ApHuG Unit 2-Agriculture and Rural Land Use-Vocabulary terms

Aquaculture

(AKA aqua-farming) The development of salt or fresh water animals in a controlled environment. This type of farming practices the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish or other sea animals in various conditions. Purpose is for human consumption. (Textbook p. 382) The consumption of seafood/fish has increased drastically by 83 million metric tons from 1960 to 2010. Developing countries are responsible for 5/6 of this consumption of fish. A developing country, Greece is an example. In a fish farm in Corfu Greece, fish are raise inside large containers with controlled temperatures, salinity levels, and other controlled factors varying depending on the type of aquatic animal. (Textbook p. 382)

Rural Settlement (Dispersed Settlements /Nucleated settlements)

-Rural settlements are places that don't occupy a lot of people and is away from urbanized and densely populated areas.(https://www.reference.com) Example: In the Easter Cape Province of South Africa, the rural population is about 4,100,000. Rural settlement are often refereed to townships in SA, located in isolated disconnected parts of the country. These townships are not usually a good thing , due to the fact that they have high levels of poverty, lack of access to sanitation, and low access to drinking water.(http://www.polity.org.za/article/rural-areas-in-the-eastern-cape-province-south-africa-the-right-to-access-safe-drinking-water-and-sanitation-denied-2013-01-24)

Township and range

A U.S systematic way of dividing land west of the Appalachian. The land is first divided into six-mile square blocks that make up the township, which is then divided into one-mile square blocks that make up the range. Theses ranges are then further divided in to small parcels of land to be sold or developed. (http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/definitions/APdefinitions5.htm) In the U.S, this survey system is used to locate oil or gas well. The township in which the oil or gas well is located, is named in reference to a Principal Meridian (P.M.) and a Baseline. Here is an example, T2N R1E. The T2N refers to Township 2 North (of the Baseline), and the R1E refers to Range 1 East (of the Principal Meridian). (http://www.geomore.com/locating-wells/)

Horticulture

A branch of agriculture that refers to the growing/harvesting of fruits, flowers, and vegetables (ornamental plants). (Textbook p. 371) Exampl: Kenya's favorable tropical and temperate climate conditions makes a perfect place for horticulture farming. Horticultural crops in Kenya include flowers, fruits, vegetables and potatoes. The horticulture sub-sector in Kenya is responsible for about 2.46% of its GDP. (http://softkenya.com/farming/horticulture-in-kenya/)

Cadastral system

A cadastral in itself is the act of showing or recording boundaries of properties, subdivision lines, buildings, etc. A cadastral system, then refers to a system that studies patterns of the settlements and use of land that accurately and precisely property lines. (Merriam-Webster.com) Germany has had a long history of land registration also know as the cadastral system. Initially the cadastral system in Germany was to ensure land tenure security; that owners of land parcels payed the right taxes on the right piece of land. The system described all rights of ownership and other rights on land and buildings.The importance of the cadastral system grew very fast. The description of the land parcels (parcel identifier and cadastral maps) became the official and legal register of parcels as a part of the land register.(https://www.fig.net/organisation/comm/7/activities/reports/events/Delft_seminar_95/paper3.html)

Fertilizer

A combination of natural and synthetic materials, including manure and compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, used to help grow plant by adding it to the soil. (http://www.dictionary.com, www.merriam-webster.com) Previous to 2011, Loyd Ray Farms, a concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) for pigs in NC practiced typical manure treatment. The farm, like most commercial CAFO, had lagoons in which the pig manure was liquefied and then sprayed on the land to act as fertilizer. Manure is a rich source of nitrogen which encourages plant and vegetation growth; but, it also contains high amounts of methane. Knowing this was not a safe use of the manure, Loyd Ray farm now uses the manure as renewable energy. (http://discovermagazine.com/2014/march/17-pig-poop-powers-north-carolina-farm)

Ester Boserup (Theory)

A danish agriculture economist that came up with theory that rivals that of Thomas Malthus in terms of population in relation to agricultural production. Boserup's theory stated that extra people past the population-production equilibrium didn't have to die. She proposed that farmers just have to increase the the productivity of the food supply by using more labor and technology. Her examples included cultivating the land more intensively, adding extra manure, extra fertilizer, extra water and therefore improve the crops. (http://www.yorku.ca/anderson/population/boserup.htm) Example: the green revolution is a perfect demonstration of Boserup's theory. New fertilizers and 'Miracle' seeds are produced from the revolution to help increase production of crops. This helps provide more food for a growing population. Also, practices such as crop rotation that help increase the productivity of farmland, preserve increase soil fertility and produce more variety of food. (Knowledge acquired from other vocabulary words in the unit.)

Feedlot

A designated area where animals are fed to fatten them up for greater production, before they are slaughtered. (https://agricultureproud.com/2012/10/08/ask-a-farmer-what-is-a-cattle-feedlot/) Most of the beef consumed in the United States comes from feed lot. This no different for Harris Ranch Beef Company feedlot about halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. After cattle has lived about 6 months on pastures, they are sent to places like Harris Ranch Beef feedlots where they are fed on a corn and grain diet. They are also given antibiotics to counter the effect of this harsh diet.http(://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/feedlots-vs-pastures-two-very-different-ways-to-fatten-beef-cattle/250543/)

Plantation agriculture

A large field usually in tropical regions that specialize in commercial crops. Usually located in developing countries that have sustainable climate for such crops. (Textbook p. 364) Example: A coffee plantation in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Brazil is a developing country that is in a tropical region. This farm is a large field that specialize in coffee plants. These crops are in high demand in developed countries such as the U.S which makes them commercials crops and temporary workers are hired to work the filed and harvest it.

Johann von Thunen (Model)

A nineteenth century estate owner that came up with a model that stated what factors commercial farmers considered. As explained by him, a commercial farmer decided on which crops to grow and which animals to raise based on the location of the market. He also concluded that there were two costs that a farmer considers before raising crops/animal for a certain target market; they consider the cost of the land and the how much transportation will cost to the market. His model contained four rings where different agricultural goods are produced with the city market at the center. The rings: 1) the first ring contained farmers that were market gardeners or practiced horticulture and dairy farmers. These were closest to the markets because they were more perishable 2)The second ring had Forestry or wood lots that cut logs and timber for fuel and building. These were close to the market due to there heaviness 3)The third ring had farmland that practiced crop rotation and for pasture 4) the last ring has a lot of space for solely grazing animals (Textbook p. 378/379) Example: If New York was the central market place for the united states, then according to Von Thunen's model, market gardeners and dairy farmers will be located the closes to the market, due to how quickly perishable those products are and the cost of transportation.Therefore, those farms will be located some where in the New England region rather than being in the southeastern region of the U.S. (Unit 2 test)

Green Revolution

A period in modern day agriculture that witnessed the quick and wide spread of technological advancements in agriculture that will help with either harvest, yielding better crops, or increased production (seeds & fertilizers) (Textbook p. 384) Example: the International Rice Research Institute, a pioneer of green revolution, has created 'miracle' high-yield seed from laboratory experiments at the institute. Such 'miracle' seeds have been spread world wide to places such as India. India's production of wheat had doubled in a span of five years due to these seeds. Inventions like this drive home the purpose of the green revolution: preventing food crisis and shortages. (Textbook p. 384)

Organic agriculture

A practice of agriculture that focuses on cultivating crops while keeping the soil healthy and not using off-farm products. It aggregates while keeping in the health of the soil, ecosystem, and people in mind.(www.cias.wisc.edu) Example: Cuba is among the leading countries of organic farming. Miguel Salcines, Founder, Vivero Alamar Farm is considered a pioneer of organic farming in Cuba. On his farm, Miguel does not use any chemicals to enhance crop growth. He produces food for over 80,000 residents in Havana, Cuba.

"TRAJEDY OF THE COMMONS"

A problem in the economy that arises when too many people are draining one limited resource. As demand decreases and the supply depletes, the more others consume, the less there is for others without as easy of access to get.; it harms those individuals who can't have. (whatis.techtarget.com) The exponential growth of the human population could be considered an example of a tragedy of the commons. In this case, the common resource is the planet Earth and all its shared resources. The world's population of 7 billion individuals share these resources. Due to lack of access to some of these resources to developing nations such as coal for electricity in Nigeria, and great access by developed nations such u.s and coals mines, some of these resources are drained by a particular group. This leaves not enough for other groups/regions to enjoy. (http://www.dummies.com/education/science/environmental-science/ten-real-life-examples-of-the-tragedy-of-the-commons/ )

Biotechnology

A specific field in biology that involves the experimentation on organisms in medicine, agriculture, engineering and other fields. In terms of agriculture, this includes the use of genetically engineered crops (pesticides) and DNA manipulation (cloning, plasmic transgenics in livestock in order to increase production of goods/services. (http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-505344) Genetically modified organisms are examples biotechnology. GMO crops are are tampered with using various technologies to provide certain results that would be beneficial towards human consumption or cost efficient for owners. For instance most corn fields in north America harvest corn that is pest resistant. A specific gene in a corn's DNA that makes it non pest resistant, is altered or removed to make corn pest resistant. (Bio. unit 5 notes, http://www.greenfacts.org/en/gmo/3-genetically-engineered-food/1-agricultural-biotechnology.htm)

Sustainable yield

A system of harvesting natural resources on a schedule that ensures its replenished by regrowth or reproduction; therefore, not depleting natural resources.(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sustained%20yield) In aqua culture, the basic natural resource of aquatic animals decreases with extraction, but the productivity is increasing with the extraction; so the sustainable yield would be found in extracting enough on a timely schedule to maintain production, but gives the animals time to regenerate so resources don't deplete rapidly. (My knowledge, http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/definitions/APdefinitions5.htm)

Mediterranean agriculture

A type of agriculture that is specialized based on the unique climate and weather patterns of land around the Mediterranean. Regions that practice this have similar climate patters. It's intensive labor and specific. (http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=132) Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia Practice Mediterranean farming due to its similar climate to the Mediterranean and locations by the sea Sea winds provide moisture and moderate winter which make these regions suitable for growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops. (http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/definitions/APdefinitions5.htm)

Pastoralism

A type of agriculture that refers to people who make their living tending and taking care to large herds of animals. The difference between Pastorialism and dairying, is that Pastoralism is not done for the sole production of dairy products. (http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm) In northern Africa, Pastoralism is practiced by cattle herders. The cattle grazes the semiarid land and produces milk for the herders. Though not killed for consumption, cattle that die are consumed by the community of herders. For grain, herders get it from sedentary farmers.(Textbook p.358)

Dairying

A type of agriculture that specializes in the tending to/use of dairy animals to produce milk and other dairy products. (https://www.britannica.com/topic/dairying) Bhagyalaxmi Dairy Farm in India, spread's over 35 acres, and houses a max of 2500 cows. The Bhagyalaxmi farm is equipped with one of India's first Rotary Parlors, which has made he whole milking process easier and cleaner, and in turn maximized quality and hygiene. The farm milks on average 1,000,000 liters of milk per day. This milk is then distributed to manufactures to be turned into cheese, butter, or other dairy products. (http://www.gowardhanindia.com/infrastructure_dairy_farm.html)

Subsistence Agriculture

A type of farming that is labor intensive and done by hand. It uses no advanced machinery/technology to increase production during harvest and is produced for the direct family consumption. 60% of Nigeria's 167m people are farmers, meaning in technical speech, they should be able to provide for themselves comfortably. But most farmers in Nigeria practice subsistence farming. Farmers use old methods and basic tools to provide food for direct families. This practice results in slow production of food, leading to food shortage through the population. Due to this, Nigeria is the biggest importer, making up for the lack of production from farmers. (http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21577113-if-only-nigeria-could-revamp-its-farms-feed-yourself)

Paddy

A wet field used to grow and cultivate wet rice. (https://www.britannica.com/topic /paddy) Example: 90% of the world's rice is produced in Asia; this is mostly Wet rice. In order for wet rice to grow, paddies need to be created (flooded fields). The high rainfall in parts of Asia provides lots of water to flood the fields to grow transplant the wet rice in.(http://thestudyofearth.blogspot.com/2012/03/wet-rice-cultivation.html)

Secondary economic activity

After the process of acquiring the raw materials and processing it from the primary sector of economic activity, the secondary sector of economy activity comes in. This part manufactures the finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction of these raw processed materials into finished products happens in secondary economic activity. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) China is among one of the largest secondary economic sector in the world. It has the largest manufacturing industries. China's secondary economy accounts for more than 40% of it's gross domestic product. This is also due to its large export market of manufactured goods/finished products.(http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091515/3-industries-driving-chinas-economy.asp)

Chemical farming

Agriculture solely dependent on the use of harmful chemicals,such as fertilizers that include phosphorous, nitrogen, and potassium,to grow crops that are either pest resistant, or are larger in size for consumer satisfaction. Usually results in Genetically Modified Organism. (https://quizlet.com/921825/barrons-human-geography-ap-unit-5-flash-cards/, http://www.pso6.com/difference.html) Cambodian farmers use lots of chemicals while farming. Recently, they were told by the government and agriculturist to reduce their usage of these chemical products on crops. Instead, they we advised by secretary of State at the Ministry of Agriculture, Mr. Vanhan, to switch to bio-control agents. According to Mr. Vanhan, chemical farming have too many negative effects such as chemicals filtering into water ways, releasing of harmful gases, etc. to out way the positives of production. Bio-agents (living organisms used to suppress pests) help fertilize the land while protecting the crops.(http://www.khmertimeskh.com/news/30094/use-less-chemicals--farmers-told/)

Commercial agriculture

Agriculture that is focused on growing crops and raising livestock for the sole purpose of exports or non-direct consumption; profits.This type of agriculture is practiced mostly by developed nations because they have the resources( money, machines, technology, and transportation)to successfully practice it. (Textbook p. 350, class notes) One of McDonald's potato farms in Minnesota mass produces GMO potatoes. These potatoes are filled with pesticides and other chemicals to endure certain harsh conditions. After harvest these potatoes are sent to McDonald's manufacturing plant and from there to the franchises around the world to be fried and sold as a good to the public. The purpose of this potato plant is to solely harvest potatoes for commercial use. (http://www.alternet.org/environment/dark-side-mcdonalds-world-famous-fries)

Shifting cultivation (Slash-and-burn, milpa, swidden)

Also known as swidden farming, is a form of agriculture where farmers clear land for planting by either slashing vegetation and burning debris (Slash-and-burn) then prepare the land acquired from the slash and burn (Swidden) or growing multiple complimentary crops at the same time from the swidden land that benefit from one another(Milpa), . After harvest, farmers leave the land so the soil can recover. (Class notes, http://milpitashistory.org, ) Shifting cultivation encompasses of burning and slashing vegetation and then preparing a field before actually farming on it. Both tasks are labor intensive. In Mozambique, where there is a good amount of forestry, shifting cultivation is practiced there often as depicted by a picture of a field in Mozambique being burned on figure 10-21. After burning the field is prepared. Cote d'Ivoire, which is a subtropical regions also practices shifting cultivation. on Figure 10-22 in the textbook, a picture depicts men and women with tools helping them clear way and prepare the field creating a swidden. The Milpa from swidden land can vary. In Southeast Asia, the predominant crops yielded from swidden land is corn, in South America its cassava, and in Africa its millet and sorghum

Extractive Industry

An industry that practices the process of withdrawing raw/natural materials from the earth such as : oil, metals, metals, coal, etc. This could be an industry within the primary economy sector. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/extractive-industry.html) Example: Coal mining industries. In Kentucky, residents rely solely on the coal mining companies for their jobs/employment and fro electricity. In 2015, the cost of coal mining outweighed the profits by a large margin. This caused electrical bills to rise and fro unemployment withing the state to increase to due to lay-offs. (http://www.maced.org/coal/exe-summary.htm)

Metes and bounds

An older version of surveying land, the metes and bounds system was first introduced by the English as a way of determining regional boundaries/borders (state borders). The first component, Metes, refers to the use of a distance and direction to get exact measurements/direction; compasses were used to define the direction. The Bounds aspect, refers to the use of physical features and relative location to define those boundaries such as rivers, rocks,etc. (http://www.surveyhistory.org/metes_&_bounds_vs__public_lands.htm, https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Metes_and_Bounds) Here is an official Metes and Bound survey on a parcel of land in plymouth, Michigan: COME AT E 1/4 POST OF SEC, TH S 1 DEG 05' E 338.42 FT IN E LINE OF SEC, TH S 66 DEG 09' W 732.70 FT IN CENT OF HWY FOR PL OF BEG, TH S 14 DEG 06' E 550.03 FT, TH S 66 DEG 09' W 266.27 FT, TH N 22 DEG 40' W 542.46 FT, TH N 66 DEG 09' E 348.26 FT IN CENT OF HWY TO THE PL OF BEG, SEC 2, T2S-R7E, 3.82 AC. These descriptions include the distance and compass directions and physical features just as highways, to describe the parcel of land.(http://www.iammea.org/ggingras/cad115/m&b_description.htm)

-Nucleated Settlements

Are the opposite of Dispersed settlements where houses and settlements are clustered together.(www.flashcardmachine.com) Example: These type of settlements are found mainly in developing countries, such as Brazil. Some of these regions usually don't have advance infrastructure- poor water distribution-- so settlements are developed around a source of water (supply.http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/nucleated-settlement-10259.html)

Carl Sauer: Root & Seed Crop Hearths

Carl Sauer's concept in summary, stated that the primary forms of agriculture were vegetative and seed agriculture. He explained the hearth of vegetative planting was in SE Asia and the hearths of seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia. (http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/definitions/APdefinitions5.htm) Example: Parts of southwest Asia are considered hearths of seed agriculture. This region was also the first to practice combined seed culture with domestication of herd animals. (www.gvsd.org-ppt)

Cereal grains/staple grains

Cereal grains: A type of grass that produces grains that is used for food (could be referred to as just cereal). (Textbook p. 352) Examples are staple Grains such as: such as corn, wheat, and rice that are popularly consumed among the world population. All together, these three grains make up almost 90% of all grains produced and more than 40 percent of all grains consumed. (Textbook p. 352)

Luxury crops

Crops that were not necessary for human survival. They are usually rare and have high prices, mostly produced and bought fro human indulgence. (http://www.flashcardmachine.com/ap-human-geographyagriculturevocab.html) North Carolina is ranked number one in the production of tobacco. Tobaccos is a luxury crops because it is not vital to human survival but used as an indulgence.(https://tobacco.ces.ncsu.edu/)

Dispersed Settlements

Dispersed settlements are places with low density populations and have houses far apart from each other. They usually occupy farmlands of their own.(https://www.reference.com) In rural parts of England, dispersed settlement are common. Buildings/houses are separated by large open spaces, farmlands, forests or grasslands. These settlements are also found in hilly areas where it is difficult to build houses and cultivate crops. The picture gives a visual representation. (http://thestudyofearth.blogspot.com/2012/01/spatial-patterns.html)

Extensive subsistence agriculture

Extensive subsistence agriculture: a practice within subsistence farming that uses big farmlands and little amounts of human labor rather, it uses animal labor to get quicker production. It's still limited to producing for the immediate family/population.(https://www.reference.com/business-finance/extensive-subsistence-agriculture-9b3e398fc0834bfc) Example: Pastoral Nomadism is an example of extensive subsistence agriculture, because, a group of herders of a single herder is responsible for the herd grazing big plots of land. Little labor is needed to manage the heard and produce from the herd is consumed by the herders/families. Same can be said for cattle ranching on a non commercial scale in the U.S. (textbook p. 358-359/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/extensive-agriculture)

Double cropping

Gathering two crops for production from the same field in one season. Harvesting two or more crops will then be referred to as multi cropping. ( Textbook p. 363) In places like Southern China and Taiwan, farmers are more likely to practice double cropping, due to its warmer winters. On the contrary, it wouldn't be so common in places like, where the winters are dry. Wet rice (practiced highly in parts of Asia) requites lots of rainfall, which occurs in the summer. By winter, other cry crops such as barley and/or wheat are grown. (Textbook p. 363)

Pesticides/Herbicides

Herbicides are chemicals used to kill unwanted plants or weeds that compete for resources with desired crops. The first imported selective weed killer (herbicide) was from France in the year of 1934. Previous to that, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers used the herbicide sodium arsenite, to control aquatic plants in waterways. These examples show that even previous to major technological advancements, in agriculture, chemicals were being used to kill unwanted weeds/vegetation.(http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ge-Hy/Herbicides.html) Pesticides are used to kill pest (insects, spiders, rodents) and make some crops pest-resistant. This all contributes to safety precautions taken to make crops safer to consume but lead to negative environmental effects such as leakage of these chemicals into water ways; leads to a huge environmental/safety debates. (http://peer.tamu.edu, http://www.llojibwe.org/drm/greenteam/pesticides_Article.pdf) A verdesian was held in Troy, Ohio to examine soy and corn farms. Observers found that some of these plots had heavy uses of pesticides on both crops. A main ingredient in the pesticides such as AVAIL® phosphorus fertilizer enhancer, NutriSphere-N® nitrogen fertilizer manager, and two others contained high levels of phosphorus that had made it into Lake Erie.(http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/crop-chemicals/verdesian-acre-day-shows-potential-troy-ohio-plots#slide-0-field_images-106681)

Long lots

Imposed by the french, This was a system of houses placed along the river divided in long strips ( they look ribs). This gave the occupants major access to the river for transportation or for irrigation for areas that are dry. (http://test.m.ourhomeground.com/entries/definition/long_lot_field) Long lots can be found in certain regions of Canada where the french influence was very strong. In these regions, long narrow rectangular strips of land (farmland or houses) are situated along streams or rivers. This system was cheap and easy and gave residents/ farmers access to water for that required irrigation. Also, easy access to transportation for trading. (http://geo.msu.edu/extra/geogmich/long_lots.html)

Soil Erosion

In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through farming activities such as tillage( deliberate manipulation of land to prepare for farming such as digging, stirring, and overturning).(http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/12-053.htm) India is loosing approximately 5,334 million tonnes of soil due to soil erosion. Among many causes, soil erosion is caused because of excess use of chemicals on farm land vegetation. The chemicals exposed to the bare soil, makes the soil weaker and lose it nutrients, the more damaged the soil, the more likely it is for it to erode. This is exactly what India faces today. It's losing about one millimeter of top soil due to soil erosion because of indiscreet and excess use of fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides over the years.(http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/india-losing-5334-million-tonnes-of-soil-annually-due-to-erosion-govt/article915245.ece)

Intensive subsistence agriculture

Intensive subsistence agriculture: practice within subsistence farming that is more humanly laborious and doesn't use large plots of land;limited to producing for the immediate family/population (https://www.reference.com/business-finance/extensive-subsistence-agriculture-9b3e398fc0834bfc) In south, east, and southeastern regions of Asia, the cultivation of wet rice is mostly practiced, due to the highly dense populations within the regions. The farming of wet rice is high intensive, requiring lots of manual labor and is done predominantly with just human hands and little help from tools. (Textbook p. 362)

Intensive agriculture/Extensive agriculture

Intensive: A system that aims to maximize yields from available land through various means, such as heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. This mechanization has also been applied to the raising of livestock with billions of animals, such as cows, pigs and chickens, being held indoors in what have become known as factory farms. Intensive farming practices produce more and cheaper food per acre and animal, which has helped feed our growing population. (http://www.everythingconnects.org/intensive-farming.html) Intensive agricultural practices involve the heavy use of fertilizers to increase fertility of the soil and thereby, increase the crop production. In northern France, the use of a specific type of fertilizer containing high levels of nitrogen, have leached into the water table and in nearby water ways. An event like this is the cause for concern on intensive agricultural practices. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880905002896) Extensive: A system of farming that uses small amounts of labour and capital in relation to area of land being farmed. (http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/intensive&extensive.htm) Due to low production rates, extensive agriculture is practiced in sparsely populate areas and on large plots of farmland. In Central Australia, large cattle ranches used to raise cattle, are often held responsible by few workers. Extensive agriculture due to the labor per capita ratio.(http://www.s-cool.co.uk/gcse/geography/agriculture/revise-it/farming-types)

Winter Wheat

Is wheat that is planted in the fall, stalls growth during the winter, resumes growing in early spring and then harvested in late spring.(Yourdictionary.com) Example:After the 1870's though, Kansas farmers realized that their hot and dry summers were best suited for winter wheat. The wheat would be planted in the fall and harvested in the spring. This takes advantage of the fact that most moisture in Kansas arrives in winter and early spring.(https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/wheat/12235)

Non-Renewable resource

Non-Renewable resources are resources that have a limit; they will run out eventually and we can't replicate it. (My Brain) Example: Alaska accounts for almost 15% of the oil produced in the U.S. Oil is a non renewable resource, that we have a limited reserve of. Though it has an abundant amount of oil and natural gas, if the rate of production continues, we will run out of oil to drill.(http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/Issues/OtherIssues/NonRenewableEnergyinAlaska.html)

Agriculture/farming

Purposefully changing the sites and land on earth to grow food and raise livestock.animals for either direct benefit or for economic/capital purposes; money. (Textbook p. 347) Occupants of southwest Asia integrated farming of crops with the domestication of herd animals. These animals such as sheep, cattle,and goat, would be used to deliberately prepare and turn the land before the seeds were planted and would then get fed a portion of the harvest. The harvest would produce food that would be eaten by the family or sold for something in return. (Textbook p. 349)

Wet rice/dry rice

Refers to rice that is first grown on dry land for a portion of its 'life' and then moved to a field that has been flooded help it continue growing (irrigated). (Textbook p. 362)Dry rice refers to rice that is only grown on dry land without the added process of moving it to a flooded field or irrigating it.(www.merriam-webster.com) Example: Due to the importance of wet rice in Asian diet, nearly 50% of the world's production is from china and India; and, more than 90% is produced in east, south and southeast Asia. In Drier winter season, dry rice or dry grains such as Barley and Wheat are grown in these same regions.

Agribusiness

Refers to the commercializing and business of producing goods and services from agriculture with the help of technological advancements. In short its a business that deals with the supply and demand of commercial agriculture through Groups of food industries and corporations. (Textbook p. 366) An example of agribusiness would be the tractor manufacturers. The Mahindra Tractors is an international company that produces farm equipment. With its U.S headquarters in Texas, Mihandra produces tractors that are used in commercial farms through out North America to help produce the crops during harvest. This is a part of agribusiness because, its a corporation that sells goods that are part of the process of the food-production industry. (Textbook p. 366, http://www.gov.mb.ca/jec/profiles/agribus)

Renewable

Renewable resources are resources that we have an almost infinite supply, if not absolutely infinite supply of on earth. (http://www.investopedia.com) Example: California has the largest world solar thermal power plant currently, in the world. Solar thermal power plants use the sun's rays to heat a liquid to high temperatures. The liquid then circulates through pipes, heats up water and produces steam. The steam is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine, which powers a generator to produce electricity. This is a renewable energy because its an unlimited source rather than fossil fuels.

Spring wheat

Spring wheat: wheat that is planted in the spring and harvested in the late fall(Yourdictionary.com) Example: Previous to the 1870s , Kansas was growing spring wheat. The harvest results were usually poor and non prosperous. This was due to the region's hot, dry summer, which was non suitable for spring wheat.(https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/wheat/12235)

Quaternary economic activity

The Quaternary part of economic activity focuses on intellectually related business/activities. These usually provides some sort of knowledge to society. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) This sector of economic activity involves the offering of knowledge from different industries; especially scientific researchers. In the UK, cancer researchers have just come up the first free online course that offers insight about cancer, how it works, progress, how to help a patient, etc. It also helps people talk more about the disease. This is a service that provides knowledge to the public.(http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/cancer-news/press-release/2016-09-22-cancer-research-uk-launches-online-course-to-help-people-talk-about-cancer)

Quinary economic activity

The Quinary sector is sometimes considered as an off branch of Quaternary economic activity. This will include high level of influences on society or on the economy, by high officials. It could sometimes include contributions to the society that don't have monetary values. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) As listed in the definition, this economic activity includes high officials. In the U.S, the high officials that influence out society on a high regard, are government officials. Our president, senators, congressmen, mayors, etc. Media is also considered to be in this level of economic activity. News media such as MSNBC, CNN, and in the United Kingdom, BBC.(http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm)

MILKSHED

The area that surrounds a city wear milk can be produced and transported to the market without risking it spoiling (Textbook p. 368) In developing nations, its is important for milksheds to be close to the market to prevent it from spoiling,due to the lack of transportation advancements. On the contrary, in the U.S. because of the invention of refrigerated rail cars and truck, milksheds could be located more than 500km away from the from the market compared to 50 km previously. (Textbook p. 368)

Livestock ranching

The commercial practice of raising and herding and grazing a large herds of livestock over extensive areas of land. This is usually practiced on arid land where the soil can't accommodate vegetative farming. (Textbook p. 372) In the nineteenth century, the inner land of Australia were finally opened for grazing sheep. This was due to the semi arid land not being able to support the farming of crops. (Textbook p. 373)

Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)

The deliberate tampering/removal/addition of genetic material from one organism to another(usually a protein code) by using biotechnology towards and organism to make them better for consumption (pest resistance) or make it produce more of something for (milks in cows). (http://www.bt.ucsd.edu/gmo.html) Example: Approximately 85% of the corn produced in the united states are genetically modified. Soy is the most heavily GMO in the country. These two crops are genetically modified so they are pest resistant to herbicides and glyphosate used on the field. (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/builtlean/diet-and-nutrition_b_4323937.html)

Intertillage

The labor intensive work of clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment (https://quizlet.com/2268754/ap-human-geo-agriculture-flash-cards/) Southeast India, Southeast Asia, East India and Southeast China practice labor-intensive intertillage for their rice crops. This is due to the state of development of these regions and the lack of access to resources and high-tech machines to help.(http://www.chacha.com/question/where-is-labor%26%2345%3Bintensive-intertillage-practiced)

Transhumance

The movement of herd based on the difference in climates and seasons. It's usually moving from highlands to low lands. (www.yourdictionary.com) During the summer time, in places like central and southwest Asia, sheep or other animals would pasture in meadows and the be moved down to valleys during the winter time. (Textbook p. 359)

Truck farm

The practice of growing fruits and vegetables (horticulture) on a commercial scale. These are usually made to be transported to distance produce markets. (www.infoplease.com) In New England, farmers are practicing a form of truck farming called specialty farming. Farmers grow fruits and vegetables that are in high demand but limited in supply. Some of these produce are sold directly to customers but most are sold to manufacturing companies to be canned or frozen. (Textbook p. 367)

Monoculture

The practice using one field to grow only a particular type of crop repeatedly. (http://www.dictionary.com/browse/monoculture) Example: Monsanto, an American agricultural biotechnology corporation, heavily encourages the practice of monoculture. Monsanto has large fields that plant only one crop such as :corn, cotton, soybeans, canola, or alfalfa, year round with no versatility. This practice is not a sustainable way of farming. It reduces the longevity of the soil which will eventually reduce production. (http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/genetic-engineering/expanding-monoculture.html#.V-gYM8lcyt8)

Commodity Chains

The process in which raw materials are gathered, turned into goods, and then distributed for consumer. In terms of agriculture, this could mean the growing of crops, then sold to businesses and manufacturers to turn into goods, and then distributed to the market for people to buy/ use. (https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/appl5en/ch5a4en.html) From the process of gathering raw materials to packaging the materials as goods, commodity chains exist in mostly in commercial agribusiness. In the Oklahoma region, Seaboard Corporation, Inc. dominates the pork production.Farmers contract with Seaboard (processor) to deliver between 300,000 and 500,000 hogs a year. These hogs are fed and raised until ready for slaughter where they head to the feedlot. They are then shipped to Seaboard for processing, manufacturing, and labeling. They are then distributed to major grocery stores. (http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/members/courses/teachers_corner/8624.html)

Market gardening

The selling of fruits and vegetables, that were cultivated from a small plot of land, to the public. (http://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/market-garden/) North Carolina's state farmers market is a good example of a market garden. The variety of fruits and vegetables presented in the farmers market were grown by local farmers and is being sold directly to locals rather than major corporations.(Seller at NC state farmers market.)

PRIMOGENITURE

The system in which the eldest son in a large family (or daughter if necessary) inherits all of the dying parent's farm land.(https://quizlet.com/90721898/ap-hug-unit-2-vocab-flash-cards/) Example: Introduced to England by Normans during feudal times. Feudal England had inherited this system of land inheritance, for the purpose of making sure the land was kept within the family and within male control (preferably first born males). (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/8429431/Sons-no-longer-first-in-line-under-inheritance-laws-finds-Country-Life-survey.html)

Tertiary economic activity

The tertiary sector of economic activity is focused on servicing. This part provides services to the general population and to business corporations. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) The service industry is what drives the economy in Singapore. It provides jobs to 80% of 3.03 million workers and employees, and it creates over 70% of the gross domestic product. It's banking, finance, and insurance make up a large part of the economy.(https://www.internations.org/singapore-expats/guide/16061-economy-finance/the-economy-of-singapore-16045)

Primary economic activity

There are different sectors of economic activity. T he primary aspect of economic activity refers to the direct harvest or extraction from the earth; the production of raw materials.Agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, and fishing, are some activities of primary economic activity. (http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/sectorseconomy.htm) Brazil has one of the world's largest primary economies. With its well-developed agricultural, Brazil grows commercial crops in high demand for developed nations. Crops such as coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, cotton, tobacco, and bananas are much of Brazil's cash crops. In addition, Brazil is a major beef and poultry exporter which only adds to its GDP revenues.(http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/brazil-economy.html)

Debt for nature swap

This occurs when a country (most of the time developing) offers its currency to fund a nature conservation program, in exchange for the reduction of a portion of its foreign debt. It could also be when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries to cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources. (http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/snyderd/MWH/AP/definitions/APdefinitions5.htm) (https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=557) Bolivia, a developed country, is in major dept with some developed nations. As a way to get rid of some of that debt, it has agreed to set aside 1.5 million hectares which is 3.5 million acres in a forest reserve in exchange for cancellation of $650 million of its debt to the developed nations. (Textbook p. 361)

Collective Farm

This type of farm, is a practice of agriculture production that refers to the collective and joint ownership of multiple farms owned by different farmers and ran as one big business. Its also known as communal farming, emphasizing the sense of community that is gained. (http://www.studystack.com/flashcard-505344) In the late 1920's early 1930's, the soviet union government enforced a policy called collectivization. This policy forced individual peasant households that owned their own farmland, join and create a collective farmland called "kolkhozes". This collective farm was ran as a business by the government. It was done in hopes that the peasant productivity would be higher, and therefore higher production of food. Proved to be wrong.(http://russiapedia.rt.com/of-russian-origin/collectivization/)

Thomas Malthus (Theory)

Thomas Malthus's theory was that of opposites to ester's. He proposed that the growth of the human population will later come to out weight the level of food production. This will lead to a alack of resources of food in the future. What he proposed as a solution were called 'positive checks'. Unlike Ester, he focused on the reduction of the population itself rather than the increase of production. He suggested some of these check for population control were naturally occurring in the form of famine, disease, or war. He also suggested that marriage be done later which will lead to smaller families and less mouths to feed .(http://cgge.aag.org/PopulationandNaturalResources1e/CF_PopNatRes_Jan10/CF_PopNatRes_Jan108.html) Example: According to this theory, as demand for food increases, supplies come under greater pressure. Because of globalization, this has become a scarier thought. In 2012 a drought in the USA caused a drop in the global production of maize, and the effects were felt around the world as the prices of staple foods such as bread increased. Even though in the idea of positive checks are not popularized in this day in age, China's two child rule could be argued as an example. China has a rapidly growing population and with this, more mouths to feed. Having only 28.3% of the workforce in agriculture, its difficult for the production to keep up with population growth. So, as a positive check of sorts, the two child rule helps battle this problem. (https://bigpictureeducation.com/malthus-vs-boserup, https://www.statista.com/statistics/270327/distribution-of-the-workforce-across-economic-sectors-in-china/)

Ridge tillage

a system of planting crops on ridged tops usually an after math of the previous harvest, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. (https://quizlet.com/90721898/ap-hug-unit-2-vocab-flash-cards/) Example: In Malawi, ridge-tillage is a traditional method of seedbed preparation done annually or with a hand hoe. This practice help conserve the productivity of the soil.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198796010860)

Crop rotation

when different crops are grown in a field at different times so as to make the best use of the soil's nutrients and not drain it, by planting one type of crop on that particular field year-round. (Textbook p.364) In a farm in Iowa, two farmers Dick Sloan and Tim Sieren, practice a three year crop rotation on the field. The crops rotated on the field include corn, soybeans, cereal rye, and red clover. The diversity of including cereal rye and red clover to to this system helps to manage weeds, insects, and diseases by disrupting pest life cycles. It also increases soil fertility and prolongs the productivity of the soil.(http://practicalfarmers.org/blog/2014/05/01/extended-crop-rotations/)