apes unit 5 test
Integrated pest management: what is it, what's its purpose, ways it can be implemented
(IPM) purpose is to reduce the use of pesticides: GMOs, bringing in natural predators (biocontrol), altering habitats, and intercropping
Agroforestry
Planting trees and crops together, reduces erosion
fishery
a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region: includes species, their habitat, and economics involved
selective cutting
cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind -less impact, reduces overcrowding, protect soil from erosion -habitat fragmentation and loss of biodiversity -soil compaction, nutrient loss, reduced water Infiltration
steps in obtaining mineral commodities
1. prospecting-finding places where occurs occur 2. mine exploration and development-learn wether ore can be extracted economically 3. mining-extract ore from ground 4. smelting and refining-extract pure mineral from ore 5. transportation-carry mineral to market 6. marketing and sales-find buyer and sell
Which of the following is an unintended consequence associated with waterlogging caused by flood irrigation? A Higher water tables B Relatively low cost C Decreased erosion and soil loss D Increased oxygen intake by plant roots
A
An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events. Which of the following would be the best control in this experimental design? A Water samples collected from a faucet inside the building B Water samples collected from the roof or parking lot before they passed through the gardens C Soil samples collected from different rain gardens on the property D Soil samples collected from under the parking lots around the city
B
An urban planner is designing a new urban housing development in a currently rural area near an existing city. The urban development will have five 10-story apartment buildings, two basketball courts, a playground with permeable foam pavers, a 10-acre green space with a small man-made pond, one 5-story parking deck, and direct access to the mass transit train line. Which of the following aspects in the design for this new urban development would most likely have the greatest negative environmental impact? A The two basketball courts B The five apartment buildings C The 10-acre green space D The playground
B
Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation? A This method is suitable for a range of topographies and is easy to operate, but it requires a high initial investment in machinery. B This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use. C This method delivers water to the field by pipes and water flows directly over the soil, but there is a large amount of runoff. D This method applies water directly to trenches dug in soil and is cost effective, but water is often lost to evaporation.
B
Which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops? A Eventually, pests will become resistant to the BtBt gene, and pesticide use will increase in the near future. B The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land. C Farmers in more-developed countries will grow fewer genetically modified foods in the near future because they are not cost effective. D Current agricultural practices are effective enough to feed the global population, but improvements in technology will help crops such as cotton and tobacco.
B
Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture? A Raising large numbers of fish in a small area near the shore will increase the profitability of the fish harvest. B Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean. C Aquaculture supports the food supply for humans, and the fish can also be released into the wild to repopulate the ocean. D Aquaculture results in large amounts of fish that can feed large numbers of people and help to increase human population growth.
B
Ecological overshoot occurs when a population's demand on an ecosystem exceeds the biocapacity of that ecosystem to regenerate the resources that are consumed and to absorb wastes. Based on the graph above, in which of the following periods did the human population first exceed Earth's biocapacity? A 1960-1965 B 1970-1975 C 1975-1980 D 1985-1990
C
Three common methods of beef production include using rangelands, pasture, and feedlots. The environmental impacts of these different methods for a variety of variables is compared in the graph below. The figure presents a vertical bar graph titled Relative Environmental Impacts of 3 Different Beef Production Systems. The horizontal indicates 4 categories of environmental impact: Greenhouse Gas; Energy Consumption; Erosion Rate; and Risk of Pesticide Contamination. The vertical axis is labeled Relative Value, and the numbers 0 through 350, in increments of 50, are indicated. There are 3 bars of data per environmental impact labeled Rangeland, Pasture, and Feedlot. The data are as follows. Note that all values are approximate. Greenhouse Gas. Rangeland, Relative Value, 135; Pasture, Relative Value, 125; Feedlot, Relative Value, 80. Energy Consumption. Rangeland, Relative Value, 45; Pasture, Relative Value, 120; Feedlot, Relative Value, 175. Erosion Rate. Rangeland, Relative Value, 75; Pasture, Relative Value, 95; Feedlot, Relative Value, 135. Risk of Pesticide Contamination. Rangeland, Relative Value, 35; Pasture, Relative Value, 190; Feedlot, Relative Value, 340. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A Raising beef on rangelands has the greatest environmental impact as a result of methane emissions and high levels of pesticide contamination. B Switching from raising beef on pastures to raising beef in feedlots decreases the total energy consumption and the rate of soil erosion as a result of an increase in vegetation in feedlots. C Feedlots have high levels of pesticide use and energy consumption as a result high demands for grain production. D Greenhouse gas emissions are equal across all beef production methods because all cattle produce methane gas and carbon dioxide.
C
Humans consume a variety of protein products, each with a different carbon footprint based on a variety of factors. Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? A Feedlot beef is the most sustainable protein because it has low requirements for fossil fuels, requires small pastures, and produces a large amount of protein for human consumption with low levels of pollution released. B Beans and soy products provide the least amount of protein for human consumption because they are plant-based foods. They require large amounts of land and have a high carbon footprint. C Seafood harvested from aquaculture has a larger carbon footprint than seafood harvested from fisheries. Aquaculture requires large amounts of fossil fuels and releases more greenhouse gases than fisheries do because the fish are more concentrated. D Grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizers, and digestive fermentation processes.
D
The graph below shows the change in hog farming in the United States from 1955-2015. The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above? A Free-range grazing B Organic meat production C Individual transferable quotas D Concentrated animal feeding operations
D
Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons? A. Fishing companies increasing the number of aquaculture facilities B. Fishers throwing back fish that are at peak reproductive age to help keep fish populations stable C. Fisheries limiting the amount of overall catch per fishing season D. Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource
D
Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries? A Fish farms create waste that contaminates potential drinking-water resources for coastal communities. B Aquaculture can decrease pressures on overexploited fisheries, increasing fish populations. C Cultivated fish can escape and breed with wild populations, increasing the population size of wild fish in coastal waters. D Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries.
D
Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers? A Groundwater pollution B Cultural eutrophication C Use of fossil fuels D Recycling of organic matter
D
Pros and cons of synthetic fertilizers
Inorganic or Synthetic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral supplements pros: works faster, inexpensive, easier to handle, good crop growth cons: Can deplete nutrients from the soil. May require multiple applications. A potential buildup of toxic chemicals. May leach into other areas. Made from chemically-processed products
acid mine drainage
Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.
irrigation
Supplying land with water through a network of canals, increases crop productivity and allows growth in places where crops wouldnt normally be able to grow -70% of freshwater use -types=furrow, flood, spray, and drip
Water cycle effects from urbanization
Urban sprawl strips away trees which affects water cycle through transpiration. Urban heat islands also affect the water cycle. Cement stops water from coming into the ground because it's not permeable, which increases runoff. Aquifer refill rate decreases. Erosion increases because of decreased water retention.
ecologically sustainable forestry
an approach to removing trees from forests in ways that do not unduly affect the viability of other trees, expensive
synthetic nitrogen fertilizer
combusting natural gas to fix nitrogen in air (faster than nitrogen fixation), easiest to transport/store/apply, known % of nutrients, easily absorbed -energy intensive, runoff pollutes water, limits nutrients, DOESN'T ADD ORGANIC NUTRIENTS TO SOIL -dead zones
economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of urbanization
economic: pros: increased transportation and trade (when by major bodies of water and railroads) cons: overcrowding, poverty, and crime environmental: pros: can lead to more green-based things and decreased use of fossil fuels, and decreased disruption of the environment cons: pollution, increased use of food and water, and overdemand of resources
Solutions to overfishing
ecosystem-based solutions: - Reduce bycatch - Marine reserves - Catch share programs - Ecologically sustainable yield market-based solutions: - Certification - Consumer-based solutions - Purchase of fishing rights - Aquaculture - Increased use of underutilized species - Reduce government subsidies
mining
extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth -removed from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, or reef for economic interest -mine nonrenewable resources
Use of green roofs - how they reduce/absorb runoff and pollution
green roofs are roofs covered in vegetation the vegetation absorbs runoff and reduces greenhouse gas emissions
high-yielding varieties
growth of crops in high yields through selective breeding and genetic modification -increase product, earlier maturation, disease resistance, increased quality, dwarfness to prevent overgrowth -reliant on irrigation and fertilizer ex corn, wheat, soybean
monocropping
large plantings of a single species or variety -increases productivity -increase erosion/reduce nurients, more pest vulnerable, kills predators
environmental advantages of being a vegetarian
lessens carbon emissions, reduces global warming, saves water
furrow irrigation
oldest, easy and inexpensive; 65% efficient; farmer digs trenches along the crop rows and fills them with water, which seeps into the ground and provides moisture to plant roots
contour plowing
plowing along the contours of the land in order to minimize soil erosion.
Overexploitation factors: population growth, accessibility, ownership - how do these all apply?
population growth: an increased population leads to a higher demand for resources, causing overexploitation accessibility: having easier access to different resources (especially when they are cheap) can cause overexploitation of that resource ownership: increased ownership of businesses and land can lead to overexploitation of resources
tilling
preparation of soil by digging, stirring, and overturning -depletes nutrients, increases erosion, degradation, lost horizons, causes hardpans, increase co2
Prevention of Tragedy of the Commons
private ownership and government regulation
clear-cutting
the removal of all trees in a stand of timber -easy, economical -loss of biodiversity and habitat destruction -increased erosion and flooding -raise water and soil temperatures
by- catch
the unintentional catch of non target species while fishing, causes endangered species
Meat consumption trends with demographic transition, environmental impacts associated
usually there is a higher meat consumption in countries that are more developed and are higher on the DTM Livestock production does not only have a negative influence on GHG emissions, but also on the water footprint, water pollution, and water scarcity
Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests? A Nitrogen and phosphorus enter streams and reduce the growth of algae. B The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use. C The bare soil is exposed and becomes dried out, killing valuable soil bacteria. D There is an increase in biodiversity as areas that were previously forested areas are converted to agricultural fields.
B
Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture? A Protein-rich food is provided to billions of people. B Pressure on wild fish populations is reduced. C Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location. D Other species (by-catch) may be accidentally removed during harvest
C
organic agriculture
production of crops that sustains or improves soil without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers -uses ecological principle and natural systems, maintain soil by increasing mass/biological activity and chemical properties, keep organic matter/nutrients -smaller farms and can increase prices but can be preferred by consumers -can increase fossil fuels
Advantages and disadvantages of GM crops
pros: feeds a lot of people and comes in large yields cons: bad for the environment
soil compaction
repeated trampling by humans, machines, and animals causes compaction of soil and decreased pore space -decrease permeability and productivity=land can only be used for grazing, increases co2 emmissions
types of surface mining
strip mining, open-pit mining, mountaintop removal, placer mining
2 types of mining
surface=cheaper, safer, large destruction subsurface=expensive, dangerous, less environmental damage
mine tailings
waste materials produced from mining after separating valuable portion from uneconomic portion
strip mining
the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore -often leave spoil banks
urban sprawl and causes
urbanized area that spreads to rural -caused by highway and cars construction, living costs, urban blight, and gov policies
Pros and cons of aquaculture
Pros: creates more food, reduces pressure from other wild species Cons: because of dense population diseases can spread, fish can escape which can further spread disease, outcompeting other species
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
Requires restoration of abandoned mines.
Tragedy of the Commons
the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain ex: overfishing
effects of clear cutting
Clearcutting may lead to increased streamflow during storms, loss of habitat and species diversity, opportunities for invasive and weedy species, and negative impacts on scenery, as well as a decrease in property values; diminished recreation, hunting, and fishing opportunities
3 types of forests
old growth second growth tree plantation
Solutions to urban runoff
use of permeable pavement, vegetation
forest locations
50% in tropics, rest in temperate and boreal zones -more than 60% are located in either: brazil, russia,canada, us, china, indonesia, congo
After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging? A. Increased water temperature B. Increased dissolved oxygen C. Decreased total dissolved solids D. Decreased amount of fecal coliform
A
Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption. Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative environmental effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms? A Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks. B Fish raised at fish farms are cheaper and have a better flavor than wild-caught fish. C Fish farming generates few, if any, pollutants that affect adjacent waterways. D Pesticides and antibiotics are rarely used at fish farms but are often used in wild-caught fish populations.
A
Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption. Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry? A Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout B Greater reliance on bottom trawling in coastal waters for harvesting shrimp and sole C Increased use of long-line fishing techniques in the open ocean for harvesting swordfish and halibut D Widespread application of cyanide in tropical waters for harvesting tuna and cod
A
Soybean crops are generally planted in early or mid-May and harvested in August. The table below shows the times of peak damage to soybean crops from various agricultural pests. Farmers use this type of data calendar to track pests and plan integrated pest management strategies to maximize crop yields. Based on the data above, which of the following time periods are insect pests most detrimental to the soybean crops? A Early May through mid-September B Mid-April through the end of June C Early May through early July D Mid-June through the end of August
A
The green revolution has improved global agricultural output. Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the beginning of the green revolution in the 1970s and 1980s? A The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production. B The green revolution had minimal success because farmers were unable to provide grains to feed most of the global population until the 1990s, when synthetic fertilizers helped to improve crop yields. C The green revolution was successful because it decreased the demand for more farmland since genetically modified organisms increased the agricultural yield without increasing acreage dedicated to agriculture. D The green revolution was dangerous to the human population because the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into many species of corn and led to an outbreak of disease in humans.
A
Which foods are the most sustainable to produce in order to provide the most kilocalories to the world's growing population while still minimizing water usage? A Vegetables B Chickens C Cows D Eggs
A
Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion? A Tilling B Crop rotation C Intercropping D Terracing
A
Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations? A There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change. B There will be an increase in farming on the cleared areas of land, which will reduce incidences of flooding. C There will be an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, which will improve air quality. D There will be a decrease in the temperature of soil and nearby bodies of water, which will increase biodiversity.
A
Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built? A. A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased B. A decrease in atmospheric oxygen concentration C. An increase in taxes from ecotourism D. An increase in legislation to regulate stream flow
A
Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons? A. Burning fossil fuels for energy production B. Creating constructed wetlands on abandoned land C. Enacting and enforcing legislation on point-source pollutants D. Promoting aluminum and glass recycling
A
Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl? A As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease. B As new homes are built in suburban areas, the cost of materials will decrease, reducing the need to clear-cut old-growth forests. C As urban sprawl increases, the availability of land for farming and wildlife habitats will decrease, increasing the loss of biodiversity. D As more individuals live in suburbs and work in cities, transportation methods will change, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide emitted.
A
pesticide treadmill
A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development
rangelands
A dry open grassland for grazing cattle, usually in semi arid areas -use less fossil fuels, maintain diversity, fertilize soil, stimulate growth -suceptible to fires, pollute water, wipe vegetation/overgrazing, more erosion, deplete nutrients, soil compaction and desertification
prescribed burn
A fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor -reduces risk for natural fires, removed dead trees, openings for new seedlings, returns nutrients to soil, regenerate fire activated species
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)
A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum output (for beef cattle, dairy cows, hogs, and poultry) -minimizes land cost, increase feeding efficiency, decrease energy -increased antibiotic resistance, waste disposal/overfertilize, pollution
open pit mining
A mining technique that uses a large pit or hole in the ground, visible from the surface of Earth. -toxic groundwater can accumulate at the bottom
smart growth
A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities. -mixed land uses, ranging opportunities, sense of place, preserve nature, variety of transportation
environmental impacts of mining
Acid Mine Drainage Erosion and Sedimentation Cyanide & Other Toxic Releases Dust Emissions Habitat Modification Surface and Groundwater Contamination subsidence (collapse of land during subsurface mining)
industrial agriculture (agribusiness)
Agriculture that applies the techniques of industrial revolution-mechanization and standardization
sustainable agriculture
Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer. -emphasizes use of land indefinitely through conservation and soil improvement -more work and more expensive -use traditional farming methods
general mining law of 1872
Allows mining companies to take minerals from public land without paying royalties, encourages mining
no-till agriculture
An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion and avoid degradation -reduces co2, increase yields, decreases water use -increases herbicides -using selective breeding to convert annual plants to perinneals is a variation of no till
Intercropping
An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction.
integrated pest management
An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques (crop rotation, intercropping, pest resistant crops, habitats for predators of pests, limited pesticides, and biocontrol=natural predators) designed to minimize pesticide inputs -reduce costs and increase yields but requires more time -ipm in forests limits disease and pathogens
genetically modified organisms
An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique. -increase yield and quality, reduce pesticides, increase profit, decrease loss and hunger, resistance to pests, resistance to weather, insert human nutrients -possible harm to humans (not proven, mostly allergies)
An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events. Plant selection is important for a rain garden. Which of the following best describes the types of plants that would be most effective to use in the rain garden in this experimental design to reduce the impact of urban runoff? A Flowering plant species so that offspring are genetically different from the parent plants B Flood-tolerant plant species so that the plants can withstand large pulses of water from storms C Invasive plant species so that the plants can reproduce rapidly once the soil is saturated from storms D Genetically modified plant species so that the plants are resistant to drought and insect pests
B
Soybean crops are generally planted in early or mid-May and harvested in August. The table below shows the times of peak damage to soybean crops from various agricultural pests. Farmers use this type of data calendar to track pests and plan integrated pest management strategies to maximize crop yields. Based on the data above, which of the following pests is most likely to affect mature plants ready for harvest? A Clover and dandelion B White mold C Cutworms D Slugs and snails
B
The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Amount of Water (Liters per kilogram) Amount of Water (Liters per kilocalorie) Vegetables 322 1.34 Fruits 962 2.09 Cereals 1644 0.51 Nuts 9063 3.63 Milk 1020 1.82 Eggs 3265 2.29 Chicken meat 4325 3.00 Butter 5553 0.72 Pig meat 5988 2.15 Cow meat 15415 10.19 Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table? A Milk requires more water per kilocalorie than nuts do. B Chicken meat requires less water per kilocalorie than cow meat does. C Eggs require less water per kilocalorie than pig meat does. D Butter requires more water per kilocalorie than fruit does.
B
The graph below shows change in the world's ecological footprint in billions of global hectares and change in the world's biocapacity, the land needed to sustainably support the human population, between 1961 and 2014. Which of the following statements correctly describes the trend of ecological footprint compared to biocapacity from 1961 to 2014 ? A The amount of land humans can use for food production and waste disposal has risen from 8 billion to 20 billion global hectares. B The world's ecological footprint has risen above its capacity to sustainably provide for the human population. C The number of global hectares needed for the human population to survive is steadily decreasing because of technological advances in agriculture. D The amount of land that can sustain the human population is rising more quickly than the ecological footprint of the human population as a result of deforestation.
B
Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer? A Much of the water becomes too salty for human consumption because of saltwater intrusion. B The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table. C The water table level rises too high, leading to excessive flooding. D Agricultural areas contribute to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to global climate change.
B
An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events. Which of the following would be the best measure to use to determine the effectiveness of the rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff? A The size and shape of the rain gardens B The intensity and duration of the storm event C The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens D The temperature of the parking lot and the roof
C
An urban planner is designing a new urban housing development in a currently rural area near an existing city. The urban development will have five 10-story apartment buildings, two basketball courts, a playground with permeable foam pavers, a 10-acre green space with a small man-made pond, one 5-story parking deck, and direct access to the mass transit train line. Which of the following aspects of the design for this new urban development will best help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere? A The land cleared to build the new development occurs in a rural area rather than within the city limits. B The playground is made with permeable foam pavers rather than with impervious concrete. C Access to the mass transit train line will provide inhabitants an alternative to driving personal vehicles. D Food and other resources must be transported to the development from up to 200 miles away.
C
Biocapacity can be defined as the amount of resources available to individuals in a given country at a specific moment in time. Which of the following statements best explains the trends in the above data? A Biocapacity increased because more forested land was cleared for farming, whereas the ecological deficit decreased because of a decline in trade of environmentally derived products with other countries. B The ecological footprint decreased as biocapacity increased because individuals began buying more locally grown and organic produce. C Biocapacity increased because of improved farming techniques on existing farmland, and the ecological deficit increased because of a growing population and more demand for goods. D The ecological deficit has increased as a result of an increase in recycling programs and a reduction in use of fossil fuels.
C
Soybean crops are generally planted in early or mid-May and harvested in August. The table below shows the times of peak damage to soybean crops from various agricultural pests. Farmers use this type of data calendar to track pests and plan integrated pest management strategies to maximize crop yields. Based on the data above, which of the following pests is a concern to farmers for the longest period of time? A Snails B White mold C Soybean rust D Japanese beetles
C
Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons? A. Resources that are shared by individuals, such as the Ogallala Aquifer groundwater, are highly regulated by legislation, thereby depriving common people of their use. B. Communities enact recycling programs to reduce the amount of materials that need to be mined. The cost of the recycling program is absorbed by community taxes. C. The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted. D. Soil nutrients, such as nitrates, are used unequally depending on the type of vegetation. Therefore, farmers must add fertilizers to certain areas to grow crops.
C
Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's predictions for how humans will meet the future nutritional needs of a growing population using current agricultural technology? A The effects of global climate change will decrease as farmers employ advanced technological methods to agriculture. B Less-developed countries must change from a meat-based protein diet to a more grain-based diet. This will allow the global population to continue to meet the agricultural demands of a growing population. C Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand. D The only way to meet the agricultural demand of a growing world population is to convert more grassland and forests into working agricultural land. Genetically modified foods are no longer nutritious, and the nutrients in the forest and grassland soil will increase yield and nutrition.
C
Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption. Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing? A Reducing the limits on the numbers of commercial fish species that can be caught B Banning the use of sonar as a means for capturing fish in open ocean waters C Promoting fishing in estuaries and breeding grounds rather than in the open ocean D Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species
D
Which of the following foods is most suitable to cultivate to minimize water consumption per kilogram of food? A Nuts B Cow meat C Chicken meat D Cereals
D
identify legislative vs economic vs social vs ecological solutions or impacts?
Legislation: laws Economical: money Social: dealing with people's needs (cultural or provisional) Ecological: environment
organic fertilizer
Organic material such as animal manure, green manure, and compost applied to cropland as a source of plant nutrients.
windbreaks
Rows of large trees or bushes planted between fields to help block the wind and prevent soil erosion.
spoils
Rubbles of overburden that was removed and mounded during mining
Reclamation of land after mining: law, significance, how could you measure success?
The 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires U.S. companies to cover the costs of mining reclamation before permits are approved. The aim of reclamation is to restore the site to a condition similar to its condition before mining. (Removing buildings and other mining structures. Replacing overburden. Filling in mine shafts. Replanting vegetation.) You can measure its success by seeing if the land increases in biodiversity at all and see if any of the lands plants and animals return
mountaintop removal
a mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives -resulting waste dirt and rock are dumped into streams and valleys below
limits on food production
amount of arable land, precipitation, temperature
Aquaculture
constructs aquatic ecosystems by stocking organisms, feeding them, and protecting from disease and predators -wastewater pollutes and exposure to new ecosystems
mining methods depend on
depth of resources, amount of stability of material that must be removed (overburden) to reach mineral, topography, safety, economics
zoning
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
spray irrigation
expensive and energy-consuming; 75-95% efficient; water is pumped from a well into an apparatus that contains a series of spray nozzles that spray water across the field
ore deposits
formed when metals are concentrated in high amounts by geologic processes, where most mineral resources are found
cover crops
groundcover on and off season improves fertility, water retention, and reduces runoff
dependent vs independent variables and control vs experimental group
independent: the thing you change ex: different amounts of water used when watering plants dependent: what is affected by the change ex: how tall the plant is with the different amounts of water control: the thing that remains the same ex: the type of plant experimental: a test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure
range free meat
more sustainable, decreases antibiotics, decreases fossil fuels, no waste disposal -uses more land and more expensive
Green Revolution
new agricultural and technological practices to increases food production -used mechanization, high crop yield varieties, irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides
Groundwater: factors that affect its ability to recharge
soil status, pavement, vegetation, overuseage
fishery collapse
the decline of a fish population by 90% or more
flood irrigation
the entire field is flooded with water -disrupts growth and causes water logging -80% effective
Ecological footprint: common reasons for increased or high footprint, ways to reduce your footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. high resource consumption such as electricity, oil, or water higher a person's ecological footprint you can reduce your ecological footprint by using more environmentally friendly resources
maximum sustainable yield
the maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource at 1/2 carrying capacity
drip irrigation
the practice of using small pipes that slowly drip water just above ground to conserve water to use for crops -most expensive and most efficient, useful when fields arent plowed
crop rotation
the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land
Desertification
the transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use