APES Unit 3 review
Use Figure 7-1. Population B is most likely
stable or close to stable
Which of the following could describe a population that is decreasing in size?
the death rate is becoming higher than the birthrate
The population of the United States continues to grow as a result of
-immigration -babies born to baby boom generation parents the birth rate being above replacement level fertility during the 1940s through the 1960s (all of the above)
Which of these describes an effective means that prey species may use to evade predators?
-mimicry -warning coloration -chemical secretions -camouflage (all of the above)
what are the 4 factors for island biogeography
-size- the larger the island the larger populations -distance to mainland/other habitats- closer they are the more migration -latitude- the closer to the equator means the more energy for life (heat) -time/age- the older the island **these all equal more biodiversity**
A population's growth rate depends upon
-the age at which is first reproduces -the average number of offspring produced the reproductive lifespan the post reproductive lifespan (all of the above)
If you were studying the niche of a species of bird, you might study
-the food it eats -its predators -the temp it needs to survive -the places where it builds its nest (all of the above)
At the start of a study there were 200 spotted salamanders in an old-growth forest patch in western Oregon. Over the next year a biologist tracking the salamanders saw that 25 new salamanders hatched and 5 died. Thus r for this year was .
0.1
According to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during phase
1
If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to %.
1.5
According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phase
2
A population of river otters has a growth rate of (r) of 0.2 per year. If the population starts out with 50 individuals and there is no migration, how many would you expect after one year; after two years?
60; 72
how many ppl currently live in the world? how many in the US?
7.6 billion; 325 million
Which of the following graphs is a graph that could represent the biotic potential of a species?\
A
Use Figure 7-1. Which population is larger?
Population a
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?
africa and asia
what is uniform distribution
agriculture, tree plantation, or territorial (nesting birds)
what is random distribution
an example is trees (ina forest/woods)
inthe 20th century, why did the population explode
antibiotics and the industrial revolution
Population growth rates are high in developing countries because
children are an economic advantage
what is the most populous country in the world?
china
what are the 4 most populous countries in the world in order
china, india, US, indonesia
Two species that have a high degree of niche overlap will
compete intensely
If immigration and emigration numbers remain equal, which of these could cause a slowed growth rate?
decreased birthrate
Which are two ways a population can decrease in size?
decreased birthrate and emigration
A close interaction between two different species, in which one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
commensalism
Scientists visiting a remote island find two species of birds that appear nearly identical except for bill size. The species with the larger bill eats large seeds, and the species with the smaller bill eats small seeds. According to genetic evidence, the two species are extremely closely related to each other. Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the different bill sizes in these species?
comp between the 2 species resulted in resource partitioning
The concept that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche is called a
competitive exclusion
If a country with a high population growth rate quickly reduced its growth rate to 0%, its population would
continue to grow for many years, then level off
The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is
decreasing the average number of births per woman
Some predators feed preferentially on the most abundant prey. This type of predation is
density
A disease resulting in the deaths of one third of a dense population of bats in a cave would be a
density dependent limiting factor
During the winter of 1999, minimum temperatures did not get much below freezing in an Oregon pond, and the following summer large mosquito populations were observed. In the winter of 2000, frost came early, and most ponds froze for 3 months. In the following summer, very low mosquito populations were observed. This is an example of
density independent regulation
Which levels of organization also includes abiotic factors?
ecosystem and biome
Which of the following factors drives TFR down?
education of women
The graph in Figure 5-1 shows the growth of a bacterial population. Which of the following correctly describes the growth curve?
exponential
The human population is currently following roughly a J-shaped curve. This means that the population is growing
exponentially
traits of r selected species
fast reproduction many offspring at once reach sexual maturity faster shorter gestation shorter generation length small offspring fish/insects
The human population in Canada contains almost equal numbers of people in each age group. This means that the population in Canada will
grow slowly but steadily
A country with is not expected to grow quickly in the near future.
high female literacy
Which of the following is NOT an example of two organisms in a mutualistic relationship?
humans and the prtoza that cause malaria
According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish
increases environmental impact
Two species of aster can be found in a field in New York, and they tend to flower at the same approximate time in early spring. When some ecology students decide to conduct an experiment in community dynamics, they selectively remove one species from the field by handpicking all plants of that species. When the one species is removed, the other species shows a significant increase in its population the next season. This study demonstrates
interspecific competition
An exotic species is one which_____ an ecosystemis
is foreign to
The intrinsic growth rate of a population
is the max rate at which a population may increase
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society?
reduced birth rates
America's age-structure diagram
reflects a baby boom in the 1950s
The Black Rhinoceros is considered to be a keystone species because
removal of the rhinos from their community would result in drastic changes in the ecological structure of the community
What is the population in part (b) likely to experience soon?
resource depletion and decreased quality of life
After a forested area such as a national forest is clear-cut, what type of succession occurs?
secondary
Which of the following is NOT likely to characterize pioneer plant species involved in primary succession?
slow-growing long lived perennial
Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?
temperature
Looking at the figure, you are able to determine .
that the population in part b is growing rapidly
A population of rabbits, introduced to an island, has rapid growth for a few years; then its growth slows. The population becomes stable because
the CC has been reached
Which of the following is a density-independent event that could limit the size of a population?
the accidental spill of a pesticide that cuases to population to decrease
In his 1961 paper, "The Paradox of the Plankton," ecologist G.E. Hutchinson noted that several species of algae coexist, sharing the same few mineral nutrient resources in homogeneous open water systems. As there is little chance of resource partitioning and niche differentiation in such a situation, the paradox of their coexistence is an apparent violation of
the comp exclusion principle
Which of the following is a density-independent limiting factor?
the eruption of a volcano
Animals are sometimes randomly distributed across an ecosystem within a population because of
the fact that resources are not limiting
What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?
the life expectancy and the infant mortailty rate
Over the past century, sagebrush has dramatically expanded its range over the Colorado Plateau's grasslands. This has been attributed to the overgrazing of the area's grasses by cattle and sheep. This example indicates that a. grazing has no effect on the distribution of plants.
the range of sagebrush is normally limited by comp w grasses
Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society?
the total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition
traits of k selected species
these species usually show parental care slow reproduction few offspring at once reach sexual maturity slowly longer gestation longer gestation larger offspring mammals/birds
When individuals are found to be distributed evenly throughout an ecosystem it is often because
they are territorial
Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the stage.
transitional
know the 3 types of survivorship
type 1: high survival throughout most of lifepsank but then indivudals start to die in large numbers at old age (k-selected) type 2: relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of lifespan (constant) type 3: low survivorship early in life w few individuals reaching adulthood (r-selected)
Which of the following is true?
under ideal conditions, bacteria and eagle populations both grow exponentially
An important density-independent factor limiting population size is .
weather
symbiosis
when 2 species or more have closely intertwined life cycles
In Rwanda, there are more young children than teenagers, and more teenagers than adults. This age structure indicates a population that
will double in 30 years
Use Figure 7-1. Approximately how many females in population B are between the ages of 50 and 59?
20,000,000
Use Figure 7-1. Population B would most likely be in which stage of demographic transition?
3
According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates may drop below death rates during phase
4
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5%. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?
400 million
a country's pop was 10,000 in 1991. it was 14,000 in 1997. it was 20,000 in 2005. what is the average growth rate of the country?
5% growth annually
Which type of population distribution can enhance protection from predators?
clumped distribution
Populations whose age structure diagrams are narrower at the bottom than at the top have
a declining population
Which of the following is NOT true of the general pattern of succession, from a recently disturbed terrestrial site to stable, self-sustaining forest community
a decrease in the number of grass species occurs
Which of the following is the best description of a populaiton that has a stable age distribution?
a growing population in which the proportions of inviduals in the different age class remain constant
Countries in the first stage of demographic transition have
a high death rate and a high brith rate
Which of the following characteristics of an area would support a higher extent of biodiversity?
a lower latitude
How are Phase 1 and Phase 2 of logistic growth similar?
a population is increasing, moveing toward its CC during both phases
When looking at an age structure diagram, you notice that the lowest ages represent the lowest percentages of the population. You are most likely looking at
a population that will begin to shrink when that age group reaches sexual maturity
Ecologist Paul Ehrlich likened species in a community to rivets holding together an airplane. To paraphrase he implied that airplanes can lose some of their rivets with no ill effects, but may suffer catastrophic failures if one to o many are lost. We could extend this analogy to state that some rivets are so crucial that they must be retained for the integrity of the airplane. These "crucial" rivets represent
keystone species
Of the following characteristics, which three are typical of K-selected species?
late productive age, large size in adult hood, and specialist niche
The first plant community that forms on bare rock often includes organisms such as
lichens and mosses
In general, what is the relationship between life expectancy, child mortality, and affluence (such as health care, sanitation, potable water, and food)?
life expectancy is generally directly proportional to affluence, while child mortality is inversely proportional
what are some density dependent factor
limiting resources food space water sunlight nutrients DISEASE/PARASITISM
What is the population in part (a) likely to experience soon?
more senior citizens
what are some density independent factor
natural disasters abiotic factors (pH, dissolved O2) temperature *doesnt mean all abiotic factors are independent*
Earthworms live in many grass and forest ecosystems, and aerate soil as they burrow. They ingest organic matter and travel between soil horizons. These traits, taken collectively, refer to the _____ of the earthworm.
nicche
competitive exclusion principle
no 2 organims s can occupy the same niche w out competing intensely unitl one goes extinct
Predation is similar to is harmed. _______ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while the other
parasitism
If similar species each occupy a smaller niche when they live together than they would if they lived alone, they are said to be
partitioning resources
the basic unit of evolution is?
population
There are 150 Saguaro cactus plants per square kilometer in a 10-square-kilometer area of Arizona desert. To which population characteristic does this information refer?
population density
When the exponential phase of a logistic growth curve of a population ceases,
population growth begins to slow down
Several species of harmless kingsnakes (Lampropeltis spp) mimic the color patterns of venomous coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius), which serve as models. If avoidance were based solely on prior predator experience with the model, what do you predict would happen in areas where coral snakes were never present?
predators would attack and eat kingsnakes
succession begins on bare rock after glaciers have passed, or on newly formed volcanic islands.
primary
what is clumped distribution
protection from predators schools of fish herd animals pack animals
Use Figure 7-1. Population A is most likely
rapidly growing
