APES Chapters 5/6 Test

Worldwide, how many children under one year of age die each day of preventable causes?

11,000

Replacement-level fertility in most MDC's, including the United States is approximately

2.1

Current global total fertility rate is closest to

2.7

Members of the baby-boom generation make up ____% of all adult Americans.

36

Ninety percent of Indian couples have access to modern birth control methods. What percentage actually use one?

49%

If every woman on the earth had no more than an average of 2.1 children during their reproductive years, the human population would continue to rise for how long?

50 years

Which of the following statements is true regarding participation in China's population control program by this nation's people?

Participants receive/received a monthly subsidy

Demographers estimate the human population in 2050 to be between 7.8 and 10.8 billion - a range of three billion.Why is the estimated range so wide?

Projections are made by a variety of organizations.

If the resilience of a damaged ecosystem is low enough, the degraded area may not be restored by secondary succession. When this happens, the damaged ecosystem has reached ____.

a tipping point

The world's first national ____ program began in India in 1952.

family planning

What occurs when an interaction benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other?

commensalism

What is the most common interaction between species?

competition

If multiple species find themselves competing for the same resource, the competition can be reduced by which of the following?

resource partitioning

Which of the following terms best describes the type of population change you would expect to find for a monkey in an undisturbed section of the Brazilian rain forest?

stable

During this stage of the demographic transition population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and the fall below death rates.

postindustrial

Which stage does not belong in the demographic transition model?

pre-transitional

During this stage of the demographic transition population growth is slow because both death rates and birth rates are high

preindustrial

This type of species has many offspring with little to no parental care.

r-selected

This type of species puts energy into reproduction not survival.

r-selected

Bacteria, algae, and dandelions are an example of

r-selected species

Species with an _____ reproductive pattern are prone to extinction due to long generation times and low reproductive rates

K-selected

Demographers use many values to rank the overall health of a population. The two most useful indicators of the overall heath of people in a country or region are

Life expectancy and infant mortality rate

Which type of survivorship curve represents an k-selected species?

Type I survivorship curve

Which type of survivorship curve represents animals that have constant mortality?

Type II

Which type of survivorship curve represents organisms that produce many offspring that mainly die early in life

Type III

Which type of survivorship curve represents an r-selected species?

Type III survivorship curve

Which of the following are characteristics of countries that have high TFR's?

Women marry at young age

Some species that tend to reproduce later in life and have a small number of offspring with long life spans ____.

are vulnerable to extinction

Infant mortality rate refers to the number of children per 1,000 births that die ____.

before their first birthday

If we were to calculate averages for entire continents, crude birth rate and crude death rate are highest in which of the following?

Africa

The U.S. generation born between 1946 and 1964 is known as the ____________________ generation.

Baby boom

The most common spatial distribution pattern is

Clumping

The ____________________ is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

Crude birth rate

Some individuals argue that one way to reduce the environmental impact of the United States would be to:

Decrease legal immigration

What was the primary reason the southern sea otter nearly went extinct by the early 1900s?

They have thick, luxurious fur.

There are ____ limits to population growth in nature.

always

The definition of fecundity is...

amount of offspring produced in one reproductive cycle

During the past 100 years, human population growth has primarily been due to which of the following?

an decrease in death rate

The primary reason why southern sea otter recovery is important is because they ____.

are a keystone species

The maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely is the definition of

carrying capacity

Bats prey on certain species of moths by using high frequency echolocation to locate their prey. Certain moths have evolved ears that can hear these frequencies allowing them to escape. This is an example of ____.

coevolution

When populations of two different species interact over long periods of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. What is this called?

coevolution

The United States has one of the highest infant mortality rates of developed countries. What is the primary reason for this?

drug addiction among women

The three key factors that lead women to have fewer and healthier children are

education, employment out of the home, rights for women

A J-curve represents

exponential growth

Small populations that lead to a greater likelihood of harmful alleles spreading in a population is a result of

genetic inbreeding

Which of the following variables increase population size?

immigration

As a population reaches carrying capacity what happens to mortality

increases

What occurs when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources?

interspecific competition

This type of species population is controlled by density-dependent factors

k-selected

This type of species population remains close to carrying capacity (k) over long periods of time.

k-selected

Which type of species would you expect to have a s-curve graph?

k-selected

humans, polar bears, and elephants are an example of

k-selected species

Exponential growth followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size stabilizes is typical of ____.

logistic growth

The relationship between clownfish and sea anemone is called ____.

mutualism

Which factor below is least likely to affect birth and fertility rates today?

number of people 60 or older

When a population goes over the carrying capacity this is known as

overshoot

What is said to occur when one organism feeds on another organism by living on or in the other organism?

parasitism