APN 102 Final exam
parasitic worm infection
A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from
withdrawal reflex
A reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the
protection
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in
receptive field
the ability of each neuron in the skin to detect a stimulus in a given area
cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
the brain can be divided into what four subdivisions?
medulla, pons, midbrain, reticular formation
the brainstem is composed of what four parts?
brain and Spinal cord
the central nervous system includes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
the cerebrum is divided into what four major lobes?
Carbaminohemoglobin
the combination of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide is
8 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 1 coccygeal
the distribution of the spinal nerve pairs
cochlear duct
the endolymph fills what structure in the inner ear?
two
there are ___ enlargements of the spinal cord where nerves supplying the extremities enter and leave.
hemoglobin
transports oxygen in the blood
central and peripheral
two major divisions of the nervous system
oval window
vibrations of what structure create waves within the perilymph of the cochlear tube?
sodium and potassium
what are the nutritional requirements for the nervous system's function?
thalamus and hypothalamus
what are the two major components of the diencephalon?
Sensory for pain
what is a function of cranial nerve five?
motor for eye movement
what is a function of the abducens nerve?
Sensory for taste
what is a function of the facial nerve?
sense of smell
what is olfaction?
infection of the middle ear
what is otitis media?
Central Nervous system
what is responsible for problem solving skills?
an infection of the outer ear
what is swimmer's ear?
cushion the brain, buoyancy, rinse metabolic waste
what is the function of CSF?
to amplify the vibration of the tympanic membrane
what is the function of the middle ear?
Vision
what is the function of the occipital lobe of the cereburm?
photoreceptors for non-color vision
what is the function of the rods in the retina?
the membrane at which the stapes contacts the vestibule
what is the oval window?
mechanoreceptor
what kind of receptor are the hair cells on the basilar membrane?
chemoreceptor
what kind of receptor is the olfactory hair?
photoreceptors
what kind of receptors are used for vision?
Uvea
what part of the eye consists of these three regions: Choroid layer, ciliary body, and iris?
ciliary body
what part of the eye produces aqueous humor?
Auditory tube and Eustachian tube
what structure leads from the middle ear to the nasopharynx?
tarsal gland
what structure produces an oil to help lubricate the eye?
dynamic
what type of equilibrium is perceived when a gymnast does somersaults?
dynamic equilibrium
what type of equilibrium is perceived when the head is rotating?
static equilibrium
what type of equilibrium is perceived when the head is stationary or moving straight
bipolar
what type of neuron is the olfactory cell?
temporal lobe
where is the wernicke's area located?
Basal cells
which cell type in the taste bud is responsible for replacing cells as they die?
parkinson's disease
which condition is a degenerative disorder of the brain characterized by tremors and slow uncoordinated movements?
temporal
which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for hearing?
Umami
which taste is described as meaty?
sweet
which taste is most concentrated on the tip of the tongue?
Vitamin K
Erythropoiesis does not require iron. vitamin B12. folate. vitamin K. All of these are required.
regulation of osmotic pressure
Functions of plasma proteins include
98.5%
How much oxygen is generally transported in combination with hemoglobin in red blood cells?
regulation of pH
If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?
reticulocyte
Immature red blood cell
bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen
In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in the correct chronological order?
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
List the 3 meninges in the correct order from most superficial layer to deepest layer
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
List the ossicles
The nervous system
Monitors internal and external stimuli transmits information in the form of action potentials interprets or assess information maintains homeostasis
the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes
Mr. Smith moved from a low altitude to a high altitude and experienced an increase in RBCs. Which of the following caused this increase? the lower temperature present at higher altitudes the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes the increased metabolic rate seen at higher altitudes the increased CO2 retention that occurs at high altitudes He exercised more.
inner ear
The bony labyrinth is in what section of the ear?
muscles of the arm and forearm
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
CN VII, IX, X
The cranial nerves that carry sensory messages for taste
lymphocytes
WBC that migrates to lymphatic tissue
Lingual papillae
What are the bumps on the surface of the tongue called?
temperature regulation, sexual development, autonomic functions
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows
What are the structures that protect the eye?
CN VIII
What cranial nerve is the auditory nerve?
the production of blood cells
What is hemopoiesis?
Plasma with clotting factors removed
What is serum?
Mechanoreceptors for light touch
What is the function of tactile disc?
to perceive equilibrium
What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
To form platelet plugs and release clotting factors
What is the function of thrombocytes?
water
What is the most abundant component of plasma?
Bipolar neurons of CN VIII- pons-midbrain-temproal lobe
What is the pathway for hearing?
Glaucoma
What ocular disorder results in an increase in IO pressure?
Epidural space
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
Mechanoreceptors
What type of receptor detects pressure?
Nociceptors
What type of receptor detects tissue injury?
Chemotaxis
When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called
bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
When defective erythrocytes are broken down,
Taste cells
Which cell type in the taste bud is the chemoreceptor for taste?
CN I
Which cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?
monocytes
Which leukocytes become macrophages and phagocytize dead and dying tissue, microorganisms, and any other foreign matter or debris?
lipids
a myelin sheath is composed primarily of?
electric stimuli
a nerve conduction study assess the conduction of nervous impulses along peripheral nerves by using what?
kidney
erythropoietin is a product of the
nodes of ranvier
gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
axon
has a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals
myelin sheath
insulates the axon
the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues
An increase in hemoglobin increases
may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice.
Bilirubin is found in white blood cells. may be reused in erythropoiesis. is formed from the globin groups of hemoglobin. is made from bile. may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice.
inability to understand language spoken to them
Brain damage to the Wernicke's area will result in the
parasympathetic division of the ANS
Digestion of food is regulated by the
subarachnoid space
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
4
Each hemoglobin molecule transports ___ oxygen molecules
chromosome 11
On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia?
Middle ear
Ossicles are part of what section of the ear?
is the liquid matrix of the blood.
Plasma is one of the formed elements. is the liquid matrix of the blood. transports waste products but not nutrients. accounts for less than half of the blood volume. is serum plus formed elements.
the liquid portion of blood, the cells
Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____.
All of the above
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. are actually fragments of cells. play a role in preventing blood loss. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue All of the above
increased bilirubin in his circulatory system.
Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to
False
T/F Rupture of a red blood cell is called hematopoiesis.
transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
Golgi tendon reflex
The reflex that prevents excessive tension in a muscle is the
conveys action potentials to the CNS
The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
muscle spindle
The sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the
55%
The total blood volume is ___ plasma
12, 31
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
Tactile corpuscles, hair receptors, lamellar corpuscles
Types of mechanoreceptors
delivery of oxygen to tissue cells
Which of the following functions is associated with the blood? delivery of oxygen to tissue cells transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine maintenance of DNA content of egg cells transport of neurotransmitters across synapses electrical stimulation of the heart
both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis? hemorrhage vitamin B12 deficiency iron deficiency anemia restricted blood flow to the kidney both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sickle-cell anemia? Red blood cells take on the sickle shape when oxygen levels are low. Sickle-shaped red blood cells can become lodged in capillaries. Tissue damage from decreased blood supply. Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture.
adolescent
Which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human? adult embryonic adolescent fetal
held in the depression of a red blood cell
Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood? combined with hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions in the plasma held in the depression of a red blood cell
coagulation
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis? coagulation erythropoiesis platelet formation vascular dilation agglutination
Albumin
Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant? albumin globulins fibrinogen immunoglobulins hemoglobin
globulin - transport and immunity
Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function? fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids albumin - helps to fight infection globulin - transport and immunity globulin - blood clotting
Salty and sour
Which tastes are most concentrated on the lateral sides of the tongue?
neurotransmitters
Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood? blood gases nutrients lactic acid neurotransmitters hormones
Iron
___ is needed to produce hemoglobin
connective
blood is a type of ___ tissue
hemoglobin in their cytoplasm
mature erythrocytes contain
blood-brain barrier
protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood
central nervous system
the site for processing information
tympanic membrane
sound waves hit what structure causing vibrations?
stretch reflex
structurally the simplest reflex is the
foramen magnum
the spinal cord begins at the
L2
the spinal cord ends at the
action potential
the flow of electricity along an axon of a neuron in one direction is called an
bipolar
the hair cells in the cochlear duct have what type of neurons at their base?
dendrites
the input part of the neuron
synapse
the junction of a neuron with another cell is a
neutrophil
the most numerous of the leukocytes is the
Oxyhemoglobin
the oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called
Cranial nerve - medulla- pons- midbrain- thalamus-parietal lobe
the pathway for taste
cranial and spinal nerves
the peripheral nervous system includes the
Outer ear
the pinna and auditory canal are part of what section of the ear?
static
the saccule and utricle are used to perceive what kind of equilibrium?