APHG AP exam

physiological density

- The number of people per unit area of arable land

contagious diffusion

- diffusion of Rapid widespread diffusion by direct contact that affects all areas uniformly as it spreads outward

intervening opportunities

- feature that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than the previous one

colonialism

- one nation assumes control over the other (practice)

refugees

- people who are being forced to leave their lands due to hardship within their society

internal migration

- permanent move within the same country

migration

- permanent relocation of people from one place to another

rate of natural increase (NIR - Natural Increase Rate)

- the percentage by which a population grows in a year

map projection

- the transferring of locations on earth's surface to a flat 2D map

Thomas Malthus

-british economist who was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A computer system that captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data

choropleth map

A map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable

cartogram

A map in which the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable

Isoline map

A map that connects places of a particular value by lines

dot distribution map

A map that depicts data that consists of discrete observations. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations, which could be one or many

graduated symbol map

A map that displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable

environmental determinism

A nineteenthand early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was there for the study of had a physical environment caused human activities.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A system that determines the precise position of some thing on earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

region

Area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

time zone

Longitudinal strip of the Earth's surface that stretches from pole to pole.

transnational migration

Migrant crosses an international border voluntary migration - migrants have chosen to move, usually for economic reasons, though sometimes for environmental reasons.

forced migration

People relocate due to threat of violence

cartography

Science Of mapmaking

geography

Study of where things are found on Earth's surface and the reasons for the locations

remote sensing

The acquisition of data about earths surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long- distance methods

acculturation creolized language - language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. cultural convergence - as interactions increase, two cultures become more similar to each other cultural divergence - when a culture separates or isolates itself (typical of local cultures) cultural hearth - place of origin of a culture cultural landscape - Landscapes shaped by human environment cultural relativism - Cultures shouldn't be judged based on another culture. One's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of one's own culture. culture - a group's learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects culture trait - single attribute of a culture, building blocks of culture ethnic neighborhood - groups of people from the same ethnicity in certain pockets of a city or place ethnic religion - appeal primarily to one ethnic or cultural group, or the people of a specific region ethnicity - Identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. ethnocentrism -judging other cultures based on rules of your own culture expansion diffusion - an idea or innovation spreads outward from the origin globalization - process of intensified interaction among ppl, govs, and companies of different countries around the world hierarchical diffusion - an Idea that spreads to most interconnected places and people first/ may skip some people and places while moving into others imperialism - policy of extending a country's power and influence through force (idea driving practice) indigenous religions - The word indigenous refers to anything that is native to a particular geographical region. This includes people, cultures, languages, or species of plants or animals. language dialect - Variation of a standard language language family - a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history lingua franca - language spoken between speakers of two different languages for the purpose of commerce or trade linguistic geography - Study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and languages of a speech community Isogloss Mapped boundary line marking the limits of linguistic features. multiculturalism - the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society pidgin - group that learns English or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form placelessness - the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next placemaking - inspires people to collectively reimagine and reinvent public spaces as the heart of every community. postmodern architecture - a new style of construction, which gives just as much importance to the appearance of the buildings as to their functionality. relocation diffusion - movement of people who bring an idea with them to a new place Innovation or idea is physically carried to new areas by migrating individuals sense of place - State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering sequent occupancy - Successive societies leave their cultural imprints/ each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape stimulus diffusion - People adopt an underlying idea or process from a different culture/modify it syncretism - combination of several traditions time-space convergence - Caused by technological changes in transportation and communication causes accelerated interactions and cultural change toponym - place name universalizing religion - attempt to be global, appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another

site

The physical character of a place

scale (map scale)

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual features on earths surface

map

Two-dimensional model of earth's surface or portion of it

zero population growth (ZPG)

a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

relative distance

a measure of the physical, social, cultural and economic connectivity between two places

census

a periodic and official count of a country's population

cohort

a population group that's distinguished by a certain characteristic.

fertility

amount of births in a society

International Date Line

an arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude. When the international data line is crossed heading east, The clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When it is crossed heading west the calendar moves ahead one day

functional region

an area organized around a node or focal point.

perceptual/vernacular regions

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.

intervening obstacles

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

formal region

area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.

guest worker

comes to state as temporary worker

absolute location

describes the position of a place in a way that never changes, such as geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude

diaspora

disbursement of people in a certain area

pandemic

epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population at the same time.

epidemiological transition

focuses on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition

centrifugal force

force that tends to pull people apart

centripetal force

force that tends to unify people

anti-natalist

government policy that supports lower birth rates

distance decay

he diminished importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

demographic transition

is a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population.

topographic map

map that uses isolines to represent constant elevations

step migration

migrants reach final destination through a series of smaller moves

push factors

negative factors that push people away from their original location

pull factors

positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas

chain migration

process in which immigrants from a particular area follow others from that area into a particular destination

assimilation

process where people lose originally differentiating traits when they come into contact with another society or culture

demography

scientific study of population characteristics

internally displaced persons (IDP)

someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

asylum seekers

someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.

thematic map

spatial aspects of information, tell something about a place (main type of map)

infant mortality

the annual number of deaths of infants under one year with age, compared with total live births

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

replacement level fertility -

the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next

situation

the location of a place relative to other places

relative location

the location of a place relative to other places.

carrying capacity

the maximum population size of a species that the government can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources such as food and water

toponym

the name given to a portion of Earth's surface

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the productive years

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

longitude

the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian

latitude

the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator

ecumene

the portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

space-time compression

the reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

possibilism

the theory that the physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.

crude death rates (CDR)

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

crude birth rates (CBR)

the total number of live birth rates in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

sustainability

the use of earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in future

arithmetic density

total number of objects in an area