Greenhouse Effect

the natural warming of the troposphere