APES UNIT 4 PART 2

Where is GOOD ozone found?

Stratosphere

Which atmospheric layer do jet planes and weather balloons fly?

Stratosphere

What is the Coriolis Effect?

- As the winds blow from the north and south towards the equator, their flow path is deflected by the earth's rotation. - This effect makes wind systems on the southern side of the equator (southern hemisphere) spin clockwise and wind systems on the northern side (north hemisphere) spin counter-clockwise.

How does El Niño events affect the food web in the Pacific waters off the coast of Peru?

- El Nino years can have a big impact on phytoplanktons disrupting the marine food chain and affecting fisheries and the livelihoods of fishermen. El Nino basically stops the normal upwelling that brings phytoplankton to the surface. - One of the world's richest fisheries is off the coast of Peru. In most years winds from the southeast push warm surface water away from the coast. In its place, upwelling brings to the surface cold water rich in nutrients. These provide nourishment for the microscopic plants known as plankton or phytoplankton. - Plankton normally provide food for a vast community of anchovies and other fish.The fish in turn supply food for seabirds. Not only is the fish catch economically important, but the harvesting of bird excrement (guano) provides a supply of valuable fertilizer.

Compare and contrast El Niño and La Niña

- El Niño -- the warm phase of the natural patters across the tropical Pacific Oceans - La Niña -- the cool phase of the natural patters across the tropical Pacific Oceans

Compare and contrast latitude and longitude.

- Latitude is the angular distance north or south of Earth's equator and is one of the key factors in relation to Longitude that determines an exact location on Earth's globe. - Latitude helps to create a representation of location points among the globe and also helps with seasonal differentiation with solar intensity that creates different seasons. The different seasons vary with solar intensity and the tilt axis relative to latitude creates a differentiated solar intensity.

Give an explanation for the formation of Hadley cells in the tropics.

- Near the equator - At the equator warm air (less dense) rises and then spreads out towards the poles. This causes the air to sink down, back to the equator creating a cycle

How does El Niño affect Peruvian fisheries?

. During El Nino, upwelling brings up warm water with few nutrients. A serious economic consequences of El Niño is its devastating effect on the Peruvian anchoveta fisheries. Populations of fish and seabirds vanish and anchovy catches dwindle during El Niño.

If the diagram illustrates Earth's relative position on December 21 of a given year, would the Tropic of Cancer have longer or shorter days than the Tropic of Capricorn. EXPLAIN.

Cancer would be shorter because it has less direct sunlight than Capricorn

What causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A, B, and C on the diagram?

Coriolis Effect: - As the winds blow from the north and south towards the equator, their flow path is deflected by the earth's rotation. - This effect makes wind systems on the southern side of the equator (southern hemisphere) spin clockwise and wind systems on the northern side (north hemisphere) spin counter-clockwise.

Where and why does El Niño occur?

El Niño is a complex weather phenomenon that occurs irregularly in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean every two to seven years. When the trade winds that typically blow from east to west in this region weaken, sea surface temperatures in the east and central tropical Pacific start rising

What does the acronym ENSO mean?

El Niño-Southern Oscillation

What is thermohaline circulation?

In addition, where ice forms in the polar regions, it forms from fresh water, leaving its salt behind to make the water even saltier and heavier. The sinking of water in the polar areas is therefore driven by both temperature and salinity and is known as the thermohaline circulation.

Which is the COLDEST layer of the atmosphere?

Mesosphere

What would be a positive effect of La Niña for the Central Atlantic ocean basin?

Over the central and eastern subtropical Pacific, the enhanced trough is associated with stronger upper-level winds and stronger vertical wind shear, which suppress hurricane activity

Define solar intensity.

Solar intensity describes the sun in relation to latitude of how the sun's solar angular ray hits the surface of Earth.

Where is BAD ozone found?

Troposphere

What is the driving force of the global wind patterns of cells?

The Coriolis Force

Which atmospheric layer does the greenhouse effect occur?

Troposphere

Which atmospheric layer does weather occur?

Troposphere

Which layer has the greatest concentration of water and oxygen molecules?

Troposphere

What is the cause for Earth's seasons?

The difference occurs with the angle and tilt of the sun's rays hitting the surface of Earth. The solar rays give the same amount of sunlight but depending on the angle and location, affect a different area creating different temperatures in relation to the axis tilt and poles. This creates different temperatures in regions and different seasons.

What causes wind?

The rotation of the Earth and the incoming energy from the sun

Which is the HOTTEST layer of the atmosphere?

Thermosphere

How does wind, salt and heat exchange interact between the atmosphere and the ocean?

WIND: When wind blows over the ocean, energy is transferred from the wind (slowing it down) to the surface layers, some of which then drives ocean currents. Water can evaporate more easily into warm air, especially if it is windy. As it evaporates, it removes heat from the ocean. If it then condenses to form a cloud droplet, it releases the heat into the air. This is one of the main ways they get their energy. SALT: Salt is continuously brought into the oceans by the rivers draining off the continents, which carry minerals dissolved from the rocks they run over, and deposited as sediment on the ocean floor. Water evaporating or freezing at the ocean's' surface leaves the remaining water saltier, but rain, which is not salty, dilutes the salt concentration of the surface ocean. HEAT: The air and the ocean are continuously exchanging heat. As the ocean has a higher heat capacity, it takes longer to adjust to changes in incoming radiation, and therefore tends to change temperature slower.

Describe the sea surface temperature and rainfall during an El Niño event, in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)?

Warm water

Location (latitude) of most deserts

Within the Tropic of Cancer (30 degrees north) and Tropic of Capricorn (30 degrees south)