APES Unit 1 Test

What is the difference in life expectancy between developed and developing countries?

10 years

Convert 37.5 acres into hectares. (1 ha = 2.47 acres 1 acre = 0.405 ha)

15.2

What is the percentage of the per capita ecological footprint for a person in China as compared to a person in the United States?

16%

How much greater is India's total ecological footprint than that of Japan?

240

What percentage of the world's pollution is the responsibility of developed countries?

75%

When leaf litter inputs to the stream decrease, the amount of fish and insect biomass leaving the biomass leaving the downstream section decreases by a similar amount. This represents

A negative feedback loop

Some toxic compounds are ingested and retained in the tissues. These pollutants pose special risks to humans and other organisms high on the food chain because of which process?

Biomagnification

The leading consumer of steel, concrete, coal, wheat and rice is

China

An alpine area of national park near a trail is normally covered by plants, but much of the area is now bare soil. Park rangers suspect that trampling by hikers has killed the plants. Which of the following will best test the hypothesis?

Comparing plant survivorship in areas where hikers stay on the trail with plant survivorship in the area where hikers leave the trail.

Which of the following ecological concepts includes all of the others?

Ecosystem

Which term describes the ability to do work and transfer heat?

Energy

Which of the following characteristically produces non-point source pollution?

Erosion from agricultural land

Changes in a country's economic growth per person are measured by

GDP

Which of the following events has increased the impact of humans on the environment? I. Advances in technology II. Reduced human population growth III. Use of tools for hunting

I and III only

The environmental impact of a population on a given area depends on which of the following? I. population size II. technologies III. affluence

I, II and III

Which cultural event(s) lead to an increase in our ecological footprint? I. Technology/information II. Industrial Revolution III. Agricultural Revolution

I, II, III

Which of the following is a part of a positive feedback mechanism associated with global climate change?

Melting of Arctic sea ice

Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability?

Reducing human population size

Which of the following is NOT a type of organic biological molecule?

Salts

Nature reveals 4 basic principles of that could help us to transition to sustainable societies. Which of the following is not one of those principles?

Survival of the fittest

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development?

The biodiversity of the pond has decreased

Which law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed?

The first law

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond?

The species richness

Which of the following is the best example of the tragedy of the commons?

Water pollution from oil rigs concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico.

Scientists try to reduce errors in their observations and measurements by

all of the choices - repeating measurements several times and taking the average value - reducing bias - using standard procedures - testing measuring devices against known samples

Effects of pollution might include

all of the choices - fish kills in lakes and streams - spread of a disease from an open dump - being unable to see the top of skyscrapers because of smog - destruction of a statue in a city park by acid rain

An environmentally sustainable society

all of the choices - lives off its natural income of renewable resources - provides its population with adequate and equitable access resources - does not compromise access of future generations to basic needs - does not degrade its natural capital

Solutions to environmental problems are not always easy. This is because

any solution has both advantages and disadvantages

Point source pollution _________.

can usually be identified within a given area

The basic structural and functional units of life are called _________.

cells

All of the following ways would help to reduce the projected ecological footprint EXCEPT________.

continued reliance on the current fossil fuels

Challenges in the study of environmental science include all of the following except

dangers of studying natural systems

Going from a generalization to a specific conclusion is known as ___________.

deductive reasoning

The population of the world has been increasing ___________.

exponentially

"We burn coal to produce electricity to operate a refrigerator" is an example of the _________ and "If we burn coal to produce electricity to operate a refrigerator, we lose a great deal of energy in the form of heat" is an example of the __________.

first law of thermodynamics, second law of thermodynamics

The "Tragedy of the Commons" refers to the overuse of ___________.

free-access resources

Which of these does NOT describe most developed countries?

high population

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of caffeine on the pulse rate of five healthy 18-year-old males. Each was given 250 mL of a beverage with or without caffeine. The men had their pulse rates measured before they had the drink (time 0 minutes) and again after they had been sitting at rest for 30 minutes after consuming the drink. After analyzing the results of the experiment, the most appropriate conclusion would be that caffeine

increased the pulse rates of the 18-year-old males tested.

Which of these is NOT a reason for environmental problems?

knowledge of how nature works

All of the following are examples of sustainability EXCEPT _______.

land development

Natural capital consists of _________ and natural services.

natural resources

An example of the tragedy of the commons would be

offshore clam beds in public areas depleted below replenishment levels by overfishing

When the effects of the combined processes are greater than the individual effects, this is known as

synergistic

A student wants to study the effect of temperature on algae levels in a local stream. The independent variable of this experiment would be

temperature of the water

The real prices of goods and services do not include

the environmental costs of resource use

What is the primary difference between renewable resources and non-renewable resources

the length of time it takes for them to be replenished

An idea that has been tested widely, is supported by extensive evidence, and is accepted by most scientists in a particular field of study, is called a(n)

theory

Countries such as China have increasing populations that are attaining a middle-class status. This has led to ___________.

two-thirds of the world's most polluted cities in China.

A sustainable society would emphasize

using energy efficiently and reusing and recycling matter

Which of the following is an example of reuse?

using plastic butter tubs to store leftovers