apush 1-24 test (adapted from fall 2017 CB)
Refer to image of BRITISH SETTLEMENT OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 1700-1775: The map most directly depicts the (A) inland expansion of the colonial population (B) effects of industrialization (C) pattern of American Indian resistance (D) decline of tobacco production
A
"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The excerpt was written in response to the (A) British government's attempt to assert greater control over the North American colonies (B) British government's failure to protect colonists from attacks by American Indians (C) colonial governments' failures to implement mercantilist policies (D) colonial governments' attempts to extend political rights to new groups
A
"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 The excerpt suggests that promoters such as Smith most typically presented migration as a means for (A) workers to achieve social mobility and economic opportunity (B) people to earn wages to send home to their families (C) countries to acquire new sources of mineral wealth (D) joint-stock companies to generate profits
A
"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 Which of the following was a major contrast between the New England colonies and the colonies of France? (A) The New England colonies were based on more diverse agriculture and commerce. (B) The French settled more often in cities and towns. (C) The French had more conflicts with American Indians. (D) New England developed a less rigid racial hierarchy
A
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the first half of the 1800s? (A) The sharp increase in the number of workers making goods for distant markets (B) Women's acquisition of new legal rights independent of their fathers and husbands (C) The emergence of a larger and more distinct middle class (D) Many women's embrace of the idea of separate spheres
A
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . . "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . . "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 Which of the following developments in the second half of the nineteenth century best represented the continuation of the ideas expressed in the declaration? (A) The formation of voluntary organizations and reform efforts (B) Women's support for the Social Gospel (C) Support for outlawing the production and sale of alcohol (D) A movement focused on religious revivals and personal conversion
A
Refer to late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis: The conditions shown in the image depict which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century? (A) The growing gap between wealthy people and people living in poverty (B) The rise of the settlement house and Populist movements (C) The increased corruption in urban politics (D) The migration of African Americans to the North
A
"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's open-air preaching contributed most directly to which of the following trends? (A) The growth of the ideology of republican motherhood (B) Greater independence and diversity of thought (C) Movement of settlers to the backcountry (D) The pursuit of social reform
B
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . . "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . . "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 The ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenged the prevailing ideal in the early nineteenth century that (A) women should enjoy full and equal rights with men (B) women should focus on the home and the domestic sphere (C) the ability of women to earn wages was a positive development (D) women should educate their children about the rights and responsibilities of citizenship
B
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century? (A) The sale of most plantations to African Americans to keep them in the South (B) The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South (C) The Nullification Crisis caused by Southern resistance to federal policy (D) The rise of the Whig Party in the South
B
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 In the 1840s and 1850s, the views expressed by Calhoun most directly contributed to (A) the United States acquisition of new territory in the West (B) increased sectional divisions between the North and the South (C) the development of sharecropping and tenant farming in the South (D) the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious reform
B
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 Which of the following most directly undermines Calhoun's assertions? (A) Many slaves adopted elements of Christianity. (B) Many slaves engaged in forms of resistance to slavery. (C) Abolitionist societies encountered difficulty organizing in Southern states. (D) A majority of White Southerners were not slaveholders.
B
Refer to Graph of MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820 -1860: Which of the following was a significant cause of the trend from 1843 to 1854 shown in the graph? (A) Active encouragement of migration by the United States government (B) Economic and political difficulties in Germany and Ireland (C) Incentives offered by United States companies looking to hire skilled migrants (D) Adoption of free trade policies by European governments
B
Refer to graph of MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820 -1860: The main trend shown in the graph was most directly associated with which of the following processes occurring in the United States at the time? (A) The convergence of European and American cultures (B) The emergence of an industrialized economy (C) The displacement of American Indians from the Southeast (D) The resurgence of evangelical Protestantism
B
Refer to image of BRITISH SETTLEMENT OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 1700-1775: The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 had which of the following effects? (A) A decrease in the coastal population (B) An increase in conflicts between British settlers and American Indians (C) A decrease in the economic importance of slavery and other forms of coerced labor (D) An increase in trade with French Canada
B
Refer to late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis: Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The passage of laws restricting immigration to the United States (B) An increase in Progressive reform activity (C) A decline in efforts to Americanize immigrants (D) The weakening of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor
B
"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Whitefield's impact suggests that religious culture among British North American colonists in the 1700s was most directly shaped by (A) Roman Catholic influences (B) interest in commerce and business (C) trans-Atlantic exchanges (D) reliance on agriculture
C
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 Schurz's analysis most directly illustrated the debates about which of the following issues in the South? (A) The industrialization of the South (B) The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (C) The process of readmitting Confederate states (D) The extent of federal legislative power
C
Refer to graph of MIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820 -1860: Which of the following was a direct effect of the trend in immigration after 1845 shown on the graph? (A) An increase in sectional tensions (B) A major economic downturn (C) An upsurge in nativist sentiment (D) The collapse of the second party system
C
"My purpose is not to persuade children from their parents; men from their wives; nor servants from their masters: only, such as with free consent may be spared: But that each [English] parish, or village, in city or country, that will but apparel their fatherless children, of thirteen or fourteen years of age, or young married people, that have small wealth to live on; here by their labor may live exceeding well: provided always that first there be sufficient power to command them, . . . and sufficient masters (as carpenters, masons, fishers, fowlers, gardeners, husbandmen, sawyers, smiths, spinsters, tailors, weavers, and such like) to take ten, twelve, or twenty, or as is their occasion, for apprentices. The masters by this may quickly grow rich; these [apprentices] may learn their trades themselves, to do the like; to a general and an incredible benefit for king, and country, master, and servant." John Smith, English adventurer, A Description of New England, 1616 The excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following? (A) The interaction of English colonial settlers with native populations in the early seventeenth century (B) The harsh realities of life in the early seventeenth-century American colonies, including illness, high mortality rates, and starvation (C) The role that appeals and advertising played in encouraging men and women to participate in colonization efforts (D) The nature of master and apprentice relationships in England in the early seventeenth century
C
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? (A) The concept of republican motherhood after the American Revolution (B) Large-scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe (C) The expansion and increased organization of industrial production (D) The wartime need for women to fill jobs previously held by men
C
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the Northeast and the South in the first half of the 1800s? (A) Southern exports had a far lower value than exports from the Northeast. (B) Banking and shipping grew more rapidly in the South than in other regions. (C) The South relied much less on wage labor than the Northeast. (D) The South had few commercial connections with other regions of the United States.
C
"The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. "He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice. . . . "Having deprived her of this first right of a citizen, the elective franchise, thereby leaving her without representation in the halls of legislation, he has oppressed her on all sides. . . . "He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, 1848 Many supporters of the declaration in 1848 broke ranks with which of the following groups by the 1870s? (A) Social Darwinists (B) Supporters of Southern secession and states' rights (C) Supporters of the Fifteenth Amendment (D) Isolationists
C
"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. . . . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . . "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion . . . that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because (A) Republicans feared the South would secede again if the party became too successful (B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerners (C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment (D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics
C
"[T]he condition of the African race throughout all the States where the ancient relation between the two [races] has been retained enjoys a degree of health and comfort which may well compare with that of the laboring population of any country in Christendom; and, it may be added that in no other condition, or in any other age or country, has the Negro race ever attained so high an elevation in morals, intelligence, or civilization." John C. Calhoun, political leader, 1844 Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Calhoun's views expressed in the excerpt? (A) Members of nativist political parties (B) Members of the Whig Party (C) Southern landowners (D) Northern industrialists
C
Refer to image of BRITISH SETTLEMENT OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 1700-1775: The pattern of colonial settlement up to 1700 resulted most directly from which of the following factors? (A) The large size of British colonial populations relative to American Indian populations (B) British recognition of Native American sovereignty (C) The orientation of the British colonies toward producing commodities for export to Europe (D) British government attempts to impose greater control over the colonies in the late 1600s
C
"Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness." Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, 1776 The ideas about government expressed in the excerpt are most consistent with which of the following? (A) The concept of hereditary rights and privileges (B) The belief in Manifest Destiny (C) The principle of religious freedom (D) The ideas of the Enlightenment
D
"In 1739 arrived among us from Ireland the Reverend Mr. [George] Whitefield, who had made himself remarkable there as an itinerant preacher. He was at first permitted to preach in some of our churches; but the clergy, taking a dislike to him, soon refused him their pulpits, and he was obliged to preach in the fields. The multitudes of all sects and denominations that attended his sermons were enormous. . . . It was wonderful to see the change soon made in the manners of our inhabitants. From being thoughtless or indifferent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk thro' the town in an evening without hearing psalms sung in different families of every street." Benjamin Franklin, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The preaching described in the excerpt is an example of which of the following developments in the 1700s? (A) The emergence of an idea of republican self-government (B) The beginning of calls for the abolition of slavery (C) The increased influence of the Enlightenment (D) The expansion of Protestant evangelism
D
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 Robinson's assertion that she and the other workers were "well off " would be challenged during the second half of the nineteenth century by which of the following? (A) The growing corporate need for clerical workers that brought many women into office jobs (B) Declining household incomes of working families as a result of businesses' unwillingness to employ children (C) The expanded access to company-sponsored pensions and healthcare for most employees (D) Confrontations between unions and factory management over wages and working conditions
D
Refer to image of BRITISH SETTLEMENT OF THE THIRTEEN COLONIES 1700-1775: The change in settlement patterns from 1700 to 1775 best explains the (A) development of economic differences between the northern and southern colonies (B) colonists' difficulties in effectively resisting the British military during the American Revolution (C) significant proportion of colonists who remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution (D) growth of social tensions between backcountry settlers and coastal elites
D
Refer to late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis: Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives? (A) The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was justified. (B) Capitalism, free of government regulation, would improve social conditions. (C) Both wealth and poverty are the products of natural selection. (D) Government should act to eliminate the worst abuses of industrial society.
D