APUSH 1st Semester Final Exam Study Guide

Early contact between Europeans and Natives P1 Ch 1 Reasons for colonization P2 Ch 2 and 3 Spain, France, Dutch and English regions of colonization P2 Ch 2 and 3

Before that time, the continent was an unknown place to them. These adventurers saw it as an entirely new land, with animals and plants to discover. They also met new people in this exciting New World—people with fascinating lifeways that the Europeans had never seen and languages they had never heard. This New World for Europeans was actually a very old world for the various people they met in North America. The introduction of European diseases to American Indians was an accident that no one expected. Neither the colonists nor the Indians had a good understanding of why this affected the Native people so badly. The great impact of disease on the Native population of America is an important part of the story of European exploration. Experts believe that as much as 90 percent of the American Indian population may have died from illnesses introduced to America by Europeans. This means that only one in ten Natives survived this hidden enemy. Their descendants are the 2.5 million Indians who live in the United States today.

Republican Motherhood P3 Ch 4,5,6

"Republican Motherhood" is a 20th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.

Geographic Influence on Native cultures P1 Ch 1 Native adaption to and transformation of Environment P1 Ch 1

- Determines what crops can be grown - Had to work with environment - Incas: growing potatoes in the Andes mountains made terraces of potato farming places as an irrigation system - Inuits: living way up north, and used natural environment to hunt and fish - Plains Indians: Nomadic, and ways of life is based upon following the buffalo -made tipis out of the buffalo skin -ate buffalo - Eastern Woodland Indians: Very agricultural, all farmers, cultivated corn - Native americans were very adapted to environment, because if they weren't, then they would die

Alien and sedition Acts P3 Ch 6

A series of laws known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by the Federalist Congress in 1798 and signed into law by President Adams. These laws included new powers to deport foreigners as well as making it harder for new immigrants to vote.

Speculators P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

A speculator is a person who trades derivatives, commodities, bonds, equities or currencies with a higher than average risk in return for a higher-than-average profit potential. Speculators take large risks, especially with respect to anticipating future price movements, in the hope of making quick, large gains.

War of 1812 (Causes and Effects) P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

After the resumption of war between France and Great Britain, British ships frequently harassed American trade vessels in the Atlantic. Not only did the harassment disrupt America's international trade, but it also resulted in the impressment of American sailors. Because of desertions in the Royal (British) Navy, British naval forces had to recover their losses. As a result, they forced Americans to serve in their navy. They justified impressment by claiming that because American sailors were once British, they were always British. On June 22, 1807, the British frigate Leopard stopped the U.S. frigate Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia and demanded permission to search the ship for British deserters. When their demand was refused, the British attacked the American ship killing three sailors and wounding 18 more. After the attack, British naval forces announced their intention to search all American vessels. In response, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807 which put a complete stop to all foreign exports, and which virtually stopped all imports. The point of the Embargo Act was to punish the British and French until they began to respect the authority of the American nation. In actuality, however, American merchants were punished because they were prohibited from exporting. In 1809, Jefferson signed the Non-Intercourse Act which repealed the Embargo Act and opened foreign trade to all countries except France and Great Britain. The Non-Intercourse Act proved impossible to enforce, and was replaced with Macon's Bill Number 2 by Congress in 1810. Macon's Bill Number 2 allowed for the resumption of trade with all nations including Great Britain and France. Napoleon I of France indicated he would respect U.S. neutrality in the war between England and France, if the U.S. reimposed non-intercourse with England. The U.S. president at the time, James Madison agreed, and subsequently suspended trade with England. Pressured by Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and others, Madison called up 100,000 militiamen for six months service for the purposes of declaring war on England. Despite poor preparations, weak military units, a central government that was not taken seriously in the northeast, and opposition from the Federalist Party, the war commenced. It started off poorly as U.S. forces were routed in several attempts to invade English strongholds in Canada. Furthermore, British Naval forces had staged a powerful naval blockade along much of America's Atlantic coast which prevented any imports or exports. On August 19, 1812, British forces and their allied Indians invaded and took Detroit, Michigan. U.S. Naval forces did manage a victory against British forces off the coast of Nova Scotia. Nevertheless, the blockade remained in place.

Antebellum reform Movements P4 Ch 9 and 12

As a response to increasing social ills, the nineteenth century generated reform movements: temperance, abolition, school and prison reform, as well as others. This unit traces the emergence of reform movements instigated by the Second Great Awakening and the impact these movements had on American culture.

Individualism vs. Authority P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

Authority can be legitimately recognized by an individual when the individual sees that the authority is justified. Example: a duly-elected sheriff, Congressman, or dog catcher has the legal authority to do his job, and an individual who does not recognize that authority is being irrational. You don't show your individualism by telling the sheriff you don't recognize his authority to bust you for running a red light. Individualism is the commitment to have the certainty of your convictions, which must be more than subjective whims. A person who acts on subjective whims under the guise of "individualism" is just another in the long line of people who had no objective reason to be what they were. But there is also "political individualism". This is the right of "the minority of one". "Individual sovereignty was not a peculiar conceit of Thomas Jefferson: It was the common assumption of the day..." The reversal of States' rights with Federal authority had reduced individualism to nothing more than a shell game, and it is the Federal government moving the shells around on the table. The Ninth Amendment was supposed to guarantee this "individual sovereignty", but because those words were missing from the language of the Amendment, it has been largely forgotten.

Bacons Rebellion P2 Ch 2 and 3

Bacon's Rebellion, popular revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676, led by Nathaniel Bacon. High taxes, low prices for tobacco, and resentment against special privileges given those close to the governor, Sir William Berkeley, provided the background for the uprising, which was precipitated by Berkeley's failure to defend the frontier against attacks by Native Americans. Bacon commanded two unauthorized but successful expeditions against the tribes and was then elected to the new house of burgesses, which Berkeley had been forced to convene. When he attempted to take his seat, Berkeley had him arrested. Soon released, Bacon gathered his supporters, marched on Jamestown, and coerced Berkeley into granting him a commission to continue his campaigns against Native Americans. A circumspect assembly then passed several reform measures. The governor, having failed to raise a force against Bacon, fled to the Eastern Shore. He gathered enough strength to return to Jamestown, where he proclaimed Bacon and his men rebels and traitors.

Advantages and disadvantages of both Colonies and British P3 Ch 4,5,6

British Disadvantages 3,000 miles from home, poor communication with leaders and supply lines British Disadvantages America was unfamiliar territory for them and it was large so it was difficult to conquer and to hold territory American Disadvantages Constant shortage of money, weapons, food, clothing, and medicine British Disadvantages Country had been at war for many years and citizens were tired of war and taxes for war American Advantages Desire to win, fighting for their own cause British Advantages Experienced soldiers and military leaders British Advantages Had a lot of wealth so they could buy supplies and hire soldiers American Advantages Had a Militia with fighting styles of hiding behind rocks and trees American Disadvantages Had very few ships American Disadvantages Inexperienced soldiers, most were farmers American Advantages Knew the land, shortcuts, problem areas, where to hide British Advantages Many Colonist were still loyal to Britain American Disadvantages Neighbors were fighting against neighbors in some circumstances British Advantages Outnumbered the Americans in most battles American Advantages Outstanding leadership of George Washington American Advantages Reason to Fight - for their home, state, and to defend their family British Disadvantages Red uniforms and style of fighting made them easy targets British Disadvantages Soldiers fighting for a King, not their own cause British Advantages They were the strongest army and navy in the world

Chesapeake SocietyP2 Ch 2 and 3

Chesapeake society and economy. Tobacco was the mainstay of the Virginia and Maryland economies. Plantations were established by riverbanks for the good soil and to ensure ease of transportation. Because wealthy planters built their own wharves on the Chesapeake to ship their crop to England, town development was slow. To cultivate tobacco, planters brought in large numbers of English workers, mostly young men who came as indentured servants. More than 110,000 had arrived in the Chesapeake region by 1700. Each indentured servant meant more land for his sponsor under the headright system, which had the effect of squeezing out small‐scale farming. While New England was a land of towns and villages surrounded by small farms, Virginia and Maryland were characterized by large plantations and little urban development. The emphasis on indentured labor meant that relatively few women settled in the Chesapeake colonies. This fact, combined with the high mortality rate from disease—malaria, dysentery, and typhoid—slowed population growth considerably. The one common link between New England and the Chesapeake was the treatment of the Indians.

Jay/Pinckney Treaties P3 Ch 6

Chief Justice John Jay sailed for England to negotiate four key issues. In addition to repayment for the losses of American shippers and compensation for slaves taken in 1783, the British were to leave their western posts along the frontier as they had promised and agree to a treaty legalizing American commerce in the British West Indies. An agreement was reached, but Jay's Treaty seriously disappointed many Americans. Though it would force the British out of western ports by 1796 and require them to pay for the seizure of American ships and sailors, the treaty prohibited American trade with France. Also, the treaty required the United States to provide England with "most favored nation treatment." Jay also agreed that shippers would not trade in the West Indies and that the United States should pay in full old debts to British merchants. Most Americans felt deeply humiliated by Jay's Treaty. In fact, Jay remarked that he could travel across the country by the light of his burning effigies. Even so, after a series of intense debates, the Senate discreetly approved Jay's Treaty by a twenty to ten vote on June 24, 1795, because they were eager to settle diplomatic disputes with England.

Colonial Life/Classes/Cities P2 Ch 2 and 3

Daily American Colonial Life was extremely harsh for the first settlers and colonists. They were faced with a new country, unknown territory and no friends, relatives or neighbours to help them. Some of the Native American Indians, like the Powhatan Native Indians, saved the lives of the first colonists and pioneers such as Captain John Smith. John Smith was captured by Chief Powhatan but was saved by his daughter, Pocahontas which led to the colonists receiving help from the Native Americans. The Powhatan became unhappy with the colonists encroaching on their homelands and stopped trading with them in an attempt to starve them out and the First Powhatan War erupted. The first colonists endured a terrible period between 1609-1610 that would become known as the 'Starving Time'. The Powhatan Wars continued until the defeat of the Powhatan Confederacy in 1646. The very survival of the first colonists of Virginia was due to the rule of Thomas Dale and Good Order in which he organised the colonists to work, ensuring that crops were planted and seeds sown. Wars with the Native American Indians continued throughout the period of Colonialism - American colonial life was harsh indeed requiring determination and strong work ethics to succeed in American Colonial Life.

Democratization of Politics P4 Ch 9 and 12

Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime. It may be the transition from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic political system.

Virtual representation vs. direct representation P3 Ch 4,5,6

Direct Taxation and Virtual Representation. Everyone knows that "taxation without representation" is bad. ... They thought the colonists should be satisfied by virtual representation, which means every Member of Parliament represents the entire population.

Diplomatic Recognition by France and other reasons for Us sinning P3 Ch 4,5,6

During the American Revolution, the American colonies faced the significant challenge of conducting international diplomacy and seeking the international support it needed to fight against the British. The single most important diplomatic success of the colonists during the War for Independence was the critical link they forged with France. Representatives of the French and American governments signed the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce on February 6, 1778. American colonists hoped for possible French aid in their struggle against British forces. The Continental Congress established the Secret Committee of Correspondence to publicize the American cause in Europe. Committee member Benjamin Franklin wrote to contacts in France with encouraging accounts of colonial resistance. The French had suffered a defeat by the British during the Seven Years' War and had lost North American territory under the 1763 Treaty of Paris. As the French and the British continued to vie for power in the 1770s, French officials saw an opportunity in the rebellion of Britain's North American colonies to take advantage of British troubles. Through secret agents, the French Government began to provide clandestine assistance to the United States, much of which they channeled through American trader Silas Deane. As the members of the Continental Congress considered declaring independence, they also discussed the possibility and necessity of foreign alliances, and assigned a committee to draft a Model Treaty to serve as guide for this work. After Congress formally declared independence from Great Britain in 1776, it dispatched a group of several commissioners led by Benjamin Franklin to negotiate an alliance with France. When news of the Declaration of Independence and the subsequent British evacuation of Boston reached France, French Foreign Minister Comte de Vergennes decided in favor of an alliance. However, once news of General George Washington's defeats in New York reached Europe in August of 1776, Vergennes wavered, questioning the wisdom of committing to a full alliance. Benjamin Franklin's popularity in France bolstered French support for the American cause. The French public viewed Franklin as a representative of republican simplicity and honesty, an image Franklin cultivated. A rage for all things Franklin and American swept France, assisting American diplomats and Vergennes in pushing for an alliance. In the meantime, Vergennes agreed to provide the United States with a secret loan.

Ratification/ Bill of rights P3 Ch 6

During the ratification debate in Virginia, Madison promised that a bill of rights would be added after ratification. His promise reassured the convention and the Constitution was approved in that state by the narrowest margin. New York soon followed, but submitted proposed amendments. Two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, refused to ratify without a bill of rights. A year later in June of 1789, Madison proposed a series of amendments to be debated in the first Congress. Principles of the Constitution include checks and balances, individual rights, liberty, limited government, natural rights theory, republican government, and popular sovereignty. Antecedent documents to the Constitution include the political writings about natural rights theory and forms of government by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Montesquieu, and English charters of liberty including the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. James Madison saw one important difference between those documents and the Constitution, however: "In Europe, charters of liberty have been granted by power. America has set the example . . . of charters of power granted by liberty."

Encomienda Systmem P1 Ch 1

Encomienda system established. 1512. The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas.Most of the positives of this system were on the Spanish side. The encomienda system allowed the Conquistadors to get rewarded for their role in conquering New Spain. It also was a good way of extracting wealth from the land. It hurt the Spanish overall, to some extent, by making it harder to attract lots of Spanish to colonize. For the Indians, the results were mostly negative as they were often abused and exploited. The main arguments in favor of the system are that the encomenderos treated "their" Indians better than the Crown treated theirs.

Early Finances P3 Ch 6

Early American currency went through several stages of development in colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Because few coins were minted in the thirteen colonies that became the United States in 1776, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments sometimes issued paper money to facilitate economic activity. The British Parliament passed Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773 that regulated colonial paper money. During the American Revolution, the colonies became independent states; freed from British monetary regulations, they issued paper money to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress also issued paper money during the Revolution, known as Continental currency, to fund the war effort. Both state and Continental currency depreciated rapidly, becoming practically worthless by the end of the war. This depreciation was caused by the government having to over-print in order to meet the demands of war.

Political, Economic and social effects of slavery P2 Ch 2 and 3

Economically, slavery was at the heart of American expansion during the first half of the nineteenth century. After Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, plantation slavery boomed. Southern planters and would-be planters looked westward for new lands, and the internal slave trade from the Upper South supplied hundreds of thousands of slaves to fertile cotton lands in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Despite a number of financial panics that caused prices to plunge in the short term, the overall trend for cotton prices was a rapid increase, as was the price of the slaves that worked to harvest the crop. By the time of the Civil War, cotton made up the vast majority of total US exports. All of this was based on chattel slavery. In terms of society, slavery at first gave whites an opportunity to invest capital in a form of labor that could not only bring them riches, but could also allow them some degree of social respect. Slavery was the key to white democracy in the South, at least until the late midcentury, when rising prices meant that a decreasing percentage of white society had access to slaves. Indeed, by the time the war broke out, some southerners were beginning to argue that slavery depressed wages and limited economic opportunities for whites. Politically, the dispute over the expansion of slavery into the western territories, which was essentially about the degree to which white slaveholding southerners could use their power to ensure protection for the institution, tore the Union apart. Rising abolitionist (or anti-slavery, which was not the same thing) sentiment in the North caused many Northern politicians to view Southern actions as increasingly less tolerable. As almost every one of the secession ordinances for the Lower South states said explicitly, they left the Union to protect the institution of slavery, which they saw as being under siege from the North.

Alexis de Tocqueville- Democracy in America P4 Ch 9 and 12

French sociologist and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) traveled to the United States in 1831 to study its prisons and returned with a wealth of broader observations that he codified in "Democracy in America" (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century. With its trenchant observations on equality and individualism, Tocqueville's work remains a valuable explanation of America to Europeans and of Americans to themselves.

Challenges to/of Puritanism P2 Ch 2 and 3

Henry VIII, the king of England, wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, but when he asked the Catholic Church, they refused. As a result, he established The Church of England. The Church of England set out to break away from the Catholic Church and introduce some reforms in a new protestant religion. The Puritans however believed that the newly founded church still held too many remnants of the Catholic Churches. As a result they choose to leave the Church of England and established their own protestant faith. Eventually the Church of England began to crackdown on those who refused to bow to their authority. It got to the point where the Puritans decided to face the dangerous journey to the New World rather than be persecuted for their religion. The hardships continued for the Puritans on their voyage to the New World on the Mayflower. For sixty-seven days the passengers on the Mayflower had to deal with poor living conditions, spoiled provisions and the constant threat of disease. Two-thirds of the voyage was filled with storms and squalls which often caused many of the passengers to become seasick making living on the boat that much worse. Every once in a while the sun would come out and the passengers would get the chance to come out from below deck but that wasn't an everyday occurrence. The Passengers on the Mayflower wanted nothing more then to get off of that ship. Once they landed in New England, the Puritans strong religious beliefs pushed them to start missionary work with the Indian tribes. Because their values called for a life devoted to Christ, their missionary strategy was to change the way the Indians lived. The converted Indians became known as praying Indians and were separated from the non-converts into praying towns. This philosophy was first employed by John Eliot, the greatest Puritan missionary, and was reinforced throughout New England and Long Island by numerous other missionaries. The Puritan's strong religious beliefs on how God and Satan interacted and their beliefs on Satan's powers, actions and effects on society made their society an easy target for witchcraft hysteria. These beliefs contributed greatly in their fear of Satan and his followers to the point where it dominated their society in the sixteenth and seventieth centuries and lead to the witchcraft hysteria. No other group of people was more vulnerable to the witchcraft hysteria than women. Gender roles were deeply ingrained in all societies. The ideals of women in early modern Europe traveled across the Atlantic Ocean with the Puritans. Women were seen as inferior beings that needed to be dominated by a male figure, and those who broke the mold were viewed as dangerous. Ultimately, the contradictions between the religion and the gender roles illustrate the flaws with Puritan society.

Early Immigrants P2 Ch 2 and 3

History of English Immigration to America in the 1600's: The 'Great Migration' and the 13 Colonies English Immigration to America continued as thousands of English people undertook 'The Great Migration' between 1620 and 1640. The English Immigration to America led to the establishment of the first 13 Colonies. The names of the first 13 colonies were Virginia, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. A brief description of the first 13 colonies are detailed in the history timeline of the English Immigration to America. It is estimated that over 50,000 undertook the 3000 mile journey to America during the Great Migration. In 1642, the English Civil War (1642-1651) erupted and it is estimated that up to 10% of the English migrants returned to England to fight on the Puritan side. History of English Immigration to America in the 1600's: The Indian Wars of the 1600's English Immigration to America was hard and dangerous. English migrants became embroiled in wars with the Native American Indians throughout the 1600's These wars included the Powhatan Wars (1622-1624) in Virginia, the Pequot War (1634 - 1638) in Southeastern Connecticut, the Beaver Wars (1640 - 1701) in the Great Lakes area, King Philip's War (1675 - 1677) in Connecticut and the French and Indian Wars (1688 - 1763). History of English Immigration to America in the 1600's: Indentured Servants English Immigration to America increased significantly during the period known as 'The Great Migration' and many came as Indentured Servants. It is estimated that 80% of immigrants were in this category. The Indenture system was introduced by the English to meet the growing demand for cheap and plentiful labor. The cost of travel to America was prohibitive and completely out of the reach of most English men and women. The only way to get to America was to sign a contract as an Indentured servant. Under the Indenture system Indentured servants emigrated to America under contract to work between 5 to 7 years in exchange for transportation and the prospects of employment and a new life in America. Many Indentured servants achieved what seemed an impossible dream and eventually became landowners. History of English Immigration to America in the 1600's: Slavery English Immigration to America also saw the introduction of slavery to the colonies. Black slaves from Africa were forcibly taken from their homes to increase the profits made on the tobacco plantations. Twenty black African slaves were were first brought to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. According to the census of 1790 the number of slaves had rocketed to 694,280. The white population of this time was 3,199,355. Nearly 1 in 4 of the population were black African slaves. History of English Immigration to America in the 1600's: The Headright System English Immigration to America substantially increased with the introduction of the Headright System in 1691. Headrights were granted by the London Virginia company giving 50 acres of land to colonists who paid their own way to Virginia, or paid the way for someone else to go. The prospect of owning land, an impossible dream in England, was a great incentive for English Immigration to America and enjoy the opportunities offered in the 'New World'.

Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

In 1803 President Thomas Jefferson guided a splendid piece of foreign diplomacy through the U.S. Senate: the purchase of Louisiana territory from France. After the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was made, Jefferson initiated an exploration of the newly purchased land and the territory beyond the "great rock mountains" in the West. Jefferson chose his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, an intelligent and literate man who also possessed skills as a frontiersman. Lewis in turn solicited the help of William Clark, whose abilities as draftsman and frontiersman were even stronger. Lewis so respected Clark that he made him a co-commanding captain of the Expedition, even though Clark was never recognized as such by the government. Together they collected a diverse military Corps of Discovery that would be able to undertake a two-year journey to the great ocean. Jefferson hoped that Lewis and Clark would find a water route linking the Columbia and Missouri rivers. This water link would connect the Pacific Ocean with the Mississippi River system, thus giving the new western land access to port markets out of the Gulf of Mexico and to eastern cities along the Ohio River and its minor tributaries. At the time, American and European explorers had only penetrated what would become each end of the Lewis and Clark Trail up the Missouri several miles to the trapper headquarters at Fort Mandan and up the Columbia just a bit over a hundred miles to a point a little beyond present-day Portland, Oregon

Constitutional Convention P3 Ch 6

In September 1786, at the Annapolis Convention, delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787.

enlightenment and Great Awakening P2 Ch 2 and 3

In the 1700s, a European philosophical movement, called the Enlightenment, swept America. Also called the Age of Reason, this era laid the foundation for a scientific, rather than religious, worldview. Freedom of conscience was at the heart of this struggle against old regimes and old ways of thinking, and it changed the way people viewed authority. In the same way, a religious revival, called the Great Awakening, changed the way people thought about their relationship with the divine, with themselves and with other people. The Enlightenment engaged the mind, but the Great Awakening engaged the heart. The First Great Awakening affected British North America in the 1730s and 40s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and morality. It respected each individual's feelings and emotions. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christian's heart.

Washington's Farewell Address P3 Ch 6

In the 32-page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796.

emerging National Identity in Art, Literature and Architecture P3 Ch 6

In the New England States first Dutch, then English Protestant zealots attempted to set up a community under religious laws and the government of Puritan pastors, a theocracy. Further south, in Virginia and Carolina the opposite happened. Here it was Cavalier and Royalist refugees who tried to rebuild an aristocratic way of life on estates and plantations, where they imitated the life-style of English country gentlemen. Both Puritans and Cavaliers were to see their ideals founder under the impact of reality, but each form of idealism produced its own types of art, architecture, music and literature. Conflicting idealism also inspired and divided the politics of the new Republic, eventually leading to the War between the States (1861-5) and a subsequent new westward migration. As long as North American culture was centred on the Eastern States, its practitioners would look back to Europe. It was the American West, and contact with both Nature and the inhabitants there, particularly the old Spanish colonists, that finally liberated American art from provinciality. It was as if a wave of energy reached the West Coast, then broke and rolled back to rejuvenate the East.

Cherokees=Worcester vs. Georgia-trial of Tears P4 Ch 9 and 12

In the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court held in 1832 that the Cherokee Indians.Although the decision became the foundation of the principle of tribal sovereignty in the twentieth century, it did not protect the Cherokees from being removed from their ancestral homeland in the Southeast. In the 1820s and 1830s Georgia conducted a relentless campaign to remove the Cherokees, who held territory within the borders of Georgia, North Carolina, Alabama, and Tennessee at the time. In 1827 the Cherokees established a constitutional government. The Cherokees were not only restructuring their government but also declaring to the American public that they were a sovereign nation that could not be removed without their consent. An infuriated Georgia legislature responded by purporting to extend its jurisdiction over the Cherokees living in the state's declared boundaries. The state annexed the Cherokee lands; abolished their government, courts, and laws; and established a process for seizing Cherokee land and distributing it to the state's white citizens. In 1830 representatives from Georgia and the other southern states pushed through Congress the Indian Removal Act, which gave U.S. president Andrew Jackson the authority to negotiate removal treaties with the Native American tribes.

Trade policies with Great Britain and France P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

In the early 1800s, Britain and France were at war with each other. The United States remained neutral. President Jefferson did not want to become involved in a war. He believed it would destroy all the progress he had made. His economic policies had helped to pay much of the national debt. And he was able to reduce taxes. Staying neutral was not easy, however. The United States was having trouble with Britain. For many years, Britain had been taking men by force to serve in its navy. The custom was called 'impressment.' Britain claimed the right to impress -- or seize -- any British citizen, anywhere. Conditions in the British navy were not good at that time, and many sailors deserted. Some went to work on American ships. The American ships were stopped and searched in British waters. Anyone born in Britain was seized. Several thousand sailors were taken off American ships during the early 1800s. Sometimes, American citizens were taken by mistake. Impressment was one of two major problems the United States was having with Britain in the early 1800s. The other problem was trade. Britain wanted to stop the United States from trading with France and its colonies. British warships blocked the port of New York all through the year 1805. No American ship could leave without being searched. When goods for France were discovered, the ship was taken to Halifax on the coast of Canada. There, a British court had the power to seize the goods and force the ship's owners to pay a large amount of money. President Jefferson protested this interference in American trade. He sent James Monroe to London to negotiate a treaty. Jefferson wanted Britain to stop taking sailors from American ships, and to stop interfering in the trade of neutral nations. Monroe tried many times to discuss such an agreement. But the British foreign minister was always too busy to see him.

Indentured Servants P2 Ch 2 and 3

Indentured servants were men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter.

Internal Improvements P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

Internal improvements is the term used historically in the United States for public works from the end of the American Revolution through much of the 19th century, mainly for the creation of a transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, harbors and navigation improvements.

Iroquois Federacy P1 Ch 1

Iroquois Confederacy, also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five Iroquois nations, characterizing themselves as "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York (1722).

Early industrial growth and Lowell Mills P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

Lowell, Massachusetts, named in honor of Francis Cabot Lowell, was founded in the early 1820s as a planned town for the manufacture of textiles. It introduced a new system of integrated manufacturing to the United States and established new patterns of employment and urban development that were soon replicated around New England and elsewhere. By 1840, the factories in Lowell employed at some estimates more than 8,000 textile workers, commonly known as mill girls or factory girls. These "operatives"—so-called because they operated the looms and other machinery—were primarily women and children from farming backgrounds. The Lowell mills were the first hint of the industrial revolution to come in the United States, and with their success came two different views of the factories. For many of the mill girls, employment brought a sense of freedom. Unlike most young women of that era, they were free from parental authority, were able to earn their own money, and had broader educational opportunities. Many observers saw this challenge to the traditional roles of women as a threat to the American way of life. Others criticized the entire wage-labor factory system as a form of slavery and actively condemned and campaigned against the harsh working conditions and long hours and the increasing divisions between workers and factory owners.

Marshall Court/ Marbury vs. Madison P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

Marbury v. Madison, arguably the most important case in Supreme Court history, was the first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Written in 1803 by Chief Justice John Marshall, the decision played a key role in making the Supreme Court a separate branch of government on par with Congress and the executive. The facts surrounding Marbury were complicated. In the election of 1800, the newly organized Democratic-Republican party of Thomas Jefferson defeated the Federalist party of John Adams, creating an atmosphere of political panic for the lame duck Federalists. In the final days of his presidency, Adams appointed a large number of justices of peace for the District of Columbia whose commissions were approved by the Senate, signed by the president, and affixed with the official seal of the government. The commissions were not delivered, however, and when President Jefferson assumed office March 5, 1801, he ordered James Madison, his Secretary of State, not to deliver them. William Marbury, one of the appointees, then petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus, or legal order, compelling Madison to show cause why he should not receive his commission.

Mercantilism P2 Ch 2 and 3

Mercantilism is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Adam Smith coined the term "mercantile system" to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. This system dominated Western European economic thought and policies from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth centuries. The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a "favorable" balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment.

Slave Rebellion P2 Ch 2 and 3

Nat Turner's Rebellion (also known as the Southampton Insurrection) was a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, during August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, rebel slaves killed from 55 to 65 people, the highest number of fatalities caused by any slave uprising in the Southern United States.

enlightenment Documents (Common Sense, etc.) P3 Ch 4,5,6

Natural rights - John Locke is well-known for claiming every human has certain rights not given to them by the law or society. Things such as freedom, privacy, life etc. Social Contract - Again Locke, but also prominent in Jean-Jaques Rousseau's writings. A political philosophy which claims that the government and people are bound under a contract, the government protects the people's natural rights and, in return, the people allow the government to rule. Revolution - If the government fails to protect the people's natural rights, Locke argued that it is essentially obligatory for the people to revolt. Reason - The ideas of the enlightenment are supported by reason, differing from previous eras which relied on supernatural and spiritual justifications.

Land ordinance of 1785 and Northwest ordinance of 1787 P3 Ch 4,5,6

Northwest Ordinances, also called Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and 1787, several ordinances enacted by the U.S. Congress for the purpose of establishing orderly and equitable procedures for the settlement and political incorporation of the Northwest Territory

Spoils system-rotation of office P4 Ch 9 and 12

One of President Jackson's first actions following his inauguration was to dismiss [fire] hundreds of officials who had worked for the government for a long time. They were mostly educated members of the upper class from the Northeast. In their places, the President put his own supporters, many of them poor and uneducated westerners. Jackson called this policy "rotation of office." He defended it on the ground that government officials paid less attention to the people when they remained in office too long. Jackson argued that it was in the interests of democracy to replace them with "new blood" every few years. Jackson also pointed out that a newly elected President needed officials whom he could trust to carry out his policies. Jackson admitted that many of his appointees lacked education and experience. But he did not consider this a problem. "The duties of all public offices are so plain and simple," he said, "that men of intelligence may readily qualify for them." Following Jackson's example, other newly elected government leaders, such as governors and mayors, began to fill government positions with their supporters. Many of these new appointees were dishonest or unskilled. This practice became known as the "spoils system." Spoils is an old word meaning "prizes taken in battle." Like conquerors of old, the winners of an election felt that they should take all that they could from the losers, including their jobs.

separate Spheres/Cult of Domesticity P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

Part of the separate spheres ideology, the cult of domesticity identified the home as women's "proper sphere". ... Domesticity - A woman's proper place was in the home and her role as a wife was to create a refuge for her husband and children.

Loyalists vs. Patriots P3 Ch 4,5,6

Patriots and Loyalists. The Revolutionary War split the people of the American colonies into two groups: the loyalists and the patriots. Patriots were people who wanted the American colonies to gain their independence from Britain. They wanted their own country called the United States.

Cash Crops P2 Ch 2 and 3

Plantations can be defined as large farms in the colonies that used the enforced labor of slaves to harvest cotton, rice, sugar, tobacco and other farm produce for trade and export. Crops were planted on a large scale with usually just one major plant species growing. Typical plantations ranged from 500 to 1,000 acres and each acre produced about 5,000 plants. For specific facts refer to Information about the Slave Plantations. Plantations in the Colonial South The agriculture system of plantations was implemented in the Southern Colonies during Colonial Times. The five Southern Colonies who introduced the system of plantations were composed of the Maryland Colony, Virginia Colony, North Carolina Colony, South Carolina Colony and the Georgia Colony. The reason that plantations sprang up in the South was due to the geography and climate of the Southern colonies areas. The geography of the Southern Colonies featured fertile soil, hilly coastal plains, forests, long rivers and swamp areas Climate: Mild winters and hot, humid summers made it possible to grow crops throughout the year and was ideally suited for plantations The Southern Colonies concentrated on developing plantations that eventually grew cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar cane and indigo (a purple dye) Plantations - Cash Crops Tobacco, rice, cotton, sugar cane and indigo were valuable plants and grown as cash crops. Cash crops (as opposed to subsistence crops) were specialized crops that were grown by planters to be sold for profits and not used for personal use on the plantations. Planters had no trouble transporting their crops because of the many waterways in the Southern colonies that made it made it easy for ocean going ships to tie up at plantation docks. Plantations Economy - Slaves A slave plantation economy was based on agricultural mass production requiring a large labor force. Southern Plantations were labor intensive and required thousands of slaves. The longer a crop's harvest period, the more efficient the plantations were. There was no machinery and only oxen and horses for power. Vast areas of land had to be cleared for planting and crops had to be sewn and harvested by hand. Cheap labor was essential for the slave plantations to become profitable. Slaves, both men and women, worked all year round undertaking back breaking work for up to eighteen hours per day. The women were compelled to do as much as the men The use of slaves kept the costs down on the plantations. After the initial outlay required to purchase a slave, little expenditure was required and with the successive generations of slaves born on the slave plantations their masters gained new employees at no cost. The plantation slaves lived in basic, crude wooden cabins consisting of one or two rooms, often with a dirt floor, in the slave quarters.

Pontiac's Rebellion P3 Ch 4,5,6

Pontiac's Rebellion begins when a confederacy of Native American warriors under Ottawa chief Pontiac attacks the British force at Detroit. After failing to take the fort in their initial assault, Pontiac's forces, made up of Ottawas and reinforced by Wyandots, Ojibwas, and Potawatamis, initiated a siege that would stretch into months. As the French and Indian Wars came to an end in the early 1760s, Native Americans living in former French territory found the new British authorities to be far less conciliatory than their predecessors. In 1762, Pontiac enlisted support from practically every Indian tribe from Lake Superior to the lower Mississippi for a joint campaign to expel the British from the formerly French lands. According to Pontiac's plan, each tribe would seize the nearest fort and then join forces to wipe out the undefended settlements. In April, Pontiac convened a war council on the banks of the Ecorse River near Detroit. It was decided that Pontiac and his warriors would gain access to the British fort at Detroit under the pretense of negotiating a peace treaty, giving them an opportunity to seize forcibly the arsenal there. However, British Major Henry Gladwin learned of the plot, and the British were ready when Pontiac arrived in early May, and Pontiac was forced to begin a siege. At the same time, his allies in Pennsylvania began a siege of Fort Pitt, while other sympathetic tribes, such as the Delaware, the Shawnees, and the Seneca, prepared to move against various British forts and outposts in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.

The 2nd Great Wakening and Impact and Influence on Art, literature and philosophy such as Hudson P4 Ch 9 and 12

Protestant revivalism: The Protestant revivalism was the movement that had begun with the Second Great Awakening early in the century and had, by the 1820s, evolved into a powerful force for social reform. Although the New Light revivalists were theologically far removed from the transcendentalists and Unitarians, they had come to share the optimistic belief that every individual was capable of salvation. The Temperance Crusade: Evangelical Protestantism added major strength to one of the most influential reform movements of the era: the crusade against drunkenness. The religious scene in the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and Pentecostal movement of the Second Great Awakening took place

Republican Ideals/ virtuous Citizens P3 Ch 6

Republicanism is the guiding political philosophy of the United States. It has been a major part of American civic thought since its founding.[1] It stresses liberty and unalienable individual rights as central values, making people sovereign as a whole, rejects monarchy, aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent in their performance of civic duties, and vilifies corruption.[2] American republicanism was founded and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century. For them, according to one team of historians, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy.

Jamestown- John Smith P2 Ch 2 and 3

Restless in England, Smith became actively involved with plans by the Virginia Company to colonize Virginia for profit. Smith was on the fleet of three ships that set sail Dec. 20, 1606, and during the four-month voyage was charged with mutiny by the leader of the expedition, Captain Christopher Newport. Smith was a prisoner when the ships reached Virginia in April 1607 — but was released when the other colony leaders opened orders from the Virginia Company and discovered Smith was to be on the governing council. The colony struggled to feed itself, and Smith proved skillful at securing food from the Virginia Indians. He was exploring the Chickahominy River region in December 1607 when he was captured by Chief Powhatan's men. Smith's first meeting with Chief Powhatan, the supreme leader in the Chesapeake region, was eventful, but historians have cast doubt on whether the captain's life was really saved by Powhatan's favorite daughter, Pocahontas, as Smith reported years later. What is known is that Powhatan released Smith, and the ongoing rise and fall of the relationship between Smith and Powhatan determined many of the early successes and challenges of Jamestown.

Shays Rebellion P3 Ch 6

Shays' Rebellion is the name given to a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms. The rebellion took its name from its symbolic leader, Daniel Shays of Massachusetts, a former captain in the Continental army.

Colonial-Native relations (positive and conflicts) P2 Ch 2 and 3

Sometimes friendly, sometimes hostile, the Eastern tribes were no longer strangers to the Europeans. Although Native Americans benefited from access to new technology and trade, the disease and thirst for land which the early settlers also brought posed a serious challenge to the Indian's long-established way of life. At first, trade with the European settlers brought advantages: knives, axes, weapons, cooking utensils, fish hooks and a host of other goods. Those Indians who traded initially had significant advantage over rivals who did not. In response to European demand, tribes such as the Iroquois began to devote more attention to fur trapping during the 17th century. Furs and pelts provided tribes the means to purchase colonial goods until late into the 18th century. Early colonial-Indian relations were an uneasy mix of cooperation and conflict. On the one hand, there were the exemplary relations which prevailed during the first half century of Pennsylvania's existence. On the other were a long series of setbacks, skirmishes and wars, which almost invariably resulted in an Indian defeat and further loss of land. The first of the important Indian uprisings occurred in Virginia in 1622, when some 347 whites were killed, including a number of missionaries who had just recently come to Jamestown. The Pequot War followed in 1637, as local tribes tried to prevent settlement of the Connecticut River region. In 1675 Phillip, the son of the chief who had made the original peace with the Pilgrims in 1621, attempted to unite the tribes of southern New England against further European encroachment of their lands. In the struggle, however, Phillip lost his life and many Indians were sold into servitude.

Loose vs. Strict interpretation P3 Ch 6

Strict vs. Loose Interpretation. Thomas Jefferson believed in a strict construction of the Constitution. He believed people should follow exactly what was stated and allowed in the document. When it came to the national bank, he believed in a strict interpretation, as well.

Tariff of Abomination P4 Ch 9 and 12

The "Tariff of Abominations" was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.

Albany Plan of Union P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 45) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the Albany Congress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York.

British Acts and taxation policy and colonial response P3 Ch 4,5,6

The American Revolution was precipitated, in part, by a series of laws passed between 1763 and 1775 that regulating trade and taxes. This legislation caused tensions between colonists and imperial officials, who made it clear that the British Parliament would not address American complaints that the new laws were onerous. British unwillingness to respond to American demands for change allowed colonists to argue that they were part of an increasingly corrupt and autocratic empire in which their traditional liberties were threatened. This position eventually served as the basis for the colonial Declaration of Independence.

War on the Bank P4 Ch 9 and 12

The Bank War was the name given to the campaign begun by President Andrew Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States, after his reelection convinced him that his opposition to the bank had won national support.

Columbian Exchange P1 Ch 1

The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. Beginning after Columbus' discovery in 1492 the exchange lasted throughout the years of expansion and discovery. The Columbian Exchange impacted the social and cultural makeup of both sides of the Atlantic. Advancements in agricultural production, evolution of warfare, increased mortality rates and education are a few examples of the effect of the Columbian Exchange on both Europeans and Native Americans.The Columbian Exchange took place as a result of the European colonization of the Americas. The transfer of culture and biology between the Old and New World that characterizes the exchange began when Christopher Columbus arrived in the Caribbean Islands in 1492.

Articles of Confederation P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, on November 15, 1777. However, ratification of the Articles of Confederation by all thirteen states did not occur until March 1, 1781.

enlightenment though on D of I P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Declaration of Independence draws heavily on the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke. Much of what Jefferson wrote in the Declaration comes direct from Locke's ideas about government. Let us look at three examples of this. First, the Declaration of Independence says that people have certain rights just because they are people. These rights are not given to them by the government and cannot be taken away from them. They have these rights simply because they are human. This is a major idea of the Enlightenment. Second, the Declaration of Independence says that a government is only legitimate if the people consent to be ruled by it. It is possible for a government to force its will on the people, but that government is not a legitimate government and it has no right to rule the people. Enlightenment thinkers wondered why governments had the right to rule people. They did not believe that kings had a divine right to rule. Instead, they believed that governments were legitimate if the people agreed to be ruled by those governments. This idea is found in the Declaration as well. Finally, the Declaration of Independence says that the only reason to have government is to protect the rights of the people. This, too, comes from the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers did not think that governments should exist to give power to kings. Instead, governments should exist to protect their citizens. This is the third Enlightenment idea found in the Declaration of Independence.

Judicial Act of 1789 P3 Ch 6

The Judiciary Act of 1789, officially titled "An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States," was signed into law by President George Washington on September 24, 1789. Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court, but left to Congress the authority to create lower federal courts as needed.

Election of 1800 P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The ELECTION OF 1800 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson was an emotional and hard-fought campaign. Each side believed that victory by the other would ruin the nation. Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist whose sympathy for the French Revolution would bring similar bloodshed and chaos to the United States. On the other side, the Democratic-Republicans denounced the strong centralization of federal power under Adams's presidency. Republicans' specifically objected to the expansion of the U.S. army and navy, the attack on individual rights in the Alien and Sedition Acts, and new taxes and deficit spending used to support broadened federal action. Overall, the Federalists wanted strong federal authority to restrain the excesses of popular majorities, while the Democratic-Republicans wanted to reduce national authority so that the people could rule more directly through state governments. The election's outcome brought a dramatic victory for Democratic-Republicans who swept both houses of Congress, including a decisive 65 to 39 majority in the House of Representatives. The presidential decision in the electoral college was somewhat closer, but the most intriguing aspect of the presidential vote stemmed from an outdated Constitutional provision whereby the Republican candidates for president and vice president actually ended up tied with one another.

Growing sectionalism in Era of Good Feelings P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The Era of Good Feelings was a period in American history that started right after the War of 1812. America had just beat Britain for what would be the last time. The Era of Good feelings lasted from about 1817 to 1825. The time was dominated by one political party, the Democratic Republican Party. James Monroe was elected twice with little competition. The once opposing Federalist Party had lost all of its credibility through the Hartford Convention. As a result of a single party political domination the country had little politcal strife. During the Era of Good Feelings many parts of America were strengthened. During this time an industrial revolution was starting in the north, transportation improvements, and the implication of the American System proposed by Henry Clay was underway. The status of America was strengthened as a whole. The economy was strengthened by the American System, new inventions, and transportation improvements. Although the Era of Good Feelings had little political strife there was still tension among the people. A major issue over slavery was rising. However, despite these tensions the unifying effect of America defeating Britain is undeniable.

Canal Growth and Erie Canal P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The Erie Canal, or the Great Western Canal as it was initially known, was one of the most important state projects of the early years of the United States. It proved to be overwhelmingly successful and its success prompted other state economic development projects. Before the Erie Canal was built New York City was not the premier port of the United States that it became. Philadelphia was the largest, most prosperous city of the new United States. The Erie Canal provided the base for New York City's rise. The United States had two great water transportation systems: the Mississippi-Missouri-Ohio River System and the Great Lakes Water System. These two were linked through the agency of the city of Chicago. The outlet to the sea of the Great Lakes System was through Canada by way of the St. Lawrence River. The initial thinking was to link the Great Lakes System to the Hudson River by way of a canal connecting with Lake Ontario. There was traffic on the natural rivers south of Lake Ontario which empty into the Hudson River. The beginning of the Erie Canal project can be traced back to the creation of two Inland Lock Navigation Companies, a Western and a Northern version, as corporations in 1792. A corporation was a relatively rare form of business at that time and had to be created by special legislative act. The purpose of the Inland Lock Navigation Companies was to establish a water route connection between the Hudson River on the east and Lake Seneca and Lake Ontario on the west. The Inland Lock Navigation Company built dams and locks but was not able to build more than two miles of canal during the rest of the 1790's. A man named Jesse Hawley while in debtors' prison during 1807-8 wrote up a plan to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie. Hawley's plans were influential enough to bring the project to the attention of the mayor of New York City, DeWitt Clinton, who became a strong supporter of the idea. New York State Legislature in 1808 appropriated funds for a survey of possible routes for such a canal.

Federalist Papers P3 Ch 6

The Federalist (later known as The Federalist Papers) is a collection of 85 articles and essays written (under the pseudonym Publius) by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these and eight others, called The Federalist: A Collection of Essays, Written in Favour of the New Constitution, as Agreed upon by the Federal Convention, September 17, 1787, was published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean. The collection's original title was The Federalist; the title The Federalist Papers did not emerge until the 20th century.

FJ turner/ frontier Thesis P4 Ch 9 and 12

The Frontier Thesis or Turner Thesis, is the argument advanced by historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 that American democracy was formed by the American frontier. He stressed the process—the moving frontier line—and the impact it had on pioneers going through the process.

Geographic Influences on settlements P2 Ch 2 and 3

The Geography of North America presented colonists with unknown, and often harsh, new environments. Teh vast differences between the fertile soil of the Sourth and Mid-Atlantic colonies and the rocky coastline of New England influenced the evolution of agriculture, trade, and industry in the new colonies.

Mayflower Compact P2 Ch 2 and 3

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States.

Middle Passage P2 Ch 2 and 3

The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were shipped to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade.

Missouri Compromise P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.

Monroe Doctrine P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

Panic of 1837 P4 Ch 9 and 12

The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s. Profits, prices, and wages went down while unemployment went up. Pessimism abounded during the time.

Species Circular P4 Ch 9 and 12

The Specie Circular is a United States presidential executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 pursuant to the Coinage Act and carried out by his successor, President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.

Proclamation of 1763 P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, which forbade all settlement past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

Seneca Falls convention P4 Ch 9 and 12

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. It advertised itself as "a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman". Held in Seneca Falls, New York, it spanned two days over July 19-20, 1848.

stamp, Townshend, tea and Intolerable P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise money from the colonies, since it seemed only fair that they should pay part of the cost of their own defense. This was a tax essentially on all printed paper, including newspapers, playing cards, ship's papers, and all legal documents. This kind of tax was already in force in Britain, and the cost was relatively small to the colonists. But it was a burden. The colonists felt there was no reason for a British army to be stationed in America, since, with the victory in the French and Indian War, the danger of the French was gone. Further, if this tax were allowed to continue, the precedent could be set that Parliament could tax the colonists without their own consent, since the colonies elected no representatives to Parliament. This would set a precedent that Parliament could tax the colonies at will. Patrick Henry introduced resolutions in the Virginia House of Burgesses denouncing the Stamp Act. Other colonial legislatures followed suit, and a Stamp Act Congress met in New York in 1765. Eventually, the cost of collecting the tax became higher than the revenue generated, so the act was repealed in 1766. However, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act, stating that they had the right to bind the colonies however they wished. (See the text of the Stamp Act.) (Read an essay on the Stamp Act.) After the failure of the Stamp Act, the new Chancellor of the Exchequer, "Champagne Charlie" Townshend (pronounced town-zend; he was also known as "The Weathercock"), proposed to tax the American colonies (probably under the influence of a bumper of champagne). Since it was seen that a direct tax would not be well received, Townshend proposed tightening up the customs duties. The bills passed became known as the Townshend Acts. However, the main purpose of these duties was so much to raise revenue, but to assert Parliamentary control of the colonies. The revenue generated was used to pay the agents enforcing the duties, who were thus made independent of the colonial legislatures (and colonial bribes). This cut in to a cherished way of life, because many colonial merchants had grown rich on smuggling. The colonists, not finding a legal argument against customs duties, resisted by nonimportation agreements. Because the Townshend Duties were unpopular, both with the colonists and with British merchants, they were finally repealed. This happened on the same day as the "Boston Massacre". The Sugar Act (1764: also called the Revenue Act) actually was the earliest of these acts, was the first attempt to raise money in the colonies. Although the tax on molasses was cut in half, the act provided for strict enforcement. Since smuggling was a way of life in the colonies, the act cost £4 in enforcement costs for every £1 raised. The Tea Act was actually not an attempt to raise revenue. In 1773, the British East India Company, due mostly to their own mismanagement, was on the verge of bankruptcy. To bail them out, Parliament passed an act allowing them to import tea directly to America, without paying the duty. Since the colonial merchants had stores of tea, some legal, on which they had paid a duty, but a lot smuggled from the Dutch, this would allow the East India company to sell tea at a lower price than the colonial merchants, including John Hancock, thus undercutting them and perhaps leading to their ruin. When the tea came to Boston harbor, it provoked the Boston Tea Party. This, in turn, let to an overreaction by Parliament, in passing the Coercive (or Intolerable) Acts, which included closing the port of Boston until the King was satisfied that the tea had been paid for. Further, more soldiers were sent to Boston. This then led to Lexington and Concord. Included by Americans in the Intolerable Acts, but not intended to be so by the British, was the Quebec Act. This allowed the inhabitants of Quebec to retain their French language, civil laws, and Catholic religion, and extended the boundary of Quebec to the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. This infuriated the colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Virginia) that claimed land in the area, and further united the colonies in their opposition to Britain.

Transportation Revolution P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The Transportation Revolution: Roads, Canals, and Railroads. | A Biography of America. America's economic transformation in the early 1800s was linked to dramatic changes in transportation networks.

Effect of Revolution in US P3 Ch 4,5,6

The Treaty of Paris was signed in Paris, France on September 3, 1783. This ended the American Revolutionary War, and gave the colonies their independence from Great Britain. The 13 states were now free to join together and become the United States of America.

Plymouth P2 Ch 2 and 3

The Virginia Company of Plymouth, a group of English merchant investors, had failed to establish permanent colonies in the northern reaches of what was then known as Virginia. The stockholders' spirits were further dampened when they noticed that their chief rival, the Virginia Company of London, had established a settlement at Jamestown, where a lucrative tobacco economy began to develop in the late 1600s. Sir Edwin Sandys, a major figure in the Plymouth group, hoped to salvage some of his investment by convincing James I that he should allow a group of religious dissenters to settle on the company's lands. Earlier, in 1608, group of religious separatists from the English town of Scrooby had moved quietly to Amsterdam and Leiden, Holland, in search of religious freedom. Their journeys earned them the name "Pilgrim." Despite their enjoyment of religious toleration, the separatists were denied entry to the lucrative Dutch guilds and found it hard to support themselves. They also were concerned about the fact that their children were growing up as young Dutch people and not adhering to their parents' religious dictates. Separatist leaders secured a land grant from Sandys in 1620, and embarked in the ship Mayflower for the New World in September. They arrived in November initially at Provincetown Bay and later settled at what became Plymouth.

Whiskey Rebellion P3 Ch 6

The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue to help reduce the national debt.[3] The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in the 18th-century U.S., so the excise became widely known as a "whiskey tax". The new excise was a part of U.S. treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to pay war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War. The tax was resisted by farmers in the western frontier regions who were long accustomed to distilling their surplus grain and corn into whiskey. In these regions, whiskey was sufficiently popular that it often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the U.S. federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of the taxation powers of Congress.

triangle Trade P2 Ch 2 and 3

The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North ...

Clay's American System P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

The centerpiece of Clay's statecraft was an integrated economic program called 'the American System.' This envisioned a protective tariff, a national bank jointly owned by private stockholders and the federal government, and federal subsidies for transportation projects ('internal improvements').

Cause and Effects of French and Indian War P3 Ch 4,5,6

The colonists called it the French and Indian War, and it permanently shifted the global balance of power. By the mid-18th century, both the British and French wanted to extend their North American colonies into the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, known then as the Ohio Territory.

Federalists/ Anti-federalists P3 Ch 6

The differences between the Federalists and the Antifederalists are vast and at times complex. Federalists' beliefs could be better described as nationalist. The Federalists were instrumental in 1787 in shaping the new US Constitution, which strengthened the national government at the expense, according to the Antifederalists, of the states and the people. The Antifederalists opposed the ratification of the US Constitution, but they never organized efficiently across all thirteen states, and so had to fight the ratification at every state convention. Their great success was in forcing the first Congress under the new Constitution to establish a bill of rights to ensure the liberties that the Antifederalists felt the Constitution violated.

birth of Political Parties P3 Ch 6

The framers of the Constitution had not prepared their plan of government with political parties in mind. They hoped that the "better sort of citizens" would debate key issues and reach a harmonious consensus regarding how best to legislate for the nation's future. Thomas Jefferson reflected widespread sentiments when he declared in 1789, "If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all." Yet despite a belief that parties were evil and posed a threat to enlightened government, the nation's first political parties emerged in the mid-1790s. Several factors contributed to the birth of parties. The Federalists, under the leadership of George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton, feared that their opponents wanted to destroy the Union, subvert morality and property rights, and ally the United States with revolutionary France. The Republicans, under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, feared that the Federalists were trying to establish a corrupt monarchical society, like the one that existed in Britain, with a standing army, high taxes, and government-subsidized monopolies.

Effect of revolution globally P3 Ch 4,5,6

The full impact of the Industrial Revolution would not begin to be realized until about 100 years later in the 1800s, when the use of machines to replace human labor spread throughout Europe and North America. This transformation is referred to as the industrialization of the world.

Puritans (basic tenants) and Pilgrims P2 Ch 2 and 3

The immigration of the Pilgrims to New England occurred in stages. But that they had to go somewhere became apparent soon enough. Theirs was the position of the Separatist: they believed that the reforms of the Anglican church had not gone far enough, that, although the break with Catholicism in 1535 had moved some way toward the Puritan belief in and idea of religious authority grounded solely in Scripture, by substituting king for pope as the head of the church, England was only recapitulating an unnecessary, corrupt, and even idolatrous order (Gill, 19-21). In one basic respect, the Pilgrims are a logical outcome of the Reformation. In its increasing dissemination of the Bible, the increasing emphasis on it as the basis of spiritual meaning, the subsequently increasing importance of literacy as a mode of religious authority and awareness, a growing individualism was implicit. This individualism may then have easily led to an atomization or dispersion of authority that the monarchy duly feared, and that later generations of Americans could easily label democratization. As a writer in 1921 put it, "They accepted Calvin's rule, that those who are to exercise any public function in the church should be chosen by common voice" (Wheelwright, vii). However much this might emphasize the democratic qualities of the Pilgrims, as dissenters they do suggest at some level the origins of democratic society, in its reliance upon contending and even conflicting points of view, and in its tendency toward a more fluid social structure.

Hamilton and Plan P3 Ch 6

The paramount problem facing Hamilton was a huge national debt. He proposed that the government assume the entire debt of the federal government and the states. His plan was to retire the old depreciated obligations by borrowing new money at a lower interest rate.

John Winthrop-City on a Hill P2 Ch 2 and 3

The passengers of the Arbella who left England in 1630 with their new charter had a great vision. They were to be an example for the rest of the world in rightful living. Future governor JOHN WINTHROP stated their purpose quite clearly: "We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us." The Arbella was one of eleven ships carrying over a thousand Puritans to Massachusetts that year. It was the largest original venture ever attempted in the English New World. The passengers were determined to be a beacon for the rest of Europe, "A Modell of Christian Charity," in the words of the governor.

Southern colonies/ British West Indies P2 Ch 2 and 3

The primary motive for establishing the middle, or mid-Atlantic colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware was to develop profitable trading centers. The Dutch were some of the first to settle in this area. In the late sixteenth century, with the help of Protestant England, the people of the Netherlands won their independence from Spain. The Netherlands evolved into a major commercial and naval power and challenged its former benefactor, England, on several occasions during the seventeenth century. With this newfound power, the Dutch became a leading colonial presence, especially in the East Indies. Like the English, the Dutch developed colonies by authorizing joint-stock companies to go forth and establish trading outposts and commerce. The Dutch East India Company established a trading empire that was profitable for over three hundred years. Seeking greater riches and a passageway around America to China, the Dutch East India Company hired Henry Hudson, an English explorer. Hudson sailed along the upper coast of North America, and in 1609 he encountered Delaware Bay and the river named for him, the Hudson River. He filed a claim to all of this land for the Dutch. The Dutch West India Company was also influential, but operated primarily in the Caribbean, where it was more interested in raiding than trading. By 1624, based on Hudson's earlier claim to the Hudson Valley, the Dutch West India Company permanently settled New Netherland, in the Hudson River area, as a fur trading port. In 1626, the Dutch bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for pennies an acre, and they started trading posts at New Amsterdam, later called New York, and upriver at Fort Orange, later called Albany. The New Netherland colony was highly aristocratic, with large feudal estates along the Hudson River. These grand estates, called patroonships, were granted to stockholders who promised to have fifty adults living on the estate within four years. This approach to colonization met with little luck because volunteers for serfdom were hard to find. New Netherland experienced difficulties from the outset. The shareholders demanded dividends even at the expense of the colony's welfare. The New England colonies to the north regarded them as intruders. Although not as strict as the Puritans, the Dutch Company ran the colony in the interests of the stockholders and with little tolerance for free speech, religion, or democratic government. Peter Stuyvesant, the governor sent by the Dutch West India Company, was in absolute control of the colony's government. However, the inhabitants showed nearly total indifference to his leadership.

Joint-Stock Companies P2 Ch 2 and 3

The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick. Granted a charter by King James I in 1606, the Virginia Company was a joint-stock company created to establish settlements in the New World. This is a seal of the Virginia Company, which established the first English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

Atlantic Slave Trade P2 Ch 2 and 3

The transatlantic slave trade was the biggest deportation in history and a determining factor in the world economy of the 18th century. Millions of Africans were torn from their homes, deported to the American continent and sold as slaves. Triangular Trade.

Jacksonsian Democrats vs. Clay Whigs P4 Ch 9 and 12

These two parties opposed each other throughout their periods of power in the United States government. This rivalry between parties was important because it started the Second Party System that we have in America today. The Democrats were in favor of states' rights and did not like the Federal Government involvement in social and economic affairs while The Whigs favored a strong federal government through the power of the congress. Jackson and his Democrats worked hard to get rid of the Protective tariff and the National Bank of the United States while the Whigs supported both. A large difference in the policies was determined by those whom the Political Parties favored. The Jacksonian's represented the common man, a lower class person who made his living off the land. The Jacksonian Democrats also promoted the idea that anyone could hold a government position which glorified the individual and its mind. The Whigs were made up of industrialists and nationalists and shaped their policies to benefit those people. These included a tariff which assists manufacturing and big business while it hurts the smaller individuals like farmers who would be forced to pay more for their needs. Though they did favor the big businessmen, they attempted to help the economy and social productivity of the United States through their introduction of internal transportation, public schools, and other improvements like roadways and canal structures which would assist both the wealthy and the poor. The last opposing factor between these two Parties involve the idea of expansion. The Democrats wished to expand fast as it would provide more farming land and potentially more profit, while the Whigs thought expanding was unnecessary. The conflict in these parties occurred due to the differences in who the party supported.

Corrupt bargain and Election of 1824 P4 Ch 9 and 12

To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a "corrupt bargain."

transcendentalists P4 Ch 9 and 12

Transcendentalism is an American literary, political, and philosophical movement of the early nineteenth century, centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson. Other important transcendentalists were Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, Amos Bronson Alcott, Frederic Henry Hedge, and Theodore Parker.

Compromises and basic tenants P3 Ch 6

Two plans were put forth during the Constitutional Convention to create the new branches of government. The Virginia Plan wanted a strong national government with three branches. The legislature would have two houses. One would be directly elected by the people and the second would selected by the first house from people nominated by the state legislatures. Further, the president and national judiciary would be chosen by the national legislature. On the other hand, the New Jersey Plan wanted a more decentralized plan amending the old Articles yet allowing for a somewhat stronger government. Each state would have one vote in Congress. The Great Compromise combined these two plans creating our current legislature with two houses, one based on population and elected by the people and the other house allowing two senators per state being appointed by state legislatures.

Middle Colonies/Penn/Quakers P2 Ch 2 and 3

WILLIAM PENN was a dreamer. He also had the king over a barrel. Charles II owed his father a huge debt. To repay the Penns, William was awarded an enormous tract of land in the New World. Immediately he saw possibilities. People of his faith, the Quakers, had suffered serious persecution in England. With some good advertising, he might be able to establish a religious refuge. He might even be able to turn a profit. Slowly, the wheels began to spin. In, 1681, his dream became a reality. QUAKERS, or the Society of Friends, had suffered greatly in England. As religious dissenters of the Church of England, they were targets much like the Separatists and the Puritans. But Friends were also devout pacifists. They would not fight in any of England's wars, nor would they pay their taxes if they believed the proceeds would assist a military venture. They believed in total equality. Therefore, Quakers would not bow down to nobles. Even the king would not receive the courtesy of a tipped hat. They refused to take oaths, so their allegiance to the Crown was always in question. Of all the Quaker families that came to the New World, over three quarters of the male heads of household had spent time in an English jail.

Washington's Presidency (precedents and foreign policy)P3 Ch 6

Upon becoming President of the United States, George Washington almost immediately set two critical foreign policy precedents: He assumed control of treaty negotiations with a hostile power—in this case, the Creek Nation of Native Americans—and then asked for congressional approval once they were finalized. In addition, he sent American emissaries overseas for negotiations without legislative approval. Taking a Global Position In 1789, the French Revolution sent shock waves across the Atlantic. Many Americans, mindful of French aid during their own struggle for independence, supported returning the favor. At the same time, the British were once again inciting Native Americans to attack settlers in the West, hoping to destabilize the fledgling Republic. American anger in response to these attacks served to reinforce sentiments for aiding France in any conflict with Great Britain. Washington was leery of any such foreign entanglement, considering his country too weak and unstable to fight another war with a major European power. His insistence on neutrality in foreign quarrels set another key precedent, as did his insistence that the power to make such a determination be lodged in the presidency. Within days of Washington's second inauguration, France declared war on a host of European nations, England among them. Controversy over American involvement in the dispute redoubled. The Jefferson and Hamilton factions fought endlessly over the matter. The French ambassador to the U.S.—the charismatic, audacious "Citizen" Edmond Genet—had meanwhile been appearing nationwide, drumming up considerable support for the French cause. Washington was deeply irritated by this subversive meddling, and when Genet allowed a French-sponsored warship to sail out of Philadelphia against direct presidential orders, Washington demanded that France recall Genet.

Declaration of independence P3 Ch 4,5,6

When armed conflict between bands of American colonists and British soldiers began in April 1775, the Americans were ostensibly fighting only for their rights as subjects of the British crown. By the following summer, with the Revolutionary War in full swing, the movement for independence from Britain had grown, and delegates of the Continental Congress were faced with a vote on the issue. In mid-June 1776, a five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies' intentions. The Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence-written largely by Jefferson-in Philadelphia on July 4, a date now celebrated as the birth of American independence.

Jefferson's philosophy of Gov't P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

efferson's lasting significance in American history stems from his remarkably varied talents. He made major contributions as a politician, statesman, diplomat, intellectual, writer, scientist, and philosopher. No other figure among the Founding Fathers shared the depth and breadth of his wide-ranging intelligence. His presidential vision impressively combined philosophic principles with pragmatic effectiveness as a politician. Jefferson's most fundamental political belief was an "absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the MAJORITY." Stemming from his deep optimism in human reason, Jefferson believed that the WILL OF THE PEOPLE, expressed through elections, provided the most appropriate guidance for directing the republic's course. Jefferson also felt that the central government should be "rigorously frugal and simple." As president he reduced the size and scope of the federal government by ending internal taxes, reducing the size of the army and navy, and paying off the government's debt. Limiting the federal government flowed from his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Finally, Jefferson also committed his presidency to the protection of civil liberties and minority rights. As he explained in his INAUGURAL ADDRESS IN 1801, "though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to violate would be oppression." Jefferson's experience of Federalist repression in the late 1790s led him to more clearly define a central concept of American democracy.

Hartford Convention P4 Ch 7,8,9,10

he Hartford Convention was a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815 in Hartford, Connecticut, United States, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. Despite radical outcries among Federalists for New England secession and a separate peace with Great Britain, moderates outnumbered them and extreme proposals were not a major focus of the debate.[1] The convention discussed removing the three-fifths compromise which gave slave states more power in Congress and requiring a two-thirds super majority in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the convention's end, news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists, resulting in their elimination as a major national political force.

Navigation Acts P2 Ch 2 and 3

n October of 1651, the English Parliament passed its Navigation Acts of 1651. These acts were designed to tighten the government's control over trade between England, its colonies, and the rest of the world. The acts' main provisions were as follows: Imported goods from Asia and Africa had to arrive in England and her colonies in English ships. Imported goods from non-English America had to arrive in England and her colonies in English ships. England's American colonies could only export their goods in English ships. Imported goods from Europe had to arrive in England and her colonies either in English ships or in ships that came directly from the producing country. Any cod, herring, and other fish, fish oil, or whale products coming into England and her colonies had to be caught by English ships. English ships were defined as those owned by Englishmen (including English colonists) and having a crew of over one half Englishmen (including English colonists). Basically, the English government wanted to closely supervise England's imports and exports, limit imports to give British manufactures and merchants an advantage, close off the admittance of most foreign ships into English and colonial harbors, and tighten up economic oversight in the colonies.

River School P4 Ch 9 and 12

the first coherent school of American art - active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England