APES S1 Final
Based on the map above, which of the following best explains why the Atacama Desert has a consistently arid climate?
It is in the rain shadow of the Andes Mountains.
The energy available to consumers determined by subtracting the energy used by plants from the total energy transformed by the process of photosynthesis.
Net primary productivity
Conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers
Nitrogen fixation
New crust
Ocean by US and Canada to the right
Humus
Organic soil component that hold moisture
Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons?
Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource
Ticks feeding on deer
Parasitism
Economic benefit to ranchers
Pastures with highest diversity of plant species will have highest npp
After fire,
Most species richness-100 years
Bees consuming nectar and pollinating
Mutualism
Nonvolcanic mountain chain uplift
Near India
Percent of country 2 under 15
25%
Human population
8.0 billion
Soil horizon most depleted in erosion
A
Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built?
A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased
Which of the following would be most helpful to determine the soil texture of a sample?
A density gradient tube and a soil triangle
Which of the following can cause an increase in water pollution in the watershed?
An increase in stormwater runoff in urban areas
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges?
An intact coastal wetland
24 hours daylight on dec. 21st
Antarctic circle
Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries?
Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries
An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?
As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.
Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl?
As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease.
Human population growth in next 50 years
As population grows density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission leading to increased mortality
Based on current trends and patterns, which of the following statements best predicts how the human population will change over the next 50 years?
As the population density increases, there will be an increase in disease transmission, leading to increased mortality.
Organisms that complete the nitrogen cycle, including denitrification
Bacteria
Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate?
Based on the map above, which of the following best identifies and explains the region of South America that would have a more moderate climate?
Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons?
Burning fossil fuels for energy production
What is an example of a carbon source?
Burning of fossil fuels
Concentration of co2,n2, and o2
CO2 = 78, N2 = 1, O2 = 21
This rate of reaction can be measured in the dark by determining the amount of oxygen gas consumed in a period of time.
Cellular respiration
Increasing size of soil textures
Clay, silt, sand
Provisioning ecosystem service from increase in global warming
Collapse of local fisheries
Stallings displacing bluebirds
Competition
Ecosystem services ex.
Consumption of mosquitoes by bats and control of flooding by tropical rainforests
During a La Niña event, what environmental changes would the tropical Pacific Ocean and its surrounding landmasses most likely experience?
Cooler ocean water in the western Pacific Ocean leading to an increased chance of wildfires
Decreases first
Death rate
A large forest area is fragmented and divided into forest tracts which are separated by the agricultural land, this will lead to
Decrease in gene flow within the species of the forests
Lowest trophic level
Deer
Carbon sink
Deposition of organic matter on ocean floor
Which have relatively low precipitation?
Desert and tundra
If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various part of the water cycle in the area?
Evaporation and Transpiration: decrease, Runoff: increase, Groundwater Recharge: decrease
Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture?
Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location.
Growing at biotic potential
Exponential curve
Island arc
Far right
El Niño warmer ocean temperatures can cause
Fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nesting sites
Energy — and matter is —
Flows, recycled
This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.
Freshwater wetlands
A variety of plants and animals inhabit a forest ecosystem. Which statement correctly explains why certain organisms would be more likely to survive than others if a forest fire burned the area?
Generalist species are more likely to survive because they can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources.
Which of the following best describes a difference between generalist species and specialist species?
Generalists use a large range of resources, while specialists have a limited range of resources they use to survive.
Used to assess biological diversity of an area
Genetic variation
Which of the following combinations correctly identifies and explains the effects of the differences in the distribution of solar radiation on Earth as seen in the diagram above?
Global wind patterns are created because uneven solar radiation results in warm air at low latitudes and cool air at high latitudes, resulting in density differences between the air masses.
The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.
Gross primary productivity
Which of the following density-independent factors can affect the size of a human population?
Heat waves
Not attributed to decline in growth rates
Higher infant mortality rates
Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with waterlogging caused by flood irrigation?
Higher water tables
Major reservoirs of freshwater
Ice caps
Type of rock formed when magma or lava cools?
Igneous
Human population growth
Increased rapidly over the last few centuries (always high)
Lack of genetic diversity in food crop
Increased susceptibility to plant disease
After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging?
Increased water temperature
Which of the following statements best describes why birth and death rates are changing in a country that is in Phase 2 of the demographic transition?
Individuals have better sanitation and access to clean drinking water.
Transitional stage initiated by
Industrialization
The population exceeded the carrying capacity of the island
Led to decrease in population size following resource depletion
Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the decline in anchovy during an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event?
Less nutrient-rich water reaches surface waters, disrupting the food web.
Pioneer species
Lichen
Soil quality in tropical rainforest
Low fertility
Open oceans produce the largest share of earth's biomass because the NPP of the ocean is
Low, but the large expanse of the ocean supports enormous numbers of producers such as photosynthesizing phytoplankton
Small islands have higher extinction rate because of
Lower availability of resources
Based on the map, which of the following best explains the area of the Andes Mountains that would have the greatest number of rivers?
More rivers would be located on the east side of the Andes Mountains because the trade winds are coming from the east
Shows process of evolution
Mosquitoes develop resistance to pesticide
Influences water flow
Permeability
zero population growth
Phase 1 and 4
Which of the following trophic levels represents a primary producer in an aquatic food chain?
Phytoplankton
Which of the following measures should be taken to best reduce erosion at the construction site to protect the Mississippi watershed?
Plant grass and shrubs on the slope.
Sun's radiation doesn't provide energy for
Plate Tectonics
Clumped distribution
Pods of migrating gray whales
Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating?
Pollination, decomposition, and water purification
Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?
Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from carbon dioxide and water and are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.
Type III
Produces a large number of offspring every time it reproduces
Humans have altered nitrogen fixing rate by
Producing synthetic fertilizer
Promote fertility above replacement level
Public housing priority for families with more than two children
Song sparrow
R strategist and generalist
Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture?
Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean.
Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers?
Recycling of organic matter
Which of the following statements best describes the impact that the development would have on the watershed?
Removing large trees would cause an increase in temperature and keep the surrounding water and soil warmer.
This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.
Rivers
Leaching and rate of water movement is greatest in
Sand
El nino
Sea surface temp and rainfall are both high
Doesn't exert major influence on earth's climate
Seasonal development of temperature inversions in geological basins
Forest ecosystem in diagram is undergoing
Secondary succession
Estimated from sample of invertebrates in pond and when resampled,
Species richness and when resampled, decreased biodiversity
The vast majority of ozone is found in a thin layer due to a lack of circulation in which of the following atmospheric layers?
Stratosphere
Adaptations help organisms acquire energy, ex:
Sunflower plowing sun and fangs and claws of lion
Grows best in full sun
Sweet gum
Which of the following abiotic factors, when graphed on the x-axis, leads to the curved line in the graph due to variation in the different layers of the atmosphere?
Temperature gradients
Which of the following best identifies a key component of the hydrologic cycle that powers the movement of water?
The Sun
Which of the following is the best explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics, as seen in the diagram, between and latitude?
The Sun warms the moist air at the equator and causes it to rise because of its lower density. As the warm air moves away from the equator, it cools, becomes denser, and then sinks.
Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons?
The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted.
The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?
The atmosphere
Which of the following biogeochemical cycles includes the processes of buffering ocean and photosynthesis?
The carbon cycle
Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?
The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification
Arrows in the food web represent
The flow of energy
Most likely change in terrestrial biome from increased average global temperatures
The global distribution of mid latitude biomes such as grasslands and temperate rainforests would increase
Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?
The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rain forests, would increase
Which statement is true about the phosphorus cycle?
The phosphates absorbed by animal tissue through consumption eventually return to the soil.
Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer?
The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table.
Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests?
The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the deflection of the trade winds in both hemispheres, as seen in the diagram above?
The wind is deflected west because of Earth's rotation.
Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations?
There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change.
Which of the following layers of the atmosphere contains charged gas molecules that glow and produce light when hit by solar energy, leading to glowing gases such as the northern lights, found over 90 kilometers above Earth's surface?
Thermosphere
De composers in soil and water are important because
They recycle nutrients
Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation?
This method delivers water to the field by pipes and water flows directly over the soil, but there is a large amount of runoff.
Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion?
Tilling
San Andreas Fault
Transform plate
Water vapor released from leaves is
Transpiration
Which of the following terrestrial biomes has the highest net primary productivity and per unit area?
Tropical rain forest
Which layer of the atmosphere has the majority of molecules?
Troposphere
Which layer of the atmosphere has weather?
Troposphere
Which of the following best describes an example of resource partitioning in an ecosystem?
Two different bird species feed from the same oak tree; one eats acorns, and the other eats insects in the bark.
Lizards survivorship
Type II
Carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time
Vegetation
Which of the following best describes a terrestrial ecosystem that will have the highest net primary productivity?
Warm temperatures, high rainfall, and consistent sunlight
Which statement is true about the hydrologic cycle?
Water from the ocean evaporates and condenses in the atmosphere
Factors in soil formation
Weathering of parent material and addition of organic material
During an El Niño event, farmers in the southwestern United Stated often benefit from which of the following climatic changes?
Wetter and warmer weather that increases soil moisture
Rapid population growth
Wide base
The rule of 70 can be used to determine a population's doubling time. Doubling time is a measure of the
population growth rate
