APES

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

40 Years

Based on the graph, what is the approximate carrying capacity of the seal population?

7,500

A farmer grows several crops on a farm that has mostly shallow, sandy soil. Which of the following irrigation methods would be the best suited for this farm?

Drip irrigation

This biome has the highest net primary productivity, in part because of consistently warm temperatures and abundant sunlight.

Tropical rainforest

The underlying subsoil of this biome is permafrost, which prevents both water draining through and deep-rooted plants from growing. Additionally, there is very little precipitation per year.

Tundra

One way a local community might regulate a shared and limited resource and reduce the tragedy of the commons is to

divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is

eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing

few offspring with high levels of parental care

Area that exhibits a growing nonvolcanic mountain chain due to uplift

C

Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely experiencing a population decline?

C

In many parts of the United States, homeowners use a significant portion of their energy budget to heat their home in the winter. It has been determined that lowering a thermostat by 3°F3°F in the winter can reduce the energy costs by about 1010 percent in many homes. An individual homeowner lowers their thermostat by 33 degrees exactly halfway through the billing period. For the month that the thermostat was lowered, the heating bill was $95$95. How much money did the family save in the month in which they lowered the thermostat setting halfway through the billing period

$5.00

A family of four lives in a three-bedroom house and uses an average of 900kWh900kWh of electricity per month. The family cools their house for three months during the summer with two window-unit air conditioners that each use 350kWh350kWh of electricity per month. Which of the following is the percentage of the family's total annual electricity that is used to run the two air conditioners for the three summer months?

19.4%

Primary producers in a lake ecosystem store approximately 25,000 kcal/m2/yr of energy in their biomass. Which of the following identifies the most likely amount of energy available to a tertiary consumer in this ecosystem?

25 kcal/m2/yr

Purity is a major factor in determining the type of coal used for energy. Which of the following types of coal are correctly paired with a description of its purity and common use?

Anthracite is considered the highest grade coal because it is almost pure carbon, and it is often used for domestic heating.

Which of the following best explains the process of electricity generation in a hydrogen fuel cell?

At the anode, hydrogen is oxidized and electrons flow in a circuit to the cathode. At the cathode, oxygen reacts with the hydrogen to produce water. Water and heat are by-products of the reaction.

Area where new crust is being created at a divergent plate boundary

B

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere

Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing size?

Clay—silt—sand

In an apartment building, exhaust from a gas-powered electrical generator is captured to produce hot water to heat a swimming pool. Which of the following is illustrated by this process?

Cogeneration

Experience has shown that the best way forward is funding research through a competitive process. There is a program in the Agriculture Department that embraces these tenets, the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative, and its research grants show great promise. New, hardier varieties of corn are being developed from tropical species that can better withstand heat, drought and changes to the environment. The probiotics found in fermented products like yogurt are being tested to replace antibiotics used in animal husbandry. And nanotechnology and electrified micro-coatings of water are being applied to some produce, to prevent food poisoning. Government research is even exploring how to double the rate of photosynthesis and eliminate the need for pesticides. The potential is great, but the program has never been fully funded. Despite a $25 million increase in the omnibus budget agreement, the budget of the department's research initiative sits at half of what Congress authorized in 2008 when it created the program. Now more than ever, we need to embrace twenty-first century science, fund it and turn it loose so we can develop better methods of putting food on the table. Our world is changing; the way we grow and produce food needs a much richer diet of scientific ingenuity to keep pace. From the New York Times. © 2016 The New York Times. All rights reserved. Which of the following statements best identifies the author's assumptions in terms of a new green revolution?

Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?

Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the data table below that shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to

El Niño

Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting?

Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.

Based on the diagram, which processes would provide the energy used to generate electricity at the power plant?

Fission in radioactive fuel

Which of the following best describes an environmental problem associated with hydrologic fracturing, or fracking?

Fracking fluids can escape from the drill hole and contaminate surface water and groundwater.

Which of the following energy sources produces the most air pollutants when used during the generation of electricity?

Fuel Oil

A paper company located on the banks of a river discharges its treated wastewater into the river. Which of the following would be the best location to obtain a water sample from to determine if the paper plant is affecting the acidity of the river?

Immediately downstream from the paper plant

Scientists have observed that the health of people living in moderately developed regions, which have developed transportation and industry but lack environmental control measures, is more likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor air pollution.

In moderately developed regions such as China and Latin America, an individual's health is more or as likely to be affected by urban outdoor pollution than by indoor pollution.

Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?

More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.

Which of the following is the most abundant gas by volume in the atmosphere?

N2

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor that controls population size?

Occurrences of droughts and flooding

The city of London in the United Kingdom is found approximately at the same latitude as the city of Calgary in Canada. Calgary has an average high temperature in December of −4.6 degrees Celsius, while London has an average high temperature of 8.6 degrees Celsius. Which of the following statements best explains why the average temperature of London is warmer than that of Calgary in December?

Oceanic currents warm the atmosphere in London.

Which of the following best describes the conditions under which peat is formed?

Partially decayed vegetation is placed under high-pressure, anaerobic, acidic conditions.

Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?

Planting genetically modified crops

Which of the following techniques is a realistic solution for farmers to decrease the amount of fertilizer and sediment runoff into aquatic ecosystems?

Practicing crop rotation

Based on the diagram, this country is likely experiencing

Rapid Population growth

The excessive pumping of groundwater from wells can influence the water levels below ground. Which of the following is more likely to occur in aquifers in coastal areas than in aquifers in other regions?

Saltwater intrusion into the aquifers

This layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the ozone layer that absorbs the sun's ultraviolet rays.

Stratosphere

The thick forest of this biome tends to be well adapted to short growing seasons.

Taiga

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development?

The biodiversity of the ____ has decreased.

Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species?

They have longer life spans.

Which of the following best describes how the use of hydrogen fuel negatively impacts the environment?

The energy needed to produce the hydrogen fuel may come from fossil fuels, whose use contributes to ocean acidification and global climate change.

Which of the following statements about geothermal energy is accurate?

The location of geothermal energy sources ranges from short distances below ground to miles below the surface.

A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond?

The species richness

The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States?

The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species.

Which of the following is a true statement about the total fertility of a society?

The total fertility of a society decreases as the society progresses through the demographic transition.

Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem

The total number of different plant species

As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase?

The transitional

Which of the following best describes the method of vehicle transport that is the most environmentally sustainable?

The use of a vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells because there are no carbon emissions

Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source?

There is high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production.

Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing?

There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

This layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the fewest molecules of the layers shown, and the low density of gas leads to very few molecules transferring heat to an object. In this layer, ultraviolet radiation causes photodissociation of molecules, creating ions.

Thermosphere

Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions?

Type 3 curve

Brown pelicans are fish-eating birds. As a result of an El Niño event, the population of brown pelicans in southern California declines. Which of the following best explains the relationship between the El Niño event and the population decline?

Warmer ocean temperatures can cause fish to move to colder water farther from pelican nest sites.

In a human population, the population momentum effect is most likely to occur in cases in which a large percent of people in the population are in which age-group?

Younger than eighteen years old

Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the data table below that shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of

reduced ocean upwelling along the coast

The crude growth rate, r , of a population is calculated by

subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

Geothermal energy plants are a viable alternative energy source because they

use the heat from Earth's interior to create steam that is used to generate electricity and then can be pumped back into the ground