APUSH 6
"All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free.... The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access—and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches.... When the summer heats come with their suffering they have meaning more terrible than words can tell.... This gap between dingy brick-walls is the yard. That strip of smoke-colored sky up there is the heaven of these people.... A hundred thousand people lived in... tenements in New York last year." Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890 By the 1910s, the conditions described in the excerpt were most addressed by A) government unemployment programs B) acceptance of immigrants by native-born Americans C) efforts of middle-class reformers D) consolidation of large corporations
c
"Competition is a law of nature . . . and can no more be done away with than gravitation. . . . [I]f we do not like survival of the fittest, we have only one possible alternative, survival of the unfittest. The former is the law of civilization, the latter is the law of anti-civilization." The quote above is an example of which of the following schools of thought? A) Dialectical materialism B) Utopian socialism C) Social Darwinism D) Transcendentalism E) Existentialism
c
"Every contract, combination in form of trust orotherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade commerce in any territory of the United States . . .is hereby declared illegal." The passage above was most effectively used forwhich purpose in the late nineteenth century? A) Supporting the goals of Social Darwinists B) Restricting the power of monopolies and trusts C) Limiting the power of labor unions D) Regulating railroads and grain storage silos E) Upholding the powers of the Interstate Commerce Act
c
Money is power, and you ought to be reasonablyambitious to have it. You ought because you can domore good with it than you could without it. Moneyprinted your Bible, money builds your churches. . . .The man who gets the largest salary can do the mostgood with the power that is furnished to him. Of coursehe can if his spirit be right to use it for what it is givento him. I say, then, you ought to have money." The quotation above is an example of A) transcendentalism B) existentialism C) The Gospel of Wealth D) The Social Gospel E) Reform Darwinism
c
During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? A) Black northerners B) Southern Protestant farmers C) Roman Catholic immigrants D) Unskilled wage earners E) Confederate war veterans
a
During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following EXCEPT A) rising commodity prices B) high interest charges C) high freight rates D) high storage costs E) large middleman profits
a
"One by one the southern states have legally disfranchised the Afro-American, and since the repeal of the Civil Rights Bill nearly every southern state has passed separate [railroad] car laws with a penalty against their infringement. The race, regardless of advancement, is penned into filthy, stifling partitions cut off from smoking cars." The author of the statement above was A) a Scalawag in the 1870s B) an African American journalist in the 1890s C) a White segregationist in the 1910s D) a White southern Democrat in the 1930s E) an African American Civil Rights worker in the 1970s
b
Which of the following best explains a connection between the economic development of the West in the mid-1800s and in the late 1800s? A) In both periods, the he end of conflicts with American Indians encouraged many Southerners to migrate to the West. B) In both periods, the he West offered a large existing labor force eager for work in mining and railroads. C) In both periods, the he expansion and improvement of railroads facilitated transportation in the West. D) In both periods, the he federal government encouraged immigrants from abroad to settle in the West.
c
"Another marked characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is what may be called an instinct or genius for colonizing. His unequaled energy, his indomitable perseverance, and his personal independence, made him a pioneer. He excels all others in pushing his way into new countries." Americans advocating the ideas expressed in the passage above would be most accurately described as A) transcendentalists B) Populists C) scientific managers D) Social Darwinists E) Mugwumps
d
Which of the following best accounts for the curve on the graph above depicting immigration to the United States from Asia, Africa and the Americas between 1882 and 1900?
restrictive congressional legislation
Which of the following developments best explains changes in agricultural production in the United States during the 1880s and 1890s? A) New systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets. B) Farmers established new plantations for commercial crops such as cotton and tobacco. C) The Civil War devastated farms in large portions of the South. D) Commercial farms increasingly relied on labor provided by immigrants.
A
African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as A) exodusters B) homesteaders C) scalawags D) jayhawkers E) the Colored Farmers' National Alliance
a
All of the following were objectives of W.E.B. DuBois EXCEPT A) the total enfranchisement of all eligible Black citizens B)the establishment of an organization to seek legal redress of Black grievances C)the establishment of Black political power D)Cooperation with White people in obtaining Black progress E) the implementation of Booker T. Washington's program for Black progress
E
"Beginning in the 1930s and lasting into the 1940s, black Chicago experienced a cultural renaissance.... Chicago had become a major destination for black southern migrants.... It was also an urban industrial center. This fact gave a unique working-class and internationalist perspective to the cultural work that would take place there.... "A desire to live freely in 'the metropolis' continued to characterize the aspirations of migrants as second-wave Chicago migrants arrived.... The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a resurgence of black working-class political radicalism that was captured and reflected in the expressive visual and literary productions of Chicago Black Renaissance artists." Darlene Clark Hine, historian, The Black Chicago Renaissance, 2012 Before moving to Chicago, the people described in the excerpt most likely were engaged in which of the following? A) Sharecropping or tenant farming B) Gang labor on the railways C) Mining and other extractive industries D) Manufacturing in urban factories
a
"The necessities of our altered relationship to the Pacific Ocean [after the late 1840s] found expression in a comprehensive treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation with the sovereign kingdom of Hawaii. . . . "[The line] from San Francisco to Honolulu [in Hawaii] marks the natural limit of the ocean belt within which our trade with [eastern Asia] must flow. . . . When we survey the stupendous progress made by the western coast during the thirty years of its national life as a part of our dominion, . . . it is not easy to set a limit to its commercial activity or foresee a check to its maritime supremacy in the waters of [eastern Asia], so long as those waters afford, as now, a free and neutral scope for our peaceful trade. . . . "[The United States] firmly believes that the position of the Hawaiian Islands as the key to the dominion of the American Pacific demands their neutrality, to which end it will earnestly cooperate with the native government. And if, through any cause, the maintenance of such a position of neutrality should be found by Hawaii to be impracticable, this government would then unhesitatingly meet the altered situation by seeking an avowedly American solution for the grave issues presented." Secretary of State James G. Blaine, letter to James M. Comly, United States ambassador to Hawaii, 1881 Which of the following historical contexts contributed most directly to the diplomatic development represented in the excerpt? A) The extension of United States influence into the Pacific B) The declining influence of European powers in East Asia C) The enforcement of Supreme Court rulings on segregation D) The enactment of isolationism in the Western Hemisphere
a
"We demand a graduated income tax. . . . Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads. . . . The land, including all the natural sources of wealth, is the heritage of the people, and should not be monopolized for speculative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.... [W]e demand a free ballot and a fair count . . . to every legal voter.... [W]e favor a constitutional provision limiting the office of President and Vice-President to one term, and providing for the election of Senators of the United States by a direct vote of the people." People's (Populist) Party platform, 1892 Activists formed the Populist Party most directly in response to the A) growth of corporate power in agriculture and economic instability in farming B) emergence of concerns about abuses of the environment C) development of reform movements inspired by the Second Great Awakening D) rise of monopolies and reduction of wages for industrial workers
a
"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American Review, 1889 **********Which of the following can best be concluded about the late 1800s based on the situation in which the excerpt was produced? A) Industrialists focused on establishing international markets for their products. B) People debated the best means for expanding educational opportunities. C) Politicians argued about whether to increase taxes on people with wealth. D) Workers supported the consolidation of businesses into corporations.
b
A prominent leader in promoting the settlement house movement was A) Alice Paul B) Jane Addams C) Carry Nation D) Margaret Sanger E) Aimee Semple McPherson
b
All of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A) excessively cold winters B) federal recognition of American Indian land claims C) a drop in cattle prices at stockyards D) overgrazing E) production of crops for distant markets
b
City bosses and urban political machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did which of the following? A) They enabled the urban middle class to participate more effectively in politics. B) They provided some welfare for poor immigrants in exchange for political support. C) They encouraged racial integration of residential neighborhoods. D) They discouraged railroad and highway construction to prevent people from moving out of urban areas. E) They promoted prohibition and the abolition of prostitution.
b
"The purpose of this article is to present some of the best methods of performing this duty of administering surplus wealth for the good of the people. The first requisite for a really good use of wealth by the millionaire who has accepted the gospel [of wealth] . . . is to take care that the purpose for which he spends it shall not have a degrading, pauperizing tendency upon its recipients, and that his trust should be so administered as to stimulate the best and most aspiring poor of the community to further efforts for their own improvement. . . . "The result of my own study of the question 'What is the best gift which can be given to a community?' is that a free library occupies the first place, provided the community will accept and maintain it as a public institution, as much a part of the city property as its public schools. . . . "Many free libraries have been established in our country, but none that I know of with such wisdom as the Pratt Library, of Baltimore. Mr. [Enoch] Pratt presented to the city of Baltimore one million dollars [for the library]. . . . It is safe to say that the 37,000 frequenters of the Pratt Library are of more value to Baltimore, to the State [of Maryland], and to the country than all the inert, lazy, and hopelessly-poor in the whole nation. . . . ". . . The problem of poverty and wealth, of employer and employed, will be practically solved whenever the time of the [wealthy] few is given, and their wealth is administered during their lives, for the best good of that portion of the community which has not been burdened by the responsibilities which attend the possession of wealth." Andrew Carnegie, "The Best Fields for Philanthropy," North American *******The excerpt best serves as evidence for which of the following developments in the late 1800s? A) The impact of the construction of transcontinental railroads on United States commerce B) The growing support for labor unions among the owners of corporations C) The emergence of arguments that wealthy people had a moral obligation to help society D) The decline of urban centers as immigrant populations moved westward
c
"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community—the man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren.'' These sentiments are most characteristic of A) transcendentalism B) pragmatism C) the Gospel of Wealth D) the Social Gospel E) Reform Darwinism
c
"We believe that the time has come when the railroad corporations will either own the people or the people must own the railroads ... We demand a national currency, safe, sound, and flexible ... We demand a graduated income tax ... We demand a free ballot." Which of the following groups included the passage above in its platform? A) American Federation of Labor B) Union-Labor Party C) People's Party (Populists) D) National Grange E) Democratic Party
c
All of the following are true of railroad expansion in the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that it A) opened new territories to commercial agriculture B) accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones C) was financed by private corporations without government assistance D) led to new managerial forms and techniques E) was often capitalized beyond what was needed
c
Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth was based on the belief that wealthy industrialists should use their wealth to A) acquire additional landholdings in the West B) create new businesses C) finance philanthropic endeavors D) pay workers better wages and benefits E) live in luxury
c
At the end of the nineteenth century, the desire of American business to control supplies of raw materials led to A) automation of industry B) horizontal integration C) vertical integration D) development of the factory system E) development of the putting-out system
c
"If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." William Jennings Bryan, 1896 Which of the following groups would most likely agree with the quote above? A) Urban workers B) Railroad executives C) New York City financiers D) Midwestern farmers E) White-collar and professional workers
d
***"The [political] machine represented the dominant urban political institution of the late nineteenth century. . . . Bosses purchased voter support with individual economic inducements such as offers of public jobs. . . . The machine sustained itself by exchanging material benefits for political support. . . . ***"By 1890 Irish bosses ran most of the big-city Democratic machines constructed in the 1870s and 1880s. . . . By 1886, the Irish held 58 percent of the seats on the San Francisco Democratic party central committee. . . . 61 percent of the Tammany Society [political machine in New York City] were Irish in 1890. ***". . . What accounts for their unusually high group political participation rates? The Irish capture of the urban Democratic party depended on a large Irish voting bloc. In city after city the Irish mobilized politically much more quickly than other ethnic groups. Irish naturalization and voter registration rates were the highest of all the immigrant groups. ***"[In the 1860s] Radical Republicans captured control of the New England and Middle Atlantic states. . . . [They] pursued a program of electoral and institutional reform in the eastern states with urban Democratic (and Irish) strongholds. Rather than weakening the embryonic Democratic city organizations, the Radical attack succeeded in strengthening these machines. The election of pro-machine Democratic governors in states such as New York, New Jersey, and California further aided Irish machine building." Steven P. Erie, historian, Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840-1985, published in 1990 Which of the following pieces of historical evidence would best modify the claim in the last paragraph of the excerpt? A) Many members of Congress sought to restrict the ability of new immigrants to register to vote in elections in the 1870s. B) State government leaders passed laws to take control of fire and police departments run by political machines in eastern cities. C) Radical Republicans passed a law that allowed for federal supervision of local elections and the prosecution of voter fraud. D) Some Democratic political machines continued Republican fiscal policies that limited spending on patronage jobs.
d
Access to natural resources for businesses changed from the mid-1800s to the late 1800s most directly as a result of which of the following factors? A) The invention of the automobile and the building of highways B) The establishment of national parks for wilderness preservation C) The emergence of new scientific theories such as evolution D) The expansion of communication systems such as the electric telegraph
d
After the Civil War, some businesspeople and newspaper editors—such as the Atlanta Constitution's Henry Grady—promoted the idea of a New South. Which of the following best describes their vision for the southern states? A) An agricultural region consisting of small farms focused on growing food crops B) An industrial region whose economic mainstays would be the mining and smelting of minerals and metals C) An agricultural region of large plantations growing cotton, tobacco, and rice, worked by sharecroppers D) A mixed economy no longer primarily dependent on cash crops E) A postindustrial region whose economy revolved around health care, insurance, and financial services
d
Although the Sherman Antitrust Act was originally intended to inhibit the growth of business monopolies, courts initially used its provisions successfully against A) urban political machines B) banks C) public schools D) labor unions E) immigrants
d
"In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." The statement above expressed the ideas of A) Sojourner Truth B) W. E. B. Du Bois C) Ida B. Wells D) Theodore Roosevelt E) Booker T. Washington
e
According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was A) Puritan theology B) transcendentalism C) the American Revolution D) the Civil War E) the frontier
e
All of the following account for nativist sentiment against the "new immigrants" of the late nineteenth century EXCEPT that the immigrants A) practiced different religions B) had different languages and cultures C) were willing to work for lower wages than were native-born workers D) were not familiar with the United States political system E) dominate the professions of law, medicine, and engineering
e
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, southern state governments used all of the following methods to restrict African American freedoms EXCEPT A) literacy tests B) Jim Crow laws C) poll taxes D) grandfather clauses E) restrictive housing covenants
e
