APES UNIT 2
Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct?
A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.
Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because Responses
they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events
Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Antarctic Temperature over the Past 800,000 Years Which of the following best describes the change in Antarctic temperature from about 440,000 years ago to about 340,000 years ago?
The temperature increases by about 12°C and then decreases by about 12°C.
Which of the following economic consequences to a provisioning ecosystem service will most likely result from increased global warming?
The collapse of local fisheries, because of the damage to coral reefs from ocean acidification
A 163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000km2 island is found 1,000km from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? Responses
The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island.
Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem that provides ecosystem services including protection from hurricane storm surges?
An intact coastal wetland
Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions?
The frogs can tolerate a pHpH between 4.54.5 and 6
Scientists are interested in determining the impact of the construction of a hydroelectric dam on a population of salmon that live downstream of a populated area. They measure the health of the salmon population in its current state, several years after the dam was constructed. Which of the following would be the best to use as a control in this study?
The health of the salmon population prior to any dam construction
Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data?
The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.
In England approximately 250250 years ago, the peppered moth had light-colored wing patterns that camouflaged them against the light-colored trees. Over time in urban areas, the number of peppered moths with dark-colored wings increased as pollution from the Industrial Revolution darkened the trees the moths rested on. Which of the following statements best describes how the moths adapted to the new environment over time?
The moths adapted to the new environment by changes in the genetics of the population.
The image shows two different islands and the relative distance to the nearest mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best predicts the effect of the introduction of an invasive species on Easter Island compared to Madagascar?
The native species on Madagascar are more likely to survive because the island is larger and provides a greater diversity of habitats and resources.
Which of the following is the best example of a keystone species?
Sea otter
Organisms adapted to surviving in water with the widest range of salinity would most likely be native species in which of the following marine environments?
An estuary within a lagoon
Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following islands would most likely have the highest number of species living on it?
An island 30 hectares in size that is 10 kilometers off the coast of the mainland
All of the following are negative externalities EXCEPT
Bee pollination
Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance had the greatest species richness?
100
At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?
100 years
Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area?
Genetic variation within each species and number of species present
The graphs above show the population size and distribution of beak sizes in a finch population on the island of Daphne Major in the Galapagos in 1976 and 1978. Smaller-beaked finches are better suited for eating grasses and small seeds. Larger-beaked finches are better suited for cracking larger seeds and nuts. In 1977 a drought took place and the vegetation of the island was affected by the lack of rain. Question Which of the following was the number of finches in the population with a beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? Responses
12
Based on the graph above, which of the following years postdisturbance did sweetgum experience the greatest biomass?
50
Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above?
Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.
An island off the coast of Africa contains a larger percentage of specialist species than generalist species. Which of the following describes the most immediate effect if an invasive generalist species is introduced to the island?
As competition for resources increases, the population size of the island's specialist species will decrease.
Which of the following best describes the trends in atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature over the past 800,000 years?
Atmospheric CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature are directly correlated over the past 800,000 years.
A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which ecosystem most likely experienced a recent population bottleneck?
Ecosystem A, because its low genetic diversity could have resulted from an event that reduced the variation in the gene pool.
A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which ecosystem would most likely recover the fastest from a natural disruption?
Ecosystem B
Researchers in the Galápagos Islands measured the average beak size in a population of finches from 1976 to 1984, as shown in the graph below. Birds with smaller beaks are better suited for grasses and soft seeds, while birds with larger beaks are better suited for seeds and nuts. In years with less rainfall, there are fewer grasses to feed on and the finches rely more on seeds for food. In 1977, 1980, and 1982, there were droughts, and the area experienced significantly less rainfall than average.
Finches with larger beaks were more likely to survive in 1980 because they were able to feed primarily on seeds and nuts during the drought.
Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following? I. The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile. II. The fangs and claws of a lion III. The light coloration of a peppered moth
I and II only
Based on the diagram above, in which stage are most species present considered pioneer species?
II- At this stage, organisms like lichen, fungi, and moss can grow on rocks without soil and are among the first life-forms. Pioneer species are the first species to colonize an area in succession.
Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? Responses
Increased susceptibility on plant disease
A research team monitoring a local freshwater ecosystem noticed that over the past few years the otter population had declined significantly, while the populations of other species remained fairly constant. After running tests, the research team determined that mercury levels in invertebrates and small fish in the ecosystem were very high. In this ecosystem, what role did the otters occupy?
Indicator species
Which of the following ecosystem services are categorized as regulating?
Pollination, decomposition, and water purificatio
Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat?
Primary succession
Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?
Recreation and scenic areas for tourism
Which of the following best describes why secondary succession generally occurs more quickly than primary succession?
Secondary succession takes place in areas that already have soil and nutrients in place, whereas primary succession occurs in areas that lack soil.
For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands?
Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources.
Changes in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Antarctic Temperature over the Past 800,000 Years Which of the following best describes the pattern in the atmospheric CO2 concentration data over the past 200,000 years?
The concentration of CO2 fluctuated between 150ppm and 250ppm until recently, when the concentration rose exponentially.
Researchers examined the effect of industrialization and increased pollution (soot) in London on the coloration in a single species of moths. Birds prey on the moths that are easily visible on trees. The researchers observed moths on tree trunks and recorded their body color. The percentage of moths with light colored bodies and the percentage of moths with dark bodies is shown on the graph above. Question Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the change in the population of moths as a result of industrialization?
The percentage of dark colored moths increased in the population and the percentage of light-colored moths decreased in the population.
The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Devils Hole, a geologic pool, is the only naturally occurring habitat for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish. This fish's habitat is one of the smallest natural ranges known for any vertebrate. Devils Hole is an extreme environment, with water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lethal limits for most fish species. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment?
The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Question Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond?
The species richness
Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent?
There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.
Based on the graph above, which of the following tree species would be the predominant species found during the intermediate stage of succession?
Tulip poplar
A team of ecologists are studying four different ecosystems with varying levels of biodiversity. The ecologists categorize the different levels of biodiversity for the four ecosystems as shown in the table below. Based on the information above, which of the following best describes Ecosystem C?
Its low habitat diversity indicates that Ecosystem C most likely has a low number of specialist species and few species that utilize large territories.