APES unit 5 exam
There are various stages in the formation of coal as heat and pressure are increased and moisture content is dismissed. These stages, in order, are
) Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
Waterlogging is a result of 1. Over-irrigation by farmers to leach salts deeper into the soil 2. Water accumulating underground and gradually raising the water table 3. Over-irrigation of crops that leave salt residue in the topsoil layers
1 and 2
If an area was originally forested and then underwent urban development, which of the following shows the most likely effects on various parts of the water cycle in the area?
A
Which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil?
A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time.
Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons?
Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Which of the following best describes why aquaculture has grown considerably in several parts of the world?
Aquaculture fisheries provide a larger and more consistent quantity of fish year-round than do wild fisheries.
If the trend in total water withdrawal represented in the graph continues, which of the following is most likely to happen in the future?
Aquifers will be depleted if demand is higher than recharge rate.
Spray irrigration
Both a and b
Which of the following accurately describes a benefit of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs)?
Concentrated animal feeding operations are efficient and relatively low-cost facilities that help keep consumer costs low
Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture?
Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following fishing practice solutions would best promote the sustainability of the orange roughy population?
Establishment of quotas on the number of orange roughy caught
Which of the following best describes a(disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?
Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following proposed solutions would have the greatest effect on reducing global water withdrawals?
Government grants to assist farmers with the up-front installation costs of drip irrigation systems.
Green roofs offer environmental advantages...which of the following statemnts is bets supported by the data shown in the table?
Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant
Waterlogging is a result of
I, II, and III
Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?
Integrated pest management
Which of the following is true of the Ogallala Aquifer?
It underlies the United States High Plains and is being depleted by overuse.
Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?
More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.
The green revolution brought which of the following to modern society?
New farming techniques, new crop varieties, and increased food production
Which pollutant or pollutants are most likely to create eutrophic areas?
Nitrates and phosphates
Which of the following represents a correct pairing of an agricultural practice with its environmental consequence?
Paddy rice cultivation and methane emissions
There are various stages in the formation of coal as heat and pressure are increased and moisture content is dismissed. These stages in order are
Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
Other than potential negative health effects on humans, which of the following is a disadvantage of using chemical pesticides to eliminate crop pests?
Pesticides may harm organisms other than the target crop pests through biomagnification in the food web.
Which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability?
Reducing human population size
13. Based on the diagrams above, which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased?
Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration.
Which of the following would be the best way to mitigate deforestation?
Replant and protect trees in areas that have been previously cleared.
Which of the following statements identifies a concern associated with the increased proportion of GM crops being grown?
Runoff from GM crop fields can lead to increased eutrophication.
Which of the following best achieves the goal of providing wood products from humans while preserving biodiversity
Selective cutting of large areas of old-growth forest
Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour plowing?
Soil erosion
The process of using resources to meet the needs of both current and future generations is referred to as
Sustainability
Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has recently become clear-cut?
The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase
Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?
The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.
A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration...which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?
The infiltration rate of the water
The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil. Which of the following is the independent variable in the study?
The type of pavers used in the pallets
The water table is
The uppermost level at which water fully saturates rock or soil
Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing?
There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to lead to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?
clear-cutting
Two branches of a river have different sediment loads. Based on the diagram, which of the following most likely led to the differences in the amount of sediment in the two branches of the river?
deforestation from clear-cutting
Per capita carbon emissions tend to be highest in
developed nations
after reviewing personal footprint data, student 5, decides to take action to lower his or her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothing. land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by the this change
goods and servcies
what is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence
more affluent nations tend to consume more meat products
Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following
reduction in species diversity
The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because
the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory
One important step that homeowners in the new development can take to protect water quality in Samel Creek would be to
use rain barrels to reduce the flow of storm water into the creek
Problems associated with the use of trees for biomass are 1. Potential deforestation 2. Burning fossil carbon 3. Potential soil erosion
1 and 3
The best forest management techniques mimic natural processes. This is most likely to include
Allowing prescribed burns to remove accumulated dead biomass
Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture?
Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year round
Storm water runoff from the new development into nearby Samel Creek will likely lead to which of the following?
Destruction of fish habitats by high levels of suspended solids and sediments
This type of irrigation is often used by small-scale farming operations, and it requires extensive labor to set up individual irrigation lines
Drip irrigation
Which of the following is NOT a result of urban sprawl?
Due to larger parcel size suburban populations use twice as much land area as similarly sized urban populations
Based on the data provided, which of the following descriptions best identifies the types of farms that are being compared?
Farm A is a grass-fed pasture for beef production, whereas Farm B is a traditional concentrated animal feedlot for cattle.
Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons?
Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.
this type irrigation often used in orchards growing tree crops, distributes water to plants through small parallel channels between crops rows but often leads to increased soil erosion in the field
Furrow irrigation
In which ways of the following ways did the Green Revolution increase food production?
I, II, III
What type of commercial fishing practice causes devastating damage to coral reefs and seamounts due to the use of weighted nets that drag along the ocean bottom?
Trawling fishing
A major environment problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is
eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use
Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear cutting?
evaporation of water from the soil will increase
Salmon farming threatens the health of wild salmon stocks primarily because
farmed salmon can spread parasites and disease to wild salmon
Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight?
flood irrigation
It has recently been estimated that the growth in world population has slowed in the past decade. Despite this trend, environmentalists remain concerned about the environmental impact of world population, principally because
the standard of living is increasing in many developing countries, leading to an increased per capita use of natural resources
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following illustrates the approximate percent increase in total water withdrawals between 1970 and 2010?
56
Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl?
As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious diseases
The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?
Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock
Which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas?
Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition
Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization?
Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.
Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?
Planting genetically modified crops
Carbon dioxide equivalent ( COze) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?
Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of (C) fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas.
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?
Raising beef contributes more to raising greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas
the excessive pumping of groundwater from wells can influence the water below ground. which of the following is more likely to occur in aquifers in costal areas than in aquifers in other regions
Saltwater intrusion into the aquifers
A farmer observes that increasingly higher concentrations of a particular pesticide have beca required each year over the past ten years to achieve the same level of effectiveness on a specific insect pest. Which of the following best helps explain|the observation?
Some individual insects are more likely than others to survive and reproduce due to their inherited traits.
which of the following statements about sustainable agriculture is not true
Sustainable agriculture does not take into account the economic viability of the farmer
Which of the following is a limitation of using only the data in the table to complete an ecological footprint analysis
The footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.
Which of the following best describes the process known as "mountaintop removal"?
The use of heavy equipment to move overburden downhill during the strip mining of coal
Which of the following techniques is a mechanical IPM method for reducing pests?
The use of screens or traps to prevent pests from entering the crop arca
Which of the following will be the greatest impact of the development on the local water supply?
There will be less recharge of groundwater
Which of the following is true of farm-raised salmon?
They are often infected with parasites and sea lice
Which of the following techniques is a realistic solution for farmers to decrease the amount of fertilizer and sediment runoff into aquatic ecosystems?
Using integrated pest management
Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization?
Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks
Based on the information shown in the graph, which of the following statements is most likely to be true?
When precipitation varies, streams in watershed II experience the greatest fluctuations in water volume.
In which ways of the following ways did the Green Revolution increase food production? 1. The development of disease resistant and high yield crops 2. Monocropping and widespread use of machinery 3. The application of fertilizers and the use of irrigation techniques
all of these
One way that consumers can hep prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to
eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested
Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is
more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level
Which of the following areas shown on the map of the United States has a history of coal deposits and is most likely to have mining operations?
point B
