APES test 1

lithosphere

-"stone" -It is made up of the crust and the uppermost part of the upper mantle, it is both rigid and solid, and broken up into sections called tectonic plates, it can be divided into continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere

What do different species compete for and why can one species sometimes exclude another?

-Competition between different species (or interspecificcompetition) is usually less intense than competition within a species because different species usually do not depend on exactly the same resources -Laboratory studies of interspecific competition in enclosures with limited resources provide evidence that competition can drive one species to extinction -However, in natural populations, competing species usually exist in a more or less stable equilibrium

How does competition for resources among individuals of the same species affect the growth and distribution of individuals in the population?

-Intraspecific competition describes competition among individuals of the same specie -These individuals share the same resource requirements so competition for resources (food, habitat, mates) is more intense than competition between different species -resource limitation affects individual and population growth and often determines the distribution of individuals within the environment

What makes up an ecosystem?

-a community of living organisms and the physical (non-living) components of their environment -the community~ living component, made up of number of populations

How does resource availability influence the interactions between populations of predators and their prey?

-a predator eating its prey is one of the most obvious ecological interactions we see between species -predators are well adapted to locate and subdue their prey, and prey species are equally well adapted to avoid being eaten and to maintain their populations despite predation -vertebrate predators generally do not control their prey populations, which tend to fluctuate seasonally depending on available food supply -however, predator populations are heavily influenced by the availability of prey, especially when there is little opportunity for switching to alternative prey species

what is predation? (type of interaction)

-a predator kills the prey and eats it. Predators may take a range of species as prey or they may prey exclusively on one other species. Predation is a consumer-resource interaction and a type of exploitation

what is mutualism? (type of interaction)

-a symbiosis in which both species benefit -if both species depend on the symbiosis for survival, the mutualism is obligate -mutualism can involve more than two species

what is commensalism? (type of interaction)

-a symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected -it is likely that most commensal relationships involve some small benefit to the apparently neutral party

what is parasitsm? (type of interaction)

-a symbiotic relationship in which the parasite lives in or on the host, taking all its nutrition from it -the host is harmed but not usually killed, at least not directly -parasites may have multiple hosts and their transmission is often linked to food webs

how do predators select their prey?

-aggregation~ predators aggregate(cluster) for short periods of time in areas of high prey density, maximizing exploitation of rich food patches -prey size selection~ predators select prey size that is optimum for maximum energy gain per handling time

how do we distinguish between diff layers of earth?

-crust and upper part of mantle are chemically distinct layers -layers within these layers can be distinguished by physical properties

What are the strategies on how predators capture?

-diverse strategies -depends on habitat, adaptations of the predator and its prey species, and whether the predator is social/solitary

What is the internal structure of the Earth?

-has 5 main layers organized based on density -most dense in center- least dense r outer layer -outer to inner= crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core

lagged numerical responses

-in herbivore-carnivoresystems -prey populations fluctuate seasonally w changes in vegetation growth, predators can respond to increases by increasing rate of production

what is competition? (type of interaction)

-individuals of the same or different species compete for the same limited resources -both parties are detrimentally affected

what causes earths wind patterns?

-interactions of 2 main causes: differential heating of atmosphere by sun and rotation of earth itself

oceanic crust

-makes up 2/3+ of Earths surface -composed of dense rocks under sediment -being continually formed from mantle at ocean ridges

How have natural populations evolved to minimize interspecific competition?

-many species use the same resources~but most obtain the resources needed to survive and reproduce -bc diff species w similar ecological requirements and resource needs can reduce comp by exploiting resources w/in diff parts of same environment

how do species interact within ecosystems? and how are their interactions influenced by resources?

-organisms do not live in isolation -interactions within and between species are an important component of the biotic factors that structure every ecosystem -many of these relationships involve exploitation:a predator eats its prey and herbivores eat plants

convergent boundaries

-plate attrition (decrease) occurs here, marked by deep ocean trenches and subduction zones, boundaries moving towards each other -oceanic crust and continental crust meet -divergent and convergent make up ab 80% of boundaries

no-lag numerical response

-predators can show immediate response to change in prey populations -easiest with birds because of their high mobility

how does the theory of plate tectonics explain plate movement?

-some evidence comes from earthquakes, volcanoes, and land formations -key principle is that rigid plates are able to ride on fluid-like underlying asthenosphere

How does resource availability influence the type of symbiotic relationship we see between species?

-symbiosis= a close ecologicalrelationship (literally meaning "living together"), it includes mutualistic and commensal relationships, as well as parasitism -as we saw, the partners in a mutualistic relationship benefit from the association -this contrasts with parasitism, where the symbiosis involves exploitation of one species by another -as in all species interactions, there is a strong resource component to all symbiotic relationships

What is the evidence for tectonic plates and what happens where they meet?

-the earths crust is broken up into 7 large, continent sized tectonic plates & ab a dozen smaller plates -best evidence found on seabed -tectonic plates meet at plate boundaries -boundaries determined by direction meeting plates are moving and type of geological material

what are the biotic factors?

-the living organisms in the environment (including their interactions) -ex. competitors, predators, and symbionts

what are abiotic factors?

-the nonliving/physical conditions -hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere

what determines how components of an ecosystem interact?

-the type and availability of resources in the environment determine species distribution and survival and are important influence on how diff species interact

transform boundaries

-two plates slide past each other w no significant change in size of either plate

divergent boundaries

-where plate growth occurs, along sea floor, tectonic plates moving away from each other -divergent and convergent make up ab 80% of boundaries

Describe how the Earth's atmosphere helps maintain a stable global environment

Atmospheric circulation transfers the heat gained at the tropics to cooler regions- which produces a more spread temp and the heat that is gained around ocean circulates the globe

Explain how the climate would affect the way a drainage basin develops

Climate affects the way the drainage basin develops because the volume of rain, temperature, and humidity are all important factors in the shape of the system and the water that it carries.

Why might developed countries have much larger ecological footprints than undeveloped countries?

Developed countries might have much larger ecological footprints than undeveloped countries because developed countries have high development rates. The developed countries have much a higher consumption of material goods also they have higher populations causing them to be polluted easier.

Why are earthquakes more common along plate boundaries than elsewhere in the world?

Earthquakes are more common along plate boundaries than elsewhere in the world because the movements of tectonic plates put the brittle rock of the crust under strain therefore creating rocks fracture and slip past each other. Earthquakes are caused by energy release during rapid slippage along faults.

Why will human society need to reduce its energy use or build new sustainable energy sources?

Human society needs to reduce its energy use and build new sustainable energy sources because lots of the resources that we rely on such as coal are non-renewable so once we run out we will need to find an alternative to it. This is the only way for human society to become sustainable. Increasing biodiversity is an example of sustainability.

Evidence shows sea surface temperatures to be rising in response to rising global air temperatures.How might this affect El Niño and La Niña conditions

If sea surface temps are rising then this will cause El Niño to occur more often bc it is dependent on warm water and La Niña will occur less because it relies on colder water.

Use examples to explain how the geological characteristics of an environment can affect the climate and weather of that environment

Mountains can affect the climate by deflecting air currents to higher levels of the atmosphere, as the air rises it cools and the moisture condenses causing rain and cool air. Ocean currents affect the climate of coastal land by causing fog and moist air.

What causes the change in seasons on Earth?

The earth is tilted at 23.4 degrees, the angle remains the same as it travels around the sun leading to the North pole pointing towards the sun during June, July, August (northern summer) and away from the sun 6 months later (northern winter).

Explain how the underlying geology of the land may affect the morphology of the drainage basin

The shape of the land and the extent of the river system is what affects the morphology of the drainage basin.

asthenosphere

lies below the lithosphere, it is a layer of rock and is vicious and plastic in its behavior, it changes through plastic deformation slowly moving about and allowing movement of tectonic plates above, it is relatively thin.

what are the types of mutualistic relationships?

resource-resource= one resource is traded for another service-resource= a service is performed in exchange for a resource