APK Final 3110C FSU
Which of the following activities will acutely mobilize fatty acids during exercise? - A. Brisk walking - B. Maximum speed sprinting - C. Running at 65% VO2 max - A and C - All of the above
- A and C
Two endurance athletes complete a six-week training program. Based on their pre- and -post numbers, which of the following can we infer?
Athlete 1 has improved capacity for aerobic ATP resynthesis Athlete 2 has raised anaerobic threshold
Referencing the previous question, which of the following is not correct regarding the training programs? - Athlete 2 most likely raised lactate threshold by directly training the aerobic pathways - Athlete 2 most likely raised lactate threshold by directly training the anaerobic pathways - Athlete 1's training regime most likely consisted of long duration runs (aerobic exercise)
Athlete 2 most likely raised lactate threshold by directly training the aerobic pathways
Which of the following is incorrect with respect to lipids (fat)? - None of the above - Athletes are recommended to consume at least 25% of total calories from fat - Hydrogen dense - Contain few oxygen atoms
Athletes are recommended to consume at least 25% of total calories from fat
Afterload
Back pressure from arterial blood pushing on semilunar valves
The name of the process and what it accomplishes before fatty acids can be used as a fuel are
Beta-oxidation, breaking off of pairs of carbons to form acetyl-CoA
What best describes blood to the kidneys as exercise intensity increases and why? - Blood flow to the kidneys will decrease linearly as exercise intensity increases because of the greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system - Blood flow to the kidneys will increase linearly as exercise intensity increases because of the greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system - None of the above - Blood flow to the kidneys will be maintained throughout all exercise intensities
Blood flow to the kidneys will decrease linearly as exercises intensity increases because of the greater activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following statements is NOT representative of the flow of blood and change in pressure during aerobic exercise? - Diastolic blood pressure will increase and therefore increase the rate of blood flow back to the heart and increase preload - Muscle will constrict and relax causing a pumping action of blood and thus increasing venous return - The increase in blood flow along with other metabolites will dilate blood exchange vessels at the tissue - Sympathetic activity will increase systolic blood pressure and cause systemic vasoconstriction
Diastolic blood pressure will increase and therefore increase the rate of blood flow back to the heart and increase preload
The four stages of carbohydrate cellular respiration in order are:
Glycolysis, conversion of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, electron transport (oxidative phosphorylation)
VO2
HR X SV X AVo2 diff
Which of the following factors will influence maximal oxygen consumption?
Heredity
Vitamin D
Immune function, calcium absorption, and muscle strength are all positively impacted by this micronutrient
Which of the following results in the release of kinetic energy in the ATP/ADP cycle, and this is what type of reaction? - Dephosphorylation; Endergonic - Dephosphorylation; Exergonic - Phosphorylation; Endergonic - Phosphorylation; Exergonic
Dephosphorylation; Exergonic
Ethanol
Metabolized by an oxidation reaction to acetaldehyde
All the following are reasons to justify modifying the high-protein pre-competition meal in favor of one high in carbohydrates except: - dietary carbohydrates replenish liver and muscle glycogen depletion from the overnight fast - protein catabolism for energy facilities dehydration during exercise - protein digestion and absorption are more rapid than either glucose or lipid
Protein digestion and absorption are more rapid than either glucose or lipid
The body's ability to use fat as energy (FFA, intramuscular and plasma triacylglycerol) depends on all the following except - Protein reserves - Health status - Intensity of exercise - Duration of exercise
Protein reserves
Cardiac output
cardiac output = HR X Stroke Volume
Blood pressure
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
Glycogenolysis
glucose derived from the breakdown of glycogen
Glycogenesis
glycogen synthesis from glucose
Compared to the fed state of metabolism, in the fasting state, there would be less (blank), more (blank), and lower (blank) - glycogenesis; lipolysis; insulin levels - gluconeogenesis; glycogenolysis; glucagon levels - glucogenesis; glycogenolysis; glucagon - insulin; protein synthesis; lipolysis
glycogenesis; lipolysis; insulin levels
What best describes why blood flow to the muscles is maintained during very intense exercise where sympathetic output is high? - Local factors produced in the muscle tell the brain to increase flow to the muscles - Local factors produced in the muscle tell all vessels in the body to dilate - local factors produced in the muscle tell the heart to increase flow to the muscles - Local factors produced in the muscle tell the vessels that supply the muscles to dilate despite systemic sympathetic vasoconstriction
local factors produced in the muscle tell the vessels that supply the muscles to dilate despite systemic sympathetic vasoconstriction
Steady state
oxygen consumption closely mirrors energy expenditure
Diastolic blood pressure
peripheral resistance or the ease with which blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries
A 143-pound female soccer player competed for 45 minutes. How many calories did she expend during these 45 minutes? Soccer competition = 10 METS
~500 calories
Oxygen deficit
At the start of exercise, this is the anaerobic contribution to the total energy cost of exercise
True or false. There are activities for which one metabolic pathway contributes 100% of the ATP production.
False
Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)
blood lactate reaches a concentration of 4mM
Which of the following CHO-electrolyte solutions is best to improve hydration and performance? - 5% CHO-electrolyte beverage - 24% CHO-electrolyte beverage - 17% CHO-electrolyte beverage - None of the above
5% CHO-electrolyte beverage
What is ATP
A high energy molecule ; cellular energy ; adenosine diphosphate + phosphate
Which of the following is true about creatine and creatine supplementation?
ALL: - Creatine stores donate a phosphate to ADP - Serves as an energy buffer to protect against drastic drops in blood sugar - Supplementation would benefit ATP-PCr sports such as powerlifting - Is an amino acid synthesized in the liver
All of the following are true regarding insulin except - decreases efficiency of hormone sensitive lipase - stimulated by all food - anabolic hormone - all of the above
All of the above
During the 2013 national title game, the FSU Seminole's average offensive time of possession was less than 2 minutes (hurry up offense). The average play lasted less than 10 seconds and the game lasted over two hours. Based on this information, which energy system(s) is important to test, train, and improve? - Glycolytic - Oxidative - ATP-PCr - All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following concerning iron and iron supplementation is correct? - A. Research indicates that every other day supplementation is better than daily supplementation - B. Anemia is a symptom of female athlete triad, thus iron supplementation in female athletes is common and effective - C. According to the text, the daily recommendation is 18-20 mg - B and C - All of the above
All of the above
Transamination
Amine group transfers to an acceptor acid to form a new amino acid
All of the following concerning the body's use of amino acids are correct except - Essential amino acids must be consumed from food sources and are not endogenously produced - amino acids are constantly extracted from the free amino acid pool (120 grams) for synthesis of various proteins - amino acid contribution to energy supply is substantial (25-35% of total energy contribution) -the removal of the amine group from an amino acid is called deamination
Amino acid contribution to energy supply is substantial (25-35% of total energy contribution)
Deamination
Amino acid loses nitrogen in the liver and forms ammonia
Below are training observations over a five month period. Which of the following is not true? - Anaerobic threshold is lower - The athlete improved aerobically - The athlete improved anaerobically - None of the above - Lactate threshold is higher
Anaerobic threshold is lower
During a VO2max test you are given a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) of 1 in the early stages of the run. This number shifts closer to a .71 as the run progresses. What does this mean?
As the RER approaches 1 the predominate fuel is carbohydrates indicating anaerobic metabolism and as the RER moves to .71 the predominate fuel are fats, indicating aerobic metabolism.
What best describes the amount of oxygen consumed immediately upon beginning a submaximal, low intensity, exercise session? - As you begin exercising, the amount of oxygen that the body consumes is lower than when measured at later time points because the oxidative system takes some time to begin making ATP at its maximal rate - As you begin exercising, the amount of oxygen that the body consumes is lower than when measured at later time points because the oxidative system takes some time to begin making ATP at its maximal rate - As you begin exercising, the amount of oxygen that the body consumes is higher than when measured at later time points because the oxidative system cannot begin making ATP until the ATP-PCr systems are exhausted - As you begin exercising, the amount of oxygen that the body consumes is lower than when measured at later time points because the oxidative system cannot begin making ATP until the ATP-PCr and glycolytic system energy systems are completely exhausted
As you begin exercising, the amount of oxygen that the body consumes is lower than when measured at later time points because the oxidative system takes some time to begin making ATP at its maximal rate
What best describes the process of mobilizing fat for energy usage? - Blood flow, low to moderate-intensity exercise, reduced glycogen levels along with hormones stimulate fat breakdown in the adipocyte. - Blood flow, low to moderate exercise, reduced glycogen levels along with hormones stimulate fat breakdown in the adipocyte. Hormone sensitive lipase and water hydrolyze triacylglycerol into fatty acids and glycerol. The protein albumin transports fatty acids in the blood. - Blood flow, high-intensity exercise, reduced glycogen levels along with hormones stimulate fat breakdown in the adipocyte. Chylomicrons transport fatty acids in the blood. - Blood flow, high-intensity exercise, and a high carbohydrate diet along with hormones stimulate fat breakdown in the liver. Hormone sensitive lipase and water hydrolyze triacylglycerol into fatty acids and glycerol. Albumin transport fatty acids in the blood.
Blood flow, low to moderate exercise, reduced glycogen levels along with hormones stimulate fat breakdown in the adipocyte. Hormone sensitive lipase and water hydrolyze triacylglycerol into fatty acids and glycerol.
What best describes why both systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase during resistance training? - Blood pressure increases because heart rates increases to nearly 250 beats per minute - Blood pressure does not increase with resistance exercise because resistance exercise is so short in duration - Blood pressure increases because there is major vasodilation of all the blood vessels in the body - Blood pressure increases due to constriction of blood vessels which is attributed to the constant muscle contraction
Blood pressure increases due to constriction of blood vessels which is attributed to the constant muscle contraction
End Diastolic Volume
Blood volume in left ventricle during rest phase of cardiac cycle
FFAs predominately transported in the blood by (blank) whereas TAG is transported by (blank). - chylomicrons; albumin - very low-density lipoproteins; albumin - none of the above - bound to albumin; very low-density lipoproteins
Bound to albumin; very low-density lipoproteins
Lipolysis in adipose tissue refers to - Reesterification of lipids - Synthesis of triacylglycerol from FFAs and glycerol - Breakdown of FFAs into acetyl-CoA - Breakdown of triacylglycerol into FFAs and glycerol
Breakdown of triacylglycerol into FFAs and glycerol
Which macronutrient may a dietician recommend a patient with COPD eat less and why?
Carbohydrates, because of increased carbon dioxide levels due to increased pyruvate formation
What absolutely has to happen in order for aerobic exercise intensity to increase and be sustained at that new intensity? - Cardiac output must go down - Heart rate must go up - Cardiac output must go up - Stroke volume must go up
Cardiac output must go up
Tachycardia would result in a(n) (blank) in stroke volume
Decrease
The principle function of glycolysis is to
Degrade glucose or glycogen into pyruvic acid or lactic acid and produce ATP
Stroke volume
EDV-ESV
Exercise Post Oxygen Consumption
Elevated respiration after strenuous exercise
Which of the following is most correct with respect to the buildup or arterial plaque and the condition of atherosclerosis? - HDL consumes accumulating phagocytes on the endothelial membrane resulting in vessel occlusion - An immune response occurs due to damage of the endothelial tissue caused by the cleaving off of cholesterol by HDL - LDL consumes accumulating phagocytes on the endothelial membrane resulting in vessel occlusion - Endothelial damage results in an immune response and subsequent accumulation of phagocytes. Phagocytes become engorged with LDL resulting in vessel blockage
Endothelial damage results in an immune response and subsequent accumulation of phagocytes. Phagocytes become engorged with LDL resulting in vessel blockage.
Making glucose from lactate, replenishing ATP from sustained elevated breathing, returning blood from muscle to lungs, repairing tissue, and restoring homeostasis are all processes that will occur (most) when engaging in which of the following activities? - F45 sessions with weights - Playing golf - Slow jogging for two hours - 10 sets of 3 heavy bench press with 3 minutes rests between sets
F45 session with weights
True or false. High-intensity exercise will cause fat o be reesterified into triacylglycerol due to the production of alpha glycerol phosphate in glycerol phosphate in glycolysis. This means we will gain fat and body weight by exercising at high intensities
False
What processes occur in the mitochondria?
Formation of acetyl CoA
Which of the following is not a good food source of fiber? - None of the above - Vegetables - Fruits - Fruit Juice - Oats
Fruit Juice
The breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver is referred to as (blank) whereas the generation of glucose from other substrates such as lactate is referred to as (blank) - glycolysis; gluconeogensis - glycogenesis; glycolysis -glycogenolysis; gluconeogensis - glycolysis; glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis
I go for a jog in he woods and keep a nice steady pace for 20 minutes. Suddenly, a bear charges at me out of the brush and I start to sprint. What best describes my demand for ATP and how will this demand be met? - None of the above - Initial ATP supply was fueled anaerobically by fatty acids. However, to avoid the bear ATP demand will increase, and the predominant source of ATP will now be fueled aerobically by short chain fatty acids - Initial ATP supply was fueled aerobically by fatty acids. However, to avoid the bear ATP demand will increase, and he predominant source of ATP will now be fueled aerobically by stored glycogen - Initial ATP supply was fueled aerobically by fatty acids. However, to avoid the bear, ATP demand will increase and the predominant source of ATP will now be fueled anaerobically by stored glycogen.
Initial ATP supply was fueled aerobically by fatty acids. However, to avoid the bear, ATP demand will increase and the predominant source of ATP will now be fueled anaerobically by stored glycogen
Which of the following is not true concerning fiber? - Fiber can decrease the transit time of fecal matter through the intestines - Insoluble fiber has its effects mainly in the colon, where it adds bulk and helps to retain water, resulting in a softer and larger stool - Insoluble fiber helps to store carbohydrates in the liver - Soluble fiber is known to lower blood cholesterol concentrations and normalize blood glucose
Insoluble fiber helps to store carbohydrate in the liver
Fat oxidation decreases during high-intensity exercise for all of the following reasons except - lactate and glycerol 3-phosphate accumulation may increase the rate of reesterification of FA and as a result plasma FA concentrations are lower during intense exercise - insulin levels spike with increasing exercise intensity - glycolysis occurs at a much faster rate than beta-oxidation
Insulin levels spike with increasing exercise intensity
A deficiency of the micronutrient (blank) is associated with anemia while a deficiency of the micronutrient (blank) is associated with weakening of bones - iron and vitamin D - vitamin A and calcium - Iron and biotin - Iron and riboflavin
Iron and vitamin D
I took a drug that inhibited the increase in mitochondrial number and content following long-term aerobic exercise training. How would this drug affect my adaptation to the exercise, and why?
It would blunt the improvements in aerobic exercise performance because of inability to take up and oxidize more fatty acids as a fuel source.
Joe and Ron go for a jog. Ron is a seasoned marathoner and Joe desires to get in better shape. Which of the following is true? - Joe will accumulate and clear lactate better than Ron because he is untrained - joe will rely more on anaerobic pathways to fuel the run - Joe will start to use fats sooner than Ron during the run - Ron has a larger oxygen deficit
Joe will rely more or anaerobic pathways to fuel the run
The following is true regarding lactate
Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible reaction of pyruvate to lactate and vice versa
Which of the following mobilizes fatty acids (lipolysis) for use as energy? - High-intensity exercise (during exercise) - Decreased albumin levels - Long-duration exercise - Decreased blood flow
Long duration exercise
Which of the following scenarios is the best fueling option for an athlete?
Pre-practice fueling - 50-150 CHO of moderate GI carbohydrates 2-3 hours before practice Intra-practice fueling- 5% carbohydrate beverage Post-practice fueling -2.5 g/kg of high GI CHO every 2 hours
Joe begins to accumulate 4 mmol/L after 10 minutes of the run where Ron only accumulates 2mmol/L after 10 minutes. Which of the following is not true? - Ron has a higher muscle pH after 10 minutes - Muscle cell biopsy would likely reveal that Joe has higher pyruvate dehydrogenase saturation than Ron - Joe reached lactate threshold sooner than Ron -Ron has a lower RER at this point in time
Muscle cell biopsy would likely reveal that Joe has higher pyruvate dehydrogenase saturation than Ron
Omega-3 fatty acids
Must originate from food sources and is anti-inflammatory
Omega-6 fatty acids
Must originate from food sources and is pro-inflammatory
What testing methods correctly correspond to the oxidative, glycolytic, and ATP-PCr pathways respectively?
NOT the Bruce test, 60-meter sprint, 1-RM bench press, repeated jump test, VO2 max, wingate, RAST, yo-yo test (none of the above)
Identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart - Left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium - Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium - Right atrium, lungs, right ventricle , left ventricle, left atrium - None of the above
None of the above
The two graphs show that as serum carbohydrate levels deplete (yellow line), serum fatty acid and protein levels increase (red line) with prolonged exercise. Why might this be important information to an obese person? - To lose body fat while exercising for long periods, total daily carbohydrate intake must increase, and total daily protein intake must increase - To lose body fat while exercising for long periods, total daily carbohydrate intake must increase, and total daily fat intake must decrease - None of the above - To lose body fat while exercising for long periods, total daily carbohydrate intake must increase
None of the above
Which of the following describes why heart rate increases during exercise? - Heart rate increases initially due to parasympathetic activation followed by sympathetic nervous system withdraw - Sympathetic nervous system initially increases heart rate followed by a sustaining effect by the parasympathetic nervous system - None of the above - Sympathetic and parasympathetic activity simultaneously increase heart rate - Heart rate increases initially due to parasympathetic withdraw followed by parasympathetic activation
None of the above
Which of the following is a NOT a consequence of moderate alcohol (2-6 drinks weekly) consumption? - Increased HDL - Weight gain via lipogenesis (during a positive energy balance) - Reduced brain gray matter - Increased cancer risk - None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following statements is true? Blue = athlete #2 Red = athlete #1 - Both athletes are accumulating 4mm above resting levels of lactate at their respective LT - Athlete #1 will likely experience fatigue sooner than athlete #2 - Athlete #2 can uptake pyruvate and lactate more efficiently than athlete #1 - It is unlikely athlete #1 is better aerobically trained than athlete #2 - None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following strategies is best to employ with athletes regarding fa intake? - 30-35% of total daily caloric intake from fat - Short-term fat loading (3-5 days) before competition - Low GI carbohydrates during exercise - high fat intake 3-5 hours prior to exercise - None of the above
None of the above
All of the following are reasons to consume sugar during competition except - Sympathetic hormones released during activity inhibit insulin release - None, all of these are correct - Provides immediate energy and spares muscle and liver glycogen - Blood glucose can be moved into cells independent of insulin due to GLUT transporters
None, all of these are correct
Which of the following is not true concerning why a trained person will experience greater levels of lipolysis than an untrained person? - increased size and number of mitochondria - proliferation of capillaries - increased quantity of enzymes involved in beta-oxidation - none, all statements are true
None, all statements are true
Put these ATP producing pathways in order from lowest to highest (beginning with the lowest) based on the capacity (how much) ATP can be produced - Glycolysis, oxidative pathway, ATP-PCR - Oxidative pathway, glycolysis, ATP-PCR - ATP-PCR, glycolysis, oxidative pathway - ATP-PCR, oxidative pathway, glycolysis
Oxidative pathway, glycolysis, ATP-PCR
Anaerobic threshold
RER = 1
A loss of oxygen or a gain or electrons is called
Reduction
Improving economy of movement
Reductions in pulmonary ventilation and less O2 needed during steady state exercise
Biological value
Retained nitrogen divided by absorbed nitrogen
Lactate threshold
The VO2 at which blood lactate concentration begins to increase 1mM above the resting level
Non-essential amino acid
The body can synthesize this type of amino aicd
essential amino acid
The body cannot synthesize this type of amino aicd
True or false. Saturated fat has more hydrogens than monounsaturated fat and is considered hard fat
True
True or false. Sugar before exercise will decrease fat oxidation but has not been proven to hinder athletic performance.
True
True or false. When the rate limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway is inhibited, every step in that pathway beyond that point is inhibited.
True
What best describes the difference between exercising at an RER of 0.75 for 30 minutes compared to exercising at an RER of 1.0 for 30 minutes?
The excess post-oxygen consumption will be greater for the exercise at an RER of 1 because greater intensity of exercise will occur
In what state is the glucose-alanine cycle likely to be most active? - Both the fed and post-absorptive state - The fasting state - The fed state - The post-absorptive state
The fasting state
Systolic blood pressure
The force that blood exerts against arterial walls during ventricular systole
VO2max
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed and used at the cellular level during maximal exercise
Metabolic equivalent of task
The quantity of oxygen consumed by the body from inspired air under basal conditions and is equal on average to 3.5 ml oxygen/kg per min
What best describes the production of ATP when exercising intensity changes from high intensity to low intensity? - The rate of ATP production is decreased when changing from high to low intensity, and this decrease occurs because the activity of the anaerobic pathways goes down, which occurs because of the supply of ATP to the muscle exceeds the demand - The rate of ATP production is decreased when changing from high to low intensity, and this decrease occurs because the activity of the aerobic pathways goes down, which occurs because of the supply of ATP to the muscle exceeds the demand - The rates of ATP production is increased when changing from high to low intensity, and this increase is supplied by increased activity of the aerobic pathways, which are stimulated by a buildup of ADP in the muscle - The rate of ATP production is increased when changing from high intensity to low intensity, and this increase is supplied by increased activity of the anaerobic pathways, which are stimulated by a buildup of ADP in the muscle
The rate of ATP production is decreased when changing from high to low intensity, and this decrease occurs because the activity of the anaerobic pathways goes down, which occurs because of the supply of ATP to the muscle exceeds the demand
Vitamin C
This micronutrient dissolves in water and should be consumed daily
A hundred meter sprinter runs a 9.78 s time to win the race. Which of the following is not correct?
This performance gives evidence of a highly developed aerobic system This athlete is better able to clear and uptake lactate than the other sprinters
indirect calorimetry
based upon the amount of oxygen consumed and the carbon dioxide produced
Which of the following is true regarding VO2max?
VO2 max provides a quantitative measure of a person's capacity for aerobic ATP resynthesis
All of the following regarding vitamin D are correct, except - Synthesized via sunlight - when taken in supraphysiological doses, it has been found to significantly improve muscular strength - regulator of muscle contraction - enhances absorption of calicum - all of the above are correct
When taken in supraphysiological doses, it has been found to significantly improve muscular strength
