APHG CH. 12

1. Explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities.

- Global cities are centers for finance and attract headquarters of major banks, insurance companies, etc. where corporations store and obtain funds for expansion of production - Shares of headquarters of large corporations are bought and sold in stocks which are located in global cities and decisions about the company is made there - Professional services cluster in global cities to provide advice to major corporations and financial institutions

1. What are typical back-office functions?

- Insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, and other routine clerical activities, centers for responding to billing inquiries related to credit cards, shipments, claims, or technical inquiries related to installment, operation, and repair - Employees are in close proximity

1. Why have LDCs been able to attract back offices?

- Low wages - Ability to speak English

1. Explain the three types of business services that are located in global cities.

-Financial institutions -headquarters of large corporations -lawyers, accountants, and other professional services

how do geographers determine where a service would be profitable

1. First, define the market or trade area where the store would derive most of its sales (for department stores it is usually zip codes). Then, the range can be estimated from zip codes of customers. The threshold only counts people who have sufficient income and shop regularly at the store. Once those conditions are met, geographers must account for competition through the analog method, which calculates the market share.

1. What two patterns are reflected by consumer behavior?

1. The greater the number of people living in a particular place, the greater the number of potential customers for a service. A neighborhood that contains 100 families will generate more customers than nan individual house containing only 1 family. 2. The farther ppl are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it. People who live 1 km from a store are more likely to patronize it than ppl who live 10 km away.

what factors are used to identify and rank global cities

1. economic factors- law firms, multinational corporations, financial institutions 2. political factors- hosting headquarters for international organizations and capitals of countries that play a leading role in international events 3. cultural factors- presence of renowned cultural institutions, influential media outlets, sports facilities, educational institutions 4. infrastructure factors- a major international airport, health-care facilities, advanced communications systems 5. communications 6. transportation

1. How are the public service jobs divided?

1/6 for federal government, ¼ for state governments, 3/5 for local govs

revival of urban life

11th century; feudal lords established new urban settlements and gave charters of rights with which to establish independent cities in exchange for military Service -beneficial in that lords obtained military service for less cost of army and residents preferred periodic military service compared to serf life

Services generate more than ______ of GDP in most developed countries, compared to around __________ in developing countries

2/3, 1/2

what percent of US jobs are consumer services, business services, and public services

50%, 25%, 8%

after the fall of the Roman Empire, where did the urban settlements go

China

Circular Rural Settlements

Circular clustered rural settlements has open space surrounded by structures (ex: kraal-have livestock in the center surrounded by a ring of houses).

1. Why did New England colonists prefer clustered settlements?

Colonists travelled from England in a group and they wanted to live close together to reinforce common cultural and religious values. The contemporary New England landscape contains remnants of the old clustered rural settlement pattern. Many towns still have a central common area surrounded by the church, school, and various houses.

1. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early consumer services?

Consumer services: place to bury deadpriestsstructures of places for ceremonies and dwellings

1. How are strips of land allocated in a clustered rural settlement?

Each person is allocated strips of land in surrounding fields. Homes, public buildings, and fields in a clustered rural settlement are arranged according to local cultural and physical characteristics.

financial services

FIRE: finance, insurance, real estate

1. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early public services?

Housed political leaders as well as defense forces to guard the residents of the settlement and defend the surrounding hinterland from seizure by other groups

increase and decrease in business services

Jobs have expanded most rapidly in professional services and more slowly in finance and transportaition because of improved efficiency; fewer workers are needed to run trains and answer phone calls

Urban-rural differences: Large size

Large Size- In rural, you know mist of the people in your town and are related to some of them In Urban, you know people contractually (your lawyer, doctor, etc.)

linear rural settlements

Linear comprise budlings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications. The fields extend behind buildings in long, narrow strips. (ex: Québec)

1. Identify four potential "hearth regions" for the world's first urban settlements.

Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, S. Asia's Indus Valley.

1. What factors are influencing this pattern of rapid-growing cities?

Migration from countryside in developing countries is fueling half the increase in population in urban settlements even though job opportunities may not be available. The other half is from high natural increase rates

1. What pattern has changed regarding location of mega and meta cities?

More are in developing than developed

increase and decrease in consumer services

Most rapid increase has been in provision of health care, education, entertainment, and recreation

1. Explain how a basic industry creates new types of jobs.

New basic businesses attract new workers to a settlement and the new basic business workers bring their families with them, which causes new nonbasic services to open to meet the needs of the new workers and their families

1. What is a market area/hinterland?

Nodal region- a region with a core where the characteristic is most intense

1. With regards to the global economy, developing countries specialize in what two types of business services? WHY?

Offshore financial services and back-office functions; presence of supportive laws, weak regulations, low-wage workers

Not all people within a market area can be counted when determining location of a service by considering its threshold. Explain how this is so, and provide examples

Only the potential buyers can be counted EX: thrift stores attract poorer people, night clubs attract single adults

1. What were the functions of the largest European cities during the Middle Ages?

Power centers for lords, churches, markets

What are the three types of business services

Professional Services Transportation and information services Financial services

1. However, smaller neighborhoods within larger settlements must also do what?

Provide services that have small thresholds and ranges.

1. What factor affects the distribution of services? Why?

Proximity to market, balancing site and situation factors, but mainly where customers are

1. When comparing rank-size rule and primate city rule, what do the two patterns imply?

Ranks size rule indicates the society is sufficiently wealthy to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country. Conversely, the absence of the rank size rule distribution in a developing country indicates that there is not enough wealth in the society to pay for a full variety of services. The absence of a rank size rule distribution constitutes a hardship for people who must travel long distances to reach an urban settlement with shops, hospitals, and other important services.

1. What groups of people and areas are provided goods by periodic markets?

Residents of developing countries where sparse populations and low incomes produce purchasing power too low to support full-time retailing

1. What are the four main types of consumer services, and provide an example of each.

Retail and Wholesale- grocers, department stores, motor vehicle sales, service account (are half), another 1/4 is wholesalers that provide merchandise to retailers Health and Social Services- hospitals 1/3, healthcare 1/2, social assistance 1/6 Education Services- schools public and private Leisure and Hospitality Services- 3/4 resturants/hotels, arts and entertainment 1/4

1. What early function/features were associated with early business services?

Store surplus food and trade with other groups. People brought plants, animals, and minerals as well as tools, clothing, and containers; officials kept records and created currency.

1. What factors influence the distribution of talent?

Talented individuals are attracted to cities with the most job opportunities and financial incentives as well as culture.

1. What functions do offshore centers provide, and explain each?

Taxes: taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are low or nonexistent. All companies incorporated no matter what nationality they are also have tax-free status Privacy: bank secrecy laws can help individuals and businesses evade disclosure in their home countries

urban-rural differences: social heterogeneity

The larger the settlement, the greater the variety of ppl. Urban is more accepting of diversity. In urban, ppl can feel lonely

1. What is a primate city rule?

The largest settlement (primate city) has more than twice as many people as thee second-ranking settlement

What sector of the economy do services fall under?

The service sector which is divided into 3 type; each of which is divided into subsectors

1. Why did these large centers collapse with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE?

The wealth had rested on trading in the secure environment but when the empire fragmented, trade diminished

How are jobs in the service sector different geographically than jobs in the primary sector? Why?

They are opposites of each other in distribution because services cluster where people are able to by them (developed countries). Additionally, there are more services in larger cities because more people live there, however, that principle is subjective to the first because otherwise China and India would have the most compared to the US and other developed countries.

1. Why had owning several fields around a clustered rural settlement become disadvantageous?

They had no spare land to meet the needs of a growing population

urban-rural differences: High density

Urban- higher densities of population, housing, and services which forces specialization in small areas

1. What role did trade play in the revival of urbanism during the Middle Ages?

With newfound freedom of residents, trade expanded - new roads, trade with other cities rather than within own city, greater use of rivers

how are market areas created

a circle is drawn around a node and the area inside the circle is the market area

what 3 levels are global cities divided into

alpha, beta, gamma

how is the U.S. divided into market areas

based on hinterlands surrounding the largest urban settlements; studies use the census to identify mega regions by using the data describing travel from home to work

Define enclosure movement:

between 1750-1850 in the UK, consolidation of individually owned strips of land surrounding villages into large farms owned by single individuals. The government even has to force ppl to give up their holding when necessary. Displaced ppl went to industry, which was conveniently at the same time.

1. What are the three subdivisions of the service sector of the economy?

consumer services, business services, and public services

dispersed rural settlement

developed from initial settlement of Middle Atlantic colonies because most immigrants to these colonies arrived individually rather than as members of a cohesive group and as they moved westward they continued isolated farms

how was the central place theory created

first proposed by German philosopher Walter Christaller, based on his studies of southern Germany; August Lösch in Germany and Brain Berry in the US further developed the theory

1. What services did the city-state provide to the surrounding hinterland?

gov, military protection, other public services

what shape is a market area

hexagon

1. What does central place theory seek to explain?

how the most profitable location can be identified

how to tell if a country follows rank size rule

if it graphs in a relatively straight line

how has Wirth's 3 part distinction become less accurate

in developed countries nearly everyone is urban so the distinctions have blurred

1. Larger settlements have ____________ thresholds, ranges and market areas.

larger

women and men in ancient settlements

men got supplies and women manufactured inside the home while taking care of children

do developed countries have More or fewer small settlements than developing countries

more

public services in global cities

national capitals, embassies, legislature and courts EX: New York, Brussels

the problem with circles

overlap/leave gaps

why are market areas irregularly shaped

people will go the service closest to them, people measure in terms of time, so the area has to vary with varying times it takes to get from one place to another and how that corresponds with distance (takes an hour to go so far in the city vs country)

what role does public transportation play in determining whether a food desert exists in a particular area

ppl with access to transportation can travel farther for food

what is the link between settlements and services

providing services is a principal reason settlements exist

problem with squares

radii are not equal

what 2 pieces of information do geographers need about a service

range and threshold

percentage of urban settlements

reflects a country's development (79% in developed compared to 50% in developing) but the gap is closing rapidly.

Small settlements have services with ________ thresholds, _____________ ranges and ________ market areas.

small; short; small

what part of the US are food deserts most prevalent

southeast

examples of professional services

technical services including law, management, accounting, architecture, engineering, design, and consulting, compromise 60%; support services, scubas secretarial, and custodial work, account for the other 40%

what happens to the residents at the periphery of the market area

the majority live far enough away from the center that they ay go to other areas for service

range

the maximum distance people are to travel to use a service (radius of market area)

why hexagons

they don't leave gaps or overlap and radii have less variation than square but are still not equal

why are consumer services disproportionally concentrated in global cities

they have more wealthy people than predicted by size so they have higher thresholds for leisure activities like entertainemnt

how did the Roman Empire encourage settlements

they were centers of admin, military, and other public services; retail and consumer services; trade through transportation and utility

What two services have had a large impact on sharing services?

transportation and lodging

Transportation and Information Services

trucking and warehousing are 60%, the other 40 are publishing/broadcasting, utilities like water and electricity

each service has a distinct market area

true

tokyo

world's largest settlement today

London

world's largest urban settlement in 1800s and first to exceed 5 million

New York

worlds largest settlement in 1900s