APUSH - ABSOLUTE COMPLETE FINAL!!!!!

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Massacre at Sand Creek

(1864) General Curtis orders that a group of Native Americans, who should have been under the protection of the U.S. government, be killed.

Three MIle Island

(JEC) Nuclear Power Plant in Harrisburg, Penn. which failed, causing radiation to be admitted in the air

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Freedom Riders*

(LBJ) Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Amtrak*

(RN), first major attempt to re establish adequate railroad passenger service

Chesapeake Colonies

(Women had more status than in other parts of the colonies) First indentured servants came here but that changed because of bacon's rebellion and there was a lot of money to be made in tobacco (1680's)

WCTU

(Women's Christian Temperance Union) group organized in 1874 that worked to ban the sale of liquor in the U.S.

Accomplishments

- Their main goal was to find an all water route across the continent, a Northwest Passage. - Although such a route does not exist, the journey had a major impact on the future course of U.S. history. - The immense amount of geographic information undid much of the erroneous thinking of the time. - Americans were made aware of the great potential of the new lands; the stage was set for increased exploration, trade, settlement and annexation.

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Yalta (February 1945)

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Dwight D. Eisenhower

1953-1961, Republican

JFK

1961-1963, Democrat, both parties had the platform of civil rights planks and a national health program, used president to be elected and first Roman Catholic

Gerald Ford

1974-1977, Republican, first non elected president and VP, he pardoned Nixon

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger )

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

____ royal colonies; ______ proprietary colonies; _____ self-governing colonies

8, 3, 2

William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Defend or refute the following statement: 1763 was an important watershed year. List three pieces of evidence to support your view: Name one piece of evidence to support the opposing view:

Important year bc it was the beginning of conflicting views between colonies and Britain as importance/power. 1. Prohibited settlement west of Appalachians 2. Colonies viewed themselves highly in military power 3. Britain viewed colony's military as weak - Not the 1st time the colonies have defended Britain

Lillian Wald

Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY and Founder of Public Health Nursing. founded the Henry Street Settlement and Visiting Nurse Service which provided nursing and social services and organized educational and cultural activities. She is considered the founder of public health nursing.

Franco-American Alliance

France agreed to send troops fearing that the Americans would sign the British agreement allowing them to have limited autonomy. French entered the war against England, which escalated to the Caribbean and colonies in India.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Guerrilla warfare

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

social justice

An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong. the defense of human dignity by ensuring that essential human needs are met and that essential human rights are protected for all people

Cross of Gold

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

16th Amendment

Created an income tax and gave the Federal government the power to collect it

Was Jackson more "Jeffersonian" or "Hamiltonian"?

Jeffersonian. He believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution.

Jamestown (Key figure, Religion, native relations, resources, government)

John Smith (brought Tobacco), Protestant, Took/trades land w/ Natives, Tobacco, Representative Assembly in Virginia (House of Burgesses)

Sugar Act

Passed by Parliament upon the urging of Prime Minister George Grenville in hopes to gain popularity in Britain. Increased tax duties colonists had to pay on goods such as coffee, sugar, textiles, indigo, and wine.

Implied Powers

Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.

Great Society

President Johnson called his 1`version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

The Ohio Gang:

President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet. Harding's poker buddies who he appointed to cabinet positions • Took advantage of Harding • Were caught embezzling money & taking bribes

spirit of nationalism

Pride in one's nation, willingness to sacrifice, and sense of belonging due to shared culture, religion, and language

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters. A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

24th Amendment

Prohibited the poll tax

18th Amendment

Prohibition of the drinking, manufacture, and sale of alcohol

5th Amendment

Protects rights of due process and the right to remain silent ("plead the 5th"), double jeopardy

2nd Amendment

Protects the people's right to bear arms

Queen Anne's War - Britain attempts to capture _____ - Native American's support ________ - Britain gains ______ from France and ________ from Spain

Quebec; French; Nova Scotia; trading rights

30TH PRESIDENT CALVIN COOLIDGE

REPUBLICAN POLICIES •Return to "normalcy" •tariffs raised • corporate, income taxes cut • spending cuts •Government-business cooperation • "The business of government, is business" •Return to "isolation"

21st Amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment (prohibition)

Protestant Revolt: - __________ Act of Toleration - _________ suffer (lose safe haven) - ___________ towards Catholic Proprietor

Repeals; Catholics; Resentment

What impact did John Marshall and the Supreme Court have on Indian policy?

The Supreme Court didn't have much of an impact since Jackson chose whether he wanted to enforce their decisions.

9th

The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people

What does the map on page 139 reveal about who supported the war?

The map reveals that many states supported the war, but there were just as many people who didn't.

Support or refute the assertion that the second two party system was created by those who supported Jackson versus those who opposed Jackson.

The two party system wasn't created by Jackson versus his opposition. The democratic party harked back to the old Republican Party of Jefferson, while the Whig party resembled the Federalists. Although these new parties reflect the change of times, the fundamental ideas aren't new.

What was the most significant point of conflict between these parties?

Their strict vs. loose interpretation of the constitution often put them in conflict because they differed in their beliefs of the power of the federal government.

Were the Sons of Liberty justified in the Boston Tea Party? Defend your answer with three pieces of evidence.

They were justified 1. A boycott had not helped, colonists had to take more drastic action. 2. It was not an act of violence 3. They had to make a statement or they would continue to be walked over

Explain how close the new nation came to ending slavery.

Slavery was ended in the north but continued in other areas as slave owners said it helped their economy

SOUTHERN FINANCIAL WOES:

South ▪Custom duties cut off by Union blockade ▪Confederate bonds sold amounted to $400 million ▪ Increased taxes sharply ▪ Imposed 10% levy on farm produce

Proclamation Line of 1763. What was the purpose of this line?

To keep colonists from settling there to better develop the colonies in concentration. Also, to prevent colonists from moving west to try and prevent more hostility from American Indians

Explain how the fighting between British troops and colonists illustrated the cultural conflict that had evolved.

While organizing mostly from Britain, colonists formed their own culture and government and economy. As with every different culture, there will be conflict and war. The economic trade between the two was the only mutual relation the countries had between one another, and when the British tried to impose economic restraints, the colonies severed all relations.

Bank holiday

a day on which banks are officially closed, observed as a public holiday. closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Storm-Cellar Isolationism • Adolf Hitler,

a fanatic who plotted and harangued his way to control of Germany in 1933 • Most dangerous dictator because he combined tremendous power with impulsiveness • Secured control of Nazi party by making political capital of Treaty of Versailles and Germany's depression-spawned unemployment • Withdrew Germany from League of Nations in 1933 • Began clandestinely (and illegally) rearming • 1936: Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves in Rome-Berlin Axis

Whiskey Ring

a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

Stresses on families

•Living conditions declined as families crowded into small houses or apartments. •Men felt like failures because they couldn't provide for their families. •Working women were accused of taking jobs away from men.

Wilson Tackles the Tariff

◦Wilson's programs: ◦ Called for assault on "the triple wall of privilege": the tariff, the banks, and the trusts ◦ He tackled tariff first: ◦ House soon passed major reductions in Underwood Tariff ◦ Landmark in tax legislation: ◦ Using recent 16th Amendment, Congress enacted graduated income tax beginning with moderate levy on incomes over $3,000 (average wage earner's annual income only $740) ◦ By 1917, revenue from income tax shot ahead of revenue from tariffs

Zoot Suit Riots (1943)

a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that exploded in Los Angeles, California, between white sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored; the effect of the infamous Sleepy Lagoon murder which involved the death of a young Latino man in a barrio near Los Angeles; triggered other similar attacks in other places

"Horatio Alger" myth

boy becomes wealthy through hard work, but this is inaccurate. In the actual stories, invariably the cause of success is an accident that works to the boy's advantage after he conducts himself according to traditional virtues such as honesty, charity, and altruism.

How did the Haitian Revolution impact the Louisiana Purchase?

caused France to giver u their claims to America

What was the most significant act of this Congress? Defend your answer.

decision to boycott all British imports as it was the first economic backlash towards the British

Explain why these decisions (Supreme Court decisions) are "landmark"

defined the relationship between the central government and the states

Whigs

dominant political party in parliament

what other accomplishment in compromise did Henry Clay have (in addition the the Compromise tariff of 18333) during this Antebellum Era?

he persuaded a majority in congress to pass a bank recharter bill.

In what ways did the new republic grow and change

increased suffrage; reformed schools, prisons, and asylums; developed its own art, literature, and philosophy; market economy emerged; addition of western fertile land; advances in industry and transportation; expanding borders and trade; avoiding European entanglement

• The Great Awakening last effects - Many schisms ________ the number and competitiveness of American churches - Led to founding of ______

increased; colleges;

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. Natives assimilating into American society

Workman's Compensation Act

is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue

Seaman's Act

known as Act to Promote the Welfare of American Seamen in the Merchant Marine of the United States or Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act (Act of March 4, 1915, ch. ... 1164), was designed to improve the safety and security of United States seamen and eliminate Shanghaiing.

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did Spain get it?

lands were ceded to Spain for their efforts as a British ally

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Articles of Confederation

large extent bc 1. states rights 2. basis of their arguments for things being unconstitutional

Carey Act

law by which federal government distributed federal land to the states, on the condition that it be irrigated and settled

Jon Winthrop

led the Puritans to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a "model of a united Christian community"

Chesapeake Colonies

made up of Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco; Church of England; Maryland Act of Toleration; plantation economy w/cheap labor; headright system

Groups who chose ______ as their main source of sustenance, seen in Mexico and the American Southwest, developed settled societies who used _________.

maize; irrigation

-Georgia founders wanted _______ and _______ -_________ colony founded by - _________, helped ensure the colony's survival - _______, like Charleston, became a melting-pot community - _________ served as a missionary - GA grew more _______ than other colonies - ________ and _________ of the 13 colonies

no slavery; no alcohol; Proprietary; James Oglethorpe; Savannah; John Wesley; slowly; smallest and poorest

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Four-Power Treaty -

pact bound Britain, Japan, France, and United States to preserve status quo in Pacific

Cash and carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

To what extent does the Burr controversy illustrate the impact of territorial expansion?

territorial expansion made the conflict possible, because it gave Burr a goal and somewhere to go.

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair. French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.

Prohibition spawned shocking crimes:

• Profits of illegal alcohol led to bribery of police • Violent wars in big cities between rival gangs • Chicago (1920s): 500 mobsters murdered • Arrests few and convictions fewer • Chicago most spectacular example of lawlessness: • 1925 "Scarface"Al Capone began six years of gang warfare • Zoomed through streets in armor-plated car with bulletproof windows • Racketeers invaded ranks of local labor unions as organizers and promoters

THE PROHIBITION "EXPERIMENT"

• Prohibition— • Last cause of progressive reform movement • Eighteenth Amendment: (1919): authorized prohibition • Implemented by Volstead Act passed by Congress in 1919 • Made world "safe for hypocrisy" • Legal abolition of alcohol especially popular in South and West

Early Years of the War

• The early war effort goes poorly for the Americans as they lose several key battles. • In 1777, George Washington and the Continental Army take up winter quarters at Valley Forge (PA). • Nearly 2,500 troops die from exposure to the cold and food shortages.

Impact of Treaty of Paris 1783

• The right to freedom • Slavery abolished in the North • Women earn respect but not legal rights • Native Americans lost more land to settlers

Expansion of suffrage

• Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, states expanded the right to vote. • The goal of universal suffrage for all adult white males, regardless of property ownership, was achieved nationwide by the 1830's.

One specific piece of evidence to support your answer:

He vetoed many bills that weren't a strict interpretation of the constitution, including a charter for the National Bank.

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms in office (or 10 years)

"Waving the bloody shirt"

"bloody shirt campaign" were pejorative phrases, used during American election campaigns in the 19th century, to deride opposing politicians who made emotional calls to avenge the blood of soldiers that died in the Civil War.

National Bank

(1791-1811) Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way. a bank chartered, or licensed, by the national government.

Plessy vs Ferguson

(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain.

Elkins Act

(1903) gave the Interstate Commerce Commission more power to control railroads from giving preferences to certain customers

Proprietary Colony

(1st Proprietary Colony - Maryland) English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment

Pueblo Uprising

(No gold or silver in New Mexico, natives were forced to grow and give corn - but there was a drought - great tensions) (Pope - leader of the Pueblo people - argued the Corn Mother went away when Jesus moved in) (Revolt failed to take back their land for more than 12 years, Spanish policies loosened) Pueblos were Native American tribe in the Southwest, lived in multistoried apartment like houses. They started a revolt against Spanish (led by Popé), because he was fed up with the way Spanish treated them. Caused by: - Spanish kept them from doing tribal rituals - Instability from a drought and attacks from Apaches

Townshend Duty Act

(Part of Townshend Acts) Indirect taxes on many everyday purchases like lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea

New York Restraining Act

(Part of Townshend Acts) Suspended the NY Colonial Assembly when it did not agree to quartering act (civilians must house soldiers in their homes) passed by Parliament

26th Amendment

(RN) , lowered the voting age to 18

Mercantilism

(colonies to enrich the mother country) An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

CPI

(consumer price index) a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

Plymouth colony (Religion, Formal doc, state)

-Separatists (not associated w/ Anglican Church -Mayflower compact (1st constitution in New World rules - voting, male/female representation) -Massachusetts

List three major ways England's war for empire impacted the colonies in North America.

1) unchallenged supremacy (better than others) 2) dominant naval power and no longer threat of attacks 3)change in how British and colonists viewed each other

2nd Continental Congress

1)Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2)Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England. Approved the creation of a Continental Army and the Declaration of Independence.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Dr. Francis Townsend

Advanced the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, which proposed that every retired person over 60 receive a pension of $200 a month (about twice the average week's salary). It required that the money be spent within the month.

Fredrick Jackson Turner

American historian in the early 20th century. He is best known for The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Historian during the 1890s who wrote the frontier thesis, which argued that the continuous existence of the American frontier had shaped the character of the nation, and the end of this frontier marked the end the first chapter in American history.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Dominant Denominations — _______ and ________ the tax-supported "established" churches — The Church of England • Members were called ________ • Official faith in Georgia, North and Sough Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, part of New York

Anglican and Congregational; Anglicans

Rhode Island •____________ —____________- by faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation —Banished from her colony - founded __________

Anne Hutchinson; Antinomianism; Potsmouth

27th Amendment

Any changes in Congressional salaries will take place after the next term starts

Normandy

Beach in France Allies Invaded,Codenamed Operation Overlord, it was the long awaited Allied invasion of France and the opening of the Second Front during World War II. The initial invasion began on June 6, 1944. A region in northern France and the site of the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944

________ colonies -Subdivided _______ colony. ___________ - rewarded for Catholic nobleman's service to the crown ___________ - 1st Proprietary colony Women had ______ status

Chesapeake; Virginia; Lord Baltimore; Maryland; more

Plessy v. Ferguson

Decision that permitted segreated facilities "separate but equal"

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

Quartering Act

Forced the citizens of Massachusetts to house and feed British soldiers in their homes.

Assumption

Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states

Venustiano Carranza

He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.

Explain why Burr was not guilty of treason in Marshall's view

He did not engage in a overt act which was a requirement for treason by the constitution (Overt act --> proved by evidence and helps inter criminal intent

Herbert Croly

He wrote the The Promise of American Life (1909) where he called for an activist fed govn't of the kind Hamilton had advocated in the 1790s but one that would serve all citizens, not merely the capitalist class.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

He wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. It was part of the progressive movement and the book's purpose was to show the wrong in the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company.

Vietnam War

Ho in north consented to arrangement on assurance that Vietnam-wide elections held within two years South: pro-Western government under Ngo Dinh Diem entrenched at Saigon • Refused to hold promised elections U.S.A. provided aid to Diem Diem faced growing campaign by communist guerrillas Americans backed a losing horse (Diem) but could see no easy way to call off bet

Found missiles in Cuba

In October American U -2 planes provided the president with evidence that the Soviets were secretly building missile bases on Cuba and that some contained missiles ready to launch The missiles could reach U.S. cities within minutes.

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Proclamation of 1763

In an attempt to stop Indian uprisings against the colonies, a proclamation from the British government was made which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Which point of opposition to "Mr.Madison's war" was the most significant to growing sectionalism?

It created a further divide between the North, who opposed the war, and the south, who favored it.

Was Madison's foreign policy more successful than Jefferson's? Why or why not?

It wasn't successful with keeping the country out of war, but it was more successful for the economy.

What was the most significant accomplishment of the AOC? Explain your reasoning.

It won the war and negotiated favorable terms with Britain

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Hartford Resolutions

Large extent bc... 1. had a secret meeting 2. issue caused by the federal government

In what way does the election of 1836 illustrate the spoils system?

Martin Van Buren remained loyal to, so Jackson put his support behind him in presidential election.

Representative Government in New England -_____________-Majority rules -1st self __________ and written _________

Mayflower compact; government; constitution

Who won the war of 1812?

Neither side won, it ended in a stalemate.

King Phillip's War •____ ________ _________ (Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) — _______ alliance — 2 reps from each _______ — ______ themselves from American Indians, Dutch, and French attacks

New England Confederation; Military; colony; protect

Who supported the whig party?

New England/mid Atlantic, urban professionals, English

King George's War - James ________ - France and Spain ______ - New ______ - _________ of 1748 - Gave ______ land back in exchange for political and economic gains in India

Oglethorpe; allies; France; Peace Treaty; France

1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 145 workers. I The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.

9th Amendment

People have other rights not specifically stated in the Constitution

McCarthyism

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy: most dangerous practitioner of demagogic anticommunism • February 1950: accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of knowingly employing 205 Communists • McCarthyism flourished in seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear

Debt Moratorium

Suspension on the payment of international debts. In 1931, President Hoover proposed a suspension of international debt payments. (p. 500). War debts could no longer continue, it was so bad. Hooever proposed a suspension on the payment of international debts, Britain and Germany agree, but France declined. The international economy suffered from massive loan defaults.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Taft cabinet members who had fought over conservation efforts and how much effort and money should be put into conserving national resources

Maryland and Virginia -Opportunities •obtain land - __________ with Natives •Growing Tobacco - need _________

Taking/trading; labor

Townshend Acts

The laws of 1767 that extended Britain's economic and legal control over the colonies

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

How did the tariff of 1816 differ from the tariff in Hamilton's Plan during the early 1790's?

These tariffs were to protect the U.S from foreign competition. Hamilton's tariff were to collect revenue.

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council. gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Pioneer Presses -___________ trial : John Peter _________ assailed the corrupt royal governor - _____ decision helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel • Banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of ___________ • pointed the way for the open discussion required by the ________ society

Zenger; Zenger; Zenger; democracy; diverse

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Schenck vs. US

a 1919 decision upholidng the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during WW1. justice holmes declared that gov't can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

define laissez-faire economics:

a hands off approach to economics, with little involvement of the federal government

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new Orleans

The Plantation Colonies •England's southern mainland colonies shared: — Devotion to exporting __________ products, mainly tobacco and rice — Slavery — _______ growth of cities — Religious __________ — A tendency to ________

agricultural; slow; toleration; expand

To what extent were the changes in this era positive?

changes in this era were positive and they paved the way for other positive improvements later on. However, these positive changes didn't extend to all people.

Hirohito

emperor of Japan who renounced his divinity and became a constitutional monarch after Japan surrendered at the end of World War II (1901-1989)

jingoism

extreme, chauvinistic patriotism, often favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy

Freedom Riders:

fanned out to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers • White mob torched Freedom Ride bus near Anniston, Alabama, May 1961 • When local governments wouldn't stop violence, Washington dispatched federal marshals to protect Freedom Riders.

As a result of the Treaty of Paris...

the United States not only gained independence, but also gained substantial geographic territory.

What was the most significant accomplishment of the Second Continental Congress? Defend your answer.

the creation of the declaration of independence bc it started the revolutionary war.

conservation

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Reconcentration Camps

the spanish refugee camps into which cuban farmers were herded to prevent them from providing assistance to rebels fighting for Cuban independance from Spain.

House of Representatives in 1938 established House Un- American Activities Committee

• (HUAC) to investigate "subversion" • Richard M. Nixon

Battle of Little Big Horn

Sioux leader sitting bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When custer came to little bighorn rivers sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all! 1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Ronald Reagan's Party

VP - Bush (1st) SS - Alexander Haig, George Shultz

Lyndon B. Johnson's Party*

VP - Hubert H. Humphrey, SS - Dean Rusk

JFK's Party

VP - Lyndon B Johnson, SS - Dean Rusk, AG - Robert Kennedy, SD - Robert McNamara

Gerald Ford's Party

VP - Nelson Rockefeller, SS - Henry Kissinger

Dwight D. Eisenhower's Party

VP - Nixon, SS - John Foster Dulles

Army-McCarthy hearings

Went too far when he attacked U.S. Army • Military fought back in 35 days of televised hearings (spring 1954) in Army-McCarthy hearings: • McCarthy publicly cut his own throat by parading his essential meanness and irresponsibility • Senate formally condemned him for "conduct unbecoming a member" • "McCarthyism" a label for dangerous forces of unfairness/fear, unleashed by democratic society

diseases

are caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, and fungus)

•Slaves —Early on - could earn _______ —Eventually, ________________ enacted laws that kept them in ____________ bondage

freedom; House of Burgesses; permanent

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

permission granted by Panama for the US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British in order to make friends with US in hope of future support against Germany ; negociated under Roosevelt ; greatly facilitated trade

James Monroe was the last of the Virginia Dynasty. Who else was a member of this group?

George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Summit Conference

(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing and disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U-2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, and violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand.

Hurrican Andrew

(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)

Federal Campaign Finanace Law

(GF) (1) fines up to 10,000 for each violation of the law in a civil case, (2) PAC no more than 5000 per candidate

Federal Election Commission*

(GF) investigate alleged violations of the law

The Marshall Plan

(HT) , 1947, by George Marshall, against "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" a massive aid package offered by US they gave food and economic assistance to europe to help countries rebuild

Carter's Energy Plan

(JEC) 1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports and on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr and synthetic gasoline, also (1) commit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes, but sadly none of these happened.

23rd Amendment

(JFK), gave residents of Washington DC the right to vote

Equal Rights Amendment!

(RN) , in 1972 and 1988, constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

27th Amendment*

(RN) , regulates pay raises for members of Congress

Moon Landing

(RN) 1957, Sputnik by Russia, US had Explorer I, and Neil Armstrong had Apollo 11

Spiro T. Agnew

(RN), , VP under Nixon, resigned for extortion and bribery charges

Haiti DIlemma

(RR) 1990s, had 30 year dictatorship, soon ends, then Bertrand Aristide overthrows with military, and UN awith US use mandate to restore constituional rule and Aristide's presidency.

Iran Contra Affair

(RR) Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

William Bennett

(RR) attention on educatio reform

Sandra Day O'Connor

(RR), first female on SC

Lord Baltimore

(Reward for Catholic nobleman's service to the crown) 1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

Vietnam Vexations • Johnson steadily raised military stakes in Vietnam

- By 1968, a half million troops there and annual bill for war exceeded $30 billion - Still end nowhere in sight • U.S.A. could not defeat enemy in Vietnam, but it seemed to be bringing defeat upon itself - World reactions: • Several nations expelled Peace Corps volunteers • de Gaulle withdrew France from NATO in 1966 - Ordered all American troops out of France

The American Crisis

- Early British victories made many colonists despair. - Thomas Paine tried to boost the morale of the new nation in his pamphlet. - "THESE are the times that try men's souls."

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

- Federalist Nomination - John Adams - Charles Pinckney - Democratic- Republican Nominations - Thomas Jefferson - Aaron Burr * The main issues of the campaign were the taxes passed by the Federalists to support the French Revolution and the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts.

The Duel: Hamilton v Burr

- Hamilton publicly spoke out against Burr on several occasions - Burr confronted Hamilton and challenged him to a duel - Dueling was illegal in New York, so they crossed the state line into New Jersey early July 11, 1804 - Hamilton's shot missed Burr, while Burr's landed in Hamilton's liver and spine

Votes

- Jefferson and Burr received the same electoral votes for presidency. - Under the Constitution, this tie could be broken only by the House of Representatives. - The 12thAmendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1804. This required electors in the Electoral College to vote separately for president and vice president.

Marbury v . Madison

- Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. - This gave the court the power to decide if laws passed by Congress were constitutional and if not, to void them. - Marbury v. Madison laid the groundwork for the Supreme Court to keep the other branches of government in check.

Mary Harris Jones

- Works for United Mine Workers - Leads children's march Labor organizer, known as Mother Jones. She fought for coal workers' rights by speaking in Appalachian mining towns, encouraging them to join unions. She also faught for child labor laws.

Executive Order No. 9066:

-Internment deprived these Americans of dignity and basic rights -Internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property and forgone earnings -Supreme Court in 1944 upheld constitutionality of Japanese relocation in Korematsu v. U.S. -In 1988, U.S. government officially apologized and paid reparations of $20,000 to each camp survivor

Causes of American Independence movement

1. Mercantilism 2. Enlightenment Ideas 3. Restrictive Laws passed by British 4. Great Awakening 5. Population Explosion and experiences of colonial self-rule 6. French and Indian War

Declaration of Independence Made up of 5 parts

1. The Preamble which explains the purpose of the document 2. Declaration of Natural Rightswhich is taken almost directly from Locke (Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness) 3. List of Grievanceswhich list the colonists' complaints against Britain 4. Resolution of Independence which declares that the colonies are free from Britain 5. Signers declared that they, as representatives of the colonies approved the document

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 battle in which federal troops defeated the Miami Confederacy of Native Americans. The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

George Eastman

1888, lightweight Kodak camera that make photography an affordable pastime and history is documented in pictures

Nobel Peace Prize for Carter

2002, Habitat for Humanity, helped low income families

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Give on specific evidence to support the opposing view.

Americans defeated the Creek nation, which gave them the advantage of new lands.

RED SCARE

Bolshevik Revolution (1919): coming of Communism to Russia • Effects on United States: • Small Communist Party emerged • Big red scare of 1919-1920: • Nationwide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.

John Calhoun

First vice president during Jackson's presidency, Staunchly pro-slavery vice-president, engineering the Compromise of 1850 and helping further split the nations. South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn as a Quaker colony

Was the Louisiana Purchase Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian? Strict or loose? Federalist or Democratic Republican?

Hamiltonian; Loose; Federalist

To what extent does it illustrate insanity?

It shows that Burr wasn't thinking properly, but not as far as insanity, without proof.

Social Issues under Reagan

New Right's push for organized prayer public schools and ban on abortion ((RR) against) first female in SC, (RR) also opposed Equal Rights Movement

Federal Farm Loan Act

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

8th Amendment

Prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments

4th Amendment

Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause

26th Amendment

Sets the national voting age at 18, cannot be set any higher

What were the three main issues that led to the creation of third parties during this Antebellum Era?

Slavery, immigration, sectionalism

Impact on Health

Some people starved and thousands went hungry. •Children suffered long-term effects from poor diet and inadequate medical care. •Social and Psychological Effects •1928-1932, suicide rate rises over 30% •Admissions to state mental hospitals triple

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

To what extent was this era good?

This era was good, since people generally felt optimistic and patriotic, but it didn't last very long.

George Bush (I)'s Party

VP - Quayle SS - James Baker III

Explain how close the new nation came to gender equality.

Women worked as nurses, cooks, and actively participated in battle. Also ran family farms and businesses maintaining the economy.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

loose construction

a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those specifically given in the Constitution. belief that the government can do anything that the constitution does not prohibit

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production. Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Rule of reason

before ruling on the legality of certain business practices, a court examines why they were undertaken and what effect they have on market competition

Fireside Chats

radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his initiatives. informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

What was the chief reason for colonial discontent just prior to the first shots?

the excessive constraints on political and economic freedom implemented by the British

Pauline Newman

the first female organizer of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union.

"elect"

to choose by voting

I N N O VAT I O N S / E N T E RTA I N M E N T

• 1927 Charles A. Lindbergh—First solo flight across Atlantic • Impact of airship tremendous: • Provided American spirit with another dimension • Gave birth to giant new industry • Radio drew people back home and knitted nation together • Programs sponsored by manufacturers and distributors of brand-name products helped make radio-touted labels household words and purchases

Marshall Plan:

• 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall offered same aid to USSR and its allies, but under terms USSR could not accept • Called for spending $12.5 billion over four years in 16 cooperating countries • Marshall Plan a spectacular success: • U.S. dollars assisted anemic Western European nations •"Economic miracle" drenched Europe in prosperity • Communist parties in Italy and France lost ground • Truman on May 14, 1948 officially recognized state of Israel on day of its birth • Antagonized oil-rich Arabs who opposed such a state in British mandate territory of Palestine • Decision greatly complicated USA-Arab relations

Carter's Humanitarian Diplomacy

• Camp David Accords: • September, 1978 • Peace agreement between Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat) • Panama Canal: • US promised to return the canal to Panama by 2000 Economic and Energy Woes • Inflation increased rapidly • Problems in Iran: • US backed Shah Pahlevi (CIA helped install him in 1953) • Shah was overthrown in 1979, has cancer; US provides treatment

FIRST 100 DAYS • Hundred Days (March 9-June 16, 1933):

• Congress cranked out unprecedented remedial legislation • New measures to deal with desperate economy • Aimed at three R's: relief, recovery, and reform • Short-range goals—relief and immediate recovery in two years • Long-range goals—permanent recovery and reform of current abuses

The Atomic Bomb

• Formal end came, with dramatic force, on September 2, 1945: • Official surrender conducted by General MacArthur on battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay • At same time, Americans at home hysterically celebrated V-J (Victory in Japan) Day

HOOVER'S ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE THE GREAT DEPRESSION

• Industry pledged to keep factories open and stop slashing wages. • This did not work: by 1931 most businesses reneged. • Next step was public works: • government financed building projects. (Ex. Hoover Dam) • Hoover urged governors and mayors throughout the nation to increase public works spending. • Many governors and mayors did not choose to do this. WHY? • Pay higher taxes or borrow money from banks (deficit spending) which leaves less money for banks to loan out to people. • Hoover feared that deficit spending could delay an economic recovery.

HOLC- Home Owners' Loan Corporation

• Refinanced mortgages on nonfarm homes • Assisted a million badly pinched households

Olive Branch Petition

• Written at the Second Continental Congress in July, 1775, the Olive Branch Petition was a final attempt by the colonists to end the fighting between the colonists and the British. • Moderates in the Congress, led by John Dickenson, wrote that the purpose of the petition was to "stop the future effusion of blood", and implored the king to agree to a cease fire until the disagreements between colonies and mother country could be settled. • King George III rejected the petition, called the colonists rebels, and ordered a naval blockade of the east coast.

FERA- Federal Emergency Relief Administration

• granted $3 billion to states for direct dole payments or preferably for wages on work projects

▪Union League:

▪ Black men seized initiative to organize politically: ▪ Freedmen turned League into network of political clubs ▪ Mission included building black churches and schools ▪ Representing black grievances before local employers and government ▪ Recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation ▪ Former masters lashed out at freedmen's white allies with terms Scalawags and carpetbaggers: ▪ Scalawags—Southerners, former Unionists and Whigs ▪ Carpetbaggers—supposedly sleazy Northerners who packed all their goods into carpetbag suitcase at war's end and had come to seek personal power and profit ▪ Most were Northern businessmen and former Union soldiers who wanted to play role in modernizing "New South"

THE WAR IN THE WEST ▪Vicksburg, Mississippi:

▪ South's lifeline for supplies from west ▪ Grant commanded Union forces at Vicksburg: • His best-fought campaign ▪ Union victory at Vicksburg came day after Confederate defeat at Gettysburg ▪ Twin victories tipped diplomatic scale in favor of North ▪ Confederate hope for foreign help irretrievably lost

Run on the Banks

▪Banks lost their investments in the Market after the Crash ▪Millions of Americans were caught in the panic of the Stock Market crash. ▪Went to their banks to withdraw their savings accounts. ▪Banks loaned out their $$$ and had no reserve funds to give customers withdrawing their savings. ▪Once banks ran out of $$$ they closed their doors and left people stranded. ▪1929 = 659 and by 1933 = 5190

Greatest Constitutional decision written in blood and handed down at Appomattox Courthouse:

▪Extreme states' rights crushed ▪National government emerged unbroken ▪Nullification and secession laid to rest ▪Civil War supreme test of American democracy ▪Preservation of democratic ideals subconsciously one of major objectives of North

What was precise meaning of "freedom" for blacks:

▪Responses to emancipation-- ▪ Many masters resisted freeing their slaves ▪ Some blacks initially responded with suspicion ▪ Others left to work in towns where existing black communities provided protection and mutual assistance ▪ Whole communities moved in search of opportunities ▪ Church became focus of black communities ▪ Emancipation meant education for many blacks: ▪ Freedmen raised funds to purchase land, build schoolhouses, and hire teachers—all proof of their independence ▪ Accepted aid of Northern white women sent by American Missionary Association to volunteer as teachers

Fort Sumter

▪Union naval force started on its way to Fort Sumter—a move South regarded as act of aggression ▪Lincoln (April 15) issued call to states for 75,000 militiamen: ▪ April 19 and 27, president proclaimed blockade of Southern seaports ▪ Call for troops aroused the South ▪ Lincoln now waging war—from Southern view an aggressive war—on Confederacy ▪ Virginia, Arkansas Tennessee reluctantly joined Confederacy, as did North Carolina

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916):

◦ Made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest—long demanded by Populists

◦ La Follette Seaman's Act (1915):

◦ Required decent treatment and living wage on American merchant ships

WWI Breaks Out

◦ The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the trigger that set off the Great War. ◦ Created a chain reaction of mobilization ◦ Central Powers: Germany, Austria- Hungary, later Turkey and Bulgaria ◦ Allies: France, Britain, and Russia, later Japan and Italy

Queen Anne's War

(1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French between 1689 and 1763. The wars were the result of the worldwide maritime and colonial rivalry between Great Britain and France and their struggle for predominance on the European and North American continents; each of the wars fought in North America corresponded more or less to a war fought between the same powers in Europe.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance. U.S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

14 Points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Direct Democracy

(A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives) Every male in Puritan church can vote

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Molasses Act

(British passed this to squelch North American trade with French West Indies - Americans responded with smuggling) A British law passed in 1773 to change a trade pattern in the American colonies by taxing molasses imported into colonies not ruled by Britain. Americans responded to this attempt to damage their international trade by bribing and smuggling. Their protest of this and other laws led to revolution.

William Penn

(Created the colony of Pennsylvania as a religious refuge for Quakers) A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Little Rock

(DDE) , Governor Faubus ordered the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School to keep the nine students from entering the school, because he believed black and whites should be segregated, despite Federal laws on integration. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to keep them safe

Taiwan Quemoy Matsu****

(DDE) 1953, Eisenhower said that they would aid Nationalist China, but if they acted against Taiwan, they would repel

Suez Crisis*

(DDE) 1956, , when President Nasser of Egypt announced his intention to build a damn in the Suez to provide power and irrigation to Egypt, the United States offered its financial support, withdrawing it when Nasser spoke with the Communists on the subject. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez canal, which was previously owned by British and French stockholders. This hurt Europe by crippling their oil supply, most of which came from the Persian Gulf. The French and British retaliated by striking Egypt, confident that the United States would supply them with the oil they needed while they foughtwith the Middle East. President Eisenhower refused to do so, forcing the allies to withdraw their troops. As a result, U.N. troops acted for the first time to maintain peace and order in the world. Soviets tried to interfere. Eisenhown put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Eisenhower Doctrine*

(DDE) 1957, , policy of the US that it would defend the middle east against attack by any communist country, Arab states said to leave Lebanon alone

French Indochina

(DDE) a French colony that included Vietnam , Laos, and Cambodia, but Vietminh captured the fRench fortress of Dien Bien Phy, North was a Communist State, south independent, they wanted to resist of Communism

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

(DDE), A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Interstate Highway Act

(DDE), now rapid growth of suburban housing, like Levittown, NY , 1956 law that authorized the speding of $32 billion to build 41,000 miles oh highway. The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the Interstate system in 1953. Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This consisted of multilane expressways that would connect the nations major cities. Biggest public works expedenture in history even bigger than any New Deal program. The new highways eased commutes from suburbs to cities, boosted travel and vacation industries.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(DDE), racial segregation in schools declared unconstitutional

Sir William Berkeley

(Dictatorial Powers- Failed to protect the farmers from Native Attacks) the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion.

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

(FDR) 1933 , gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened., HUNDRED DAYS STARTS. gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Federal Securities Act

(FDR) 1933, 1934, , required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bonds

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

San Francisco Conference

(FDR) 1945 - This conference expanded the drafts of the Yalta and Dumbarton Oaks conferences and adopted the "United Nations" Charter.

Los Angeles Riots

(GB1) , Outbreak of violence in 1992 caused by the acquittal of four white policemen of beating an African American = Rodney King, motorist in Los Angeles

William K. Reilly

(GB1) 2000 EPA, antipollution, tighten automobile emissiosn

Peace in Nicaragua

(GB1) 5 central american countries end the civil war their, violeta chamotto won presidency over sadinistas in 1990, now free to farm land

Savings and Loan Associations

(GB1) A financial institution that lends money in which depositors maintain savings and checking accounts = insolvent, poor security, Bush did bailout to find more insolvents, for now insurance provided by Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation

Operation Just Cause

(GB1) Dec.1989;Bush's invasion of Panama

Panama and Noregia

(GB1) after Omar Torrijos comes dominating Manuel Noriega, charged by US for drug trafficking, US sanctions attempted military coup (Operation Just Cause, largest since Vietnam), Noriega fled and surrendered

Healthcare Coverage

(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it

Scandal at HUD

(GB1) former top officials milked low income housing rehab programs by selling their services as "consultants" to developers seeking valuable contracts, $5.7 million been paid in "consulting fees", 20 receipients, Jack Kemp investigates

Ethics in Govt

(GB1) main issue = larges fees for lobbying and weak laws governing campaign spending

Resolution Trust Corporation

(GB1) managed the assets and liabilities of institutions that became insovlent between 1989 and 1992.

End ot the Cold War

(GB1) was between end of WWII (1945 to 1990), two major wars in between were Korean and Vietnam, Gorbachev destroy Brezhnev policy (use miltary to keep Communism), US and Russia stop missile on each other

War on Drugs

(GB1), William Bennett as there was a dramatic increase in drug use, and demand for illegal drugs, especially "crack" cocaine, political figures of both parties spoke heatedly about the need for a "war on drugs", but government efforts to stop drug imports and reduce demand had little effect.

Presidential Nominating Conventions

(GF) 1976, James E. Carter and Ronald Reagan

Conrail*

(GF) 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships and operation

Ford's Asian Trip*

(GF) Ford and Brezhnev talked about continuing policy of detente, to prevent a third world war

Congressional Reform

(GF) created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of commitees, incease the size of the Ways and Means Committee from 25 to 37, and no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time

Vietnam War ended

(GF) ended April 30, 1975Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)

Helsinki Accords

(GF) first signed by Canada, US, Soviet Union, and 32 others which pledged cooperation between East and West Europe and to reduce tension associated with the Cold War, eventually Communist Party died in East Europe in 1991

Supreme Court during Ford

(GF) school pupils coannot be suspended without telling their side of the story, President has no right to freeze funds, US has title to oil

Ways and Means Committee*

(GF) where almost all important work on tax law occurs; decides whether to go along with presidential requests for tax cuts or increases, changed under Ford

Ford and Congress

(GF)relations weren't that good

Truman Doctrine

(HT) , 1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Red Scare

(HT) , Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism)

(HT) , claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that's when he went to far

Smith Act of 1940********

(HT) , made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence

Containment

(HT) , the policy designed to keep the Soviet Union from expanding its power

Cold War

(HT) 1946-1988, Churchill said it was a "iron curtain" between eastern and western Europe, A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years, US against Communism (containment)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(HT) 1949, created in 1949 organization whose members include the US, Canada, most western european nations and turkey all of whom agreedd to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against one as a war against all.

Korea*

(HT) 1950-1953, division between US and Russia, UN formed a representative govt there, NOrth Korean crossed the 38th parallel in force to South, so Truman order troops to Korea, sent MacArthur with UN forces, Mao Tse-tung (North Korea) was against the US, but MacArthur said he needed to to "end the war" offensive, but Red Chinese helped NK, MacArthur wanted to attack against but Truman said no, and MacArthur insulted Truman, so Truman got rid of him

Berlin Wall

(HT), a wall separating East AKA People's Republic of Germany (controlled by Russia) and West Berlin AKA German Federal Republic (controlled by Britain, France, and America) built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Camp David Acccord

(JEC) 1979, Anwar el-Sadat (egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel) and Carter (US) talked about rejecting war, and also Israel aggred to return all of Sinai Peninsula to Egypt within three years, treaty signed in Washington

SALT II

(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

United States Embassy at Teheran, Iran

(JEC) Mohammed Reza Pahlavi became Iran "shah" and ayatollah khomeini didn't like this, shah wanted "white revolution", and shah exiled Khomeini, who later directed Islamic Republic, and kept hostages, Carter tried to help, he froze all Iranian assets in US, and also sent USS Nimitz in Gulf of Oman where 8 were killed, 2 events (1) Iran became victim of Iraq (2) 30 after RR became president, he talked tough on Carter's policy and 52 hostages were sent free.

Alaska National Interest Lands

(JEC) total area of national park doubled

Energy Problem 1979

(JEC), Iran revolution ended oil shipment, so in spring of 1979, gas and oil priced were raised

Panama Canal Treaty

(JEC), decision whether extend for a considerable period or exterminate, decided the latter since he didn't want bitter relations with Panama

Cuban Missile Crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Bay of Pigs

(JFK) , In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Kennedy Assassination

(JFK) , Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas 1963, LBJ took the oath of office

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

(JFK) 1963, Wake of Cuban Missile Crisis (climax of Cold War, closest weve ever come to nuclear war) Soviets & US agree to prohibit all above-ground nuclear tests, both nations choose to avoid annihilating the human race w/ nuclear war, France and China did not sign

Hull House

(Jane Addams) Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

Voting Rights Act*

(LBJ) , 1965 act which guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans, and allowed the federal government to intervene in order to ensure that minorities could vote

Tet Offensive*

(LBJ) , 1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution*

(LBJ) , The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.

Rosa Parks

(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Urban Riots

(LBJ) , large scale rioting, summer 1966 and 1967, so Pres appointed National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, said democracy to all citizen, adequate financing by both the federal and local govt.

Baker v. Carr

(LBJ) 1962 Baker v. Carr, case decided in 1962 by the U.S. Supreme Court. Tennessee had failed to reapportion the state legislature for 60 years despite population growth and redistribution. Charles Baker, a voter, brought suit against the state (Joe Carr was a state official in charge of elections) in federal district court, claiming that the dilution of his vote as a result of the state's failure to reapportion violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that it could not decide a political question. Baker appealed to the Supreme Court, which ruled that a case raising a political issue would be heard. This landmark decision opened the way for numerous suits on legislative apportionment.

Civil Rights Act

(LBJ) 1964 , LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also said there could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin, had to take literacy test

Wesberry v. Sanders

(LBJ) 1964 , One person, one vote (in redistricting for federal elections, each congressional district was to be approximately the same) In Georgia, the 5th district had 3 to 4 times more people than did the other districts.

Anti Poverty Act

(LBJ) 1964, his act of war on poverty

Income Tax Cut

(LBJ) 1964, income tax was reduced to some extent, cuts were made in govt. spending, armed forces installations were shut down

Medicare

(LBJ) 1965 , a federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Immigration Act

(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin

University of Missippi and Alabama

(LBJ) Robert Kennedy sent marshalls to protect the right of qualified black there

Cuban Policy

(LBJ) when Cuba cut off the water supply from America, so Johnson response was supply freshwater by tankers, he worried Castro he would continue U2 spy plans but Castro said he would shoot them, so US attempted to isolate and punish but critics criticized

Vietnam War

(LBJ), France tried to keep control of SE Asia, but Vietminh (Ho Chi Minh), North was Vietminh govt, South was anti communist, US helped them with military troops

Martin Luther King Jr.

(LBJ), Southern Christian Leadership Conference, freedom riders, sits ins, based philosophy of Gandhi,

Southern Colonies

(Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Act of Toleration

(Protestants vs Catholics) A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the #1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

Undeclared Naval War

(Quasi-War) an undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and French Republic from 1798 to 1800; caused by the seizing of American ships trading with Britain by France which required the rebirth of the United States Navy to protect the expanding American merchant shipping

Postal Service

(RN) establish a postal service that was efficient and self supporting, greatly lessened political interference. 1970

Yom Kippur War

(RN), , This was a war fought by Israel and neighboring Arab nations where the Arabs launched a surprise attack during Yom Kippur. U.S. support for Israel during the war led to OPEC boycotting the U.S., creating an energy crisis.

Pentagon Papers

(RN), , a classified study of the Vietnam War that was carried out by the Department of Defense. An official of the department, Daniel Ellsberg, gave copies of the study in 1971 to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents. In response, President Richard Nixon ordered some members of his staff, afterward called the "plumbers," to stop such "leaks" of information. The "plumbers," among other activities, broke into the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist, looking for damaging information on him. r Defense Secretary Robert McNamara , revealed among other things that the government had drawn up plans for entering rthe war even as President Johnson promised that he would not send American troops to Viet.

Environmental Protection Agency

(RN), 1970 an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment

Clean Air Act

(RN), 1970 reaction to Rachel Carson in her 1962 in Silent Spring, It describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to the reduction of smog and air pollution in general. The legislation forced the country to enforce clean air standards to improve health and showed that American was moving towards certain environmentalist measures.

Nixon's War on Inflation(RN),

(RN), 1971, no longer held long-held position against govt controls, now prices were frozen, dollar no longer valued as gold, it became floating dollar, federal jobs cuts

Watergate

(RN), 1972, The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment, Ford becomes President

Aftermath of the Vietnam War

(RN), 1973, when Nixon replaced American forces in Vietnam with South Vietnam, withdrawal caused hostilities between North and South in which as a result, all of Vietnam became Socialist Republic of Vietnam. (1976)

Summit Conference in China*

(RN), America opposed entrance to UN of Mao-Tse-tung's Communist People's Republic of China, however they saw Kai-shek's Nationalist CHina on island of Taiwan, but Nixon relaxed restricitons, also on trade, and US support People's Republic of and General Assembly did to, and also expelled Nationlist China, from the UN, also after Nixon returned from China, Okinawa Island was returned to Japan, but US retained its military base there.

New Economic Policy

(RN), Phase 1, at least 90 days, phase 2, wage and price controls for 90 day period, rate of inflation incresae of 2% to 3%. wage gains through collective bargaining were cut of labor members, which was unfair since there were no provisions for cutting profits.

SALT

(RN), Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- A pact that served to freeze the numbers of long-range nuclear missles for five years in 1972. This treaty between Nixon (U.S.), China, and the Soviet Union served to slow the arms race that had been going on between these nations since World War II.

Summit Conference in USSR

(RN), along with two top advisiors, Henry Kissinger and Gerard Smith, talked with USSR about conduct joint space teams, scientists cures of cancer and heart disease, cease from any further incidents, warships, pretty much cooperate together, and also talked about SALT

Energy Crisis

(RN), following Yom Kippur War, so they planned to use Alaskian pipeline, but eventually went back to foreign

Consumer Proection Agency

(RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud and deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers and others to the cause

Gramm Rudman Act

(RR) , It provided automatic spending cuts, balancing budget act

El Salvador Dilemma!

(RR) 1979-1990, Civil was there, US and Pres. Jose Napoleon Duarte against leftist, but then soon death squads and threat leftist, two main problems (1) ones in power supported govt. in limit and (2) used power to delay and hurt agriculture, but soon guerilla attacks stopped after US invested money in El Salvador's newly privatized electrical markets

Labor during Reagan

(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions and less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers and United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages and benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class.

Grenada Dilemma!

(RR) 1983, America wanted to rid the communist pressure in Grenada, Castro threats revolution in the Americas, Organization of Eastern Carribean States ask for US intervention, America remain long enough to remove Cuba supported govt from power and stop civil war, major sucess, earned credibility throughout Caribbean Basin

Tax Reform Act

(RR) 1986, wanted to lower taxes (progressive taxes), however impossible since lower rates was to be made up by losing previous tax loopholes. richest however didn't suffer that much, only paid 28 not 33 percent.

Stock Market Crash 1987

(RR) 1987, due to use of computerized program trading in stocks and stock-index futures by a few large institutional investors, however spring of 1988 steady growth but many jobs were lost

Reaganomics

(RR) The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, umemployed started going back to work

The Budget, the National Debt , and the Overvalued Dollar

(RR) after FBD, became a debtor nation, closed gap between income and military expenditures, govt had to borrow money through selling bonds, so they borrowed from foreign nations, foreigners lent because interest rates were high in US, but Treasury only accepted "dollar", price of the dollar increased 60 percent, "strong dollar" = good, "overvalued dollar" = severe economic problems

Economic Growth and Deregulation

(RR) wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air and Water Acts and OSHA, economic regulations Environmental Protection Agency, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers (huge trade surpluses), they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets

Nicaragua Dilemma

(RR), 1979, Sandinistas took over, Reagan no look, so he hired Contras, but Congress didn't want another Vietnam, however later found out the US govt was in Nicaragua's harbors trying to crippe its economy, and soon many became concerned whether it would make Soviet Union mad and strain European relations, so Congress voted to cut off military

Controversial Visit

(RR), 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis

Cold War Renewwed

(RR), 1985, Reagan believe SALT II Treaty favored Soviet Union - evil, soon Mikhail Gorbachev party leadership, Reagan's view caused anxieties among America's Western European allies, antinuclear demonstrations in Europe start, the Yuri Andropov proposed arms reduction that he knew Reagan would reject, he wanted to corrupt Europe's and US's relations, but that didn't really work

Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty*

(RR), 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet and American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time.

Problems in the MIddle East

(RR), American Marines Lebanon suffered losses but Muslim groups, so Americans teamed up with Israeli to evacuate the Marines, Israel announced withdrawal of troops and Jerusalem conceded, Operatio nPeace for Galilee ended PLO attacks from Lebanon, Israel under Ameican pressure to improve its economic performance to get their assistance, then TWA jetliners was hijacked by Lebanese Shiite Muslim demanding Israel to relase 700 Muslim hostages, so Reagan faced AMal militamen and Party of God, soon successful negotiations with Syria and Lebanon, but now start terrorist attacks

Was the Cold War Over?*

(RR), Gorbachev = supported political settlements in Angola and Cambodia, and took out troops from Afghanistan, wanted more open society (perestroika "restructing", glasnost "openess"), also reduced miltary spendings, Bush didn't support the programs like Star Wars

Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker

(RR), aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation

Problems in Africa

(RR), drought and famine = US humanitarian efforts, apartheid = Americans apartheid, soon Nelson Mandela (opposed apartheid) released by F.W. de Klerk, soon got Nobel Prize and became president

Federal Budget Deficit (Reagan)

(RR), hated big govt and wanted to cut taxes through offering increased defense spending, he was convinced that Soviet Union was a threat so he raised money for greater military like MX missile and Star Wars, this caused FBD (what govt took in and what it spent) of $200 billion, refused to support tax increases and refused lower social security benefits

Change in the Eighties

(RR), reduced the domestic funds of government by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing

Quakers

(Religious Society of Friends - Believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence and resistance to military service) A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord. English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Proclamation of 1763

(Stabilize the western frontier; Prohibited colonist from settling west of the Appalachian Mtn.; Hoping to limit hostilities between colonists and American Indians; Colonists defy the proclamation and push westward) An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Georgia

(The Charity Colony - helped philanthropist/debtors) This was the last colony to be established; fortunately it got money from the British government. It was the slowest growing colony but it produced many goods like silk and wine (PEO)

Virginia Company of London

(guaranteed settlers the same rights as Englishman) English joint stock company established by royal charter by James I of England on April 10, 1606 with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America. A joint-stock company that received a charter to build the new colony of Jamestown in 1607

Vietnam Vexations • Viet Cong

(guerillas loyal to North Vietnamese communists) attacked U.S. air base at Pleiku, South Vietnam, February 1965 • Johnson ordered retaliatory bombing raids against military installations in North Vietnam • For first time, ordered U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam • By mid-March, "Operation Rolling Thunder" in full swing—regular bombing against North Vietnam • Before 1965 ended, 184,000 American troops involved

Dominion of New England

(implemented to increase royal control over the colonies - very unpopular : enforced the Navigation Acts, limited town meetings) 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Pontaic's Rebellion

(major attack on the colonists in the western frontier; British sent in troops instead of the colonial forces) Pontiac, an Indian leader in the Ohio Valley, refused to accept the end of the war when the British announced the treaty had been signed ○ Indian tribe attempts to push back British forces and fight the increasing number of British settlers out of the Ohio valley. The British defeat Pontiac by telling him he won the war and giving him smallpox blankets. The Indians were eliminated within 3 months, and settlers started pouring across the Appalachian mountains.

Temperance

(n) moderation, self-control, esp. regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol. restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

John Wesley

(served as a missionary) a social and religious reformer who tried to bring Christianity and education to the working poor. He was the founder of Methodism.

Tariff of 1816

- After the War of 1812, Congress raised tariffs for the express purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers from competition. - First protective tariff in U.S. history.

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

- Benjamin Franklin's first meeting with French King Louis XVI during negotiations for the treaty. - In the treaty, the French government recognized the United States as an independent nation, and also created a trade agreement between the two nations.

The Committee of Five

- Congress appointed a committee of five delegates to write a suitable declaration of independence. - Serving on the committee were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert Livingston, and Roger Sherman. - The entire committee was instructed to write the Declaration, however, most of the actual drafting was created by Jefferson.

Deborah Sampson

- Deborah Sampson disguised herself as a man (she called herself Robert Shirtliffe), and was wounded twice in battle. - She managed to serve for three years without being detected, until she suffered what was called a "brain fever". - According to legend, when George Washington was informed as to Sampson's service, he simply gave her an honorable discharge and sufficient funds to return home. - She was later given a soldier's pension.

Significance of Election Results

- Demise of the Federalist party - Political realignment that effectively ended the first party system and move to a two-party system. - It was the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another. - This demonstrated and strengthened the viability of the American democratic system.

Jefferson's Philosophy of Government" Less government, the better"

- Jefferson believed that the Federalists were only concerned with the wealthy; he vowed to help all people no matter how much money or power they had. - He encouraged agriculture and westward expansion. - Viewed America as a haven for the oppressed, so he urged a naturalization law that would make it easier for immigrants to become American citizens. - Jefferson believed in the laissez-faire (let alone) approach to government, meaning it should play a small role in the economy and the lives of its citizens.

Three new leaders emerged during the Monroe administration. These three played vital roles in the nation and in Congress for the next 30 years.

- John C. Calhoun: 1782-1850 Represented the Southern states; Served in Congress, presidential Cabinet, and as vice president - Henry Clay: 1777-1852 Represented the Western states; Served in state legislature, the Senate, and House of Representatives - Daniel Webster: 1782-1852 Represented the Northern states; Argued before the Supreme Court, senator, presidential Cabinet member

Midnight Judges

- Judiciary Act of 1801, which expanded the total number of judges, and appointed Federalists. 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. These new Federalist judges could overrule the incoming Democratic-Republicans - "Midnight judges" because President Adams signed appointments late into his last night in office. - Jefferson refused to appoint a few of the unsigned commissions, including that of William Marbury. - Marbury wanted the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the commission in the 1803 case, Marbury vs. Madison.

Corps of Discovery

- Lewis and Clark purpose: - to map and investigate the new western lands find the Northwest Passage, an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean - Sacagawea was the Shoshone Indian wife of the interpreter Toussaint Charbonneau, a French fur trader that Lewis and Clark hired. - She was instrumental in providing friendly relations between the explorers and the various tribes they encountered on their expedition.

Era of Good Feelings

- Monroe easily won the 1816 election against a Federalist Party discredited by its support of the Hartford Convention. In 1820 the Federalist Party was gone and Monroe faced almost no opposition. - Monroe built a government of national unity, choosing men from both parties and all regions for his cabinet.

Louisiana Purchase

- President Jefferson wanted to purchase the important port of New Orleans at the southern end of the Mississippi River. - The U.S. wanted guaranteed rights to sail vessels down the river through Spanish territory and unload goods at New Orleans for shipment to the Atlantic coast and Europe. - The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. for the price of 4 cents an acre. - $15 million (or about $233 million in 2011 dollars)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

- The motivation behind the law was greed for the vast Native American lands. - An Indian-hating mentality by certain groups of frontiersmen also contributed to the passage of the act. - Mandated the removal of all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands in the west.

The Battle of Tippecanoe

- Upset because of The Treaty of Greenville- Much of the land they were forced to surrender later became Ohio - Two Shawnee Indian leaders emerged.: Tecumseh and his brother, known as the "Prophet." - Tecumseh and his brother built a community called Prophet Town along Tippecanoe Creek in the Indiana Territory in 1808. - Their goal was to organize the many tribes into one vast Indian confederation with the Prophet as the religious leader and Tecumseh as the political leader. - They had some success and soon white settlers in the region demanded something be done to stop them. - In 1809, the Treaty of Fort Wayne was signed between several tribes and Governor of the Indiana Territory William Henry Harrison. - This treaty sold two million acres of Native American land in Ohio and Indiana for 2¢ per acre. Tecumseh strongly opposed the treaty and warned Americans not to settle on the purchased land. - On one of his trips a small American army under Governor Harrison moved toward Prophet Town. The Prophet attacked Harrison's army at night and after a confused battle, Harrison claimed victory. - Many Americans believed that the British were giving weapons and supplies to the Indians and encouraging them to attack American settlements. - The Battle of Tippecanoe made Harrison famous and helped him win the presidency in 1840.

Stamp Act Controversy: What was the most significant cause of the controversy? What was the most significant effect of the controversy? The main source of resentment among colonists was:

- spread of verbal protests from historical leaders - The Stamp Act was eventually repealed - the fact that they were being taxes without representation

REPUBLICAN PRINCIPLES AND PROGRAMS

-Republicans had veto-proof Congress and unlimited control of Reconstruction policy -Radicals: • In Senate, led by courtly and principled idealist Charles Sumner: - Labored tirelessly for black freedom and racial equality • In House, most powerful was Thaddeus Stevens - Had defended runaway slaves in court without fees - Insisted on being buried in a black cemetery - Devoted to blacks; hated rebellious white Southerners - Leading figure on Joint Committee on Reconstruction ▪ Radicals opposed rapid restoration of Southern states: ▪ Wanted to keep them out as long as possible ▪ Apply federal power to bring about drastic social and economic transformation in South ▪ Moderate Republicans: ▪ Invoked principles of states'rights and self- government ▪ Recoiled from full implications of radical program ▪ Preferred policies that restrained states from abridging citizens'rights ▪ Rather than policies that directly involved federal government in individual lives

Henry Clay : Clay's Plan

-The American System Three parts: = 1. Protective tariffs - Promote American manufacturing and raise revenue to build roads and canals = 2. National Bank - Keep the system running smoothly by providing a national currency - Second National Bank charted in 1811 = 3. Internal improvements - Promote growth West and South

Ultimatum, Blank Check (WW1)

-Ultimatum--a demand; do this or else -A-H gave serbia an ultimatum -blank check--Germany to A-H, whatever you do to help us, we will back you up

Crazy Horse

. a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

List three reasons the Albany Plan, aka "Join or Die," failed.

1) Each colony feared losing taxation powers 2) Each colony feared losing territory 3) Feared losing commerce both to other colonies and British Parliament

List 4 important provisions of the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

1. Americans will pay all the debts to British 2. Americans can fish off the coast of Canada 3. Mississippi river would act as western boundary 4. Britain had to acknowledge that America was its own country

What are the two prevailing views on why parties formed in the early republic?

1. As a conflict between undemocratic, elitist Hamiltonian Federalists, and the democratic, egalitarian Jeffersonian Democratic republicans. 2. emphasis on the differing characters of Jefferson and Hamilton and the significance of Washington's friendship with Hamilton and of Jefferson's friendship with Madison.

List 4 important reasons why the British lost the war.

1. Couldn't access war zones 2. Alliance between France and America 3. Saratoga loss 4. Couldn't capture Washington and win war at New York

Effects of the British defeat at Saratoga

1. Enlistments in the Continental Army rose 2. American morale increased 3. Most importantly, with the Americans proving that they could defeat a regular British army, the French were convinced to support the Americans with financial and military aid

List the three competing viewpoints of Jackson and the emergence of popular politics.

1. Jackson was a major molder of events 2. a political opportunist exploiting the democratic ferment of the times 3. Jackson was merely a symbol of the era

Causes of the War of 1812

1. Maritime grievances: Impressment and interference with American merchant ships by Britain. 2. War hawks: Group of pro-war congressmen elected in 1810. 3. "Land Hunger": Desire for more land in the Northwest and Spanish-held territories. 4. Canada: Many Americans wanted to conquer Canada and make it part of the U.S. 5. Indian attacks: Widespread belief that the British were encouraging and supporting Indian attacks on Americans. 6. War in Europe: Britain was in a life-and-death struggle with France and would have few resources to use against the Americans. 7. Diplomatic confusion: American diplomatic failures led to a war declaration.

Give three specific pieces of evidence that support your view.

1. The treaty said nothing about the grievances that led to war 2. the boundary between Canada and the U.S went back to its pre-war state 3. all conquered territories returned to their pre-war climate

In what ways did Jacksonian Democracy differ from the original republicanism of the Framer's generation?

1. party nominating conventions 2. no religious or property requirements to vote 3. the popular election of presidential electors and, in effect, the president

Defend your answer with three pieces of specific historical evidence.

1. the passing of power was done without violence, which was a rare event for the times 2. Democratic Republicans took control of both the house and the senate 3. Since this was the first passing of power, it set the precedence for future elections, including the election of 1824

Declatory Act

1766: , after parliament repealed the Stamp Act, the prime minister passed this act that confirmed parliamentary authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever", but the Americans paid little attention to this.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrendered

Great Compromise

1787; agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation. This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Chesapeake Incident

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Conflict in Texas

1830 • Because Americans violated Mexican laws, they banned American immigration in 1830. Mexico also placed heavy tariffs on American goods. 1834 • In 1834 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana became dictator and abolished the Mexican 1824 constitution. • Americans and Tejanos (Mexican Texans) were upset the constitutional guarantees of local self-rule were abolished with the constitution, as well as the abolition of slavery. Many Americans relied upon slave labor and opposed Santa Ana's strict abolitionist stance. • Fighting broke out between the Mexican army and Texans, both Americans and some Tejanos, signaling the start of the Texas revolution for independence.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Ex-Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1872 illegal manipulation of contracts by a construction and finance company associated with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad. This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Munn v. Illinois

1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. 1877 Supreme Court decision that allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders

Forest Reserve Act

1891; authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves. allowed president to set aside forest reserves from land in public domain

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Jones Act

1916 - Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Quarantine Speech

1937 - In this speech Franklin D. Roosevelt compared Fascist aggression to a contagious disease, saying democracies must unite to quarantine aggressor nations. Isolationists were outraged at FDR's apparent move to appease internationalists.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Lyndon B. Johnson*

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Richard Nixon*

1969-1974, Republican, , he was elected to be US President after Johnson decided to not to run for US president again. He promised peace with honor in Vietnam which means withdrawing American soliders from South Vietnam, American Independent Party - George C. Wallace (resistance to desegregation in public schools, wanted victory in military

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed. Led by Terence V. Powderly; open-membership policy extending to unskilled, semiskilled, women, African-Americans, immigrants; goal was to create a cooperative society between in which labors owned the industries in which they worked

Agriculture was the leading occupation, employing ____% of people — _______ the main crop of Maryland and Virginia — _________ ("bread") colonies produced much grain — Fishing ranked far _______ agriculture, yet was a bustling commerce

90%; Tobacco; Middle; below

The War of 1812 was fought in three stages.

= 1. The first lasted to the spring of 1813. - In this stage England concentrated on Europe, so the U.S. was able to be on the offensive: they invaded Canada and sent cruisers and privateers against enemy shipping. = 2. The second stage lasted from early 1813 to early 1814. - England established a tight blockade of U.S. ports but could send only a few additional troops to Canada. During this stage the American army, now experienced, won its first successes. = 3. The third stage, from 1814 to 1815 saw the arrival of a large British army and navy reinforcements, even though some British military was left in Europe to continue fighting against France (although the war was officially over). - British forces raided the coast at numerous locations and began several land offensives.

Embargo Act (Jefferson)

= Act outlawed trade with all European nations during the Napoleonic Wars - After the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair = Hoped the embargo would force Britain and France to stop interfering with U.S. merchant ships = Results: Unsuccessful- hurt American businesses more than the Europeans - Leads to smuggling - Shortage of markets for Southern farmers = In 1809 the Embargo Act was repealed and the Non-Intercourse Act was passed, which allowed U.S. ships to trade with all nations except Britain and France.

Cherokee fought removal in the Supreme Court

= Despite being described as "uncivilized savages" the Cherokee and other five civilized tribes adopted the lifestyle of European Americans. - They lived in towns with roads, schools, churches, a system of representational government, and were farmers and cattle ranchers. - They believed in the justice offered through the American court system and took their case to the Supreme Court. = The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee were sovereign people, Worcester v. Georgia, and could not be made to move without a treaty formally ratified by the Senate. = Major Ridge, a Cherokee leader of a small minority group supporting removal, signed a treaty which the Senate ratified. = Despite the fact that many Americans opposed the act, President Jackson immediately sent the army to relocate the entire tribe.

"Old Hickory"

= Earned the nickname for his toughness during the War of 1812 = Self-made man who was sensitive to insults and quick to defend his honor in a fight or formal duel. He was involved in over 100 duels before he became president. = Became the symbol for a new growth in political democracy and expansion of suffrage that transformed the U.S. in the 1820s and 1830s. = His election to the Presidency is often cited by historians as the beginning of the "Age of the Common Man"

Election of 1824

= Four candidates ran for president. All had been members of the Democratic-Republican Party. = None of them won a majority of the votes, although Jackson had the most popular and Electoral College votes. = The decision went to the House of Representatives where Henry Clay encouraged members to vote for Adams. = They selected Adams as president, which angered Jackson's supporters who called the selection a "corrupt bargain" after Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State.

Andrew Jackson Background

= Grew up on the frontier and was known for his courage, stubbornness and toughness. = With little formal education he managed to become a lawyer and grew wealthy by buying and selling land. He owned a large plantation, called The Hermitage, in Tennessee and was a slave owner. = Elected to Congress in 1796, but his greatest fame came from his generalship at New Orleans in the War of 1812, and defeating the Creek Indians and conquering Florida.

John Quincy Adams

= Important decisions as secretary of state = Controversial election led to a lack of support from Congress = Tried to push through more American System modernization reforms, but was largely unsuccessful = He was defeated by Jackson in the election of 1828 but was elected to Congress where he was an influential member until his death in 1848

Adams-Onis Treaty

= In 1819, Spain, involved with revolts throughout Latin America, sold Florida to the U.S. for $5 million under the Adams-Onis Treaty. = United States promised to give up all claims to Texas

Trail of Tears

= In 1838, the army forcibly removed more than 16,000 Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, and Georgia, and sent them to Indian Territory (today known as Oklahoma). = One in four died along the journey, and thousands more perished later from the consequences of relocation. = The term "Trail of Tears" refers to the ten years in which over 70,000 Indians were forced to give up their homes and move to areas assigned to tribes within Oklahoma. = The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the Panhandle. = The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run." = This lasted until about 1906 when they were forced to move to other reservations.

Tariff of 1828 "Tariff of Abominations"

= Increased the tax on imported manufactured goods. The law economically benefitted the North— New England in particular favored high tariffs—and injured the South, which believed that the tariff was unconstitutional. = 45 % tax on foreign goods = Protested by South Carolina = *Cost JQA the election of 1828

The Bank War: Jackson versus Biddle

= Jackson and his Democratic supporters viewed the BUS as a center for aristocratic, undemocratic privilege and wanted to abolish it. = Jackson felt Biddle had too much power and corrupted some members of Congress. He vowed not to renew its government charter that was up in 1836, which would put the BUS out of business.

Monroe's Foreign Affairs

= John Quincy Adams Secretary of State under Monroe - Arranges with England for the joint occupation of the Oregon country Treaty of 1818 - Obtaining from Spain the cession of Florida - Formulating with the president the Monroe Doctrine.

California for Statehood

= Majority of Californians were decent, law-abiding citizens; needed protection: ◦ Struggled to erect adequate state government ◦ Encouraged by President Taylor, they drafted a constitution in 1849 that excluded slavery ◦ Then appealed to Congress for admission, bypassing usual territorial stage

The U.S. wanted Latin America to remain free of foreign intervention

= Once Latin America freed itself from Spanish rule, Americans worried other European nations might help Spain reconquer her lost colonies. = Great Britain was also concerned and wanted to partner with the U.S. in issuing a joint document guaranteeing the freedom of the new nations. = President Monroe and his Secretary of State John Q. Adams decided to issue a statement from the U.S. alone, rejecting Britain's offer. Britain backed up U.S. efforts with her fleet and army.

The Election of 1828

= One of the most vicious elections in U.S. history. = Jackson's opponents accused him of murder, gambling, slave trading and treason. = They said his mother was a prostitute. = His wife was attacked as an immoral woman. She died right after the election and Jackson blamed the personal attacks for her death. = Jackson's 1828 campaign was the first to appeal directly to voters through a professional political organization. Twice as many votes were cast in this election than in 1824. = Jackson's election was seen as a victory for the "common man." Thousands crowded the White House for the free food and drink given away in the inaugural celebration. = Jackson's supporters declared his win a victory for the "farmers and mechanics of the country" over the "rich and well born." Almost all agreed that the election was the beginning of a new democratic republic.

Popular Sovereignty Panacea (diagram)

= Politicians liked it because it seemed a comfortable compromise between: • Free-soilers' bid to ban slavery in territories • Southern demands that Congress protect slavery in territories = Popular sovereignty tossed slavery problem to people in various territories = Advocates hoped to dissolve slavery from a national issue to a series of local issues = Yet, popular sovereignty had one fatal defect: • Might spread blight of slavery

War Hawks

= Pro-war congressmen, many elected in 1810 - (Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun) = Goal was a "glorious" war to expand the U.S. into Canada, Florida, Mexico, and other places = Strong sense of pride and nationalism in the U.S. = Wanted to create a larger and stronger nation = Believed Britain was treating Americans as colonial subjects = President Madison made a deal with them. In return for their support for his second run for president in 1812, he promised to ask Congress for war = In June of 1812, President Madison sent a war message to Congress. = The vote in the House was 79 for the war and 49 against war. = In the Senate the vote was 19 to 13 in favor of war. New England, which suffered the most from British trade restrictions and impressment, was mostly against the war, while Westerners, far from the sea, were for the war. = On June 16, 1812 the British decided to relax their blockade, a major cause of the conflict between the U.S. and Britain. = Unfortunately, by the time the news reached across the Atlantic Ocean, the U.S. Congress had already declared war on June 18th.

Missouri Compromise

= Tallmadge Amendment- would have kept slavery out of the Louisiana Territory forever. = Northerners were opposed to Missouri's entry as a slave state and protests were held. = Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, negotiated the Missouri Compromise: - Missouri admitted as a slave state - Maine admitted as a free state. - Prohibit slavery north of 36° 30' in all the territory acquired from France by the Louisiana Purchase.

The U.S. issued the Monroe Doctrine which stated:

= The United States would not get involved in European affairs. = The United States would not interfere with existing European colonies in the Western Hemisphere. = If a European nation tried to control or interfere with a nation in the Western Hemisphere, the United States would view it as a hostile act. (Non-intervention) = No other nation could form a new colony in the Western Hemisphere. The peoples of the West "are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." (Non-colonization)

New inventions during the war

= The damaging effects of the British blockade inspired steamboat inventor Robert Fulton to construct the Demologos, a heavy steam powered warship, the first one ever built. = Fulton also invented the torpedo, named for a fish called a torpedo fish that emits an electric ray. = USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") = One of the most famous sea battles was between the USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") and the British frigate Guerriere.

Panic of 1816

= The economic disaster was largely the fault of the Second Bank of the United States - Tightened credit in attempts to control inflation - State banks closed - Unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased -- Debt mainly in the West due to land speculation - People started to not trust the national bank

Tariff of Abominations

= The high tariff rates benefited Northern manufacturers but hurt Southerners who would have to pay more for manufactured goods. = Vice President John C. Calhoun, a Southerner, led the fight against the tariff. = In 1828 he secretly wrote a document to protest the tariff called the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest." = In this document he advanced the theory of state sovereignty and the doctrine of nullification. This meant a state did not have to obey a law passed by the federal government. = This began the debate over the ultimate authority in the nation: Was it the federal government or the states? = Webster-Hayne Debate 1830- Over the idea that a state could cancel a federal law it did not agree with. = Jackson agreed with Webster's position = Calhoun resigned because of the disagreement and was elected senator from South Carolina. = Compromise Tariff of 1833- Resulted in a lower tariff. = South Carolina threatened to leave the union = Congress passed the Force Bill- giving him the power to use the army and navy , if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties to enforce the tariff in South Carolina. = Calhoun and South Carolina backed down and allowed the tariff to be collected

Union states

= The shaded states were the loyal border slave states = Border states allowed slavery but were kept in the Union. = They were necessary for Union to hold at all costs because the North needed: ▪ To keep their economic resources ▪ To keep their manpower for the Union war effort

"To the victor belongs the spoils"

= The spoils system refers to a political party giving government jobs to supporters after winning an election as a reward for working toward victory. = This also acts as an incentive to keep them working for the party in off election years. = Jackson greatly increased the practice. He felt that he was increasing democracy in government by opening up jobs to ordinary citizens. = In 1881 President Garfield was assassinated by a disappointed government job seeker and soon after laws were passed to do away with the spoils system

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Root-Takahira Agreement

A 1908 agreement between the United States and Japan confirming principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria. Agreement between US and Japan officially recognizing the territorial sovereignty of each nation

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote "How The Other Half Lives in 1890".

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

Saratoga

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. The turning point of the American Revolution. France decided to help the Americans.

National War Labor Board

A board that negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good. a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

The Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated The Association in America were tarred and feathered

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle). 1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Strict Construction

A judicial philosophy that looks to the "letter of the law" when interpreting the Constitution or a particular statute. way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A law that required "full and equal" access to jury service and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race. Prohibited discrimination against blacks in public place, such as inns, amusement parks, and on public transportation. Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.

Mayflower Compact

A legal contract in which they agreed to have fair laws to protect the general good. 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Robert M. La Follette

A proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and the League of Nations. He ran for President as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

The Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s. Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

2nd

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed

Helen Hunt Jackson

A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture. United States writer of romantic novels about the unjust treatment of Native Americans (1830-1885)

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

Charles Sumner

Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South (Andrew Bulter) provoked a physical assault by Preston Brooks that severely injured him

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level. Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Clayton Act

Act that minimally restricted the use of injunctions against labor and legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts.

Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

Act that regulates employee status, overtime pay, child labor, minimum wage, record keeping, and other administrative concerns. Federal law that establishes a minimum wage and requirements for overtime pay and child labor

The Great Rapproachment

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century - a relationship that would intensify further during World War 1. The reuniting of America and Britain after renegotiating the border of Venezuela.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Platt Amendment

Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Douglass MacArthur

American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation governemnt of Japan after the War; commanded UN forces during the Korean War

John Hay

American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China. Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

Thomas Jefferson

American statesman, and member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration's main author and one of its signers, and the third president of the United States.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758) Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the Hands of Angry God"

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Vertical Integration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process. Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Midway

An important battle in the Asian part of the war, the Americans sank 4 Japanese aircraft carriers

Proclamation of 1763 - stabilize the western frontier - Prohibited colonist from settling west of _______ Mountains - Hoping to _______ hostilities between colonists and American Indians - Colonists defy the _______ and push westward

Appalachian; limit; proclamation

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

Maine Law of 1851

Banned manufacture & sale of intoxicating liquor Others states followed Maine's example By 1857, a dozen states passed prohibition laws Clearly impossible to legislate thirst for alcohol out of existence

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Richard Olney

Began as a leading corporate lawyer who noted that the Interstate Commerce Act could be used by the railroads. He became Attorney General and helped to stop the Pullman Strike. He later bacame the Secretary of State under President Cleveland. He declared to the British that by trying to dominate Venezuela they were violating the Monroe Doctrine. U.S. mediated the Veneauelan boundary dispute. Attorney General of the U.S., he obtained an active injunction that state union members couldn't stop the movement of trains. He moved troops in to stop the Pullman strike.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

-Georgia was a buffer colony to protect the __________ -was named in honor of King _______ of England - Launched a group of ___________, it would also serve as a haven for debtors - Georgia was called "the _________ _____"

Carolinas; George II; philanthropists; Charity Colony

James G. Blaine

Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884. a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds. He was a dominant Republican leader of the post Civil War period, obtaining the 1884 Republican nomination, but lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads. Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Newlands Act

Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects

Containment doctrine: Truman Doctrine:

Containment doctrine: • By George F. Kennan in 1947 • Held that Russia, whether tsarist or communist, relentlessly expansionist • Argued flow of Soviet power could be contained by "firm and vigilant containment" • Truman Doctrine: • Support for those resisting "Communist aggression" • Greece and Turkey

Teheran (December 1943)

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

Declaration of principles issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941. 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Internment Camps

Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President.

11th Amendment

Determines when and if a state can be sued; states cannot be sued by people from other states or by foreigners

"Cotton is King"

Developed into huge agricultural factory: In an economic spiral, planters bought more slaves and land Northern shippers reaped large profits from cotton trade Prosperity of North, South, and England rested on bent backs of enslaved bondsmen Cotton accounted for half the value of American exports Southern leaders knew Britain was tied to them by cotton threads This dependence gave South power

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Direct Taxes vs Indirect Taxes

Direct (Ex. Stamp Act) -taxes added to price of good at time of purchase -obvious to consumer that they were paying extra for tax levy Indirect (Ex. Sugar Act) - Taxes included in price of product or service - consumer didn't realize as readily that he was paying tax

George A. Custer

Discovered gold in Black Hills of South Dakota, his seventh cavalry division was decimated by the Sioux at the battle of Little Big Horn. United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Californy Gold

Discovery of gold near Sutter's Mill, California, early in 1848: ◦- Most reliable profits made by those who mined the miners: ◦- Charged outrageous rates for laundry & other services ◦-"Forty-niners" chased dream of gold ◦California gold rush: ◦ Attracted tens of thousands of people ◦ High proportion of newcomers were lawless men, accompanied or followed by virtueless women ◦ Crime inevitably resulted ◦ Robbery, claim jumping, & murder most commonplace

Citizen Genet

Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine. French minister to the US, broke rules of diplomacy by appealing directly to Americans. French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834)

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

President John Tyler

First vice president to assume office upon death of a president. His opponents called him "His Accidency" or "Accidental President." Became unpopular after vetoing several pieces of Whig legislation. Never accepted the Whig economic policy of a national bank and protective tariff. Expelled from the Whig party. First president to have an impeachment resolution against him introduced in the House of Representatives • Even though Congress and Tyler were at odds several laws were signed. • A "Log-Cabin" bill allowed settlers to claim 160 acres of land before it was offered publicly for sale, and later pay $1.25 an acre. • In 1842, Tyler signed a tariff bill that protected northern manufacturers. • In foreign affairs Tyler approved the Webster-Ashburton treaty which ended a Canadian boundary dispute and in his last year as president Texas was annexed. • Later, in 1861, he supported the secession of southern states and served as a Confederate congressman until his death in 1862.

Jeannette rankin

First woman elected to the United States House of Representatives and the first female member of Congress. A Republican and a lifelong pacifist, she was the only member of Congress to vote against United States entry into both World War II and World War I. Additionally, she led resistance to the Vietnam War.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Anti-Saloon League

Founded in 1895, the league spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.. National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did they lose it?

France and Britain made a treaty and bc France lost the F/I war, treaty said all the land went to Britain

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

French rule crumbled under Ho's nationalist guerrillas—called Viet Minh • French garrison trapped in fortress of Dien Bien Phu •"Policy of boldness" tested: • Some (e.g., Nixon) favored intervention with U.S. bombers • Eisenhower held back • Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954) a victory for nationalists • Multination conference in Geneva halved Vietnam at seventeenth parallel

General Rochambeau

Frenchman who arrived in New York with 5,000 French soldiers to join Washington in war and headed for Yorktown together. French general who helped Americans and George Washington win the Battle of Yorktown.

Victoriano Huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

John L. Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

Support, refute, of modify the following statement: Henry Clay was the Great Pacificator and the Great Compromiser.

Henry Clay was the great compromiser for his proposal of the Missouri Compromise, which pacified the North and South to keep them balanced in the house.

Rugged Individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Educational advances aided by improved textbooks, esp. by Noah Webster (1758- 1843):

His books partly designed to promote patriotism Devoted twenty years to famous dictionary Published in 1828, it helped standardize American language

Levittown

Home construction industry boomed in 1950s and 1960s • Levittown revolutionized techniques of home construction • Helped people move to suburbs • "White flight" to suburbs left inner cities black, brown, and broke • Businesses (and their taxes) left cities for new suburban malls • Government policies aggravated pattern of residential segregation by often denying FHA (Federal Housing Admin.) mortgages to blacks • Ticky-Tacky Boxes

Federal Reserve Board National Credit Corporation Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

Hoover asked the Federal Reserve Board to pump more money into circulation. • The National Credit Corporation was created to have a pool of money that would enable troubled banks to continue lending money in their communities • he encouraged wealthy New Yorkers to contribute to this • By 1932 he believed that this wasn't going to be effective and the government had to do the lending in what was called the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. • The RFC lent out $238 million to approximately 160 banks. • A total of $500 million the US Government provided "indirect" relief to assist insurance corporations, agricultural organizations, railroads and state and local governments.

Hoover's victory

Hoover's reputation and the booming economy, assured his victory with 58% of the popular vote. Bruce Barton, an advertising executive, said that "Americans knew they may have more fun with Smith, but that they would make more money with Hoover." 31st President 1929 to 1933 •Republican •Graduated from Stanford University 1895 •Occupation: Engineer •Food Administration Director during WWI •Secretary of Commerce 1921-28 •"A chicken in every pot and car in every garage". Hoover quote in 1929

Whites without slaves had no direct economic stake in slavery, yet they defended slave system:

Hoped to buy slaves ("American dream" of upper mobility) Took pride in presumed racial superiority Logic of economics joined with illogic of racism to buttress slave system

Jefferson, like Washington, refused to run for a third term. This continued the precedent of a two-term limit on presidents. - Major events in Jefferson's presidency (7)

I. Jefferson's philosophy of government II. "Midnight Judges" and judicial review III. Burr Conspiracy IV. Louisiana Purchase: Lewis and Clark V. Barbary War VI. Chesapeake Affair VII. Embargo and Non-Intercourse Acts

New Immigrants

Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe. immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Why is the Battle of Saratoga the turning point of the war?

It damaged Britain's military allowing other countries to want to attack Britain as well

How did the death of President Harrison impact the Whig party?

It decreased the power of the Whig party because President Harrison Vice President and successor John Tyler was more of a Democrat than a Whig

How did the death of Rachel Jackson impact the President?

It made Jackson even more bitter towards his rivals, since he believed they caused her death.

Explain the significance of Jefferson's repeal of the whiskey tax.

It made the Democratic Republicans happy and made the government less strong.

How did this purchase impact migration?

It opened western lands for migration and more than doubled the size of the U.S.

Explain how Parson Mason Weems' fictional story of a young George Washington chopping down a cherry tree and then not being able to tell his father a lie when confronted about it illustrates a cultural trend of the time.

It shows the patriotic themes many of the art and literature had, painting Washington in a wholesome, heroic fashion.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule. Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Great Awakening — started by ________ in Massachusetts — Sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" • Warned that relying on "good works" was a folly • Said Christians must depend solely on God's grace • Provided lurid detail on hell • ___________'s evangelical preaching revolutionized spiritual life in the colonies

Jonathan Edwards; George Whitefields

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Ida Tarbell

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power. A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Wade-Davis Bill

Lincoln's plan provoked sharp reaction in Congress where Republicans feared: ▪ Restoration of planter aristocracy ▪ Possible re-enslavement of blacks ▪Republican rammed through Congress 1864: ▪ Wade-Davis Bill: ▪ Required 50% of state's voters take oath of allegiance ▪ Demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's as price of readmission to Union ▪ Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" bill ▪ allows a president or other official with veto power to exercise that power over a bill by taking no action (instead of affirmatively vetoing it). Controversy over Wade-Davis revealed: ▪ Deep differences between president and Congress ▪ Congress insisted seceders left Union and "committed suicide" as republican states ▪ Thus forfeited their rights ▪ Could be readmitted only as "conquered provinces" on such conditions as Congress should decree ▪ Majority moderate group: ▪Agreed with Lincoln—seceded states should be restored as simply and swiftly as reasonable—though on Congress's terms, not president's

Brain trust

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. A newspaperman once described the group as "Roosevelt's Brain Trust." They were more influential than the Cabinet. Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law. Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government

Benevolent Assimilation

McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines to help them become better. American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health. Although the U.S. might have looked intrusive, they were actually trying to improve the condition of the Philippines.

Ignatius Donnelly

Minnesota editor and politician; wrote the Omaha platform preamble; prized silver coinage. A leader of the Populist party in Minnesota and instrumental in founding the national Populist party. He was responsible for writing most of the Omaha platform in 1892.

Bacon's Rebellion -______________-wants to rebel against the government -Hate ______ and ______ control -Army of _________-raided and massacred American Indians villages on the Virginia frontier -Claimed to be __________ royal authority -Bacon's ______ and overtook the army

Nathanial Bacon; economic; political; volunteers; against; succeeded

Thomas Nast

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties. He nearly brought down Boss Tweed.

3rd Amendment

No soldier can be quartered in a home without the permission of the owner

3rd

No soldier shell, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner prescribed by law

Election of 1848 Democrats in 1848:

Nominated Lewis Cass ◦National Convention turned to aging leader General Lewis Cass ◦Platform silent on burning issue of slavery ◦Cass's views were well known because he was reputed father of popular sovereignty

King George's War

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government. 1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

Black Thursday and Black Tuesday

Oct. 24th and 29th in 1929. The Stock Market crashed losing over 30 billion in wealth. when the great stock market crash occurred. The crash was caused by a number of ailments: the decline of agriculture, the unregulated trade within the process of buying stocks, and the panic which led to bank foreclosures all over the United States.

Populist Party Platform

Offically named the People's Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. The part was split between South and West. Free coinage of silver, direct election of senators, and national income tax.

• The Great Awakening -Orthodox clergyman (_________) we're skeptical of the emotionalism and theatrical antics used by _________ -_________ defended the Awakening for revitalizing American religion -_________ and _________ split over this issue, and many joined the ______ or ______

Old lights; New lights; Congregationalists and Presbyterians; Baptists and Methodists

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. (1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Purposes of the Intolerable Acts

Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party by Parliament in 1774. Officially called the "Coercive Acts", but they were nicknamed the "Intolerable Acts" in the colonies. They were designed to punish the colony of Massachusetts until the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party was paid for

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Boxer Rebellion

Patriotic Chinese did not care to be used as a doormat by Western powers ◦ In 1900 a group, the "Boxers," broke loose with cry "Kill Foreign Devils" in Boxer Rebellion: ◦ Murdered more than 200 foreigners and 1,000s of Chinese Christians ◦ Besieged foreign diplomatic community in capital Beijing (Peking) ◦ Multinational rescue force of 18,000 soldiers arrived and quelled rebellion ◦ Included several thousand American troops dispatched from Philippines to protect U.S. rights under 1844 Treaty of Wanghia and to keep Open Door propped open ◦ Results of Boxer Rebellion: ◦ Chinese assessed an indemnity of $333 million: ◦ American share was $24.5 million ◦ Since that was more than necessary, U.S.A. remitted $18 million for education of Chinese students in U.S.A. ◦ Initiative to further westernization of Asia ◦ Secretary Hay released another set of notes in 1900: ◦ Henceforth Open Door would embrace territorial integrity of China, in addition to commercial integrity ◦ Incorporated into Nine-Power Treaty of 1922; later violated by Japan's takeover of Manchuria in 1931

Compromise of 1850:

Peace-loving people, both North and South, determines that compromises should be "finality" and explosive issue of slavery should be burned - 2nd era of good feelings Concessions with North • CA admitted as a free state • Territory disputed by Texas and NM to be surrendered to NM • Abolition of slave trade (not slavery) in District of Columbia Concessions with South • Remainder of Mexican Cession area to be formed into the territories of NM and Utah, without restriction on slavery, hence open to popular sovereignty • Texas receive $10 million from fed gov as compensation • More stringent fugitive-slave laws going beyond that of 1793

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free. Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Barbary Pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Massachusetts Bay Colony (Religion, important figure, government)

Puritans, Jon Winthrop (City upon a hill), and direct democracy

FDR AND THE THREE R'S:

RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM • Inauguration Day, March 4, 1933: • Roosevelt denounced "money changers" who brought on calamity • Declared government must wage war on Great Depression • Moved decisively: • Boldly declared nationwide banking holiday, March 6-10 • Summoned Congress into special session to cope with national emergency

Johnson Impeachment

Radicals attempted to remove Johnson from office: ▪ Initial step—Tenure of Office Act (1867)— ▪ Passed over Johnson's veto ▪ Required president get consent of Senate before he could oust an appointee once they had been approved ▪ One goal was to freeze into cabinet Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a holdover from Lincoln's administration ▪ Who secretly served as informer for radicals ▪ Johnson abruptly dismissed Stanton, early 1868 ▪House voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson: ▪ For "high crimes and misdemeanors" as required by Constitution ▪ Charged him with violations of Tenure of Office Act ▪ Two additional articles related to Johnson's verbal assaults on Congress ▪ Involved "disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, reproach" ▪ May 16, 1868, by a margin of one vote, radicals failed to muster two-thirds majority to remove Johnson ▪ Found not guilty ▪ Several factors shaped outcome: ▪ Fears of creating destabilizing precedent ▪ Principled opposition to abusing constitutional mechanism of checks and balances ▪ Political considerations: ▪ Successor would have been radical Republican Benjamin Wade, president pro tempore of Senate ▪ Wade disliked by business community for his high -tariff, soft -money, pro -labor views ▪ Distrusted by moderate Republicans

Which innovation in transportation had the greatest impact on economic growth?

Railroads because they had the most rapid growth and were the most reliable. They connected towns and made shipping and travelling easier.

Reconstruction Act

Reconstruction Act passed by Congress on March 2, 1867 ▪ Divided South into five military districts: ▪ Each commanded by a Union general ▪ Policed by about 20,000 blue-clad soldiers ▪ Temporarily disfranchised ten of thousands of former Confederates ▪ Congress laid stringent condition for readmission: ▪ Required to ratify 14th Amendment giving former slaves rights as citizens • Radical Republicans: -Only true safeguard was to incorporate black suffrage into federal Constitution -Congress sought to provide constitutional protection for suffrage provisions of Reconstruction Act -Fifteenth Amendment, passed by Congress 1869; ratified by required number of states in 1870 (see Appendix) • Military Reconstruction of South: -Usurped some presidential functions as commander in chief -Set up a martial regime of dubious legality When federal troops left a state, its government swiftly passed back into hands of white Redeemers or "Home Rule" regimes— inevitably Democratic ▪ In 1877, last federal muskets removed from state politics and "solid" Democratic South congealed

Age of Reforms

Reformers: Most were intelligent, inspired idealists, touched by evangelical religion: Dreamed of freeing world from earthly evils Women prominent in reform, especially for suffrage: Reform provided opportunity to escape home and enter public arena Dorothy Dix (1802-1887): Insane still treated with cruelty Many chained in jails or poor house Dix possessed infinite compassion and will-power Travelled 60,000 miles in 8 years to document firsthand observation of insanity and asylums Petitioned to Massachusetts legislature for better conditions Was able to improve conditions

To what extent were relations between the United States and Great Britain more positive in the Era of Good Feelings than they were during the 1780's and 1790's?

Relations between the U.S and Britain were much more peaceful during the era of good feelings. One example if the Rush-Bagot agreement, and the treaty of 1818, which they came to peacefully and favored both nations.

NEW KU KLUX KLAN

Resembled antiforeign "nativist" movement of 1850s rather than antiblack nightriders of 1860s: • Antiforeign, anti-Catholic, antiblack, anti-Jewish, antipacifists, anti- Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, antibootlegger, antigambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control • Pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-"native" American, pro-Protestant • Collapsed in late 1920s in part because of corruption

Rhode Island -____________ - was a Puritan minister -different views - individual's conscience was beyond the _________ of any civil or church authority -Left Boston to found the settlement of ______ •Unique - recognized the rights of American Indians and ______ them for the use of their land •Allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely

Roger Williams; control; Providence; paid

Harold Ickes

Secretary of the interior who headed the Public Works Administration, which aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways. Interior Secretary under the Roosevelt administration. He organized liberal Republicans for Roosevelt in 1932.

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

McKinley Tariff

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States. 1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Payne-Aldrich Act

Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Republican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

___________, royal governor of Virginia -___________ powers -_______ to protect the _______ from _____ Attacks

Sir William Berkeley; Dictatorial; Failed; farmers; Native

Casablanca (January 1943)

Site of 1943 Roosevelt-Churchill conference in North Africa, at which the Big Two planned the invasion of Italy and further steps in the Pacific war

Institute of Slavery

Slave auctions were brutal sights: Most revolting aspects of slavery Families separated with distressing frequency Slavery's greatest psychological horror Abolitionists decried practice Harriet Beecher Stowe 1852 novel: Uncle Tom's Cabin

8 Lords Proprietor

The 8 men who were granted control over the Carolina Colony by the English King.

Double V

The Double V campaign was a slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy in overseas campaigns and at the home front in the United States for African Americans during World War II. The Double V refers to the "V for victory" sign prominently displayed by countries fighting "for victory over aggression, slavery, and tyranny," but adopts a second "V" to represent the double victory for African Americans fighting for freedom overseas and at home

12th Amendment

The Electoral College must vote for the President and the Vice President separately

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba. Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Great depression defined

The Great Depression can be described as the total collapse of the US economic system of Capitalism, laissez faire and everything we believed in as a country. •Our democracy and way of life were threatened.

Northern Securities Case

The Northern Securities Company was a holding company in 1902. The company was forced to dissolve after they were challenged by Roosevelt, his first trust-bust.

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

securities exchange commission (SEC)

The agency of the U.S. government that oversees U.S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. 1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in securities trading.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Compare the population in 1840 to the population in 1790.

The dramatic population increase could be because of European immigration, or a higher birth rate caused by a higher standard of living.

Which election was a more significant "revolution" in American politics, 1800 or 1828?

The election of 1800 was a more significant revolution was a more significant revolution because it was the first of its kind.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Portsmouth conference

The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.

10th

The powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Stamp Act

The purpose of the law was to pay for the high cost of managing and protecting the colonies, as well as the war debt from the French and Indian War. Placed tax on "everyday" transactions.

Push/pull factors

The push factor involves a force which acts to drive people away from a place and - Poverty of displaced farmworkers - Overcrowding and joblessness in cities - Religious Persecution the pull factor is what draws them to a new location. - Reputation of political and religious freedoms - Economic opportunities

What was the most significant impact of the Treaty of Paris, 1763 (aka the Peace of Paris)? Explain your reasoning.

The treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian war between great British and France and France gave up all territories in mainland North America ending it threat to British colonies

Of the three main causes of the War of 1812, which was the most significant? Explain your answer.

The troubles at sea were the most significant because it hurt the U.S economy and the practice of impressing the U.S citizens into the British navy angered many people.

Nuremburg trials

These trials were held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) committed suicide and was never brought to trial. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, They are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity.

irreconcilables

These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass. Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Insular cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Peace of Paris

This ended the Seven Years War/French and Indian war between Britain and her allies and France and her allies. The result was the acquisition of all land east of the Mississippi plus Canada for Britain, and the removal of the French from mainland North America.

Adamson Act

This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court Wilson v. New (1917). 1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

Line of Demarcation

This was between Spanish and Portuguese territory was first defined by Pope Alexander VI (1493) and was later revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line, while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east.

Zimmerman Telegram

This was sent by Germans to encourage a Mexican attack against the United States. Intercepted by the US in 1917. A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

"He kept us out of War"

This was the slogan used by the Woodrow Wilson campaign that led the incumbent President to a narrow victory over Charles Evans Hughes in November 1916. (However, five months later, President Wilson brought America to war with Germany after the latter launched unrestricted submarine warfare.)

Common Sense

Thomas Paine ➢ Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 ➢ Convinced many, including George Washington, that only independence could ensure colonial rights ➢ Many of Paine's arguments were not new; however it was Paine's ability to express them in clear and concise language which made them more popular ➢ More than a half million copies of the pamphlet were distributed (the colonies had only a few million inhabitants in 1776).

George Dewey

U.S. naval officer who defeated the Spanish fleet during the Spanish-American War. A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War, U.S. naval commander who led the American attack on the Philippines

Hoover helps the people??

US Government provided "indirect" relief by assisting insurance corporations, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads and state and local governments. ❖ The theory was that prosperity at the top would help the economy as a whole (Trickle-down effect). ❖ Many Americans saw it as helping bankers and big businessmen, while ordinary people went hungry. ❖ BUT, no direct relief to American people. Why? Hoover did not support federal public assistance because he believed it would destroy people's self- respect and create big government which would violate laissez faire.

Cuba: Dictator Fulgencio Batista

Uncle Sam and Latin America: • Latin Americans resented meager U.S. aid • Chafed at America's continuing habit of intervening in Latin American affairs (CIA in Guatemala, 1954) • Washington supported dictators who claimed to be combating communists Cuba: Dictator Fulgencio Batista encouraged huge investments of American capital • Washington gave him support • 1959 Fidel Castro engineered revolution to oust Batista • Castro denounced Yankee imperialists • Castro began to expropriate American properties and pursue land-distribution program • Washington then cut off U.S. imports of Cuban sugar • Castro retaliated by confiscating Yankee property • Made his dictatorship an economic and military satellite of Moscow • Anti-Castro Cubans headed for United States, especially FL • Washington broke diplomatic relations with Cuba (1961) • Imposed strict embargo on trade with Cuba

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

Bracero Program

United States labor agents recruited thousands of farm and railroad workers from Mexico. The program stimulated emigration for Mexico. Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Besides the beginning and the end of this war, what else marks an important turning point to nationhood?

United states declared independence in 1776

Richard Nixon's Party

VP - Spito T. Agnew, Gerald Ford, SS - Henry Kissinger

James E. Carter's Party

VP - Walter F. Mondale, SS - Cyrus R. Vance

WPB

War Production board-decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production

King Phillip's War

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. John Adam's wife, she appealed to her husband to protect the rights of women

Pennsylvania •________- created the colony of Pennsylvania as a religious refuge for _______ —_________ from the town — Granted the ______ from the king — Grid patterned ________ — Treat Native Americans _____

William Penn; Quakers; Governed; land; streets; fairly

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848: Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments": In spirit of Declaration of Independence— "all men and women are created equal" One resolution formally demanded ballot for women Seneca Falls meeting launched modern women's rights movement Crusade for women's rights eclipsed by campaign against slavery

A Century of Dishonor

Written by Helen Hunt Jackson, it detailed the injustices made to Native Americans during US expansion. written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 to expose the atrocities the United States committed against Native Americans in the 19th century

Did Jefferson see the Missouri Compromise as a success?

Yes, because it was able to preserve the union and pacify the north and south peacefully.

Had they known the future, would they have fought harder to end slavery in the 1770s and 1780s

Yes, because it would have been a little easier to cut it off then, before the economy completely relied on it.

American Federation of Labor

a federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955. 1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Plunkett

a minor boss in the Tammany machine . gained notoriety for his pandering to immigrants and corruption. get word from civil boards about imminent projects and he would secretly buy land and resale it to the city at a higher price.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism. most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863

Panama Canal

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914). Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

Eleanor Roosevelt

a social reformer who combined her deep humanitarian impulses with great political skills. wife of Franklin Roosevelt and a strong advocate of human rights (1884-1962)

Direct Representation

a system of choosing delegates to a representative assembly in which citizens vote directly for the delegates who will represent them

Explain how Committees of Correspondence and intercolonial committees sharpened the divisions between Britain and the colonies in the early 1770's.

allowed the colonists to communicate about the injustices caused by Britain and solidify their views

Cecil Calvert

an English coloniser who was the first proprietor of the Maryland colony. He received the proprietorship that was intended for his father, George Calvert, the 1st Lord Baltimore, who died shortly before it was granted.

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty. British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government. An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

Closed Shop

an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members. A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

fascim

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. political system reuted in militarisum extreme nationalism

The Social Contract

an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Quarantine Speech

by Roosevelt in Chicago, autumn of 1937: • Called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" aggressors— presumably by economic embargoes • Isolationists feared a moral quarantine would lead to a shooting quarantine • Roosevelt retreated and sought less direct means to curb dictators

Explain how the American Revolution was essentially a Civil War.

citizens of the colonies were split among themselves when fighting against Britain and people creating war

Impact of Bacon's Rebellion - _______ difference - Colonial _________ to royal control

class; resistance

Spiritual conditions of the colonies — In all ________ churches, religion was less fervid in early 18th century than before — ________ churches in particular sagged under the weight of two burdens • elaborate theological __________ • Their compromising efforts to ________ membership requirements

colonial; Puritan; liberalize

Cornwallis

commander of the British forces in the American War of Independence who was defeated at Yorktown

Land Ordinance of 1785

congress established a policy for surveying and selling western lands. provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

created by delegates from nine colonies, set forth view of British power in colonies. Parliament didn't have right to tax colonists without their legislative consent and demanded repeal of Stamp and Sugar Acts

Open Door note:

dispatched by Hay in 1899 to all great powers ◦ Urged them to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence, they would respect: ◦ Certain Chinese rights ◦Ideal of fair trade ◦ Hay had not bothered to consult Chinese

Hiram Revels

first African American senator. Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded

Ellis Island and Angel Island

first time immigration was documented immigrants would have to go through one of these posts to come into the US or stay there until they were healthy. Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.

Prebyterians

followers of knox who put calvins ideas to work in community churches governed by prebysters

National Labor Union

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks. 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

Explain how the following Colonial Era events influenced the creation of new state constitutions: The First Great Awakening:

helped people think for themselves

In the deepest South, slave life was severe: — The climate was ______ to health — The labor was ___________ — The ______ and ____ plantations were a lonely life

hostile; life-draining; rice and indigo

Old Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

explain how the election of 1840 illustrates the changing politics of the era of the common man.

it was change between the democratic party to the Whig party, which meant that new political ideas were coming into office.

22nd Amendment

limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve

Jay Fisk & Jay Gould

linked in American business history in the age of "robber barons." Together, they controlled the Erie Railroad, were part of the Tammany Hall set, and wrangled with J.P. Morgan over the Albany & Susquehanna Railroad.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both died on July 4th, 1826. Had they lived to see the growth of northern factories including the Lowell System, how might they have responded?

not be pleased bc hoping for a farming nation. Jefferson eschewed city life and factory work and praised country life and farm work; while John Adams was more favorable of championing the American system by Henry Clay

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US - settle in ethnic neighborhoods

Second Great Awakening

one of most momentous episodes in history of American religion: Converted countless souls Shattered and reorganized many churches Created numerous new sects Encouraged evangelicalism in many areas of American life: Prison reform, temperance cause, women's movement, and crusade to abolish slavery Revivals boosted church attendance Spread on frontier by huge "camp meetings"

What was the most powerful argument by Thomas Paine for independence? Explain your reasoning.

probably his publication of Common Sense in 1776. This book made an extraordinary sell of about 120,000 copies. He argued with many examples of why it wasn't meant for Britain to control colonial England.

Albany Plan of Union

proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create one government for the 13 colonies. Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France. plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)

provided government loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure because they couldn't meet their loan payments. loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments

Farm Credit Administration (FCA)

provided low-interest farm loans and mortgages to prevent foreclosures on the property of indebted farmers. Refinanced farm mortgages at lower interest and for longer terms

Share Our Wealth

radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family

After being elected, what did Thomas Jefferson do to reduce the influence of "big government" federalists?

reduced the size of the military, eliminated a number of federal jobs, repealed the excise taxes.

Molasses Act foreshadowed the impending imperial crisis — Headstrong Americans would rather _______ than submit to dictates of a far-off _______ that seemed bent on destroying their livelihood

revolt; Parliament

Hull House

settlement house founded by Progressive reformer Jane Addams in Chicago in 1889. Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty.

In what way does the Gaspee incident illustrate the overall turning point of 1763?

showing the tension between the colonies and Britain and the revolutionary mindset that started in 1763

Recession of 1937-1938

since recovering, FDR slashed budget, Congress cut WPA funding, Federal reserve raised interest rates this halted recovery and dropped the market

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Whiskey Rebellion

small extent bc... 1. They didn't succeed 2. Protest against something the federal government did

Who supported the democratic party?

south and west, urban workers

Seven Years War - French building forts in the Ohio River Valley to ______ British westward expansion - Virginia governor puts ________ in command of 150 Virginia militia men as the lieutenant colonel • Gained a small _______ over the French • Ultimately, had to surrender to France and the Native Americas - Leads to an all out war between Britain and France

stop; George Washington; victory

House of Burgesses

the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. 1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

Jane Addams

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes. 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

Battle of Wounded Knee

the massacre by U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

What was a common motivation for African Americans and American Indians fighting in the Revolution?

they were promised freedom by British if they helped them

Desert Land Act

this land ownership oppurtunity passed in 1877 allowed a prospective land owner to purchase up to 640 acres of land on the condition that the land would be irrigated with in 3 years of the purchase

Summarize the purpose of the First Continental Congress.

to respond to what the delegates viewed as Britain's alarming threats to their liberties

Blacks in the ____________-growing Chesapeake region had a somewhat easier lot: — _______ plantations were larger and closer to one another than _______ plantations

tobacco; tobacco; rice

Keynesianism—

use of government spending and fiscal policy to "prime the pump" of economy and encourage consumer spending • Policy became new economic orthodoxy and remained so for decades

Red River War

was a short military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and forcibly relocate them to reservations in Indian Territory. war between Kiowa and Comanche; gov. herds people of friendly tribes onto reservations while opening fire on all others

Credit Mobilier Construction Fraud

was a two-part fraud conducted from 1864 to 1867 by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad.

Matthew Lyon

was the first person to be put to trial for violating the acts on charges of criticizing Federalist president John Adams and disagreeing with Adams' decision to go to war against France. Lyon was sentenced to four months in jail and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine and court costs. While in jail, Lyon won election to the Sixth Congress. In the election of 1800 Matthew Lyon cast the deciding vote for Jefferson after the election went to the House of Representatives because of an electoral tie.

Buffer Colony

what Georgia was to protect the colonies from Spanish Florida.

• China—"Sick Man of the Far East"—helped by Nine-Power Treaty (1922),

whose signatories agreed to nail wide-open Open Door in China • Conference important, but: • No restrictions on construction of smaller warships • Congress made no commitment to use of armed force

The Seventies in Black and White

• "White Flight"" • Movement of whites from cities to suburbs • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke • Giving preferential treatment based solely on race was not allowed... • However, race could be one of several factors in admitting students The Bicentennial Campaign and the Carter Victory • Jimmy Carter: • Campaigned as a Washington "outsider" • Pardoned draft dodgers from the Vietnam War

Public Works Administration (PWA):

• $4 billion spent on 34,000 projects: • Public buildings, highways, and parkways • Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River (Washington): • Irrigated millions of acres of new farmland • Created more electrical power than entire Tennessee Valley Authority • Transformed Pacific Northwest with abundant water and power

BUS

• - Jackson's Whig Party opponents, led by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, believed that the majority of Americans supported the BUS and wanted to make it an issue in the 1832 elections. • - In 1832, Congress passed a BUS recharter bill which Jackson immediately vetoed. • - The Bank went out of business in 1836.

Policy of Boldness

• 1952 Republican platform condemned "containment" and called for "new look" in foreign policy • John Foster Dulles, secretary of state, promised: • To "roll back" red tide and "liberate captive peoples" • Ike also promised to balance budget by cutting military spending • Dulles announced policy of boldness in 1954: • Relegated army and navy to backseat; built up fleet of Strategic Air Command's superbombers equipped with city-flattening weapons • Inflict "massive retaliation" on Soviets or Chinese

Election of 1952

• 22nd Amendment- limits presidents to two terms. Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951. • Democrats- Adlai E. Stevenson • Republicans: Ike Eisenhower • Appealed to middle class America • VP Richard Nixon • Nixon, accused of taking illegal donations, denied charges on television—Checkers Speech saved his spot on ticket • Television now a formidable political tool • Allowed candidates to bypass party machinery

Hungarian Uprising

• Advantage: nuclear intimidation with cheaper price tag • Ike sought thaw in Cold War after Stalin's death: • Through negotiations with new Soviet leaders • In the end, "new look" proved illusory • Nikita Khrushchev rejected Ike's call for "open skies" mutual inspection program • Ike refused aid to Hungarian uprising (1956) • America's nuclear sledgehammer too heavy for relatively minor crisis • Exposed strategic limitations of "massive retaliation"

NEW VISIBILITY FOR WOMEN

• After 19th Amendment, women began to carve more space in political and intellectual life • First Lady Eleanor most visible woman in Roosevelt White House • Secretary of Labor Francis Perkins (1880-1965) became first woman cabinet member • Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) • Director of Office of Minority Affairs in National Youth Administration— served as highest-ranking African American in Roosevelt administration • Women's contribution in social sciences: • Anthropology: • Ruth Benedict (1887-1948) carried on work of her mentor, Franz Boas (1858- 1942) • By developing "culture and personality movement" in 1930s and 1940s • Benedict's landmark work: Pattern of Culture (1934): • Established study of cultures as collective personalities • Each culture, like each individual, had its own "more or less consistent pattern of thought and action" • Margaret Mead (1901-1978), student of Benedict: • Her studies of adolescence among Pacific island peoples advanced bold new ideas about sexuality, gender roles, and intergenerational relationships • 34 books published and curatorship at American Museum of Natural History, New York • Popularized cultural anthropology and achieved celebrity status rare among social scientists • Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973): • Introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society • Her best selling novel, The Good Earth (1931) earned Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938 • Used her fame to advance humanitarian causes

D-Day: June 6, 1944

• Agreed on broad plans, especially for launching Soviet attacks on Germany from east simultaneously with U.S.-British cross-channel invasion of France • Enormous operation, involved some 4,600 vessels • Spectacular lunges across France by American armored divisions under General Patton • Retreat of German defenders hastened when American- French force landed in August 1944 on southern coast of France and swept north • With assistance of French "underground," Paris liberated in August 1944

Foes of New Deal condemned:

• Alleged waste, incompetence, confusion, contradictions, and cross-purposes • As well as graft in alphabetical agencies—"alphabet soup," sneered Al Smith • Deplored employment of "crackpot" college professors, leftist "pinkos," and outright Communists • Claimed New Dealers trying to make U.S.A. over in Bolshevik-Marxist image under "Rooseveltski" • Promises of budget balancing flew out window • National debt in 1932 = $19,487,000,000 • Sky rocketed by 1939 to $40,440,000,000 • America becoming "handout state;" U.S. stood for "unlimited spending" • Businessmen bitter: • Accused New Deal of fomenting class strife • Conservatives insisted laborers and farmers being pampered • Businessmen wanted government off their backs • Private enterprise being stifled by "planned economy," "planned bankruptcy" and "creeping socialism" • States' rights ignored, while government competed in business with its own citizens, under "dictatorship of do- gooders" • Roosevelt's leadership denounced: • "One-man supergovernment" • Heavy fire against attempts to browbeat Supreme Court and create "dummy Congress" • Tried to "purge" Congress of Democrats who would not march in lockstep with him • Three senators whom he publicly opposed all reelected • Most damning indictment of New Deal: • Failed to cure depression • Floating in sea of red ink, it had only administered aspirin, sedatives, and Band-Aids • $20 billion poured out in six years of deficit spending and lending • Gap not closed between production and consumption • More farm surplus under Roosevelt than under Hoover • Millions still unemployed in 1939 after six years of drain, strain, and pain

President Lincoln was assassinated April 14, 1865

• Although John Wilkes Booth had originally planned on kidnapping the president, he believed that the assassination would cause the south to re-start the war effort. • After being told that President Lincoln and General Grant planned to attend a performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theater, Booth got his co-conspirators together to carry out the plan, including the murders of Secretary of State Seward, Vice President Johnson, and Booth would assassinate Lincoln personally.

Jim Crow Laws

• America's black community in 1950s • 15 million African American citizens in 1950 • Two-thirds of whom lived in South • Jim Crow laws: • Rigid set of laws governed black life in South • Array of separate social arrangements kept blacks insulated from whites, economically inferior, and politically powerless • Only about 20% of those eligible to vote were registered • Fewer than 5% in Deep South • Where law proved insufficient to enforce regime, vigilante violence did job.

A Second Front from North Africa to Rome

• Americans, including FDR, wanted to invade France in 1942 or 1943 to prevent Russian defeat • British military not enthusiastic about frontal attack on German-held France • Preferred to attack Hitler's Fortress Europe through "soft underbelly" of Mediterranean

Cambodianizing the Vietnam War

• April 29, 1970: • Nixon ordered the US begin attacking Cambodia, a neighboring, neutral country • The Cambodia bombings led directly to...... • Kent State Protests: • Student protests • 4 students died, many more injured • The Cambodia Bombings made many Americans question the government • Senate repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Pentagon Papers: • Revealed mistakes and deception of JFK and LBJ regarding Vietnam

Palmer Raids:

• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer "saw red" too easily • Arrested over 6,000 anarchists, socialists, labor agitators, and foreign born. • Number doubled in June 1919 when a bomb shattered both the nerves and the home of Palmer

Snowball effect of the crash

• Bankers call brokers wanting their money! • Brokers go to investors to collect their money to pay the bank loans borrowed by broker for investor • Orders to sell at any price... swamped the market-- nobody would buy • Brokers go under--stocks are worthless--investors lose their savings! • Run on the Banks: People begin to panic and go to banks---try to withdraw their money...Banks don't have any money to give back • Banks close---people lost their savings • Businesses close---could not pay back loans to banks. • Workers lose their jobs • No money to buy consumer products • Sales fall---more businesses shut down • More workers lose their jobs

ROOSEVELT MANAGES THE MONEY

• Banking chaos—immediate action: • Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933: • Invested President with power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange • To reopen solvent banks • Roosevelt turned to radio: • Delivered first of 30 famous "fireside chats" • Now safe to keep money in reopened banks • Confidence returned; banks unlocked doors

Hatch Act 1939:

• Barred federal officials, except highest policy-making officers, from active political campaigning and soliciting • Forbade use of government funds for political purposes • Forbade collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments • Hatch Act broadened in 1940: • Placed limits on campaign contributions and expenditures • After some found ways around it, legislation proved disappointing

• Socialist Black Panther party used "citizens' patrols" to resist police brutality • In 1966, Stokely Carmichael, SNCC leader:

• Began to preach doctrine of Black Power • Like Garvey of 1920s - Carmichael breathed separatist meaning into concept of Black Power • Emphasized African American distinctiveness • Promoted "Afro" hairstyles and dress • Shed "white" names for new African identities • Demanded black studies programs in education

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

• Black "sit-in" movement launched Feb. 1, 1960 • By four black college freshmen in Greensboro, NC • Demanded service at whites-only Woolworth's lunch counter • Swelled into wade-ins, lie-ins, and pray-ins to compel equal treatment • April 1960: southern black students formed Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Gave more focus to these efforts • Impassioned, young SNCC members would eventually: • Lose patience with more stately tactics of SCLC • And even more deliberate legalism of NAACP

Harlem Renaissance:

• Black cultural renaissance in uptown Harlem: • Led by writers Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston • And jazz artists Louis Armstrong and Eubie Blake • Argued for "New Negro" who was a full citizen and social equal to whites • Adopted modernist techniques, Hughes and Hurston captured oral and improvisational traditions of contemporary blacks in dialect-filled poetry and prose

Blacks moved north over 1900s Faced residential discrimination, white outmigration to suburbs, and deindustrialization

• Black unemployment nearly double that of whites Despair deepened when Martin Luther King, Jr., murdered on April 4, 1968 • Triggered more riots Rioters made news, but thousands of other blacks quietly made history • Black voter registration in South shot upward

• Desegregation must go ahead with "all deliberate speed"

• Border States made reasonable efforts to comply • Deep South organized "massive resistance" • Southern members of Congress signed "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" in 1956: • Pledged unyielding resistance to desegregation • Some states diverted public funds to start private schools • Ten years later, fewer than 2% of eligible blacks in Deep South in classrooms with whites

Black Power • Leadership of Malcolm X:

• Born Malcolm Little, he was inspired by militant black nationalists in Nation of Islam • Like Nation's founder—Elijah Muhammed (born Elijah Poole), Malcolm changed his surname to advertise lost African identity in white America • Malcolm X trumpeted black separatism • Later broke with Elijah Muhammed's separatism; moved toward mainstream Islam • Early 1965, killed by Nation of Islam gunmen

Inherited from Eisenhower administration a CIA-backed scheme to topple Fidel Castro:

• By invading Cuba with anti- communist exiles • April 17, 1961: Bay of Pigs invasion failed • Events pushed Castro closer to USSR • Oct. 1962, U.S. spy plane revealed Soviets secretly installing nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba • Kennedy and Khrushchev began nerve- racking game of "nuclear chicken" • Oct. 22, 1962: JFK ordered naval "quarantine" of Cuba and demanded immediate removal of missiles

The Election of 1864

• Cartoon depicts Lincoln on the left saying, "No peace without abolition", Davis on the right, "No peace without separation", and McClellan in the center, "The Union must be preserved of all hazards". • Abraham Lincoln- Republican argued that the war must be won, the slaves freed, and the Union preserved at all costs. • George McClellan- Democrat argued that the war had gone on long enough and that the South should be allowed to secede in order to save American lives. This meant that slavery would continue in the Southern states.

Resettlement Administration (1935):

• Charged with removing near-farmless farmers to better land • 200 million young trees successfully planted on bare prairies by young men of Civilian Conservation Corps • Native Americans felt far-reaching hand of New Deal reform: • Commissioner of Indian Affairs John Collier sought to reverse forced-assimilation polices in place since Dawes Act of 1887 (see Chap. 26) • Collier promoted Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 • "Indian New Deal" encouraged tribes to establish local self-government and preserve native crafts and traditions • Not all Native Americans applauded it: • Some denounced it as "back-to-the-blanket" measure that would make museum pieces out of Indians

• President Truman • Horrified by murder of black war veterans in 1946

• Commissioned report "To Secure These Rights" • Ended segregation in federal civil service and in armed forces (1948) • Congress resisted civil rights legislation • Truman's successor, Eisenhower, showed no interest in racial issues

THE COURT CHANGES COURSE

• Congress and nation convulsed over Court-packing plan: • FDR vilified for attempting to break delicate checks and balances among three branches • Accused of grooming himself as dictator by trying to browbeat judiciary • To Republicans and some Democrats, basic liberties seemed in jeopardy • Court saw ax hanging over its head: • Justice Owen J. Roberts, a conservative, began to vote with liberal colleagues • In 1937, Court upheld principle of state minimum wage for women, reversing its 1936 decision • In succeeding decisions, Court became more sympathetic to New Deal: • Upheld National Labor Relations Act and Social Security Act • Roosevelt's "Courtpacking" further undermined when Congress voted full pay for justices over 70 who retired: • One of oldest conservatives resigned • Replaced by New Dealer, Justice Hugo Black • Congress finally passed court reform bill: • Watered-down version applied only to lower courts • Roosevelt suffered first major legislative defeat at hands of his own party in Congress • Eventually Court became markedly more friendly to New Deal reforms • Succession of deaths and resignations enabled him to make nine appointments to tribunal—more than any of his predecessors since George Washington • Clock "unpacked" Court • Yet in a sense, FDR lost both Court battle and war: • So aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress that few New Deal reforms passed after 1937, year of fight to "pack" bench • With this catastrophic miscalculation, he squandered much of goodwill that carried him to victory in 1936 election • Yet in a sense, FDR lost both Court battle and war: • So aroused conservatives of both parties in Congress that few New Deal reforms passed after 1937, year of fight to "pack" bench • With this catastrophic miscalculation, he squandered much of goodwill that carried him to victory in 1936 election

Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidency

• Congress passed Civil Rights Act of 1964: • Banned racial discrimination in most private facilities open to public • Strengthened federal government's power to end segregation in schools and public places • Title VII barred employers from discriminating on race or national origin in hiring • Empowered Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce law • Johnson (1965) issued executive order requiring all federal contractors to take affirmative action against discrimination.

Second Continental Congress- May 10, 1775, to March 2, 1789

• Congress' focus changed from forcing Britain to repeal the Intolerable Acts to fighting a war against the British Army • Some more radical delegates pushed for independence from Britain; moderates pushed for reconciliation • John Adams suggested that each colony create its own government, a continental army be formed, and the colonies declare independence • Congress created the Continental Army, appointed George Washington commander, and printed paper currency. Eventually they produced the Declaration of Independence

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act:

• Created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): • Insured individual deposits up to $5,000 (later raised) • Ended bank failures, dating back to "wildcat" days of Andrew Jackson • Declining gold reserves: • FDR ordered all private holdings of gold be surrendered to Treasury in exchange for paper currency • Then took nation off gold standard • Congress canceled gold-payment clause in all contracts

CAUSES —> effects of great depressions

• Decrease in consumer spending —> • Under consumption of goods and services---not buying goods • Unequal distribution of wealth —> • Families had limited income to purchase goods • Overproduction of goods —> • Led to falling prices of goods • Huge farms surpluses —> • Led to drop in farm prices • War debts not paid back —> • Banks didn't get back their $$$ • Buying on margin (Credit) —> • Speculation on stocks • Investors buy stocks on credit • Wealth on paper • Stock Market Crash Black Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1929 —> • Total collapse of US economy, lassiez faire and capitalism

JAPANESE MILITARISTS ATTACK CHINA

• Depression increased international difficulties • Militaristic Japan stole Far Eastern spotlight: • September, 1931: Japanese imperialists lunged into Manchuria • America had strong sentimental stake in China, but few significant economic interests • Americans stunned by act of naked aggression • Flagrant violation of League of Nations covenant and other international agreements solemnly signed by Tokyo • Not to mention American sense of fair play • Yet Washington rebuffed League attempts to secure U.S. cooperation in economic pressure on Japan • Washington and Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson decided to fire only paper bullets • So-called Stimson doctrine (1932): • Declared United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions achieved by force • Righteous indignation—or preach-and-run policy—would substitute for solid initiatives • Verbal slap not deter Japan's militarists • Bombed Shanghai (1932) killing many civilians • No real sentiment for armed intervention among depression-ridden Americans, who remained strongly isolationist during the 1930s • Collective security died and World War II born in 1931 in Manchuria

"Flexible Response"

• Developed array of military "options" that could be matched to gravity of crisis at hand • Kennedy increased spending on conventional military forces and bolstered Special Forces (Green Berets) • Potentially lowered level at which diplomacy would give way to shooting • Provided mechanism for progressive, and possibly endless, stepping-up of use of force

The United States and the Soviet Union

• Different visions of postwar world separated two: • Stalin aimed to guarantee security of Soviet Union • By maintaining Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern and Central Europe, USSR could protect itself as well as consolidate revolutionary base as world's leading communist country • Many Americans saw "sphere of influence" as ill-gained "empire" • Doubted Soviet goals purely defensive Both isolated from world affairs before WWII • United States through choice • Soviet Union through rejection by other powers Both had "missionary" diplomacy—trying to export their political doctrines Some confrontation unavoidable between • Communistic, despotic Russia • Capitalistic, democratic America Cold War: • Tense standoff lasted four and a half decades • Shaped Soviet-American relations • Overshadowed postwar international order in every corner of globe

Battle of New Orleans

• Due to poor communication, it was not known to the armies fighting in the U.S. that a peace treaty had been signed. • The day after the treaty was signed, a British army landed in Louisiana to capture the port city of New Orleans. • General Jackson, with the regular army and militia soldiers plus battalions of free African Americans, Choctaw Indians, pirates and members of the New Orleans aristocracy, defeated the British. • Jackson became a national hero and was later elected president in 1828.

Foreign Affairs-Kennedy

• East Germany begin to build Berlin Wall, Aug. 1961 • Designed to plug heavy population drain from East Germany to West Germany • European Economic Community (EEC): • Free trade area that later evolved into European Union • JFK secured passage of Trade Expansion Act, 1962 • Authorizing tariff cuts of up to 50% to promote trade with EEC countries • Globalization

Suez crisis:

• Egypt's Nasser sought funds to build dam on Nile • America tentatively offered financial help • When Nasser began to deal with communists, Dulles withdrew dam offer • Nasser then nationalized Suez Canal, owned chiefly by British and French stockholders • Britain and France, with help from Israel, staged assault on Egypt (Oct. 1956) thinking they would get help from U.S.A. • A furious Eisenhower refused to release emergency oil supplies • U.N. force sent in after oil-less invaders withdrew

Operation Wetback

• Eisenhower responded to domestic pressures and Mexican government concerns about illegal Mexican immigration • Operation Wetback—One million Mexicans apprehended and returned to Mexico in 1954 • Eisenhower sought to cancel tribal preservation policies of "Indian New Deal" • Proposed to "terminate" tribes as legal entities • Revert to assimilationist goals of Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 • Most Indians resisted termination • Policy abandoned in 1961

Cold War Crises in the Middle East

• Fears that Soviets would penetrate oil-rich Middle East heightened Cold War tensions • Iranian government resisted Western oil companies • CIA helped engineer coup in 1953 that installed Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator • U.S. intervention created resentment among Iranians • Two decades later, Iranians took revenge on shah and his American allies

HOOVER'S HUMILIATION IN 1932

• Features of election: • Distinct shift of blacks to Roosevelt camp • Victims of depression • Shifted to Democratic Party, especially in urban centers of North • Hard times ruined Republicans: • Vote as much anti-Hoover as it was pro-Roosevelt • Democrats voiced demand for change: • A new deal rather than the New Deal • Lame duck period: • Hoover continued to be president for 4 long months, until March 4, 1933 • Helpless to embark upon any long-range policies without cooperation of Roosevelt • President-elect uncooperative • Hoover arranged two meetings with Roosevelt to get FDR to agree to anti- inflationary policy that would have prevented most New Deal experiments • In politics, the winner, not loser, calls tune • Washington deadlocked: • Economy clanked to virtual halt • One worker in four, unemployed • Banks locked their doors throughout U.S. • Some Hooverites accused Roosevelt of deliberately permitting depression to worsen so he could emerge more spectacularly as savior

Nixon's Détente with Beijing and Moscow

• February 21, 1972: • Nixon visits China • Improvement in relations between China and US • Détente: • Easing of Cold War tensions • Anti-ballistic missile treaty • Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT): • Limited the number of long-range nuclear weapons

Election of 1832

• First election to use nominating conventions to pick national candidates. • Henry Clay made Jackson's veto of the reauthorizing BUS bill the central issue of the campaign. • The majority of voters agreed with Jackson that the BUS was only a device for the benefit of the rich and his veto was a victory for the "common man."

• Allied debts affected policy on reparations:

• French and British demanded $32 billion in reparations payments from Germany • Allies hoped to use money to settle war debts since U.S.A. demanded repayment • As Germany suffered tremendous inflation, some Europeans proposed debts and reparations be scaled down or even canceled • Coolidge rejected any idea of debt cancellation

Results of lend-lease:

• Geared U.S. factories for all-out war production • Enormously increased capacity that saved America when shooting war started • Hitler recognized lend-lease as unofficial declaration of war • After lend-lease, little point in trying to curry favor with United States

Sherman's March to the Sea

• General Sherman wanted to cut through the heartland of the south to destroy anything of military value to the south in order to prove that the southern army could not protect their own land and therefore would be forced to surrender. • Grant would attack from east, Sherman from the west. That plan was never fully executed as Lee surrendered • Grant ordered Sherman to march and take Atlanta while Grant would take Richmond. • Sherman's total force was in excess of 100,000 men. - Atlanta surrendered, September 1864 • The Confederates' strategy was to encircle Atlanta and Sherman, cutting off his railroad supply routes. However, Sherman decided to abandon his supply lines and march directly to the sea, foraging off the land to supply his troops, and burning anything the South might be able to use to make war. • By Christmas of 1864, Sherman had taken Savannah. His men, sure that the end of the war was in sight, stopped burning homes and factories and instead began distributing excess food • "I beg to present to you, as a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 bales of cotton."

Alliance for Progress (1961)

• Hailed as Marshall Plan for Latin America • Intended to quiet communist agitation there • Results disappointing - little alliance - less progress - US handouts had little + impact on Latin America's immense social problems

The Hessians

• Hessians were mercenaries primarily from the Hesse-Cassel region in Germany hired by King George III to fight the colonial rebels • King George, of German descent himself, hired more than 30,000 Hessians to fight in various battles • Some Hessians found the colonies to their liking, switched sides, and remained in the United States at the end of the war

Eisenhower reluctant to promote integration

• His personal attitudes helped restrain him • Felt Court's ruling upset "customs and convictions of at least two generations of Americans" • Refused to issue public statement endorsing Court's conclusion • September 1957, Ike forced to act: • Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, mobilized National Guard to prevent 9 black students from enrolling in Little Rock's Central High School • Ike sent troops to escort children to their classes

The Last Days of Hitler

• Hitler's last attempt: • On December 16, 1944, Germans attacked American lines in Ardennes Forest • Objective was Belgian port of Antwerp, key to Allied supply operation • Ghost Army • Reinforcements rushed up, and last-gasp Hitlerian offensive stemmed in Battle of the Bulge • In March 1945, American troops reached Germany's Rhine River

The Problem of Germany Nuremberg war crimes trial

• Hitler's ruined Reich had created problems for all wartime Allies: • Agreed Nazism had to be cut out of German politics • Involved punishing Nazi leaders for war crimes • Nuremberg war crimes trial 1945-1946: • Tried 22 top culprits • Accusations included • Crimes against laws of war and humanity • Justice, Nuremberg-style, harsh • 12 accused Nazis executed •US and USSR clashed with reality that healthy Germany industrial economy indispensable to European recovery • Germany divided into four military occupation zones: • Each one assigned to one of Big Four powers (France, Britain, America, and USSR) Communists responded by tightening grip on Eastern zone. What about Berlin? • Divided into sectors occupied by troops of each of four victorious powers • In 1948, after controversies over: • German currency reform and four- power control • Soviets abruptly closed rail and highway access to Berlin • Americans organized gigantic Berlin airlift: • U.S. pilots ferried thousands of tons of supplies a day to grateful Berliners • Western Europe took heart from demonstrated American commitment in Europe • Soviets lifted blockade in May 1949 • Same year, two Germanys, East and West, established

The treason of Benedict Arnold - Possible solution

• However, through correspondence with Major John Andre of the British Army, he found a possible solution. • He agreed to betray the American fort at West Point to the British for a large amount of money. • The British would get a major U.S. fort, and Arnold would get the money he wanted. • He would also get a commission as an officer in the British Army. • However, things didn't turn out the way Arnold expected. • Major John Andre of the British Army met with Arnold, and Arnold gave him the plans to the fort at West Point. • After the meeting, Andre found that the only way he could get back to the British lines was to get through the American lines, which he tried to do in civilian clothes rather than military uniform. • Andre was stopped by an American patrol, which found the plans for the fort in his boot. Since Andre was in civilian clothes rather than military dress, he was tried as a spy rather than treated as a prisoner of war. He was sentenced to die by hanging. • Arnold was able to escape to the British lines. He was only paid £ 6000 of the £20,000 he had been promised, but he did receive a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army and also fought the American army on several occasions. He died in England in 1801.

Storm-Cellar Isolationism • International gangsterism also spread in Far East:

• Imperial Japan, like Germany and Italy • A so-called have-not power • Resented ungenerous Treaty of Versailles • Demanded additional space for its teeming millions, cooped-up in crowded island nation • 1935: Japan quit League of Nations • Five years later joined arms with Germany and Italy in Tripartite Pact

Submarines

• In 1864 the Confederate submarine Hunley became the first sub to sink a warship, however the explosion from the torpedo, which was placed on a long pole attached to the sub, also sank the Hunley.

• "Monkey Trial":

• In 1925, Dayton high-school biology teacher John T. Scopes indicted for teaching evolution • Historic clash between theology and biology proved inconclusive: • Scopes found guilty and fined $100 • Tennessee supreme court upheld law, but set aside fine on technicality • Fundamentalists won only hollow victory • Fundamentalism (emphasis on literal reading of Bible) • Remained vibrant force in American spiritual life

Nixon on the Home Front

• Increased spending on Great Society Programs: • Food stamps and Medicaid • "Philadelphia Plan": • Construction unions had to provide a timetable for hiring black apprentices • Implemented in all federal contracts • New definition of affirmative action: • Privileges for certain groups (minorities) • Nixon and the Environment: • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • Influenced in part by Rachel Carson's ***Silent Spring*** • Nixon and the economy: • 90 day wage and price freeze • Ended the Gold Standard

African American suffering continued, especially in South:

• Increasingly blacks refused to suffer in silence • In Dec. 1955 Rosa Parks made history in Montgomery, Alabama, when she boarded a city bus, took a seat in "whites only" section, and refused to give it up • Her arrest for violating city's Jim Crow statutes sparked year- long black boycott of city buses • Served notice throughout South that blacks would no longer submit meekly to absurdities and indignities of segregation

Storm-Cellar Isolationism • Spread of totalitarianism:

• Individual is nothing; state is everything • Communist USSR led way: • Joseph Stalin emerged as dictator • In 1936 he began to purge USSR of all suspected dissidents: • Executed hundreds of thousands • Banished millions to remote Siberian forced- labor camps

POSITIVES OF MASS MEDIA

• Insularity of ethnic communities eroded as immigrants' children took to public media • Some diversity of immigrants' Old Country culture lost, but: • Standardization of tastes and language hastened entrance into American mainstream • Set stage for working-class political coalition that would overcome divisive ethnic differences of past

Japan Dies Hard

• Iwo Jima captured in March 1945 • Okinawa from April to June 1945 • U.S. Navy, which covered invasion of Okinawa, sustained severe damage • Japanese suicide pilots ("kamikazes") crashed bomb-laden planes onto invading fleet • Sank over thirty ships and badly damaged scores more

Watergate and the Unmaking of a President

• June 17, 1972: • 5 men broke into Democratic headquarters in Watergate • CREEP - Committee to Re-Elect the President • VP Agnew: • Resigned over taking bribes • Led to the appointment of Gerald Ford • Nixon secretly recorded most Oval Office Conversations • "Saturday Night Massacre" • Nixon fired a special prosecutor, Attorney General, and deputy Attorney General • Nixon claimed right of "Executive Privilege" • Supreme Court stated he could not withhold evidence and tapes • House drew up impeachment charges, Nixon resigned

March on Washington (August 1963):

• King led more than 200,000 on a peaceful march • In electrifying speech at Lincoln Memorial, King declared, "I have a dream..." • Still violence continued • On night of Kennedy's television address: • White gunman murdered Medgar Evers, a black Mississippi civil rights worker • In September 1963, an explosion blasted a Baptist church in Birmingham, killing four black girls • Kennedy's civil rights bill stalled in Congress

A New Team on the Supreme Bench • Warren Court:

• Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953 - 1969) • Decisions affected rights of criminals and the accused, religion, civil rights, and women • Mapp v. Ohio (search warrants) • Gideon v. Wainwright (right to lawyer, even if you can't afford one) • Escobedo v. Illinois (Right to lawyer from time of arrest) • Miranda v. Arizona (Right to remain silent) • New York Times v. Sullivan (public figures had to prove malice in order to sue for libel) • Engel v. Vitale (School sanctioned prayer is unconstitutional) • Griswold v. Connecticut (Birth control is legal) • Tinker v. DesMoines (Free speech is fine in school) • Nixon, upset with the court's decisions, appointed judges he felt would "strictly" interpret the Constitution • Appointed Warren Burger as new Chief Justice • Roe v. Wade (1973) - legalized abortion

Gettysburg July 1-3 1863

• Lee again decides to invade North in hope North would settle for peace • 3 day battle was largest and deadliest of war • on 2nd day of battle Lee orders full frontal attack called "Pickett's Charge." Lose 7,000 men in 30 minutes • Turning point of battle of the war • Lee retreated on July 4th, having lost 1/3 of entire fighting force • Loss forces the South to fight a defensive war and strengthened the will of the North to continue to fight • South never launched an attack on North soil again GETTYSBURG ADDRESS • In Nov. 1863, Lincoln gave famous speech at Gettysburg to dedicate the Gettysburg • Lincoln used speech to redefine the purpose to fight the war: the reunification of the ending of slavery

Martial law declared in Maryland

• Lincoln was faced with pro-Southern feelings in Maryland. • A few weeks after Fort Sumter, riots erupted in Baltimore, MD when civilians attacked soldiers from the 6th Massachusetts Regiment. • A mob threw bricks and stones at the soldiers who opened fire into the crowd. • At the end, four soldiers and twelve civilians were killed. • Martial law was declared in the city and federal troops arrested both government officials and private citizens who were held in jail. • Federal troops occupied the city for the rest of the war.

• Reconstruction in Japan:

• MacArthur led program for democratization of Japan • MacArthur-dictated constitution adopted in 1946: • Renounced militarism; provided for women's equality • Introduced Western-style democratic government • Paved way for Japan's phenomenal economic recovery Communists led by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Sept. 1949: Truman announced Soviets had exploded an atomic bomb Truman ordered development of Hydrogen bomb Albert Einstein declared, "annihilation of any life on earth has been brought within the range of technical possibilities" • United States explored first hydrogen device in 1952 • Soviets countered with their first H-bomb explosion in 1953 • Nuclear arms race entered perilously competitive cycle • Only constrained by recognition that truly hot Cold War would destroy world

Washington appointed General of the Continental Army

• Many, including Continental Congress president John Hancock, desired to be commander of the Continental Army. • Other delegates, led by John Adams, sought to appoint George Washington to the post. • Washington was selected for two main reasons: 1. His prior military experience during the French and Indian War 2. He was from Virginia, and it seemed necessary to include Virginia in the military operations around the city of Boston

The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and the War Powers Act

• March 1969 - May 1970: • US secretly bombed Cambodia 3,500 times • During that time, US pledged it was respecting Cambodia's neutrality • Americans question the government • War Powers Act: • Essentially, it reversed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Drastically reduced the war-time powers of the president • President must report to Congress within 48 hours of sending troops to a conflict • Must limit combat to 60 days unless Congress extended it to 90

Profit and Loss in Mexico

• Marine Corps won new laurels and to this day sings in its stirring hymn about the "Halls of Montezuma" • Army waged war without defeat and without a major blunder • Opposing armies emerged with increased respect for each other • Mexicans never forgot that U.S.A. tore away about ½ of their country • Marked an ugly turning point in relations between United States and Latin America As wars go, Mexican War a small one: • Cost 13,000 American lives, most by disease • Fruits of war were enormous: • America's total expanse was increased by 1/3 • Campaigns provided experience for army • Navy valuable in blockading Mexican ports War aroused slavery debate that not stop until Civil War ◦ David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced amendment that slavery should never exist in any territories wrested from Mexico ◦ Wilmot Proviso never became law, but: ◦ Endorsed by legislatures of all but one of free states ◦ Came to symbolize burning issue of slavery in territories ◦ More than any other issue, debate over slavery in new western lands divided North & South ◦ From perspective of history, opening shots of Mexican War were opening shots of Civil War

Educational strides in 1920s:

• More states required students to remain in school until age 16 or 18, or until graduation • High school graduation rates doubled in 1920s • Change in educational theory by John Dewey • Principles of "learning by doing" • So-called progressive education with its greater "permissiveness" • Believed workbench as essential as blackboard • "Education for life" should be primary goal of teacher

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

• Most complex and far-reaching of New Deal projects • Combine immediate relief with long-range recovery and reform • Triple-barreled: designed to assist industry, labor, and unemployed • Individual industries would work out codes of "fair competition" under which hours of labor would be reduced • A ceiling placed on maximum hours of labor • A floor placed under wages to establish minimum levels

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):

• Most popular of New Deal "alphabetical agencies" • Provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about three million young men • Useful work—including reforestation • Firefighting (47 lives lost), flood control, swamp drainage • Recruits required to help parents by sending home most of their pay • Both human and natural resources conserved • Minor complaints of "militarizing the nation's youth"

Wagner Act:

• National Labor Relations Act (1935) • Named after sponsor, Senator Robert F. Wagner • Created powerful new National Labor Relations Board: • Reasserted right of labor to engage in self-organization • To bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice • Considered Magna Carta of labor, Wagner Act proved to be major milestone for American workers

Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh:

• Nationalists sought to end French colonial rule • Ho appealed to Wilson for self-determination in 1919 • Cold War damped dreams of anticolonial Asians: • Their leaders became increasingly communists while United States became increasingly anticommunist • By 1954, America paying 80% of war costs in Indochina • Amounted to $1 billion a year • Done partly to get French approval for rearmed W. Germany • W. Germany entered NATO in 1955

Dawes Plan (1924):

• Negotiated by Charles Dawes, about to be Coolidge's running mate • Rescheduled German reparations payments • Opened way for more private American loans to Germany • Whole financial cycle became more complicated: • U.S. bankers loaned money to Germany, • Germany paid reparations to France and Britain, • Former Allies paid war debts to United States

HOUSING AND SOCIAL SECURITY

• New Deal housing policies: • Federal Housing Administration (1934): • Building industry stimulated by small loans to house- holders: • For improving their dwellings • For completing new ones • So popular it outlasted age of Roosevelt • Congress bolstered program in 1937 by authorizing United States Housing Authority (USHA): Agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction • Social Security Act 1935: • Unemployment insurance and old-age pensions • One of most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass Congress

FDR'S BALANCE SHEET

• New Dealers staunchly defended record: • Some waste, but pointed out that relief—not economy—had been primary objective • Some graft, but argued it had been trivial in view of immense sums spent and obvious need for haste • New Deal relieved worst of crisis in 1933 • Promoted philosophy of "balancing the human budget" • Washington regime to be used, not feared • Collapse of America's economic system averted • Fairer distribution of national income achieved • Citizens able to regain and retain self-respect • Though hated by business tycoons, FDR should have been their patron saint • Deflected popular resentments against business • May have saved American system of free enterprise • His quarrel not with capitalism but with capitalists • Purged American capitalism of some of its worst abuses • Headed off radical swing to left • Claimed that New Deal did not bankrupt United States • Massive national debt caused by WWII, not New Deal • National debt = $40 billion in 1939; $258 billion in 1945 • FDR provided bold reform without bloody revolution • Upbraided by left-wing radicals for not going far enough, by right-wing radicals for going too far • Choosing middle road, Roosevelt has been called greatest American conservative since Hamilton • Hamiltonian in espousal of big government, but Jeffersonian in concern for "forgotten man" • Demonstrating value of presidential leadership, he exercised power to relieve erosion of nation's greatest resource—its people • Helped preserve democracy in America at a time when democracies abroad disappearing to dictatorship • Unwittingly girded nation for its part in titanic war that loomed on horizon—a war in which democracy the world over would be at stake

Race to the Moon!

• New Frontier extended to "final frontier" • Promoted multibillion-dollar project to "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to earth" • Moon shot a calculated plan to restore America's prestige in space race • $24 billion later, two NASA astronauts planted their footprints—and U.S. flag—on moon's surface (1969) • Apollo mission seen live on television around globe • Symbol of U.S. dominance

The Cold War Home Front

• New anti-red chase accelerated by fears of communist spies in USA: • In 1947, Truman launched massive "loyalty" program: • Attorney general drew up list of 90 supposedly disloyal organizations • Loyalty Review Board investigated more than three million federal employees • 1949: 11 communists brought before New York jury for violating Smith Act of 1940: • First peacetime anti- sedition law since 1798 • Convicted of advocating overthrow of American government by force, defendants sent to prison - Supreme Court upheld convictions in Dennis v. United States (1951)

The Korean Volcano Erupts

• New shooting phase to Cold War: June 1950 in former Japanese colony • After WWII, Soviet troops accepted Japan's surrender north of thirty- eighth parallel • American troops did so south of 38th parallel • Both superpowers professed to want reunification and independence of Korea Truman viewed incident through "containment doctrine" that any relaxation in America's guard would invite communist aggression National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC- 68): • Truman ordered massive buildup, well beyond what was necessary for Korea • Marked major step in militarization of American foreign policy Security Council called all U.N. members, including USA, to "render assistance" to restore peace Beginning of the Korean War United States' role: • Simply participating in U.N. "police action" • MacArthur, appointed U.N. commander of entire operation: • Took orders from Washington, not from Security Council

The "substitute" system "A rich man's war...but a poor man's fight"

• Northern men could hire someone to take their place in military service for $300. • Substitutions were legal under the Enrollment Act of 1863. • Substitution rate eventually raised to $400. • Confederate law also allowed for substitutes and exemptions for planters with more than 20 slaves. • Draft riots in New York targeted those thought to be able to afford substitutes as well as blacks.

• WPA-Works Progress Administration

• Objective was employment on useful projects • Agency ultimately spent about $11 billion on thousands of public buildings, bridges, and hard- surfaced roads • Not every WPA project strengthened infrastructure

Stamp Act Congress

• October, 1765 with the goal of convincing Britain to repeal the Stamp Act. • The Congress issued a Declaration of Rights and Grievances which included: • 1. Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies. • 2. Trial by jury was a right, and the use of Admiralty Courts was abusive. • 3. Colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen. • 4. Without voting rights, Parliament could NOT represent the colonists. • First time the colonists banded together for a specific purpose

The treason of Benedict Arnold

• One incident that shook American morale in the Revolutionary War was the treason of Benedict Arnold in 1780. • Arnold was relieved of command by Gates during the Battle of Bemis Heights. • His treason was not so much for revenge but for monetary gain. - He was in a substantial amount of debt because of his wife's extravagant spending habits.

Election of 1836

• Opponents to Jackson's vetoes of the BUS recharter bill and Maysville road project formed an opposition party in the 1830s known as the Whigs. • The Whigs were supported by eastern businessmen, former Federalist Party members and some southern planters. • Jackson's supporters took "Democrats" as their party name. • Both parties held nominating conventions to pick their candidates. This system is still in use today. • Vice President Martin Van Buren, "The Little Magician,": Democrats candidate • The Whigs ran three candidates hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives where they hoped William H. Harrison would be declared President

The First Unelected President

• Pardon of Nixon: • Many Americans were upset, some believed there was a "deal" • Hurt Ford's re-election chances in 1976 • Helsinki Accords: • Improved relations between Western nations and Communist nations • Example of détente Defeat in Vietnam • US withdrew troops in 1973 • $118 billion cost • 56,000 deaths, 300,000 wounded

Battle of Saratoga, (NY)

• Patriots greatest victory • Turning Point • Colonies held the high ground around the Hudson River. They were able to use cannon on the top a ridge and a wall at the bottom to defeat the British • France decides to help Patriots (Benjamin Franklin had rallied their support)

Kennedy's "New Frontier"

• Pledged to "get the country moving again" • Personified glamour and vitality of administration • Peace Corps: army of mostly youthful volunteers to bring American skills to undeveloped countries • Congress: Republicans and southern Democrats teamed up to oppose New Frontier proposals

Gender Roles

• Popular culture and the mass media reinforced messages about • traditional gender roles • consumer culture • the Cold War ideal of domesticity • HOWEVER the reality of women's lives did not always reflect these ideals. • The term nuclear family emerged to describe and encourage the stability of the family as the essential building block of a strong and healthy society.

November 22, 1963 (Dallas, Texas):

• President Kennedy shot; died within seconds • VP Johnson sworn in as president • Alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, killed in front of TV cameras by self-appointed avenger, Jack Ruby • Elaborate investigation by Chief Justice Warren could not quiet doubts and theories about what really happened

THE MASS-CONSUMPTION ECONOMY

• Prosperity put "roar" into twenties: • Recent war and Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's tax policies: • Favored rapid expansion of capital investment • New machinery increased productivity • Assembly-line production reached perfection by Henry Ford's factories where a finished automobile emerged every ten seconds • New industries sprouted • Automobile: - Now became carriage of common citizen - By 1930 Americans owned almost 30 million cars - Created shift in character of economy: • American manufacturers - Mastered problems of production - Shifted focus to consumption - Could they find mass markets for goods? • Buying on credit; another innovation of postwar economy: • "Possess today and pay tomorrow" was message • People went into debt to own all kinds of new marvels—refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, cars and radios—now • Prosperity accumulated an overhanging cloud of debt • Economy became increasingly vulnerable to disruptions of credit structure

• CWA- Civil Works Administration

• Provided temporary jobs during cruel winter emergency • Tens of thousands of jobless employed at leaf raking and other make-work tasks

First Continental Congress

• Purpose: Convince Parliament to repeal the Intolerable Acts • The Congress did not intend to declare independence from Britain. • The delegates believed that they were entitled to the same rights as all Englishmen and that the Intolerable Acts and other laws violated those rights. • Signed non-importation agreements boycotting British goods. • In addition, they pledged to meet again in 1775 if the Intolerable Acts were not repealed.

Sources of Stagnation

• Reasons for economic downturn: • High cost of Vietnam War • Rising oil prices • Inflation • High funding for Great Society

HARDING'S PRESIDENCY

• Reduction in the income tax • Increased tariff rates under Fordney-McCumberTariff Act of 1922, • raised American tariffs on many imported goods to protect factories and farms. • Established the Bureau of Budget with procedures for all government expenditures to be placed in a single budget for Congress to review and vote on

HOOVER PIONEERS THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY

• Relations with America's southern neighbors: • Hoover interested in often-troubled nations below Rio Grande • After stock market crash of 1929: • Economic imperialism less popular at home in U.S.A. • Hoover advocated international goodwill • Strove to abandon interventionist twist given Monroe Doctrine by Theodore Roosevelt • Negotiated with Haiti for withdrawal of U.S. troops by 1934 • In 1933, last U.S. marines left Nicaragua after almost continuous stay of some twenty years • Hoover engineered foundation stones of Good Neighbor policy • Upon them, rose imposing edifice under successor, Franklin Roosevelt

Election of 1964

• Republican Nominee: Barry Goldwater (Senator) • Conservative movement • Attacked: • Federal income tax, social security system, TVA • Civil rights legislation, nuclear test-ban treaty • The Great Society • Democratic Nominee: LBJ • Seized upon Tonkin Gulf episode in August 1964: • Covert U.S. help to South Vietnamese raids on N. Vietnam • LBJ called alleged attacks "unprovoked" • Ordered "limited" retaliatory air raid • Claimed he sought "no wider war" • Got Congress to pass all-purpose Tonkin Gulf Resolution: • Congress abdicated war-declaring powers • Handed president a blank check to use further force in Southeast Asia

Montgomery bus boycott:

• Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.: • Had been sheltered from grossest cruelties of segregation • His oratorical skill, strategic savvy, mastery of biblical and constitutional conceptions of justice, and devotion to nonviolent principles of India's Mohandas Gandhi thrust him to forefront of black revolution.

Landmark case Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923):

• Reversed its reasoning in Muller v. Oregon: • Which declared women needed special protection in workplace • To invalidate minimum-wage law for women • Reasoning: because women had vote (19thAmendment), they were legal equal of men and could no longer be protected by special legislation • Two cases framed debate over gender differences: • Were women sufficiently different from men that they merited special legal and social treatment? • Or were they effectively equal in eyes of law and undeserving of special protections and preferences?

"PACKING THE COURTS"

• Roosevelt hit on scheme to fix problem: • Proved to be one of his most costly political misjudgments • Asked Congress for legislation to permit him to add a new justice to Supreme Court for every one over seventy who would not retire • Maximum membership would be fifteen • He alleged Court far behind in its work—which proved to be false and brought accusations of dishonesty • Headstrong FDR not realize that Court, in popular thinking, had become sacred cow

NINE OLD MEN ON THE BENCH

• Roosevelt took presidential oath on January 20, 1937, instead of traditional March 4: • Twentieth Amendment ratified in 1933 • Swept away postelection lame duck session of Congress • Shortened by six weeks awkward period before inauguration • Roosevelt interpreted reelection as mandate to continue New Deal: • To him, Supreme Court judges were stumbling blocks • In nine major cases involving New Deal, they had thwarted New Deal reforms seven times • Court ultra-conservative; six of nine judges over 70 • Roosevelt had not appointed anyone to Court in first term • Some justices held on primarily to curb "socialistic" New Deal • FDR believed voters (presidential elections of 1932 and 1936 and congressional elections of 1934) had clearly demonstrated support for New Deal • To FDR, Court obstructing democracy

TWILIGHT OF THE NEW DEAL

• Roosevelt's first term did not banish depression: • Unemployment persisted in 1936 at about 15%, down from 25% of 1933, but still high • Recovery had been modest • Then in 1937 economy took another sharp downturn: • Surprising severe depression-within-the depression that critics dubbed "Roosevelt recession" • Government policies caused nosedive: • Just as new Social Security taxes began to take effect • FDR cut government spending to try to balance budget • Roosevelt then deliberately embraced ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes: • FDR announced bold program to stimulate economy by planned deficit spending • Keynesianism—use of government spending and fiscal policy to "prime the pump" of economy and encourage consumer spending • Policy became new economic orthodoxy and remained so for decades • Roosevelt continued to push remaining reform measures of New Deal: • Urged Congress to authorize sweeping reorganization of national administration in interests of efficiency • Not done, and thus another defeat • Two years later, Congress partially relented and passed Reorganization Act: • Gave president some powers for administrative reforms, including key new Executive Office in White House By 1938, New Deal lost its momentum: • Roosevelt could find few new reforms • In congressional elections of 1938, Republicans scored victories but failed to gain control in either house • Foreign affairs increasingly dominated public debate

America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens

• Secretary Hughes secured for U.S. oil companies right to share in Middle East oil exploitations • Disarmament an issue for Harding: • Businessmen did not want to finance naval building program started during war • Washington "Disarmament Conference" 1921-1922: • Invitations sent to all but Bolshevik Russia • Agenda included naval disarmament and situation in Far East • Hughes declared 10-year "holiday" on construction of battleships • Proposed scaled-down navies of America and Britain with parity • Ratio 5:5:3 for U.S.A., England, and Japan in Five Power Treaty, 1922

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):

• Secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg won Nobel Peace Prize for his role; Kellogg signed Pact with French foreign minister • New parchment peace delusory: • Defensive wars still permitted • Pact a diplomatic derelict and virtually useless • Reflected American mind (1920s): • Willing to be lulled into false sense of security • Same attitude showed up in neutralism of 1930s

Economic conditions of 1920s:

• Several hundred banks failed annually • Stocks provided even greater sensations: • Speculation ran wild • Boom-or-bust trading pushed market to dizzy peaks • Stock market became veritable gambling den In 1920s many bought stocks "on margin" • Intoxicated by lure of quick profits, few heeded warnings that this kind of prosperity could not last • Little done by Washington to curb speculators • 1921 Congress moved toward budget sanity by creating Bureau of the Budget: • Assisted president in preparing estimates of receipts and expenditures to be submitted to Congress as annual budget • Burdensome taxes from war distasteful to Secretary of Treasury Mellon • Argued high taxes forced rich to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided payrolls • Argued high taxes not only: • Discouraged business, but • Brought in smaller return to Treasury than moderate taxes • Mellon helped engineer series of tax reductions from 1921 to 1926 • Congress: • Repealed excess-profit tax • Abolished gift tax • Reduced excise taxes, the surtax, the income tax, and estate taxes • Mellon's spare-the-rich policies shifted tax burden from wealthy to middle-income groups • Mellon, lionized by conservatives as "greatest secretary of Treasury since Hamilton" remains controversial figure: • Reduced national debt by $10 billion • Accused of indirectly encouraging bull market

Treaty of Alliance

• Signed by France and the United States in 1778 • In the treaty, the U.S. and France pledged to become allies against Great Britain • France entered the treaty because they wanted revenge for their loss against Britain in the French and Indian War and wanted to regain their status as the most powerful nation in Europe • One major effect of the treaty was that the American Revolution was no longer a fight between the British and colonies, but now was a "world war" involving the two major superpowers, Britain and France

Treaty of Paris 1783

• Signed in 1783 • America is now officially an independent nation. • Mississippi River would be western border of new nation • British supposed to remove all troops from the United States.

Sputnik

• Soviets launched Sputnik I and II into space (1957) • Shock to American self-confidence and security • "Rocket fever" swept nation: • Eisenhower created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) • Sputnik spurred changes in U.S. educational system • 1958: National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) • Promoted research and teaching in sciences, engineering, and foreign languages

The Nixon Landslide of 1972:

• Spring of 1972: • North Vietnam crossed the DMZ • US responded with bombings on North Vietnamese cities • Election of 1972: • George McGovern (D) promised to end war in 90 days • Nixon wins in a landslide • Cease-fire in Vietnam on January 23, 1973 • Nixon claimed he achieved "Peace with Honor"

Yalta conference (February 1945):

• Stalin, Churchill and fast-failing Roosevelt • Momentous agreements and plans: • Final plans to smash buckling German lines • Assigned occupation zones in Germany • Stalin agreed Poland, with revised boundaries, should have representative government based on free elections • United Nations

Lincoln's Inauguration

• States purpose for term in office • Perspective - "Preserve, protect, and defend" the union

• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937:

• Stipulated that when the president proclaimed existence of foreign war • Certain restrictions automatically go into effect • No American could legally sail on a belligerent (aggressive) ship • Sell or transport munitions to a belligerent • Or make loans to a belligerent • Legislation abandoned traditional policy of freedom of seas

Good Neighbor Policy

• Success of Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy: • Paid dividends in goodwill among Latin Americans • No other U.S. citizen has been held in such high regard as FDR in Latin America • Colossus of North now seemed less a vulture and more an eagle

1960 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

• Suez crisis last time U.S.A. could use "oil weapon" • 1940: U.S.A. produced 2/3 of world's oil, with 5% coming from Middle East • By 1948, U.S.A. had become net oil importer • Arab nations attempted to keep more of profit from their oil exports • 1960 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed: • Member nations: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Venezuela • Within two decades, OPEC's stranglehold on Western economies would tighten

Anti-Masonic party: The first third party in a U.S. election.

• Supported throughout the middle Atlantic and New England states • Based on the idea that secret societies, particularly the Freemasons, served only to support the wealthy remaining wealthy • Opposition to these societies started because it was almost a political necessity to join the fraternity to get elected, which many viewed a threat to the welfare and integrity of the nation's public institutions • William Wirt was actually a Mason, even defending Masonry in a speech he gave during the convention that nominated him. However, President Jackson, a prominent Mason publicly blasted the fraternity, and so the Anti-Masonic Party could be more accurately described as an anti-Jackson party

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

• Supreme Court and civil rights: • Assumed political leadership in civil rights struggle • Chief Justice Earl Warren: • Courageously led Court to address urgent issues that Congress and Ike preferred to avoid • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954): • Segregation in public schools "inherently unequal" and thus unconstitutional • Reversed Court's verdict in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) that "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional

Truman's Fair Deal

• Sweeping Fair Deal reform program • Presented to Congress in 1949 for: • Improved housing • Full employment • National health insurance • Higher minimum wage • Better farm price supports • New TVAs • Extension of Social Security • Only major successes: • Raised minimum wage • Provided for public housing in Housing Act of 1949 • Extended old-age insurance to more beneficiaries in Social Security Act of 1950

• War on Poverty part of LBJ's Great Society:

• Sweeping New Deal- style domestic reforms • Targeted remaining pockets of poverty • Major new investments in education and arts

The Arab Oil Embargo and the Energy Crisis

• Syria and Egypt attacked Israel •US provided $2 billion in aid to Israel • Arab nations responded with an oil embargo •Oil and gas prices increase

Breaking the Congressional Logjam

• Taylor unknowingly helped cause of concession by dying suddenly. • Vice-President Millard Fillmore took reins: • Impressed with arguments for conciliation • Gladly signed series of compromise measures • Balancing of interests in Compromise of 1850 was extremely delicate

William Henry Harrison

• The Democrats made fun of the Whig candidate, former military hero William Henry Harrison, calling him an old retired has-been who would be content to live in a log cabin with a barrel of hard cider (alcoholic apple juice). Actually Harrison was the son of a wealthy aristocrat. • The Whigs turned the attack in their favor by making log cabins and hard cider the central symbols of their campaign. Harrison was presented as a man of the people while Van Buren was shown as a pampered dandy who cared only about luxurious living. • Within a month of becoming president, Harrison caught a cold that developed into pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841.

Valley Forge

• The Marquis de Lafayette from France and Prussian Baron von Stueben helped to hold the remaining troops together through training and discipline. • This training and Washington influencing soldiers to remain with the Army will be very helpful in the remain portion of the war and help the Colonies eventually win.

Bank war

• The Second Bank of the United States (BUS) was founded in 1816, five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. • In 1822, Nicholas Biddle, a wealthy upper class intellectual and financier, was appointed president of the bank. • The BUS was owned by individuals but the government used it to hold all its gold and silver. • The bank's paper bills were accepted as equivalent to gold for any payments to the government. • Jackson thought the BUS was a menace to the economy. He believed money should be in gold and silver coins and not paper.

Election of 1840

• The election of 1840 was the first victory for the new Whig Party. • The election saw the largest voter turnout in U.S. history with over 80% of the eligible voters casting ballots. • Harrison's campaign, taking a page from Jackson's presidential campaign's, gave away free whiskey and hard cider, made fun of Van Buren with slogans such as "Van, Van, Van-Van's a Used Up Man," held parades, mass rallies, and log-cabin raisings. • Van Buren, blamed for the Panic of 1837, lost decisively to Harrison.

Southern Strategy

• The south desperately needed support from foreign governments to succeed in the war because they lacked the resources necessary to win. • They believed that Europe's dependency on Southern cotton would gain their support. • Their strategy was the fight a defensive war and only attack when victory seemed likely. • The two major offensives by the south at Antietam and Gettysburg both ended in failures.

Feminist Victories and Defeats

• Title IX: • Prohibited sex discrimination in education • More opportunities for women's and girls' athletics • Equal Rights Amendment: • Idea had been around for a long time (1920s - Alice Paul) • Congressional Approval in 1972 • Amendment did not achieve ratification; fell 3 states shy • ***Phyllis Schlafly*** was an outspoken critic • Roe v. Wade: • Supreme Court legalized abortion, citing a woman's right to privacy

USA decided to join defensive European Pact—North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):

• To bolster containment and help reintegrate Germany • Twelve original signatories pledged to • Regard an attack on one as an attack on all • Respond with "armed force" if necessary • "To keep the Russians out, the Germans down, and the Americans in

• 1964: voting become chief goal of Civil Rights Movement:

• Twenty-fourth Amendment, ratified January 1964, abolished poll tax in federal elections (see Appendix) • Freedom Summer 1964: blacks joined with whites in massive voter-registration drive in Mississippi • In June, one black and two white civil rights workers murdered • Mississippi officials refused to prosecute those responsible

Shaping the Postwar World • United Nations

• U.N. Conference opened on April 25, 1945: • Roosevelt shrewdly moved to establish new international body before war's conclusion • USA took lead, but USSR participated • United Nations (U.N.): • Successor to League of Nations • Differed in many ways: • League adopted rules denying veto to any party to a dispute U.N. provided that no member of Security Council, dominated by Big Five (USA, Britain, France, USSR, and China), could have action taken against it without its consent U.N. General Assembly could be controlled by smaller countries •U.N., headquartered in New York City, had some initial successes: • Helped preserve peace in Iran, Kashmir, and other trouble spots • Played large role in creating new Jewish state of Israel • U.N. Trusteeship Council guided former colonies to independence

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

• U.S. Navy, with marines and army divisions, began "leapfrogging" Japanese-held islands in Pacific • Island hopping strategy called for: • Bypassing most heavily fortified Japanese posts • Capturing nearby islands • Setting up airfields on them • Then neutralizing enemy bases using heavy bombing • Deprived essential supplies from home, Japan's outposts would slowly withered on vine

New Dealers embraced progressive ideas:

• Unemployment insurance, old-age insurance • Minimum-wage regulations • Conservation and development of natural resources • Restrictions on child labor • Invented some new schemes: • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • No longer would America look as backward in realm of social welfare as it once had

January 1968, communist offensive launched on Tet, Vietnamese New Year

• Viet Cong attacked 27 South Vietnamese cities • Showed Johnson's strategy of continual escalation not working • Tet offensive ended in military defeat but political victory for Viet Cong • U.S. public opinion increasingly demanded end to war

Nixon "Vietnamizes" the War

• Vietnamization: • Gradually withdrawing US troops from Vietnam • Transitioning the military burden to the South Vietnamese • "Using weapons, training, and advice" • Nixon Doctrine: • US would honor current commitments, but in the future, Asian countries would defend themselves without American troops • Doves: • Those that favor peace • "Silent Majority": • Nixon's belief that most Americans supported the war, but were not vocal • My Lai Massacre 1968: • Killing of Vietnamese women and children

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (1933)

• Vision of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska • From standpoint of "planned economy," by far most revolutionary of all New Deal schemes • Determined to discover precisely how much it cost to product and distribute electricity • With that "yardstick," fairness of rates charged by private companies could be judged • New Dealers pointed with pride to amazing achievements of TVA • Electric-power industry attracted ire of New Deal reformers for charging excessive rates: • An industry that reached directly into pocketbooks of millions of customers for vitally needed services • Tennessee River provided New Dealers with opportunity: • By developing hydroelectric potential of entire area, Washington could combine immediate advantage: • Employment of thousands of people to work • And long-term project for reforming power monopoly Benefits to area: • Full employment • Cheap electric power (see Figure 32.2) • Low-cost housing • Abundant cheap nitrates • Restoration of eroded soil • Reforestation • Improved navigation • Flood contro • New Dealers agitated for parallel enterprises in valleys of Columbia, Colorado, and Missouri Rivers • Conservative reaction against "socialistic" New Deal confined TVA's brand of federally guided resource management and comprehensive regional development to Tennessee Valley

Battle of Yorktown, VA

• Washington marches south to Yorktown, Virginia. • He planned to trap Cornwallis and British army. • Needed French fleet to arrive to keep them from evacuating by sea. • Fleet had to arrive at the right time...and they did. • Trapped by land and sea, Cornwallis surrendered his army of 8,000. • War comes to a close on October 19, 1781.

Battle of Trenton

• Washington stages a surprise attack against Britain and Hessians on Christmas Day 1776. • Victory for the Patriots • Washington uses different techniques in battles; fights in winter months, at night, and on holidays

Panic of 1837

• When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. • These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. • Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. • Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). • Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Eisenhower pledged "dynamic conservatism"

• When dealing with people: "Be liberal, be human" but with "people's money, or their economy, or their form of government, be conservative" • Halt further expansion of government programs • Strove to balance federal budget: • Guard Republic from what Ike called "creeping socialism" • Supported transfer of control over offshore oil fields from federal government to states

Mexico lost war and Republic of Texas was established

• Within a month of Santa Ana's victory at the Alamo his army was destroyed at the Battle of San Jacinto • He was captured and forced to grant Texas independence from Mexico • Although later Santa Ana renounced the agreement Texas was never again seriously threatened by invasion

President Van Buren

• Within two months of becoming president Van Buren was confronted with the worst economic depression in U.S. history up until that time, the panic of 1837. • Van Buren did little to relieve the suffering of those who lost their jobs and land. He was a believer in the economic philosophy known as laissez faire. This philosophy stressed that the government should not intervene in the economy. • Little was accomplished during his four year term and he was defeated for reelection in 1840.

Support for the War

• Women, Native Americans and African Americans all support the war effort. • Women followed the Army. They served as nurses, cooks, etc. Also served as spies! • Some Native Americans served in the Militias during the war • Estimated around 5000 African Americans served in the Army. They hoped if the Colonies gained their independence it would lead to their own freedom and rights. Unfortunately this never happened.

Voting Rights Act of 1965; signed into law August 6

• outlawed literacy tests • Sent federal voter registrars into several southern states • Overtime brought dramatic change to southern politics and businesses • Soon blacks began to migrate into South for first time since emancipation

Truman: The "Gutty" Man from Missouri

•"Accidental president" Harry S Truman presided over initial postwar period • Called " average man's average man " • First president in many years without a college education • Moved into Missouri politics, rose from judgeship to U.S. Senate

Lee signed the surrender terms

•Confederate officers could keep their side arms and personal possessions •Officers and men who claimed to own their horses could keep them •Each officer and man was allowed to return to their home, "not to be disturbed by the United States authorities". •Grant also offered Lee 25,000 food rations for Confederate soldiers

Election of 1968

•Democratic nominee: Hubert Humphrey • Republican nominee: Richard Nixon

•Oct. 28, Khrushchev agreed to partial compromise:

•He would remove missiles from Cuba •USA agreed to end quarantine and not invade Cuba •USA agreed to remove from Turkey some of its missiles targeted at Soviet Union

Marquis de Lafayette

•Presented himself to Congress asking for a "commission of the highest rank" but as with all foreigners he had to volunteer with no pay • Became one of Washington's closest friends • Toward the end of the war he was put in charge of the defense of Virginia and he played a key role in the war's final Battle at Yorktown •Later Lafayette participated in the French Revolution, but was branded a traitor for supporting the monarchy and imprisoned for five years

Election of 1916

•Presidential campaign of 1916 -Bull moose Progressives and Republicans met in Chicago: •Progressives nominated Theodore Roosevelt: -TR, who loathed Wilson, had no intention of splitting Republicans again -With his refusal, TR sounded death knell of Progressive party •Republicans drafted Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had been governor of New York ◦ Republican platform condemned Wilson's: ◦ Tariff ◦Assault on trusts ◦ Wishy-washiness in dealing with Mexico and Germany ◦ Wilson realized his 1912 win caused by Taft-TR split ◦ Used his first term to identify himself as candidate of progressivism and to woo bull moose voters into Democratic fold ◦His campaign slogan, "He Kept Us Out of War"

The rapid increase of stock prices encouraged:

•Speculation, the practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of getting a huge return. •Buying on margin, the practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price (CREDIT) and borrow the rest at high interest rates. •When Stock Market begins to crash banks call in loans •To pay back banks investors sold stocks for less than they purchased •Loose money and go into debt •No US Government regulations on the stock market or margin buying.

Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole

•William Howard Taft: -Enviable reputation as lawyer and judge -Trusted administrator under Roosevelt -Suffered from lethal political handicaps: • Not a dashing political leader like TR • Recoiling from controversy, Taft generally adopted attitude of passivity toward Congress • Taft a poor judge of public opinion - A mild progressive, but at heart wedded to status quo rather than change His cabinet did not contain a single representative of party's "insurgent" wing

THE PIVOTAL POINT: ANTIETAM

▪ Antietam long-awaited "victory" Lincoln needed for launching Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln issued the Proclamation 5 days after Antietam. "On the first day of January, in the year of our Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall be then in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth, and forever free." ▪ However, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free many slaves. For example, the border slave states still loyal to the Union were not affected because Lincoln was concerned that these states might secede if he freed their slaves. Also, the Proclamation obviously did not have any effect in the Confederacy. ▪ However, Lincoln's proclamation immediately made some runaway slaves that were being held under military control in the "Sea Islands" off the Georgia coast free men. ▪ It was not until the Thirteenth Amendment, passed shortly before the end of the Civil War, that all slaves were given their freedom. ▪ Changes the focus of the war

LIMITATIONS ON WARTIME LIBERTIES

▪ Congress generally accepted or confirmed Lincoln's questionable wartime acts ▪ Lincoln did not expect his ironhanded authority to continue once war ended ▪ Congress not in session when war started, so Lincoln gathered reins into his own hands ▪ Brushing aside legal objections, he proclaimed a blockade (later upheld by Supreme Court) ▪ Arbitrarily increased size of Federal army—something only Congress can do under Constitution (see Art. I, Sec. VIII, para 12); Congress later approved ▪ Directed Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation of security to 3 private citizens for military purpose: ▪ Grave irregularity contrary to Constitution (see Art. I, Sec. IX, para. 7) ▪ Suspended privilege of writ of habeas corpus (a citizen's constitutional right to having formal charges brought up against him in a court of law) so anti-Unionists could be arrested ▪ Defied dubious ruling by chief justice that habeas corpus could be set aside only with authorization of Congress (see Art. I., Sec. IX,para.2) ▪ Davis less able than Lincoln to exercise arbitrary power, mainly because of states' righters

Ku Klux Klan

▪ Deeply embittered, some Southern whites resorted to savage measures against "radical" rule ▪ Resented successful black legislators ▪ Secret organizations mushroomed ▪ Most notorious—"Invisible Empire of the South": ▪ Ku Klux Klan, founded in Tennessee in 1866 ▪ Used fright, tomfoolery, and terror against "upstart" Blacks ▪ "Upstarts" flogged, mutilated, and murdered ▪ Klan became refuge for bandits and cutthroats ▪ Any scoundrel could don a sheet

CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

▪ During war, Republicans able to pass legislation favorable to North: ▪ Morrill Tariff, Pacific Railroad Act, Homestead Act ▪ On first day of congressional session, Dec. 4, 1865, they shut door on newly elected Southerners ▪ Realized restored South would be stronger than ever in national politics ▪ With full counting of blacks because of end of 3/5 clause for representation, rebel states entitled to 12 more votes in Congress ▪ 12 more electoral votes in presidential elections ▪Republicans had good reason to fear: ▪ Southerners might join with Northern Democrats and gain control of Congress and maybe White House ▪ Could then perpetuate Black Codes ▪ Dismantle economic programs of Republican Party by: ▪ Lowering tariffs ▪ Rerouting transcontinental railroad ▪ Repealing free-farm Homestead Act ▪ Even repudiating national debt ▪Johnson deeply disturbed congressional Republicans when he announced on December 6, 1865 that: ▪Rebellious states had satisfied his conditions ▪ In his view, Union restored

SOUTH CAROLINA ASSAILS FORT SUMTER

▪ Issue of divided Union came to a head over matter of federal forts in South: ▪ As seceding states left, they seized U.S. arsenals, mints, and other public property within their borders ▪ Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor ▪ With fort low on supplies, Lincoln adopted middle-of-the road solution ▪ He notified South Carolinians that an expedition would be sent to provision the garrison, though not to reinforce it ▪ He promised "no effort to throw in men, arms, and ammunition" ▪ To Southern eyes, "provision" still spelled "reinforcement"

Jefferson Davis and the conditions of the south

▪ Jefferson Davis: ▪ All rebel leaders pardoned by President Andrew Johnson in 1868 ▪ Conditions of South: ▪ Old South collapsed economically and socially ▪ Economic life creaked to a halt ▪ Banks and businesses locked doors, ruined by runaway inflation ▪ Transportation broken down completely ▪ Agriculture—economic lifeblood of South—almost completely crippled ▪ Slave labor system collapsed ▪ Not until 1870 would cotton production be at pre-war levels ▪ Beaten but unbent, many white Southerners remained dangerously defiant: ▪ Continued to believe their view of secession correct and "lost cause" a just war

Purchase of Alaska

▪ Johnson's administration: ▪ Though enfeebled at home, achieved its most enduring success in foreign relations ▪ Russians wanted to sell Alaska ▪ In case of war with Britain, Russia would have lost it to sea-dominant British ▪ Alaska had been ruthlessly "furred out" and was a growing economic liability ▪ Russians eager to unload "frozen asset" ▪ Preferred purchase by U.S.A. because wanted to strengthen U.S.A. as barrier against Britain ▪ 1867 Secretary of State William Seward signed treaty with Russia to purchase Alaska Why did United States purchase Alaska? ▪ Russia alone among major powers had been friendly to North during recent Civil War ▪ America did not want to offend their friend, the tsar ▪ Territory had furs, fish, gold, and other natural resources ▪ So Congress accepted "Seward's Polar Bear Garden"

BULL RUN ENDS THE "NINETY-DAY WAR" ▪Bull Run (Manassas Junction)

▪ Lincoln concluded an attack on a smaller Confederate force might be worth a try: ▪ If successful, would demonstrate superiority of Union arms ▪ Might lead to capture of Confederate capital at Richmond, 100 miles to south ▪ If Richmond fell, secession would be discredited and Union could be restored without damage to economic and social system of South ▪ Bull Run on July 21, 1861: ▪ At first, battle went well for Yankees, but forces of Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson held firm, and Confederate reinforcements arrived ▪ Union troops fled in panic ▪ "Military picnic" at Bull Run: ▪ Thinking war was over, many Southern soldiers promptly deserted & southern enlistment fell off sharply ▪ Defeat was better than victory for Union: ▪ Dispelled illusions of a one-punch war ▪ Caused Northerners to buckle down to staggering task

JOHNSON: THE TAILOR PRESIDENT What manner of man was Andrew Johnson?

▪ Reached White House from very humble beginnings ▪ Born to impoverished parents, orphaned early, never attended school but apprenticed to a tailor at ten ▪ Taught himself to read; later his wife taught him to write and do simple arithmetic ▪ Became active in Tennessee politics ▪ Impassioned champion of poor whites against planter aristocrats

Formation of the Confederate States of America

▪ Southern state delegates met in Montgomery, Alabama ▪ Recognized that each of the Confederate states were "sovereign and independent". ▪ Wrote constitution that protected rights of slave owners ▪ Elected Jefferson Davis first CSA president and Alexander Stephens as vice president

Women's Loyal League

▪ Struggle for black freedom and crusade for women's rights were one and the same to many women ▪Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: ▪ During war temporarily shelved their own demands ▪ Worked wholeheartedly for cause of black emancipation ▪ Woman's Loyal League gathered 400,000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery ▪ When 15th Amendment proposed to prohibit denial of vote on basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude," Stanton and Anthony wanted word sex added to list ▪ Lost this battle, too ▪ Fifty years would pass before Constitution granted women right to vote

Johnson clashes with Congress: Civil Rights Bill

▪Clash exploded in February 1866: ▪President vetoed bill extending life of Freedmen's Bureau (later repassed) ▪Republicans passed Civil Rights Bill: ▪Conferred on blacks privilege of American citizenship ▪Struck at Black Codes ▪Vetoed by Johnson ▪ In April, congressmen steamrollered over his veto— something repeatedly done -Lawmakers riveted principles of Civil Rights Bill into Fourteenth Amendment: • Approved by Congress and sent to states-1866 • Ratified-1868 • Sweeping amendment; major pillar of constitutional law: -Conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding franchise, on freedmen -Reduced proportionately representation of a state in Congress and Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot

Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny

▪Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. ▪Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

THE FREEDMEN'S BUREAU

▪Freedmen's Bureau created March 3, 1865: ▪ A primitive welfare agency ▪ Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education both to freedmen and white refugees ▪ Headed by Union General Oliver Howard, who later founded Howard University in Washington, D.C. ▪ Bureau achieved its greatest successes in education: ▪ Taught 200,000 blacks to read ▪Suppose to settle former slaves on forty-acre tracts confiscated from Confederates: ▪ Little land made it to former slaves ▪ Administrators collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and cajoling them into signing labor contracts to work for former masters ▪White Southerners resented bureau as federal interloper that threatened to upset white racial dominance ▪President Johnson repeatedly tried to kill bureau

War over Reconstruction: (10% Plan)

▪Lincoln believed Southern states never legally withdrew from Union ▪ His "10 percent" Reconstruction plan (1863): ▪ State could be reintegrated into Union when 10% of its voters in presidential election of 1860 swore allegiance ▪ And pledged to abide by emancipation ▪ Next step would be formal erection of state government ▪ Lincoln would then recognize purified regime

Civil War's grisly toll:

▪More than 600,000 men died in action or of disease ▪Over a million killed or seriously wounded ▪Dead amounted to 2% of entire nation's population Direct monetary costs: ▪ Total cost—$15 billion ▪ Not include continuing expenses —pensions and interest on national debt ▪ Intangible costs — dislocations, disunities, wasted energies, lowered ethics, blasted lives, bitter memories, and burning hates —cannot be calculated

Black Codes:

▪Regulated activities of emancipated blacks: ▪ Mississippi, first to pass such laws in November, 1865 ▪ Varied in severity from state to state: ▪ Mississippi's the harshest; Georgia's the most lenient ▪Their aims: ▪ Ensure stable and subservient labor force ▪ Whites wanted to retain tight control they exercised in days of slavery ▪Dire penalties on blacks who "jumped" labor contracts: ▪ Committed them to work for same employer for 1 year ▪ Generally at pittance wages ▪ Violators could be made to forfeit back wages or could be dragged back to work by a "Negro-catcher" ▪ In Mississippi captured freedmen could be fined ▪ Then hired out to pay fines ▪ Arrangement closely resembled slavery

DETHRONING KING COTTON

▪Successful revolutions generally succeed because of foreign intervention: ▪Of Confederacy's potential assets, foreign intervention was most important ▪Europe's ruling classes openly sympathetic to Confederate cause: ▪ Had long abhorred American democratic experiment ▪Most working people in Britain pulled for North ▪Had read Uncle Tom's Cabin and sensed that war might extinguish slavery if North won ▪Fearing opposition and home, England and France decided not to challenge Union's blockade ▪British textile mills depended on South for 75% of their cotton supplies ▪Why did King Cotton fail South? ▪ Strong production in prewar years, 1857-1860 ▪ Exports had piled up surpluses in British warehouses ▪ Only later were many British workers unemployed ▪ Direct effects of "cotton famine" relieved by: ▪ Union sent foodstuffs to feed unemployed British workers ▪ Union victories gave North cotton to ship to Britain ▪ Confederates ran some cotton through blockades ▪ Cotton growers in Egypt and India, responding to high prices, increased output and captured share of world cotton markets

THE WAR AT SEA

▪The blockade: ▪ 3,500 miles of coast impossible to patrol for Union navy ▪ Blockading simplified by concentrating on principal ports and inlets used to load cotton ▪ But lush days of blockade-running passed as Union squadrons pinched off leading Southern ports ▪ Justification was obviously these shipments were "ultimately" destined by devious routes for Confederacy ▪ London acquiesced in disagreeable doctrine of "ultimate destination" or "continuous voyage" ▪ Most alarming Confederate threat to blockade came in 1862 ▪ Resourceful Southerners raised and reconditioned a former wooden U.S. warship, the Merrimack: ▪ Renamed it the CSS Virginia: - Easily destroyed two wooden ships of Union navy in Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay - Threatened catastrophe to entire blockading fleet ▪The USS Monitor: ▪For four hours, March 9, 1862, little "Yankee cheesebox on a raft" fought Merrimack to a standstill ▪ Leads to a new era in naval warfare

THE DECISIVENESS OF DIPLOMACY ▪Trent affair (1861)—

▪Union warship in Cuban waters stopped British mail steamer, Trent ▪ Took two Confederate diplomats bound for Europe ▪ Britons outraged ▪ War preparations buzzed ▪ Red-coated troops embarked for Canada ▪ Lincoln released two prisoners because not want to face two wars and same time

THE HERITAGE OF RECONSTRUCTION

▪White Southerners regarded Reconstruction as more grievous wound than the war itself: ▪Left scars that took generations to heal ▪Resented political empowerment of blacks and insult of federal intervention in their affairs ▪Republicans acted from mixture of idealism and political expediency: ▪Wanted to protect freed slaves ▪Promote fortunes of Republican party ▪ In end, efforts backfired badly ▪Reconstruction: ▪Conferred only fleeting benefits on blacks ▪Destroyed Republican Party in South for nearly 100 years ▪Moderate Republicans never fully appreciated: ▪Extensive effort needed to make freed slaves completely independent citizens ▪Lengths to which Southern whites would go to preserve system of racial dominance ▪Despite good intentions by Republicans, Old South more resurrected than reconstructed: ▪Spelled continuing woe for generations of southern blacks

Progressive Roots

◦ 1894: Henry Demarest Lloyd criticized Standard Oil Company in his book Wealth Against Commonwealth ◦ Thorstein Veblen assailed new rich in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899): ◦ Attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" ◦ In his view, parasitic leisure class engaged in wasteful "business" rather than productive "industry" ◦ Urged social leadership pass from superfluous titans to useful engineers ◦ Jacob A. Riis shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with How the Other Half Lives ◦ Damning indictment of dirt, disease, vice, and misery in New York slums ◦ Book deeply influenced Theodore Roosevelt ◦ Social Gospel

Fighting Mexico for Peace ◦Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo:

◦ Confirmed American title to Texas- Rio Grande ◦ Yielded enormous area stretching to Oregon, the ocean, embracing California ◦ Total expanse was about ½ of Mexico ◦ United States agreed to pay $15 million for land and to assume claims of its citizen against Mexico (amount = $3,250,000)

The North-South Contest for Kansas

◦ Crisis conditions in Kansas rapidly worsened: ◦ 1855 election for first territorial legislature: ◦ Proslavery "border ruffians" poured in from Missouri to vote early and often ◦ Slavery supporters triumphed; set up puppet government at Shawnee Mission ◦ Free-soilers established extralegal regime of their own in Topeka

Daniel Webster

◦ Daniel Webster (86 years old): ◦ Urged all reasonable concessions to South, including new fugitive-slave law with teeth ◦ As for slavery in new territories, he asked, why legislate when area not conducive to plantations ◦ His conclusion: only solutions were compromise, concession, and reasonableness ◦ Gave Seventh of March speech (1850)

Election of 1912

◦ Democratic Nominee: Woodrow Wilson ◦ His progressive reform platform dubbed New Freedom ◦ Republican Nominee: William Taft ◦ Progressive Nominee: Teddy Roosevelt ◦ "Bull Moose" Campaign ◦ Jane Addams- social justice support ◦Election of 1912 offered voters a choice not merely of policies but of political and economic philosophies--a rarity in U.S. History

Election of 1856

◦ Democrats Nominate: ◦ Delegates chose James Buchanan: ◦ He was serving in London during Kansas-Nebraska uproar—therefore "Kansas-less" ◦ In a crisis that called for giants, he was mediocre, irresolute, and confused ◦ Democrats declared emphatically for popular sovereignty ◦ Republicans Nominate: ◦ John C. Frémont: ◦ So-called "Pathfinder of the West" ◦ Virtually without political experience, but not tarred with Kansas brush ◦ Republicans came out strongly against extension of slavery into territories ◦ Know-Nothing Party nominates: Millard Fillmore ◦ Influx of Irish and German immigrants alarmed "nativists"—name of old-stock Protestants ◦ Organized Know-Nothing party because of its secretiveness ◦ Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic ◦ Threatened to cut into Republican strength

Misunderstandings with Mexico

◦ Faraway California was another worry for Polk: ◦ Diverse population: Spanish Mexicans; Indians; some "foreigners" (mostly Americans) ◦ Given time these transplanted Americans might bring California into the Union ◦ Polk was eager to buy from Mexico ◦ Mexico owed United States some $3 million for damages to American citizens and their property ◦ More serious contention was Texas ◦ Deadlocked with Mexico over Texas's boundaries ◦ Texas wanted boundary at Rio Grande River ◦ Mexico sought boundary at Nueces River ◦ Polk careful to keep U.S. troops out of no-man's-land ◦California continued to cause Polk anxiety: ◦Rumors—British wanted to buy or seize California ◦ Americans could not accept under Monroe Doctrine ◦ Polk dispatched John Slidell to Mexico City (1845): ◦ To offer $25 million for California and territory to east ◦ Mexico would not even permit Slidell to present his offer

Twilight of the Senatorial Giants ◦Congressional catastrophe in 1850:

◦ Free-soil California wanted admission ◦ "Fire-eaters" in South threatened secession ◦ Planned to meet in Nashville, Tenn. to withdraw from Union ◦ "Immortal trio"—Clay, Calhoun, & Webster—met in Congress for last time

Jones Act (1916):

◦ Granted Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established ◦ Wilson's racial prejudices did not expect this to happen for a long time ◦ On July 4, 1946—30 years later—United States accepted Philippine independence

◦ Workingmen's Compensation Act (1916):

◦ Granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability

Hawaii

◦ Hawaii became major center for sugar production ◦ Americans came to regard Hawaii as an extension of U.S. coastline and warned other powers away ◦ McKinley Tariff (1890): ◦ Raised barriers against Hawaiian sugar ◦ White planters renewed efforts to secure U.S. annexation of Hawaii ◦ Blocked by strong-willed Queen Liliuokalani: ◦ Insisted native Hawaiians should control the islands ◦ In 1893, a few whites, with open assistance of U.S. troops, toppled Hawaiian government ◦ Treaty of annexation rushed to Washington, but stopped by presidential change in United States: ◦ President Cleveland abruptly withdrew treaty ◦ Commission later determined most Hawaiian natives opposed annexation ◦ Hawaiian pear continued to ripen until United States acquired its overseas empire in 1898

Henry Clay

◦ Henry Clay (73 years old) played critical role: ◦ "Great Compromiser"—reprised role he played in Missouri and in nullification ◦ Urged both North & South to make concessions ◦ North partially yield by enacting more feasible fugitive-slave law

The President Tames the Trusts ◦Clayton Anti-Trust (1914):

◦ Increased list of practices deemed objectionable: ◦ Price discrimination and interlocking directorates (where same individual served as director of supposedly competing firms) ◦ Achieved through holding companies ◦ Conferred long-overdue benefits on labor: ◦ Exempted labor and agricultural organization from anti-trust prosecution, while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing ◦ Samuel Gompers, Union leader, hailed act as Magna Carta of labor

The Electoral Upheaval of 1860

◦ Lincoln a minority president: ◦ 60% of voters preferred someone else ◦ Lincoln a sectional president: ◦ In ten southern states, not on ballot ◦ Election of 1860 was virtually two elections: one for North and one for South ◦ South Carolina rejoiced over Lincoln's victory; they now had excuse to secede ◦ Douglas won only twelve electoral votes: ◦ Campaigned energetically for himself ◦ Douglas and Breckinridge together amassed 365,476 more votes than did Lincoln

Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?

◦ McKinley renominated by Republicans in 1900 because: ◦ Won war and acquired rich real estate ◦ Safeguarded gold standard ◦ Brought promised prosperity ◦ Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt (TR) selected as vice presidential candidate ◦ William Jennings Bryan odds-on choice of Democrats, meeting in Kansas City: ◦ Platform proclaimed paramount issue as Republican overseas imperialism ◦Victory for Republicans: ◦Not a mandate for or against imperialism ◦If there was a mandate, it was for two Ps: ◦Prosperity and protectionism ◦New York bosses looked forward to watching nettlesome Roosevelt "take the veil" as vice president

Mexican revolution (1913):

◦ Mexicans resented exploitation by foreign investors ◦ In 1913 new revolutionary president murdered and replaced by General Victoriano Huerta: ◦ Caused massive migration of Mexicans to United States ◦ Built highways and railroads, followed fruit harvests as pickers ◦ Segregated in Spanish-speaking enclaves: ◦ Helped create unique borderland culture that blended Mexican and American folkways ◦ Revolutionary bloodshed menaced American lives and property in Mexico: ◦ Hearst called for intervention in Mexico ◦ Wilson again refused to practice diplomacy of his predecessors: ◦ Wilson tried to steer a moral course in Mexico ◦ Refused to recognize Huerta's bloody-handed regime ◦In 1914 he allowed American arms to flow to Huerta's principal rivals, Venustiano Carranza and Francisco ("Pancho") Villa

Freeport Doctrine:

◦ No matter how Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if people voted it down ◦ Laws to protect slavery would have to be passed by territorial legislatures ◦ In absence of popular approval, slavery would soon disappear ◦ Where public opinion does not support federal government law is impossible to enforce

Balancing the Compromise Scales ◦ Who got better deal from 1850 Compromise?

◦ North: ◦ California (free state) tipped balance permanently against South ◦ Territories of New Mexico & Utah open to slavery—basis of popular sovereignty ◦ Nature—"highest law"—not favor slavery there

Oregon Fever Populates Oregon

◦ Over 2,000 mile Oregon Trail (1846) five thousand Americans had settled south of Columbia River ◦ British could only muster seven hundred north of Columbia River ◦ Actually only a relatively small area was in dispute by 1845: ◦ Americans proposed line @ forty-ninth parallel ◦ British again offered line at Columbia River ◦ Issue now tossed into presidential election of 1844, where it became overshadowed by question of annexing Texas

American Blood on American Soil

◦ Polk decided to force a showdown: ◦ January 13, 1846, he ordered 4,000 men: ◦ Under General Zachary Taylor to march from Nueces River to Rio Grande hoping for a clash ◦ When nothing happened, he informed cabinet (May 9, 1846) that he proposed to declare war because of: ◦ Unpaid claims ◦ Slidell's rejection ◦ News of bloodshed arrived same night ◦ Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande and met Taylor Polk sent vigorous war message to Congress: • Congress overwhelmingly voted for war • In message to Congress, Polk was making history—not writing a balanced account • Spot resolution—by Abraham Lincoln (House of Rep.) demanded information as to precise "spot" on American soil where American blood had been shed Did Polk provoke war? • California was imperative in his program • Mexico would not sell it at any price

Raking Muck with the Muckrakers

◦ Popular magazines—McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's and Everybody's: ◦ Dug deep for dirt the public loved ◦ Editors financed extensive research ◦ President Theodore Roosevelt called them muckrakers ◦ Reformer-writers Lincoln Steffens and Ida M. Tarbell targeted: ◦ Corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government. ◦ Exposé of Standard Oil Company ◦ Malpractices of life insurance companies, tariff lobbies, trusts, etc.

Election of 1860

◦ Presidential election of 1860 was most fateful in American history: ◦ Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina: ◦ Douglas leading candidate of northern wing ◦ Southern wing regarded him as traitor because of Lecompton Constitution and Freeport Doctrine ◦ Cotton state delegates walked out ◦ Remaining delegates disbanded after unable to generate enough votes to nominate Douglas ◦ First tragic secession was secession of southerners from Democratic National Convention = Democrats tried again in Baltimore: • Douglas Democrats firmly in control • After cotton-state delegates again withdrew, rest of delegates enthusiastically nominated Douglas • Platform came out squarely: • For popular sovereignty • Against obstruction of Fugitive Slave Law by states = Southern Democrats then selected John Breckinridge as their candidate: • Platform favored extension of slavery into territories and annexation of slave-populated Cuba

The President Tames the Trusts ◦Federal Trade Commission Act (1914):

◦ Presidentially appointed commission could research industries engaged in interstate commerce ◦ Commission could crush monopoly at source by rooting out unfair trade practices: ◦ Including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery

Insular Cases (start in 1901):

◦ Puerto Ricans (and Filipinos) subject to American rule, but did not enjoy all American rights ◦Cuba under U.S. leadership wrought miracles in many areas of Cuban life, esp. public health ◦Under Teller Amendment, United States withdrew from Cuba in 1902 ◦Cubans required to include Platt Amendment into their 1901 constitution

◦ Committee on Public Information (CPI):

◦ Purpose—mobilize people's mind for war ◦ Headed by young journalist, George Creel ◦ His job to sell America on war and sell world on Wilsonian war aims ◦ Creel typified American war mobilization: ◦ Relied more on aroused passion and voluntary compliance than on formal laws ◦ Result was eventual disillusionment at home and abroad

Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918:

◦ Reflected fears about Germans and antiwar Americans ◦ 1,900 prosecutions of antiwar Socialists and members of radical Industrial Workers of the World (IWW): ◦ Socialist Eugene Debs sentenced to ten years in federal penitentiary ◦ IWW leader William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood and 99 associates also convicted ◦ Virtually any criticism of government could be censored and punished

A Rail-Splitter Splits the Union

◦ Republicans met in Chicago: ◦ William Seward was best known candidate: ◦ "Irrepressible conflict" speech at Rochester 1858 ruined his prospects ◦ Enemies' slogan, "Success Rather Than Steward" ◦ Lincoln of Illinois: ◦ "Second Best," but a strong candidate because had fewer enemies ◦ Overtook Seward on third ballot to gain nomination ◦ Platform made appeal to every nonsouthern group: ◦ For free-soilers, nonextension of slavery ◦ For northern manufacturers, a protective tariff ◦ For immigrants, no abridgment of rights

Election of 1908

◦ Republicans- sought successor who would carry out "my policies" : ◦ Selected William Henry Taft, secretary of war and a mild progressive ◦ He often served when Roosevelt away ◦ Democrats- nominated William Jennings Bryan again

John C. Calhoun

◦ Senator John C. Calhoun (88 years old and dying of tuberculosis): "Great Nullifier": ◦ Rejected them as not providing adequate safe- guards for southern rights ◦ Impassioned plea to leave slavery alone, return runaway slaves, give South its rights as minority, and restore political balance ◦ Wanted to elect two presidents; one from North and one from South, each wielding a veto

Douglas's Kansas- Nebraska Scheme

◦ Senator Stephen Douglas in 1854 sought to offset Gadsden's expansion to southwest ◦ Longed to break North-South deadlock over westward expansion ◦ Invested heavily in Chicago real estate & railway stock ◦ Wanted Chicago to be eastern terminus for proposed railroad ◦ Wanted to get South to support his scheme ◦ Proposed territory of Nebraska be divided into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska ◦ Slavery then decided by popular sovereignty ◦ Kansas, west of slaveholding Missouri, presumably would choose to become a slave state ◦ Nebraska, west of free-soil Iowa, presumably would become a free state ◦ Douglas's scheme contradicted Missouri Compromise of 1820 (forbade slavery in Nebraska Territory north of 36 30' line)

Platt Amendment:

◦ Served McKinley's ultimate purpose of bringing Cuba under American control: ◦ "Plattism" survives as term of derision in modern-day Cuba ◦ Cubans forced to agree: ◦ Not to conclude treaties that might compromise independence ◦ Not to take on debt beyond resources (as U.S.A. determined) ◦ That United States might intervene with troops to restore order when U.S.A. saw fit ◦ To sell or lease coaling or naval stations; ultimately two and then only one (Guantánamo) to their powerful "benefactor" ◦ United States revoked the amendment in 1934

The Collapse of Compromise ◦ Crittenden amendments to Constitution:

◦ Sponsored by Senator John Jordan Crittenden (Kentucky) to appease South ◦ Slavery in territories north of 36 30' line banned, but south of line, it would be federally protected in all territories existing or "hereafter to be acquired" ◦ Future states could come into Union with or without slavery as they choose ◦ Slavery supporters guaranteed full rights in southern territories regardless of popular sovereignty during territorial period

Anti-Imperialist League:

◦ Sprang into being to fight McKinley's expansionist moves: ◦Included many prominent Americans, incl. presidents of Harvard and Stanford, and Mark Twain ◦ Labor leader Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie ◦Anti-imperialists raised many objections: ◦ Filipinos thirsted for freedom: ◦ To annex them would violate "consent of the governed"- -Declaration of Independence and Constitution ◦ Despotism abroad might beget despotism at home ◦ Imperialism costly and unlikely to turn a profit ◦ Would propel United States into political and military cauldron of East Asia ◦Imperialists responded with appeals to patriotism, "civilizing mission," and possible trade profits ◦Despite heated protests, Senate approved Paris treaty with just one vote to spare on Feb. 6, 1899 ◦U.S.A. now officially an empire

The Lone Star of Texas Shines Alone

◦ Texas's precarious existence: ◦ Mexico: ◦ refused to recognize Texas's independence ◦ regarded Lone Star Republic as a province in revolt to be reconquered in future ◦ Mexican officials threatened war if U.S.A. ever annexed Texas ◦ Threatened by Mexico, Texas maintained costly military defense 1. British abolitionists hoped to end slavery in Texas 2. British merchants regarded Texas as important free-trade area—an offset to tariff-walled United States 3. British manufacturers hoped Texas could produce enough cotton to reduce Britain's chronic dependence on American fiber

Battle of the Alamo

◦ The revolutionaries forced the Mexican troops in San Antonio to surrender and occupied the Alamo. ◦ When General Santa Ana arrived, the 13 day battle pitted few revolutionaries against the army of Mexico. ◦ Although the Mexicans ultimately won the battle, the revolutionaries were able to win the war.

Election of 1844

◦ Two major parties nominated their standard-bearers in May 1844: ◦ Whigs selected Henry Clay ◦ James Polk (Tennessee) chosen by Democrats—America's first "dark horse" ◦ Campaign an expression of Manifest Destiny: ◦ Sense of mission, believing God had "manifestly" destined U.S.A. for career of hemispheric expansion ◦Expansionist Democrats: ◦Strongly swayed by Manifest Destiny ◦Platform: "Reannexation of Texas" and "Reoccupation of Oregon" all the way to 54 40' ◦"All of Oregon or None" (Slogan "Fifty-four forty or fight" not coined until two years later) ◦Condemned Clay as "corrupt bargainer," dissolute character, and slave owner

Texas

◦ When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, Mexicans welcomed U.S. settlers. Many of the land grants on the map went to Americans.

America's Reaction

◦ When war broke out in Europe, U.S.A. in midst of recession: ◦ Wilson issued neutrality proclamation and called on Americans to be neutral in thought and deed ◦ British and French war orders pulled U.S. industry onto peak of war-born prosperity ◦ Notably Wall Street firm of J.P. Morgan and Company advanced to Allies enormous sum of $2.3 million during period of American neutrality ◦ New German submarines not fit existing international laws ◦ Posed threat to United States—so long as Wilson insisted on maintaining America's neutral rights ◦ Berlin officials declared they would try not to sink neutral shipping, but warned mistakes would probably occur ◦ Wilson decided on calculated risk: ◦ Claimed profitable neutral trading rights while hoping no incidents would cause war German submarines (U-boats "undersea boat") began deadly work ◦ In first months of 1915, sank 90 ships in war zone ◦ British passenger liner Lusitania torpedoed and sank off coast of Ireland, May 7, 1915: ◦ With loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans ◦ Lusitania was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition ◦ A fact Germany used to justify sinking ◦ Americans shocked and angered at act of " mass murder" and "piracy" ◦Talk of war from eastern United States, but not from rest of nation ◦ Wilson did not want to lead disunited nation into war ◦ By series of strong notes, Wilson attempted to take German warlords sharply to task ◦ Policy too risky for Secretary of State Bryan who resigned ◦ T. Roosevelt harshly criticized Wilson's measured approach ◦Berlin reluctantly agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships without warning ◦ Pledge appeared to be violated in March, 1916 when Germans torpedoed French passenger steamer, Sussex ◦ Infuriated, Wilson informed Germans: ◦ That unless they renounced inhuman practice of sinking merchant ships without warning, he would break diplomatic relations—almost certain prelude to war ◦ Germany reluctantly knuckled under Wilson's Sussex ultimatum: ◦ Germany agreed to not sink passenger and merchant ships without warning ◦ Attached long string to their Sussex pledge ◦ Modify illegal blockade in the Allies ◦ Temporary diplomatic victory

Wilson Battles the Bankers

◦ Wilson in June 1913 appeared personally before Congress again and called for sweeping bank reform: ◦ Endorsed Democratic proposal for decentralized bank in government hands ◦ Opposed Republican demands for huge private bank with fifteen branches ◦Federal Reserve Act (1913): ◦ Wilson appealed to the sovereign people ◦ Most important economic legislation between Civil War and New Deal Federal Reserve Board: ◦Would oversee nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts ◦Each with its own central bank ◦Final authority of Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial measure of public control ◦Board would be empowered to issue paper money ◦"Federal Reserve Notes"—backed by commercial paper ◦Thus amount of money in circulation could be swiftly increased as needed for legitimate requirements of business

Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned

◦ Wilson needed to proclaim more glorified aims: ◦ Supremely ambitious goal of crusade " to make the world safe for democracy" ◦ Wilson virtually hypnotized nation with lofty ideals: ◦ Contrasted selfish war aims of other belligerents with America's shining altruism ◦ Preached America did not fight for sake of riches or territorial conquest ◦ Republic sought to shape international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of power-crazed autocrats and militarists

War by Act of Germany

◦ Wilson tried to mediate between two warring sides: ◦ January 22, 1917: restated U.S. commitment to neutral rights and called for "peace without victory" ◦ Germany responded with mailed fist: ◦ Announced unrestricted sub warfare on Jan. 31 ◦ Hoped to defeat Allies before U.S.A. entered war ◦ Wilson broke diplomatic relations, but moved no closer to war unless " overt " by Germans ◦ President asked Congress for authority to arm merchant ships, but blocked by Senate filibuster ◦Zimmermann note: ◦ Intercepted and published on March 1, 1917 ◦ German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed German- Mexican alliance ◦ Tempted anti-Yankee Mexico with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, Arizona ◦ Long-dreaded " overt " act in Atlantic: ◦ German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels in first two weeks of March, 1917

Political Progressivism

◦"Who were the progressives?" ◦ Militarists—Theodore Roosevelt ◦ Pacifists—Jane Addams (Hull House) ◦ Female settlement workers, labor unionists, and enlightened businessmen ◦ Sought to modernize American institutions to achieve two goals: ◦ Use state to curb monopoly power ◦ Improve common person's conditions of life and labor ◦Emerged in both political parties, in all regions, and at all levels of government ◦Regain power from corrupt "interests" by: ◦ Direct primary elections to undercut party bosses ◦Initiative so voters could directly propose legislation ◦ Referendum would place laws on ballot for final approval by people ◦ Recall would enable voters to remove corrupt officials beholden to lobbyists

Wilson soon recognized as moral leader of Allied cause ◦On January 8, 1918, he delivered to Congress famed Fourteen Points:

◦(1) proposal to abolish secret treaties pleased liberals of all countries ◦(2) freedom of seas appealed to Germans and Americans who distrusted British sea power ◦(3) removal of economic barriers among nations had been goal of liberal internationalists everywhere ◦(4) reduction of armament burdens gratifying to taxpayers in all countries ◦(5) adjustment of colonial claims in interests of both native peoples and colonizers reassured anti-imperialists ◦Wilson's pronouncement about colonies potentially revolutionary: ◦Helped to delegitimize old empires ◦Opened road to eventual independence for millions of "subject people" ◦Other points proved to be no less seductive: ◦ Hope of independence ("self-determination") to oppressed minority groups (e.g., Poles) ◦Capstone point (number fourteen): ◦ Foreshadowed League of Nations: ◦ International organization that would provide system of collective security ◦Wilson's points not applauded everywhere: ◦ Some Allied leaders wanted territorial gains ◦ Republicans mocked fourteen Points

Election of 1852

◦1852 Democratic nominating convention in Baltimore: ◦Nominated "dark horse"—Franklin Pierce, from New Hampshire ◦ Weak and indecisive figure ◦ War injuries caused him to be known as "Fainting General" ◦Enemyless because he was inconspicuous ◦A prosouthern northerner, he was acceptable to slavery wing of Democratic Party ◦ Whig platform praised Compromise of 1850 ◦ Whig party hopelessly split: ◦ Antislavery Whigs in North accepted Winfield Scott as nominee but deplored his platform—which endorsed Fugitive Slave Law ◦ Southern Whigs doubted Scott's loyalty to Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law—accepted his platform but rejected candidate ◦ Free Soil Party: Nominates- John Hale took northern Whig votes from Scott = Election of 1852's frightening significance: • Marked effective end of Whig party • Whigs' complete death: • Augured eclipse of national parties and rise of purely sectional political alignments • Won two presidential elections (1840, 1848) with war heroes • Greatest contribution was to help uphold ideal of Union through: • Electoral strength in South • Eloquence of leaders Clay & Webster

America's Course (Curse?) of Empire

◦1898 Spanish and American negotiators met in Paris (Treaty of Paris): 1. Cuba freed from its Spanish overlords 2. Spain ceded Puerto Rico to United States as payment for war costs and Americans secured Pacific island of Guam from Spain: a) Puerto Rico- First territory ever annexed to United States without express promise of eventual statehood 3. U.S. acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million ◦Debate about American national identity? ◦Unlike earlier contiguous continental expansion, ◦ Philippines a distant tropical area ◦ Thickly populated by Asians of a different culture, tongue, and government institutions ◦ Debate over annexation? ◦ Opponents: would dishonor and ultimately destroy America's venerable commitments to self-determination and anticolonialism ◦ Proponents: would continue glorious history of expansion that had pushed American civilization to Pacific and beyond

Hinging the Open Door in China

◦After China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895 ◦Imperialistic European powers—Russia and Germany—moved in ◦ Growing group of Americans viewed China with alarm: ◦ Churches worried about missionary strongholds ◦ Merchants feared Europeans would monopolize China's markets ◦ There were demands that Washington do something: ◦ Secretary of State John Hay decided on a dramatic move

America Turns Outward

◦America's new international interest manifested itself in several ways: ◦Big Sister policy: ◦Pushed by Secretary of State James G. Blaine ◦Aimed to rally Latin America nations behind U.S. leadership ◦As well as open Latin American markets to U.S. exports ◦Blaine presided over first Pan-American Conference (1889): ◦Modest beginnings of important series of inter-American assemblages

◦Tampico Incident:

◦At the Atlantic seaport of Tampico in April, 1914: ◦ Small party of American sailors arrested ◦ Mexicans released captives and apologized ◦ Refused demand by U.S. admiral for 21-gun salute ◦ Determined to eliminate Huerta, Wilson asked Congress for authority to use force against Mexico ◦ Before Congress could act, Wilson had navy seize port of Veracruz to block arrival of German weapons ◦ Huerta collapsed in July 1914 ◦ Succeeded by his archival, Venustiano Carranza who resented Wilson's military meddling ◦ "Pancho" Villa, chief rival to President Carranza, ◦ Killed 16 American mining engineers traveling through northern Mexico in January 1916 ◦ One month later, Villa and his followers crossed border into Columbus, New Mexico and murdered another 19 Americans

Issues Arise

◦Crises marked path of U.S. diplomacy in late 1880s and early 1890s as U.S.A. became increasingly assertive abroad ◦Series of crises between United States and Great Britain in 1895-1896 ◦Great Rapprochement—reconciliation between United States and Great Britain became cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies as 1900s dawned

Cuban Rise in Revolt

◦Cuba's masses rose against Spanish oppressors in 1895: ◦ Roots of revolt partly economic: ◦ Sugar production crippled by American tariff (1894) that restored high duties ◦ Cubans adopted a scorched-earth policy: ◦ Insurrectos torched cane fields and sugar mills; dynamited passenger trains ◦ Destructive tactics menaced American interests on island ◦ Atrocities red meat for sensational "yellow journalism"of Hearst and Pulitzer ◦ Early in 1898 Washington sent battleship Maine to Cuba for "friendly visit" : ◦ Actually to protect and evacuate Americans ◦ February 15, 1898: Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana harbor with loss of 260 sailors ◦ Two investigations resulted: ◦ Spaniards concluded explosion had been internal and presumably accidental ◦ Americans argued blast caused by a mine ◦ Americans in 1898 embraced their explanation: ◦ Washington demanded and Spain agreed to: ◦ An end to reconcentration camps ◦ An armistice with Cuban rebels ◦ McKinley in a jam: ◦ Did not want hostilities, but neither did he want Spain to remain in possession of Cuba ◦ He also did not want a fully independent Cuba, over which United States could exercise no control ◦ "Wobby Willie" recognized inevitable, gave the people what they wanted ◦ He also acknowledged America's commercial and strategic interest in Cuba: ◦ On April 11, 1898, McKinley sent war message to Congress ◦ Urged armed intervention to free oppressed Cubans ◦ Legislators responded uproariously with what was essentially a declaration of war ◦ They also adopted hand-tying Teller Amendment— ◦ Proviso proclaimed that when U.S.A. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cubans freedom ◦ Declaration caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically

Making Plowboys into Doughboys ◦America's early role in war:

◦Did not dream of sending large force to France ◦Assumed naval power and material support would suffice ◦By April/May 1917, Europeans running out of money and manpower ◦Huge American army needed to be raised, trained, and transported quickly or whole western front would collapse ◦ Conscription only answer to urgent need: ◦ Wilson disliked draft (ages 16-35), but eventually accepted conscription as disagreeable and temporary necessity ◦ Immediately ran into problems with Congress ◦ Later grudgingly passed conscription ◦ Draft worked effectively overall ◦ Army grew to over four million men ◦ Women for first time admitted to armed forces: ◦ 11,000 to navy and 269 to marines ◦ Army refused to enlist women ◦Africans Americans served in strictly segregated units, usually under white officers ◦ Military authorities hesitated to train blacks for combat: ◦ Thus majority assigned to "construction battalions" or put to work unloading ships ◦ Recruits suppose to receive six months of training in America and two more overseas ◦ because of urgency, many doughboys put more swiftly into battle

Dred Scott v. Sanford

◦Dred Scott v. Sanford by Supreme Court on March 6, 1857: ◦Decision was one of the opening paper- gun blasts of Civil War ◦Case was simple (slave lived for 5 years on free soil) ◦ Supreme Court turned it into complex political issue: ◦ Ruled that Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, and hence could not sue in federal courts 1. Blacks had no rights in federal courts 2. Slaves states no longer had to honor "once free, always free" 3. Congress never should have prohibited slavery in Wisconsin territory

Adamson Act (1916):

◦Established eight hour day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime ◦Supreme Court: ◦ Wilson endeared himself to progressives when he nominated prominent reformer Louis D. Brandeis—first Jew to high court ◦Limit on Wilson's progressivism: ◦ Stopped well short of better treatment for blacks

TR Corrals the Corporations

◦First—railroads: ◦ Elkins Act (1903) aimed at railroad rebates: ◦ Heavy fines imposed on railroads that gave rebates and on shippers that accepted them ◦ Hepburn Act (1906): ◦ Free passes severely restricted ◦ Interstate Commerce Commission expanded: ◦ Included express companies, sleeping-car companies and pipelines ◦ Commission could nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates ◦ Trusts a fighting word in progressive era ◦ Roosevelt Tames the Trust- Political Cartoon ◦ Northern Securities Company (1902) - JP Morgan ◦ TR's real purpose was symbolic: prove conclusively that government, not private business, ruled country

Congress Legislates a Civil War ◦Kansas-Nebraska Act:

◦Greased slippery slope to Civil War: ◦Infuriated antislavery northerners ◦ Future compromise would be much more difficult ◦Act wrecked two compromises—of 1820 and of 1850 ◦Northern abolitionists and southern "fire-eaters" saw less and less they could live with ◦Democratic Party shattered by Kansas-Nebraska Act ◦ Most durable offspring of Kansas-Nebraska blunder was new Republican Party = ◦ Republican Party: ◦ Sprang up in Middle West—Wisconsin & Michigan ◦ Gathered dissatisfied elements, including Whigs, Democrats, Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, and other foes of Kansas-Nebraska Act, Abraham Lincoln ◦ Grew rapidly, but a sectional party ◦ Not accepted South of Mason-Dixon line ◦ Union in dire peril

An Illinois Rail- Splitter Emerges

◦Illinois senatorial election of 1858 claimed national spotlight: ◦Senator Stephen Douglas up for reelection ◦Republicans ran Springfield lawyer, Abraham Lincoln: ◦Not well educated, but an avid reader ◦Widely referred to as "Honest Abe" ◦Served an undistinguished term in Congress, 1847-1849 = Kansas-Nebraska Act light a fire within him: ◦Emerged as one of foremost Republican politicians and orators in Northwest

Kansas in Convulsion

◦John Brown now stalked upon Kansas battlefield ◦Obsessively dedicated to abolitionist cause: ◦Hacked to pieces 5 surprised men, presumed to be proslaveryites Civil war erupted in Kansas in 1856: • Continued until it merged with Civil War of 1861-1865 • Destroyed millions of dollars' worth of property • Paralyzed agriculture in certain areas • Cost scores of lives Kansas applied for statehood on popular sovereignty basis

TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine

◦Latin American debt defaults prompted Roosevelt to get involved: ◦Venezuela and Dominican Republic chronically in arrears to European creditors ◦Germany bombarded delinquent Venezuela in 1903 ◦Roosevelt feared Germans or British might remain in Latin America, in violation of Monroe Doctrine ◦Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine: brazen policy of "preventive intervention" ◦ Announced that in event of financial troubles in Latin America, U.S.A. would: ◦ Take over customhouses ◦ Pay off debts ◦ Keep Europeans on other side of Atlantic ◦ No outsiders could push around Latin Americans, except Uncle Sam, Policeman of Caribbean ◦ Became effective in 1905 when U.S.A. took over tariff collection in Dominican Republic ◦ TR's rewriting of Monroe Doctrine did more to promote "Bad Neighbor"policy ◦ Used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of marines ◦ Turned Caribbean into a "Yankee lake" ◦ To Latin Americans, it seemed like a cloak behind which U.S. sought to strangle them ◦ Shadow of big stick fell on Cuba in 1906: ◦ Revolutionary disorders brought appeal from Cuban president; U.S. Marines landed, to be withdrawn in 1909 ◦ Seen by Latin Americans as creeping power of Colossus of North

The Great Debate: Lincoln Versus Douglas

◦Lincoln-Douglas debates: ◦ Lincoln challenged Douglas to series of debates ◦Douglas accepted ◦ Took place from August to October 1858 ◦ Most famous debate at Freeport, Illinois: ◦ Lincoln presented a question based on Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott decision ◦ Douglas had already publicly answered Freeport question Douglas defeated Lincoln for Senate seat: ◦ His loyalty to popular sovereignty was decisive ◦ Senators then chosen by state legislatures ◦ "Honest Abe" emerged as potential Republican nominee for president ◦ Douglas, in winning Illinois, lost chances of winning presidency

Gadsden Purchase

◦Lingering issues from the Mexican-American War ◦ 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. ◦ Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad, it also showed the American belief in Manifest Destiny. ◦The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.

TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick

◦McKinley murdered in September 1901 by deranged anarchist in Buffalo, N.Y. ◦Roosevelt assumed presidency at age 42, youngest president thus far: ◦ Rough Rider with high-voltage energy ◦ Preached virile virtues ◦ Denounced pacifistic "flubdubs" and "mollycoddles" ◦ Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness ◦ Pet proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick, [and] you will go far" ◦Loved people and mingled with all ranks ◦"TR" commanded idolatrous personal following ◦Believed president should lead boldly ◦Had no real respect for delicate checks and balances among three branches of government ◦President, he felt, may take any action in general interest not specifically forbidden by Constitution

Constitutional Union party:

◦Middle-of-the-road group ◦Sneered as "Do Nothing" or "Old Gentleman's" party ◦Wanted a compromise candidate, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell of Tennessee for presidency

The Philippines

◦Part of Spain's territories ◦Theodore Roosevelt- expansionist, show off all- steel navy, assistant secretary of the navy ◦US navy sent in to capture the Philippines for the US.

The Mastering of Mexico

◦Polk wanted California—not war: ◦ When war came, he wanted to fight on a limited scale and then pull out when he captured prize ◦ Santa Anna convinced Polk that he would betray Mexico, but he then drove his countrymen to a desperate defense of their soil ◦ American operations in Southwest & California completely successful: ◦ Both General Stephen Kearny and Captain John Frémont had success in West ◦ Frémont collaborated with American naval officers and local Americans who hoisted banner of short-lived California Bear Flag Republic General Taylor defeated Mexicans in several battles and then reached Buena Vista (February 22-23, 1847): ◦ Here his 5,000 troops repulsed attack by 20,000 troops under Santa Anna ◦ Taylor, however, could not defeat Mexico decisively in semi-deserts of northern Mexico ◦ Need a crushing blow at enemy's vitals— Mexico City ◦General Winfield Scott succeeded in battling his way to Mexico City by Sept., 1847 ◦ Scott proved to be most distinguished U.S. general between American Revolution and Civil War

Polk the Purposeful

◦Polk's four-point program: ◦#1: Lower tariff ◦ Secretary of Treasury, Robert Walker, devised tariff-for-revenue bill that reduced average rates of Tariff of 1842 from 32% to 25% ◦ With strong support from low-tariff southerners, Walker Tariff bill made it through Congress ◦Complaints came from middle states and New England ◦ Bill proved to be excellent revenue producer #2: Restore independent treasury: ◦Unceremoniously dropped by Whigs in 1841 ◦Pro-bank Whigs in Congress raised storm of opposition, but Polk successful in 1846 ◦ #3 & #4: Third and fourth points on Polk's "must list" were acquisition of California and settlement of Oregon dispute

Congress supported traditional role as mothers: ◦Passed Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act 1921:

◦Provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care ◦Expanded responsibility of federal government for family welfare ◦WWI foreshadowed future when women's wage-labor and political power would reshape American way of life

Taft Splits the Republican Party

◦Reformist wing of Republican party up in arms: ◦ Taft being pushed into arms of Old Guard ◦ By 1910 Grand Old Party split wide-open, largely due to clumsiness of Taft ◦ Roosevelt returned in 1910 and stirred up tempest by giving flaming speech at Osawatomie, Kansas ◦ Announced doctrine of "New Nationalism:" ◦ Urged national government to increase its power to remedy economic and social abuses

Building the Panama Canal

◦Roosevelt applied his energy to foreign affairs: ◦ Spanish-American war reinvigorated interest in a canal across Central American isthmus ◦ Battleship Oregon, stationed on Pacific Coast, took weeks to steam around South America to join U.S. fleet in Cuban waters ◦A canal would make it easier to defend Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Philippines ◦Also facilitate operations of U.S. merchant marine ◦Initial obstacles legal rather than geographical: ◦ Under Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain in 1850, U.S.A. could not secure exclusive control over isthmian route ◦ Focused on rising Germany, Britain yielded to U.S.A. ◦ Consented to Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901): ◦ Gave United States free hand to build a canal ◦ Conceded right to fortify it as well ◦ Where should canal be built? ◦ American experts favored route across Nicaragua ◦ Agents of old French Canal Company eager to salvage costly failure at S-shaped Panama ◦ Philippe Bunau-Varilla of New Panama Company dropped price from $109 million to $40 million ◦ Congress (1902) decided on Panama route ◦ Construction began in 1901: ◦ Daunting difficulties from labor troubles to landslides to lethal tropical diseases ◦ Colonel William C. Gorgas: ◦ Quiet and determined exterminator of yellow fever in Havana ◦ Ultimately made Canal Zone "as safe as a health resort " ◦At cost of $400 million, autocratic West Point engineer, Colonel George Washington Goethals, ultimately brought project to completion in 1914, just as World War I started

Caring for the Consumer

◦Roosevelt backed a measure (1906) that benefited both corporations and consumers: ◦ Even meat packing industry called for safer canned products ◦ Uproar from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906): ◦ Intended to focus on plight of workers ◦ Instead appalled public with description of disgustingly unsanitary preparation of food products ◦ Described Chicago's slaughterhouses ◦Roosevelt induced Congress to pass: ◦Meat Inspection Act (1906): ◦ Decreed that preparation of meat shipped over state lines subject to federal inspection from corral to can ◦Pure Food and Drug Act (1906): ◦ Designed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals

The "Bull Moose" Campaign 1912

◦Roosevelt's New Nationalism: ◦ Based on ideas of progressive thinker Herbert Cody in his book The Promise of American Life ◦ Favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions ◦ Paralleled by growth of powerful regulatory agencies ◦ Campaigned for woman suffrage ◦ Wilson's New Freedom: ◦ Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship ◦ Free functioning of unregulated, unmonopolized markets ◦ Shunned social welfare proposals ◦ Pinned economic faith on competition—the "man on the make," as Wilson put it

The Rough Rider Thunders Out

◦Roosevelt's achievements and popularity: ◦His youthfulness appealed to young of all ages ◦Served as political lightning rod to protect capitalists against popular indignation and against socialism ◦Sought middle road between unbridled individualism and paternalist collectivism ◦In conservation crusade, he tried to mediate between: ◦ Romantic preservationists and rapacious resource-predators ◦ Probably his most typical and his most lasting achievement ◦Other contributions of Roosevelt: ◦ Greatly enlarged power/prestige of presidency ◦ Helped shape progressive movement and later liberal reform ◦ Opened eyes of Americans to fact that they shared world with other nations and needed to accept responsibilities of a great power

The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907

◦Roosevelt's second term (1905-1909): ◦ Called for regulating corporations, taxing incomes, and protecting workers ◦ Declared (1904) under no circumstances would he be a candidate for a third term ◦ Suffered sharp setback (1907) when short panic descended on Wall Street: ◦ Frightened " runs " on banks ◦ Financial world blamed Roosevelt ◦ Conservatives called him "Theodore the Meddler" ◦Results of 1907 panic: ◦Paved way for long-overdue monetary reforms ◦Currency shortage showed need for more elastic medium of exchange ◦Congress (1908) responded with Aldrich-Vreeland Act: ◦Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral ◦Path smoothed for momentous Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Muckrakers

◦Some of most effective fire by muckrakers directed at social evils: ◦ Immoral "white slave" traffic in women, rickety slums, appalling number of industrial accidents, subjugation of blacks, and abuse of child labor ◦ Vendors of patent medicines also criticized ◦ Muckrakers signified much about nature of progressive reform movement: ◦ Counted on publicity to right social wrongs ◦ Sought not to overthrow capitalism, but to cleanse it ◦ Cure for ills of American democracy was more democracy

Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba

◦Status of Puerto Rico anomalous— ◦Neither a state nor a territory ◦Little prospect of eventual independence ◦Foraker Act (1900) accorded Puerto Rico a limited degree of popular government ◦Congress granted U.S. citizenship in 1917, ◦ Withheld full self-rule ◦Annexation of Puerto Rico posed thorny legal problem

Earth Control

◦Steps to conserve U.S. natural resources: ◦Desert Land Act (1877): ◦ Whereby federal government sold arid land cheaply on condition that purchaser irrigate soil within three years ◦Forest Reserve Act (1891): ◦Authorized president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves ◦ Some 46 million acres rescued from logging in 1890s ◦ Carey Act (1894) distributed federal land to states on condition that it be irrigated and settled ◦ New day for conservation dawned with Roosevelt ◦ TR seized banner of conservation leadership ◦ Congress responded with landmark Newlands Act (1902): ◦ Washington authorized to collect money from sale of public land in western states ◦ Use funds for development of irrigation projects ◦ Roosevelt Dam, constructed on Arizona's Salt River, dedicated by Roosevelt in 1911 TR worked to preserve nation's shrinking forests: ◦ Set aside some 125 million acres in federal reserves ◦ Earmarked millions of acres of coal deposits, and water resources useful for irrigation and power ◦ Conservation and reclamation were Roosevelt's most enduring tangible achievements ◦ Disappearance of frontier—believed to be source of national characteristics (individualism and democracy) encouraged popular support for conservation ◦ As did Jack London's Call of the Wild (1903) •Organizations: -Boy Scouts of America became largest youth group -Audubon Society tried to save wild native birds -Sierra Club (1892) dedicated to preserve wildness of western landscape • Losses: - (1913) San Francisco built dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley • Caused deep division between preservationists (John Muir) and conservationists that persists to present day

TR's Square Deal for Labor

◦TR's feared public interest being submerged at home: ◦As a progressive, he called for a "Square Deal" for capital, labor, and public at large ◦ His program embraced three C's: ◦ Control of corporations ◦ Consumer protection ◦ Conservation of natural resources ◦ First test came in coal mines of Pennsylvania (1902) ◦ Exploited workers struck for better pay and hours ◦ Threatened to seize mines if owners would not agree ◦Roosevelt urged Congress to create new Department of Commerce and Labor (1903) ◦Ten years later it was separated in two ◦New agency included a Bureau of Corporations authorized to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce: ◦Bureau helped break stranglehold of monopoly ◦Cleared road for era of " trust-busting"

Taft the Trustbuster

◦Taft gained some fame as smasher of monopolies: ◦Brought 90 suits against trusts during his four years compared to 44 for Roosevelt in 7½ years ◦Biggest action came in 1911 when Supreme Court ordered dissolution of Standard Oil Company: ◦Judged to be a combination in restraint of trade in violation of Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 ◦Supreme Court also handed down its famous "rule of reason " : ◦ Doctrine—only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal ◦ Doctrine tore big hole in government's antitrust net ◦1911: antitrust suit against U.S. Steel Corporation: ◦Infuriated Roosevelt who had encouraged merger ◦ Once Roosevelt's protégé, President Taft increasingly took on role of his antagonist

The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat

◦Taft's foreign policy: ◦Use investments to boost American political interests abroad—dollar diplomacy: ◦ Encouraged Wall Street to invest in foreign areas of strategic concern to U.S.A. ◦ Especially Far East and Panama Canal ◦ Thus bankers would strengthen American defenses and foreign policies—bring prosperity to homeland ◦ Almighty dollar supplanted TR's big stick ◦ Railroad investments in Manchuria were Taft's most spectacular effort, but Russia and Japan blocked effort

The Belated Texas Nuptials

◦Texas became a leading issue in 1844 presidential campaign (Polk v Clay): ◦ Pro-expansion Democrats under James K. Polk defeated Whigs ◦ Lame duck president Tyler interpreted narrow Democratic victory as "mandate" to acquire Texas ◦Despairing of securing necessary 2/3 vote in Senate for a treaty, Tyler sought annexation by joint resolution ◦After spirited debate, resolution passed in 1845, and Texas formally invited to become 28th state ◦ Tyler deserves credit for shepherding Texas into fold

Election of 1848:

◦Whigs: Nominated Zachary Taylor ◦ Platform: ◦Dodged all troublesome issues ◦Extolled virtues of their candidate ◦ He would not commit himself on issue of slavery's extension Free Soil party: Nominated Van Buren ◦Organized by ardent antislavery Northerners ◦ Came out for Wilmot Proviso and against slavery in territories ◦ Broadened appeal by advocating: ◦ Federal aid for internal improvement ◦ Free government homesteads for settlers ◦ Attracted industrialists opposed to Polk's reduction of protective tariffs

Progressive Women

◦Women an indispensable part of progressive army ◦Critical focus was settlement house movement—which offered a side door to public life: ◦Exposed middle-class women to problems plaguing cities: ◦ Poverty, political corruption, and intolerable working and living conditions ◦ Gave them skill and confidence to attack those evils ◦ Women's club movement provided a broader civic entryway for middle-class women ◦ Women, whose place was seen in home, defended new activities as an extension—not a rejection—of traditional roles: ◦ Thus driven to moral and "maternal" issues: ◦ Child labor, unsafe food, etc. ◦ Agitated through groups like National Consumers League (1899) and Women's Trade Union League (1903) ◦ Campaigned for factory reform and temperance: ◦ Florence Kelley became State of Illinois's first chief factory inspector: ◦ One of nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions ◦ Took control of new National Consumers League ◦ In landmark case Muller v. Oregon (1908): ◦ Louis D. Brandeis persuaded Supreme Court to accept laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies ◦ Progressives hailed Brandeis's achievement as triumph over existing legal doctrines ◦ American welfare state focused more on protecting women and children than on granting benefits to everyone Setbacks: ◦ 1905, Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York voided New York law establishing ten-hour day for bakers ◦If laws regulating factories not enforced, they proved worthless— for example, lethal fire (1911) at Triangle Shirtwaist Company of New York ◦ 146 women died ◦ By 1917 thirty states had workers' compensation laws

Metacom

Aka King Philip, Native American ruler, who in 1675 led attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts. Native American chief who fought against English colonists in the King Philip's War

If the United States bought Louisiana from France in 1803, why does this 1763 map show Louisiana as Spanish territory?

France ceded all territory east of the Mississippi to the British Empire. The rest of Louisiana passed into Spanish hands after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. From that year until the beginning of the 19th century, the vast territory became part of the Spanish Empire. In 1800, Napoleonic France acquired Louisiana back from Spain through the Treaty of San Ildefonso, until it was sold to the US in 1808.

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, of the Press, Assembly, and Petition

4 freedoms

Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.

Boston Tea Party

demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Mohawks Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor.

1st

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances"

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death" a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

Zenger Trial

(1734-1735) New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. 1735 trial that promoted the idea of freedom of the press. New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

Iron Curtain

(HT) , Term used by Churchill in 1946 to describe the growing East-West divide in postwar Europe between communist and democratic nations

Medicaid*

(LBJ) , medical expense assitance provide by the state goverment to needy families

Edwin Meese

(RR) helped minority workers

3 major immediate effects of the Emancipation Proclamation

1. "Union in the North" Many northerners lost morale after the large number of casualties in battle and string of defeats suffered by the Union army. The Proclamation gave the North another "cause" to fight for, something more than Lincoln's original goal of preserving the Union. 2. "Disunion in the South" The Confederacy relied on slave labor to maintain its farms as white males went to fight in the war. As slaves heard about Lincoln's action, many deserted their plantations when the Union army drew nearer, which hurt the Southern economy and forced some men to remain at home rather than fight. 3. "Kept Britain out of the war" The British made several gestures to the Confederacy, to get Southern cotton growers to sell them the fiber for their textile mills. However, since Britain had recently abolished slavery in the whole of the British Empire it was impossible to support a people whose constitution protected slavery.

What evidence from Jefferson's first term supports the Quids' assertion that he had abandoned the Democratic-Republican Party?

1. Agreeing to buy Louisiana 2. Trying to block federalists judges appointed by Adams 3. Repealed Alien and Sedition Acts, and released people that were jailed under it

Big Four legislative achievements in the Great Society programs:

1. Aid to education 2. Medicare for elderly and Medicaid for poor: • Created "entitlements" • Rights for certain categories of Americans in perpetuity • Without need for repeated congressional approval • created long-term financial problems for federal government 3. Immigration reform: •Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished "national-origins" quota system in place since 1921 4. Voting Rights Act of 1965

Leopard

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake

List 3 reasons why the end of French and Indian War was an important turning point in U.S. history

1. The colonies declared independence 2. New constitution was formed with a federal government 3. New nation was founded

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

James E. Carter*

1977-1981, Democrat, Honest president, promised to return dignity, honor, respect back to nation and white house, peanut farmer

George Bush (I)!

1989-1993, Republican, campaign hit hard with ADs, he pledged to not to raise taxes and create 30 million jobs in next 8 years. team - Jack Kemp = HUD = war on poverty, William Reilly = Environmental Protection Agency

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

War of 1812 "Mr. Madison's War"

= To Great Britain the War of 1812 was simply a burdensome adjunct of its greater struggle against Napoleonic France. = To the Canadians it was clearly a case of American aggression. = To the Americans it was neither simple nor clear. - Entered the war with confused objectives and divided loyalties and made peace without settling any of the issues that had induced the nation to go to war. - A significant weakness in the American position was the disunity of the country.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

A Puritan compromise that allowed the unconverted children of Puritans who had fallen away from the church to become halfway members of the church. The Covenant allowed these halfway members to baptize their own children even though they themselves were not full members of the church because they had not experienced full conversion. Massachusetts ministers accepted this compromise and it signified a drop in the religious zeal or mission that had characterized Massachusetts in its change in the religious character of New England Society.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Committees of Correspondence

A communications network set up to keep groups that opposed British policies in touch with one another. • James Otis- founder • By 1774, all 13 colonies had committees, and those committees were instrumental in providing the framework for the First Continental Congress.

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Triple entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Paxton Boys

A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Bimetallism

A monetary system in which the government would give citizens either gold or silver in exchange for paper currency or checks. the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system. Repub - Only gold Demo - Gold and silver

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Boss Tweed

A political boss who carried corruption to new extremes, and cheated the city out of more than $100 million

Hiram Johnson

A progressive reformer of the early 1900s. He was elected the republican govenor of California in 1910, and helped to put an end to trusts. He put an end to the power that the Southern Pacific Railroad had over politics.

Sussex

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Maine

A ship stationed near Cuba which exploded on February 15, 1898. The explosion was blamed on the Spanish, and provided a reason for starting the Spanish-American War. Evidence to the contrary was ignored in the rush to War

Rationing

A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price. A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa. A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

patroonship

A vast Dutch feudal estates fronting the Hudson River in early 1600s. They were granted to promoters who agreed to settle 50 people on them.

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

▪Sharecroppers Picking Cotton

Although many freed slaves found themselves picking cotton on their former masters' plantations, they took comfort that they were at least paid wages and could work as a family unit. ▪ In time, however, they became ensnared in the web of debt that their planter bosses spun to keep a free labor force tightly bound to them.

16th Amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Alexis de Tocqueville's theory of Democracy as communicated in Democracy in America included the principle that democracy (and its success in terms of the nation) required equality of conditions and potential for mobility. To what extent did America have equality of conditions?

America didn't have equality of conditions, especially for African Americans and Natives, who were still treated very poorly.

With the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine was America a world power?

America wasn't really a world power. People didn't listen to the Monroe Doctrine because they respected America, they listened because they were afraid of Britain. Without Britain to back America up, no one would've given the Monroe Doctrine a second thought.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War. American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Booker T. Washington

An African-American educator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who headed Tuskegee Institute, a college for African-Americans in Alabama. African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

George Westinghouse

An American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. An american entrepreneruer and engineer who invented the railroad and the air brake

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Henry Hudson

An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him

Triple alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord). the first battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775)

Reservations

Areas of federal land set aside for Native Americans

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S. Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Education Reformers Horace Mann (1796-1859)

As secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, he championed: More and better schoolhouses Longer school terms Higher pay for teachers Expanded curriculum His influence radiated out to other states and improvements were made Yet education remained an expensive luxury for many communities

Huey Long

As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc

Baby Boom

Baby boom: • Huge leap in birthrate in fifteen years after 1945: • Touched off demographic explosion adding 50 million to nation by end of 1950s • Boom-or-bust cycle of births begot bulging wave along American population curve • By 1960s, economic shift of baby products to youth products ("youth culture") • Baby boomers continued to affect culture and economy as they aged https://www.popu

A Wise Economist Asks A Question

Bank failures crushed the average American who put faith in the banks to save their money. When they went to withdraw their money, it had been lent out so they lost savings.

Explain the economic impact of Jackson's bank veto, bank war, and specie circular.

Banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted a financial crisis (the panic of 1837) plunges the nation's economy into a depression.

Kaiser wilhelm

Became ruler of Germany in 1888 and dramatically changed Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to show the world how mighty Germany had become and did not want to share his power with anyone. He let Germany's treaty with Russia lapse in 1890, which allowed Russia to form a defensive military alliance with France. Next, Wilhelm began a shipbuilding program in order to make the German navy equal to the British fleet. This led Britain to form an alliance with France.

Why did Monroe veto road and canal projects?

Because he believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution, which didn't provide for roads and canal building.

Why is the War of 1812 sometimes called "The Second War for Independence?"

Because it was fought against Britain to show that the United States was a serious power and weren't under their control anymore.

Farm Foreclosures

Because people lost their jobs they could not make payments on their farms, ranches or homes. Banks would foreclose on their property and thousands lost their homes

Explain why the Founders' prediction that slavery would peter out and die failed to happen during the 1800s.

Because people were only more motivated to have slaves with the cotton gin invention. They needed to be able to compete with big farmers.

Explain why President Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams pursued a more aggressive foreign policy.

Because they wanted to actively advance American interests and show the world that America could become a global power.

Antinomianism

Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson. An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson.

Explain how the following Colonial Era events influenced the creation of new state constitutions: John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers theorize on the relationship between man and government:

Believed that the government should protect people's rights

"as a city on a hill"

Biblical ideal, invoked by John Winthrop, of a society governed by civil liberty (where people did only that which was just and good) that would be an example to the world. John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

Wartime Migrations

Blacks drafted into armed forces: • Assigned to service branches rather than combat units • Subjected to petty degradations: • Segregated blood banks for wounded • War helped embolden blacks in long struggle for equality • Slogan—"Double V"—victory over dictators abroad and racism at home • Membership in National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) shot up to half-million mark • New militant Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) committed to nonviolent "direct action" (1942) • Tuskegee Airmen War prompted exodus of Native Americans from reservations • Thousands of men and women found work in major cities • Thousands more went into armed forces • Served as "code talkers" • Transmitted radio messages in native languages, incomprehensible to Germans and Japanese

Weaknesses Britain Colonists

Britain - Distance from homeland - Troops unfamiliar with terrain - Weak military leaders - No common cause to rally army or British people Colonists - Many soldiers untrained and uneducated in military tactics - Shortages of food and ammunition - No central government to enforce wartime laws - Inferior navy

Strengths Britain Colonists

Britain - Well-trained and equipped army - Strong central government with a strong economy - Support of Loyalists and some Native Americans Colonists - Familiarity of territory - Capable leadership of Washington and other generals - A common cause—fighting for independence

Explain the significance of the territorial changes from 1754 to 1763.

Britain gained Spanish Florida and French Canada, virtually erasing French control in North America

Allies

Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy An alliance of nations joining together to fight a common enemy

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government. An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Admiralty Courts

British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury.

Orders in Council

British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods.

John Smith

Brought Tobacco business - Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

To what extent does it illustrate a conflict over politics?

Burr did this because he wasn't elected, so it was mainly a political conflict.

Identify the major causes and effects of the Stamp Act controversy. Caused by: Effects of:

Caused by: Britain wanting to raise money to support British military in the colonies Effects of: Protest, boycott, Stamp Act Congress, sons and daughters of liberty

Maryland (Key figure, Religion, acts, revolts)

Cecil Calvert (implemented father's plan to gain Catholic Safehaven); Catholic; Act of Toleration; Protestant Revolt

Social Gospel

Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform. A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening. English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation. Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

The Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife (Anglicans)

Women Reformers

Clamorous female reformers: Demanded rights for women Campaigned for temperance and abolition of slavery Women's right movement mothered by: Talented Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina, championed antislavery Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocated suffrage for women She helped organize the world's first women's rights convention in 1848 Formed the National Women's Loyal League with Susan B. Anthony in 1863. Quaker-raised Susan B. Anthony, a militant lecturer for woman's rights Seven years later, they established the National Woman Suffrage Association.

"necessary and proper"

Clause allows Congress "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the [enumerated] Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."

Boston Port Act

Closed the Port at Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for.

Cohens v. Virginia

Cohens found guilty of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions. Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government.

Plymouth Colony

Colony founded by the Separatist Pilgrims who came over on the Mayflower. Located in New England. A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

Plymouth

Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony.

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace. US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants. institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

Pullman Company strike

Company laid off thousands and cut wages of the rest without cutting cost of homes. Boycotting of Pullman trains. Strike went violent. Troops sent in. A nationwide railroad strike in the United States in the summer of 1894.. When the economy had improved, the Pullman company did not restore wages or lower rents

Discrimination Increases

Competition for jobs produced a rise in hostilities against African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. •Lynchings increased. •Aid programs discriminated against African Americans.

Pan-American Conference

Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries

Algeciras conference

Conference provoked Germany backfired on Germany over the issues of the Morocco crisis. International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat.

What was the most significant weakness of the AOC? Explain your reasoning.

Congress could not collect taxes so they had to rely on the states to vote for taxes which they needed to pay for their war debts and other things.

SLOWING OF IMMIGRATION (acts)

Congress passed Emergency Quota Act 1921 • Newcomers from Europe restricted to a quota • Immigration Act of 1924 replaced Emergency Act • Quota cut from 3% to 2% • National origins base shifted from census of 1910 to 1890 • Quotas caused America to sacrifice some of its tradition of freedom and opportunity

Underwood Tariff Bill

Congressional measure to provide the a substantial reduction of rates, and the first ever implementation of a graduated income tax on incomes $3000+

Executive Order 9981, Employment Act of 1946: Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

Created new opportunities for civil rights activists to press USA on civil rights claims Truman's landmark Executive Order 9981, desegregating Armed Forces (1948) Employment Act of 1946: • Made government policy "to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power" Taft-Hartley Act (1947) • Made unions liable for damages that resulted from jurisdictional disputes among themselves

17th Amendment

Creates the direct election by the people of Senators

What is one key difference between the Lancaster Turnpike and the Cumberland Road?

Cumberland extended more than 1000 miles through different states, while Lancaster Turnpike was a state road.

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans. First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

What was the chief reason for colonial discontent?

Dramatic change in Britains colonial policy because they collected taxes and enforced trade laws

Radical Whigs

Eighteenth-century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Landrum-Griffin Act (1959)

Election of 1956: • Eisenhower pitted against Adlai Stevenson • Voters still liked Ike Eisenhower persuaded Congress to pass Landrum-Griffin Act (1959): • Designed to bring labor leaders to account for financial shenanigans and bullying tactics • Expanded some antilabor strictures of Taft-Hartley Act

Who had a greater impact on industrial development, Samuel Slater, or Eli Whitney?

Eli Whitney, because he started the interchangeable parts method that allowed mass producing and factories to prosper.

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers. People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Temperance Movement

Ever-present problem of alcohol attracted dedicated reformers: American Temperance Society formed in Boston (1826): Implored drinkers to sign temperance pledge Used pictures, pamphlets, & lurid lectures to convey message Eliminate intoxicants by legislation: Maine Law of 1851

8th

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cool and unusual punishment inflicted

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women. The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

25th Amendment

Explains what happens when the President dies or is unable to continue in office (Succession)

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Big 3-

FDR, Churchill, Stalin

Modern Republicanism

Fiscal Conservative Goal #1: Balance the budget after years of deficit spending • Annual budgets not always balanced- he came closer to curbing federal spending Moderate on Domestic Issues • Accepted most New Deal programs and extended some • Social Security • Government Provided Housing • Consolidated welfare program by establishing Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)

Office of War Mobilization

Federal agency formed to coordinate issues related to war production during World War II

Samuel Chase

Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate

Economy shifted from _________ to ________

Feudalism to capitalism

Gold Scandal

Fisk and Gould buy gold which prices are rising to try and corner gold market. Gould's sister influences Grant not to decrease gold price until they sell it. Gould sells it quickly, Fisk loses money and wants Bennett to tell the story

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

John Peter Zenger Case

First case that protected the idea of freedom of press. He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Explain how the following Colonial Era events influenced the creation of new state constitutions: House of Burgesses:

First representative government

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams, broke away from Massachusetts

Chester A. Garfield

Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reforms, which were passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act.

Comparison of Garrison and Douglass:

Garrison Inspired by Second Great Awakening The Liberator—his militantly antislavery newspaper started in 1831 Stubbornly principled More interested in his own righteousness than in substance of slavery itself Repeatedly demanded that "virtuous" North secede from "wicked" South. Critics charged he was cruelly probing moral wound in America's underbelly, but offered no acceptable balm to ease pain. Douglass Escaped bondage in 1838 at age 21 Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass (1845) his classic autobiography Flexibly practical He and other abolitionists increasingly looked to politics to end slavery Backed Liberty party in 1840; Free Soil party in 1848; Republican party in 1850s Most abolitionists, including Garrison, followed logic of beliefs and supported war as price of emancipation

23rd Amendment

Gave Washington, D.C. representatives in the electoral college so that citizens of D.C. could participate in the electoral process, even though it is not an official state

15th Amendment

Gave all men the right to vote regardless of race or color or whether they had been slaves

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Which one came closer, racial or gender equality?

Gender equality as women could do a majority of the things men could

Valeriano Weyler

General sent from Spain to Cuba to restore order in 1896. He was a Spanish General referred to as "Butcher" Weyler. He undertook to crush the Cuban rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectionists. The civilians died in deadly pestholes. "Butcher" was removed in 1897.

Non-aggression pact

Germany and the Soviet Union signed this pact and promised not to attack each other. Germany offered Stalin control of Eastern Poland and the Baltic States.

Non-agression pact

Germany and the Soviet Union signed this pact and promised not to attack each other. Germany offered Stalin control of Eastern Poland and the Baltic States.

10th Amendment

Gives all powers not specifically given to the United States government in the Constitution, to either the states or to the people

20th Amendment

Gives details on the terms of office for Congress and President; shortens "lame duck" period (time between election and inauguration)

Federal Housing Authority (FHA)

Government agency designed to make buying a home more affordable. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. This organization provided for a system of Industrial Self-regulation under federal supervision

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government. It provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. 1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

William Berkley

Governor of Virginia, who profited from his position and was blamed for a drop in tobacco prices which incited Bacon's Rebellion, after which he was removed from office.

Although the nation was united under a single political party, division emerged resulting in the eventual development of new parties. Compare the causes of these divisions to the causes of the Hamilton and Jefferson division leading to the first two party system in the 1790s.

Hamilton and Jefferson divisions occurred because the new nation was just forming and people disagreed on the fundamental ways of doing things. Now that many of those things are agreed upon and more or less solved, people disagree more over policies.

Was Henry Clay more Hamiltonian or Jeffersonian?

Hamiltonian, because he advocated for the power of the central government, with the national banks and tariffs.

John Brown: Murderer or Martyr

Hatched scheme to invade South secretly: • Then call upon slaves to rebel and furnish them with arms • Establish a black free state as a sanctuary Harpers Ferry (VA): • Brown seized federal arsenal in October 1859 • Killed seven innocent people (incl. a free black) • Injured ten or so more • Slaves failed to rise up = Brown and his remnants captured by U.S. Marines under Robert E. Lee: • Convicted of murder and treason • Marched up scaffold steps without flinching • Devotion to freedom so inflexible, he took on exalted character = Effects of Harper Ferry were inflammatory: To South, Brown a murderer and an apostle of treason • Assumed entire North was "Brown-loving" Republicans

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs. A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

Bernard Baruch

He headed the War Industries Board which placed the control of industries into the hands of the federal government. It was a prime example of War Socialism.

Roger Sherman

He helped draft the Great Compromise that determined how states would be represented in Congress. American Revolutionary leader and signer of the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (1721-1793)

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. An early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest. A Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings

The South Lashes Back

In 1820s, more antislavery societies south of Mason- Dixon line than north of it After 1830 southern abolitionism silenced: Virginia legislature debated and defeated various emancipation proposals in 1831-1832: Marked turning point Slave states tightened slave codes Banned emancipation of any kind, voluntary or compensated Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831: Caused hysteria throughout South Garrison bitterly condemned as terrorist and inciter of murder although he was unconnected with rebellion State of Georgia offered $5,000 for his arrest and conviction Nullification crisis of 1832 further implanted fear in white southern minds Jailings, whippings, & lynching greeted rational efforts to discuss slavery problem in South Controversy increasingly limited free speech: -Gag Resolution: •Pushed through Congress by southerners •Required antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate -Southern whites resented use of mail for abolitionist literature: •Congress (1835) ordered southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist material •Called on southern states to arrest postmasters who did not comply

In what ways did the new republic experience increase conflict?

Increased conflict with American Indians; many immigrants found prejudice and discrimination; rights excluded Indians, African Americans and women; life improved for many, but not those enslaved

"Millions for defense not a cent for tribute"

In front of City Hall, another painting featured a woman with an American eagle. Over her head were the words "Millions for defense, not a cent for tribute." The next year, Pinckney was the vice-presidential candidate for the Federalist Party, in hopes that he would draw southern votes.

7th

In suits of common law, why the value and controversy shall exceed $20, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examines in any court of the US, then according to the rules of the common law

France lost all of its Louisiana Territory in 1763. Why did possession of Louisiana transfer back to France?

In third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Napoleon secretly acquired the territory, but Spain continued to administer it

Election of 1944

In this presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt replaced his vice president with Harry S. Truman, as they ran against Republican Thomas Dewey. Roosevelt won an unprecedented fourth term, but he died within three months. (p. 534)

Support of refute Andrew Jackson's claim that Indian removal was done in the best interest of American Indians.

Indian removal was not done in the best interest of American Indians

Explain how the following Colonial Era events influenced the creation of new state constitutions: Roger Williams Founds Rhode Island:

Inspired the idea of religious freedom

London Economic Conference (1933)

International economic conference called by League of Nations. When proposals were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt withdrew his support. Conference ended without any agreement.

NAACP

International pressure combined with grassroots and legal activism • Propelled some racial progress in North during and after WWII • Fought for and won equal access to public accommodations • Jackie Robinson cracked baseball's color barrier when Brooklyn Dodgers signed him in 1947 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) pushed Supreme Court: • To rule in Sweatt v. Painter (1950) that separate professional schools for blacks failed to meet test of equality • Other rulings benefited blacks as well as other minorities

Joseph Glidden

Invented barbed wire. This allowed a farmer to protect his land and his crops so that wild herds would not trample the property. They can fence in the property more cheaply, and the production of barbed wire went up dramatically in 1874.

Samuel FB Morse

Invented the telegraph which allowed faster communication over longer distances. He also developed Morse code

Thomas Edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations. American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Effects of the Stock Market Crash

Investors - 1. lose millions 2. businesses lose profits Businesses and workers - 1. consumer spending drops 2. businesses cut investment and some production. some fail 3. workers r laid off Banks - 1. Businesses and workers cannot repay bank loans 2. banks run out of money and fail 3. bank runs occur 4. savings accounts r wiped out World payments - 1. US investments in Germany decline 2. German war payments to Allies fall off 3. Allies cannot pay debts to US 4. Europeans cannot afford US goods 5. Overall US production plummets 6. US investors have little or no money to invest

One specific piece of evidence to refute your answer:

Jackson maintained a strong military, and even used military force himself, whereas Jefferson reduced the size of the military.

Georgia

James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a bugger between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement

•Slaves —In 1619 a Dutch warship landed at _______ and sold some twenty ________, planting the seed of North American _________

Jamestown; Africans; slavery

Representative Assembly in Virginia -__________-colonists = residents if England -____________-from head of Jamestown -1st representative government- ________________

Jamestown; Representation; House of Burgesses

To what extent were Jefferson's foreign policies similar to those of Washington? explain.

Jefferson maintained Washington's policy of neutrality, but he also purchased land from France.

To what extent was Jefferson's foreign policy successful in keeping the United States neutral?

Jefferson's policy was successful in keeping the U.S neutral, although some people were unhappy with it.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Who won the battle of political ideology, Jefferson and Madison (Democratic-Republicans) or John Marshall (Federalist)? Explain your reasoning.

John Marshall, he established the principle of judicial review, which gave the Federal government more power.

Support or refute the viewpoint that Thomas Jefferson inspired the Monroe Doctrine.

John Quincy Adams inspired the Monroe doctrine. His policy on constantly opposing colonization by a European power played a role, and the fact that he drafted it, and was able to put parts of his own ideas into it.

Court-packing scheme

Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½.

Potsdam (July-August 1945)

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Women's Role in Religion

Key feature of Second Great Awakening was feminization of religion, both in church membership and theology: Middle-class women were first and most fervent enthusiasts of religious revivalism Made up majority of new church members

First 3 Wars

King William's war; Queen Anne's War, King George's War

Kaiser Wilhelm III

King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war

The Great Society

LBJ helped by growing economy War on Poverty: • Doubled appropriation of Office of Economic Opportunity to $2 billion • Granted more than $1 billion to redevelop Appalachia Created two new departments: • Department of Transportation • Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Extent to which it served as precedent to Ordinance of Nullification. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Large extent bc.... 1. states rights matter 2. something was unconstitutional

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Selective service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Fransisco Franco

Leader of France, conservative general, lead the Spanish civil war, turns into fascist dictator

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Pontiac's Rebellion - Chief ______ - Major attack on the colonist in the western frontier - British sent in troops instead of the colonial forces

Pontiac;

life, liberty, and property

Locke argued that all humans are born with what natural rights

REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS.........

Lower Taxes + Less Federal Spending + Higher Tariffs = Strong National Economy

AAA-AgriculturalAdjustmentAct-

Made millions available to help farmers meet mortgages

14th Amendment

Makes anyone born on US soil a citizen and guarantees equal protection under the law

One piece of evidence to support your answer:

Many died on their was to the small lands they'd been allotted, and their homes were taken.

Protestant Revolt

Many peasants supported Luther, revolt erupts Luther supports social order and political authority. late 1600s Protestant resentment against Catholics led to brief civil war, Act of Toleration was repealed, Catholics lost their right to vote, Maryland was much like Virginia except it had greater tolerance of religious diversity

Tools of European Exploration in the Americas : -Printing press -______________ - astrolabe, caravel, improved map making -joint-stock companies -Diseases -________ and forced conversions

Maritime technology; Priests

End of Populism

McKinley's election and farmers lost hope • Powerless can organize, have political impact • Agenda of reforms enacted in 20th century

Richard Henry Lee

Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence. leader of the American Revolution who proposed the resolution calling for independence of the American colonies (1732-1794)

congregationalists

Members of Puritan churches governed by congregations. Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican church from within

Open Door notes

Message sent by John Hay to other countries to protect U.S. trading rights in China. message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Mestizo - Mulatto -

Mestizo - Spanish and Natives Mulatto - Spanish and Africans

King Phillip's War • _________ aka King _______ (Native American) — Battled with the colonists over the _______ — ____________ prevailed — King Phillip _______ — Ends most _____ ______ resistance in New England

Metacom; Phillip; land; Colonials; dies; American Indian

Minority Radical group: Andrew Johnson

Minority radical group: ▪Believed South should atone more for its sins ▪Wanted social structure uprooted, planters punished, newly emancipated blacks protected by federal powers ▪Andrew Johnson: ▪Agreed with Lincoln—seceded states never left Union ▪Quickly recognized several of Lincoln's 10% governments May 29, 1865 issued his Reconstruction proclamation ▪ Johnson's Plan ▪ Disfranchised certain leading Confederates: ▪ including those with taxable property worth more than $20,000 ▪ though they might petition him for personal pardons ▪ Called for special state conventions to: ▪ Repeal ordinances of secession ▪ Repudiate all Confederate debts ▪ Ratify slave-freeing Thirteenth Amendment ▪ States that complied would be swiftly readmitted to Union

The North and South developed along different lines

NORTH • Diverse economy based on industry and agriculture • Large cities undergoing rapid urbanization • Massive immigration strengthened the economy • Favored federal spending on internal improvements and wanted high tariffs • The Northeast was economically linked with the Midwest • Economy based on free labor SOUTH • Economy based on agriculture • Mainly rural with a few cities • Few immigrants • Opposed federal spending on internal improvements and wanted no tariffs • Sought to expand by creating more slave states • Economy based on slave labor

VOLUNTEERS AND DRAFTEES: NORTH AND SOUTH

NORTH ▪War demanded men—lots of men: ▪Northern armies first manned solely by volunteers ▪ Each state assigned a quota based on population ▪1863 Congress passed first conscription law ▪ Grossly unfair to poor ▪ Could hire a substitute or pay $300 for exemption rights ▪ Draft opposed in Democratic strongholds of north, esp. New York draft riots of 1863 SOUTH ▪Relied mainly on volunteers at first: ▪Much less populous than North ▪Richmond resorted to conscription in 1862 (nearly 1 year before Union) ▪Robbed both "cradle and grave" (draft age 17 to 50)

Natives jobs in NW US - Great Plains - NE US -

NW US - hunted / fished Great Plains - hunted (lack of resources) NE US - agriculture/hunting

Northern strategy to win the war: "Anaconda Plan"

Named for the snake that squeezes its prey to death, the strategy was designed to strangle the South. Devised by General Winfield Scott here are the major elements: • Capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond and the rest of Virginia • Invade Tennessee to move into the south • Strike along the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy • Blockade all southern ports to prevent imports

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not desipher

Europeans shift through labor workers _______—>________—>________

Natives, indentured servants, Africans

Dust bowl

Nature helped provide unplanned scarcity: • Dust Bowl: • Drought and wind triggered dust storms, but they were not only culprits: • Farmers bought countless acres of marginal land under cultivation • Dry-farming techniques and mechanization had revolutionized Great Plains agriculture

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval officer who led the US victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813. United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812

Colonial policies... (2)

Navigation Acts and Molasses Act

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

New racial pride blossomed in northern black communities: • Harlem in NYC—130,000 African American residents in 1920s • One of largest black communities in world • Culture nurtured by poets like Langston Hughes • The Weary Blues (1926) • Harlem spawned charismatic political leader, Marcus Garvey • Founded United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to promote resettlement of blacks in "African homeland" • Sponsored black businesses to keep money in black pockets • Helped newcomers to northern cities gain self-confidence and self-reliance • Example proved important to founding of Nation of Islam (Black Muslim) movement

5th

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

THE ECONOMIC STRESSES OF WAR North

Northern economy: ▪ Had an easier time funding war: ▪ Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol increased by Congress ▪ Income tax levied for first time ▪ Customs receipts provided important revenue ▪ Congress 1861 passed Morrill Tariff Act: ▪ Tax on imports ▪ Buchannan Presidency ▪ Bonds ▪ Greenbacks National Banking System ▪ Financial landmark of the war ▪ Authorized by Congress in 1863 ▪ Launched as stimulant to sale of government bonds ▪ Also established standard bank-note currency ▪ Banks that joined National Banking System could buy government bonds and issue sound paper money backed by them

Khrushchev

Nuclear arms race and tensions over Berlin continued Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to Washington 1959 • Khrushchev met with Eisenhower at Camp David • Optimism evaporated prior to Paris "summit" of 1960 • On eve of conference, American U-2 plane shot down over USSR • "Honest Ike" eventually took full personal responsibility • This ended Paris conference

The British entered Washington D.C. and burned the Capitol building, the White House, and other public buildings before returning to their ships.

On Sept. 13, 1814, Francis Scott Key negotiated the release of Dr. William Beanes, a prisoner after the burning of Washington D.C. Key was detained on ship overnight during the shelling of Fort McHenry, one of the forts defending Baltimore. In the morning, he was so happy to see the American flag still flying over the fort that he wrote a poem.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

Old Guard

One of two major factions largely within the Republican party, composed of the party regulars and professional politicians. They were preoccupied with building up the party machinery, developing party loyalty, and acquiring and dispensing patronage. They were challenged by progressives from around 1896 to the 1930s.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP. 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Sons of Liberty

Opposed the Stamp Act • Protests (could be violent), harassing tax collectors • Brains behind Boston Tea Party • Founding Members- • Samuel Adams • Patrick Henry- "Give me liberty or give me death!"

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided more funds to state and local relief efforts. Granted federal funds to state and local agencies to help the unemployed

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

Passed under President Hoover, it raised tariffs up to sixty percent which became the nation's highest protective tariff during peacetime. Hoover & Republicans hoped it would help US economy, but instead it resulted in retaliatory tariff increases against the US by other countries. It deepened depression and increased international financial chaos.

Funding at par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

Townshend Acts repealed, 1770

People living in the American colonies greatly reduced the amount of items they purchased from British merchants because of the Townshend duties. • Therefore, British merchants pushed to have the taxes repealed, and they were in 1770. • The British, however, maintained the tax on tea, which would have repercussions leading to the Boston Tea Party

Slaves of the Slave System

Plantation life: Quick profit led to excessive cultivation or "land butchery" Caused population to leave for West and Northwest Economic structure of South became increasingly monopolistic: Big got bigger and small smaller Financial instability of plantation system: Over-speculation in land and slaves Slaves represented heavy investment of capital Only handful of southern whites lived in Grecian- pillared mansions

Limits to Colonial Democracy -Most colonists excluded from _____ ______ -_____ _____ _______ could vote -Female/Landless = ____ rights -Slave/indentured servants = _____ rights -Many colonies only answered to the _______

Political process; Male property owners; few; no; crown

Emergency Relief and Construction Act.

Political support was building for a relief measure; Congress passed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act. • The new act called for $1.5 billion for public works and $300 million in loans to the states for debt relief. • "Too little, too late". It did not increase its loans in sufficient amounts to meet the need, and the economy continued its decline.

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Act of Toleration : - ____________ vs _________ - Large__________ plantation owners - _____________ Farms Outnumber - 1st colonial statue granting religious freedoms to all _________ - Death to anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus - ____________ and __________

Protestants vs Catholics; Catholic; Protestant; Christians; Jews and Atheist

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Navigations Acts

Purpose: to make sure colonies raised the right product and sold them in the right place 1. Ships had to be built in England or English colonies 2. Ships owner had to be English. 3. The captain and most of the crew had to be English 4. European good must be taken to England first. (not strictly enforced which led to smuggling) -a series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England's control of trade in its American colonies. a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies -smuggling was a problem

Pennsylvania •________ - Religious Society of Friends •Believed in the _______ of all men and women, nonviolence and resistance to ________ service •Religious __________ found within each person's soul

Quakers; equality; military; authority

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes

Farewell Address

Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe. 1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Review the Enlightenment ideas located on the last page of your Period 2 Term Review, "Part 4 Looking Ahead." List the most three most significant ideas that influenced our founding fathers as they resisted new imperial policies.

Religious toleration, natural rights of man, and life, liberty, and property

Election of 1960

Republican Nominee: Richard Nixon Democratic Nominee: John F. Kennedy Nixon v Kennedy Televised Debates

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Francis Perkins

Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member in U.S. history.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Rugged individualism: •Charitable organizations:

Rugged individualism: Americans are self-sufficient and would work themselves out this depression through hard work and determination. •Charitable organizations: Churches, volunteers and people helping one another.

Supreme Court Appointments under (GB1)

SC nominate = David H Souter, first black on Court retired = Thurgood Marshall, another Clarence Thomas, alleged of harrasment by Anita Hill

Of the following, whose contribution was most significant to the emerging American identity? Charles Townshend, John Dickenson, James Otis, Samuel Adams, Lord North, Crispus Attucks Defend your answer with 3 specific pieces of evidence.

Samuel Adams (the person,not the beer) was the most significant as he was the leader of Massachusetts and arguably the leader of the Revolution. 1. While a delegate of the Continental Congress, he pushed for the complete independence of America from the British. 2. Led the resistance against Britain's unfair tax laws 3. Helped organize the Boston Tea Party incident.

What was more significant to the growth and development of the United States, John Quincy Adams accomplishments of Secretary of State or the military accomplishments of General Andrew Jackson?

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, namely his work with the Monroe Doctrine which would be quoted for many years to come. He also persuaded Monroe to support Jackson in his military efforts, which was very important.

To what extent was westward expansion responsible for increasing sectional conflict?

Sectional conflict occurred long before westward expansion happened, but expansion did increase tensions, as both the north and south were worried they'd be outnumbered politically.

Sectional Balance and the Underground Railroad

South in 1850 was relatively well-off: • National leadership: Taylor in White House • Had a majority in cabinet and on Supreme Court • Cotton fields expanding • Cotton prices profitably high • Few believed slavery seriously threatened in fifteen states South deeply worried by ever-tipping political balance: 15 slave states & 15 free states ◦ Admission of California would destroy delicate equilibrium in Senate ◦ Already agitation in territories of New Mexico & Utah for admission as nonslave states ◦ Texas had additional grievances ◦ Southerners: ◦ Angered by agitation in North for abolition of slavery in District of Columbia ◦ More disagreeable to South was loss of runaway slaves: ◦ Assisted by Underground Railroad ◦ Amazing conductor: Harriet Tubman ◦ 1850: southerners demanded more stringent fugitive-slave law: ◦ 1793 law inadequate to cope with runaways ◦ Abolitionists who ran Underground Railroad did not profit from their lawlessness ◦ Stirred up storm of opposition in North ◦ Fleeing slaves: ◦ Could not testify on their own ◦ Denied jury trial ◦ Northerners who helped a slave escape were liable to heavy fines and jail time ◦ "Man-Stealing" Law was abhorrent

Dupuy DeLome

Spanish minister to the United States who gave an unflattering assessment of President McKinley's abilities in a letter home. The letter was leaked to the press causing outrage amongst the American public. Increased calls for President McKinley and Congress to declare war on Spain.

American settlers in Texas

Stephen Austin was granted permission to settle Americans in Texas. • Other Americans, known as empresarios (contractors) were also given large land grants. • The number of Americans in Texas grew from 300 in 1823 to 50,000 in 1836 far outnumbering Mexican Texans or Tejanos. Americans in to Texas were supposed to: 1.Become Mexican citizens 2.Become Catholic 3. Not bring slaves into Texas • Did none of these

Fort Duquesne

Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman. French fort that was site of first major battle of French and Indian War; General Washington led unsuccessful attack on French troops and was then defeated at Fort Necessity, marking beginning of conflict.

Education Reforms from the Great Awakening

Tax-supported primary schools were scarce in early years of Republic: Were primarily to educate children of poor—the so-called ragged schools Advocates of "free" public education met stiff opposition Taxes for education came to be seen as an insurance that wealthy paid for stability & democracy Tax-supported public education lagged in South, but grew in North between 1825 & 1850 By 1860 nation counted only 100 public secondary schools—and nearly a million white adult illiterates. Black slaves in South were legally forbidden to receive instruction in reading and writing. Free blacks in both North and South were usually excluded from schools.

New Lights/Old Lights

The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church. Old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; traditional calvinist principle of rational puritans and limited theocracy. The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening. division of religion as a result of the Great Awakening. emotional salvaton.

The major laws considered "intolerable"

The British government attempted to restore order in Boston through martial law Ex. Boston Port Act and Quartering Act

USS Missouri

The Battleship where the Japanese signed their unconditional surrender; 'Mighty MO' On September 2, 1945, the Japanese emperor formally surrendered on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Compare the British View to the Colonial View and explain why these opposing views are significant to the development of the United States.

The British had a low opinion of their military abilities but the colonial we're proud of their record in the wars. After the war America didn't face threat of attacks. Both sides had a low opinion of the other's military forces. Britain's low opinion allowed the colonists to have an advantage against them during the Revolution

One piece of evidence that supports the opposing view:

The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created to assist them

"Silverites" vs "Gold Bugs"

The Democrat Bryan platform demanded inflation through the unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1 of gold, though the market ratio was about 32 to 1. This meant the silver dollar would be worth about fifty cents. Democratic "Gold Bugs," unable to swallow Bryan, bolted their party over the silver issue. The Democratic minority charged that the Populists-silverites had stolen bot the name and the clothes of the party. • Gold bugs - gold only would create more stable if expensive currency • Silverites - Bimetalism would create more money, stimulate economy

Headright System

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land. Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Anne Bradstreet

The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up into America, by a Gentlewoman in such Parts (1647 - First published female Puritan writer; wrote about New England life in perspective of a woman)

The War Ended

The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814. The peace treaty essentially left everything unchanged between the two nations. The U.S. was unsuccessful in taking over Canada.

Was the United States justified in declaring war against Great Britain? Why or why not?

The U.S was justified in declaring war because nothing was changing after their numerous attempts at being diplomatic. The only way to be taken seriously was to have war.

Explain the limitations of the repeal [of the Townshend Acts] in restoring positive relations between England and its '13 colonies' in North America.

The colonies could prosper economically. But the trust had been broken between the colonies and Britain.

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land. Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Who had greater power in this era, the Supreme Court of the Executive branch?

The executive branch, because without the support of the president, the supreme court can't enforce its rulings.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Compact Theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

Proclamation Line

The line that was setup by the British that forbids any movement/settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. This angered many colonials, who felt that the current space was too crowded, and that they had every right to move if they desired to since it was they that battled against the French during the Seven Years. Royal proclamation of 1763 designed to protect Indian tribes by setting a boundary at the peaks of the Appalachian Mountains beyond which no western white settlement was to take place

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Harvard

The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry

Russian Revolution

The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.

4th

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, support by earth or affirmation, and particularly describe the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized

6th Amendment

The right to a fair and speedy trial by a jury of one's peers; to have witnesses and to give a defense

7th Amendment

The right to a trial by jury in civil cases for amounts of $20 or more

Turner Thesis

Theory that claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character. The historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis.

To what extent were these differences signs of improving American Democracy?

These were signs of an improving American Democracy

How did the panic of 1819 impact American voters?

They began to oppose a national bank and debtors prisons, calling for reform.

Explain how a 19th century American pioneer would view "acquiring American Indian land" as justifiable. Consider the culture clash of Americans and American Indians.

They believed it was justifiable because the American Indians had fought against them in two wars, and they saw them as an enemy.

To what extent were these forces similar?

They both occurred because of differing ideals, but they were different because they were a response to their different time.

What impact did battles and heroes and song lyrics have on national identity? Explain.

They gave the American people a shared thing to connect over, and something that everyone could share.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Townshend Acts (1767)

They were a series of laws that replaced the Stamp Act. While the acts also taxed the colonists without their consent, they were indirect taxes. Ex. New York Restraining Act and Townshend Duty Act

Explain how the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) were both an effect of colonial actions and a cause of colonial action.

They were an effect of the boycotts and Boston Tea Party. They caused more revolting and dissidence

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military.

How did this purchase impact the multi-ethnic, multi-racial make-up of the United States?

This increased the diversity of the United States.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Death on the Bozeman Trail

Three emigrant men and thirteen Indians were killed in the battle, but the train then continued on to its destination without further incident. According to historian Susan Badger Doyle, the true emigration period of the Bozeman Trail lasted only from 1863-1866.

11th President James Polk: 1845-1849 Election results:

Tiny antislavery Liberty Party absorbed nearly 16,000 votes that would have gone to Clay

Major Causes of WWII

Treaty of Versailles Rise of fascism in Italy Japanese Expansionism Economic Depression anti-Communism Appeasement Militarism Nationalism Rise of Hitler

-________ trade was very profitable -Middle Passage -_________ was of secondary importance -_________ was the most important manufacturing activity -Colonial _____ stores were also highly valued

Triangular; Manufacturing; Lumbering; naval

Strengths of the North and South

Union ▪ Twice as many people ▪ More manpower for fighting ▪ More industry and railroads ▪ Better economy and food production ▪ Recognition as an independent nation ▪ Better political leaders Confederacy ▪ Better military leaders and military tradition ▪ "The Cause" ▪ Importance of cotton to the world economy ▪ Fighting on home territory ▪ Fighting a defensive rather than offensive war

Reform Bill of 1867

Victory for Union provided inspiration to champions of democracy and liberalism ▪Reform Bill of 1867, under which England became a true political democracy, passed two years after Civil War ended ▪American democracy proved itself ▪An additional argument used by disfranchised British masses in securing similar blessings for themselves

Maryland and Virginia -Headright System •___________ to attract immigration through offers of land •50 acres of land to (___________) —1. Each immigrant who _____ for his own passage —2. Any plantation owner who pain for an ________ passage

Virginia; Headright system; paid; immigrants

Most populous colonies in 1775 were (5)

Virginia; Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; North Carolina; and Maryland

Bonus march, 1932

WWI vets were promised a bonus in 1945. Since many were suffering in the Depression, there was a bill proposed in the Senate to pay the bonus immediately. Thousands of vets and their families gathered in a huge Hooverville (shanty town) in DC to support bill. The bill fails, vets decided to maintain their protest. Hoover sends Douglas MacArthur to clear them out with army. MacArthur overreacts, burns down the Hooverville destroying all the vets possessions, kills two people & kills Hoover's chances in 1932 election

Impressment caused great anger against Britain in the U.S.

What is Impressment? - It means forcing men to join an army or navy. Often the men are kidnapped off the street by "press gangs." Who was impressing American citizens? - The British Navy, which had used impressment for centuries. Why was Impressment used? - Life in the British Navy has been described as a "living hell." - Sailors were treated badly and working conditions were dirty and dangerous. - There were few volunteers, so the navy turned to kidnapping or impressing unwilling men to fill their ships with crews.

Liberty Bonds

Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.

Aftermath of 7 yrs war -Britain adopted for forceful policies for taking control over the colonies - War was costly and the need for more British military forces on the American frontier - King George II and _____ (Dominate party in _______) want the colonies to pay for the majority of the war

Whigs; Parliament

British Victory - ________- British Prime Minister - conquered parts of Canada in the Battle of _______ - Bringing an end to the war in the peace treaty - Peace of ________ • Great Britain acquired French ______ and Spanish _____ - British discovered weaknesses in ________ • Lack of colonial support for _____ and _____ - Colonist • proud of their performance • No impressed with the British ability to fight in the terrain of western America

William Pitt; Quebec; Paris; Canada; Florida; colonial armies; money and supplies

The 1920 Election

Wilson's idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding... US turned inward and feared anything that was European...

David G. Phillips

Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.

Battle of Quebec

a battle won by the British over the French, and the turning point in the French and Indian War. (1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Excise Tax

a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country. Consumer tax on a specific kind of merchandise, such as tobacco.

French and Indian War

a war in North America between France and Britain (both aided by indian tribes). (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States. First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

The Farmer's Alliance

an American agrarian movement during the 1870s and '80s that sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the creation of cooperatives and political advocacy. The movement was made up of numerous local organizations that coalesced into three large groupings.

Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall

an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. Leader of the Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Battle of Quebec

battle that led to the British victory in the French and Indian War. (1759) British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Quebec. The surrender of Quebec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Defend the following statement: The canal system had a negative impact on the south.

canals connected the west and east, but left out the south, further promoting sectionalism between them.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

for the large territory lying between the Great Lakes in the Ohio River, Congress passed an ordinance (law) that set the rules for creating new states. The newwest ordinance granted limited self government to the developing territory and prohibited slavery in the region

Fuel Administration

government agency created during the war to regulate the use of coal for the war effort

Wagner Act

guaranteed the right of unions to organize and to collectively bargain with management. 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Chautauqua Movement

helped benefit adults in education. This movement was launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua, in New York. The organizers achieved success through nationwide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers, including Mark Twain. In addition, there were extensive Chautauqua courses of home study, for which 100,000 persons enrolled in 1892 alone. This movement contributed to the development of American faith in formal education. One of the first adult education programs. Started in 1874 as a summer training program for Sunday School teachers, it developed into a travelling lecture series and adult summer school which traversed the country providing religious and secular education though lectures and classes.

Explain the role of religion in colonial resistance to the new imperial policies of 1774.

how the colonies believed that they had certain rights given by God when he created the universe and would not allow those to be take away.

Milan Decree

in 1807 which proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British regulation or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy was subject to seizure by France.

6th

in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed; Which district shall have been previously a certain by law, and to be informed of the nature and causes of the accusation; to be confronted by the witness against him; do you have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense

"buying on margin"

is the act of borrowing money to buy securities. The practice includes buying an asset where the buyer pays only a percentage of the asset's value and borrows the rest from the bank or broker. The broker acts as a lender and the securities in the investor's account act as collateral.

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period - support comes from labor unions, nativist society, and social darwinists (new biologically inferior to English and German)

Goals of European Exploration in the Americas: -Acquire new wealth (___________) -Gain advantage against European competitors (Spain, Portugal, France, Dutch, and English) -Spread _________

mercantilism; Christianity

Corner saloons attracted ire of progressives: ◦ Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

mobilized nearly one million women ◦ Some states and counties passed "dry" laws to control, restrict, or abolish alcohol ◦ Big cities generally " wet " because immigrants accustomed in Old Country to free flow of alcohol ◦ By World War I (1914), nearly half of U.S. population lived in "dry" territory

One piece of evidence supporting your view:

more people could vote, voting went from 350,000 to 2.4 million

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Explain the British and French viewpoint that neutrality does not guarantee freedom of the seas.

neutrality doesn't guarantee freedom of the seas because no nation owns the seas.

Pope's Massacre

occurred in 1680 and it was an indian uprising. This uprising was caused because of the Spanish Roman Catholic's mission in New Mexico began to oppress the natives by attempting to derive them of their religious customs. The rebels raided through the Providence destroying churches, killing priests, and slaughtering spanish settlers along the way. After this attack the Spanish needed almost half a century to regain New Mexico again.

Hoovervilles

or shantytowns, were migrant towns of people who were out of work and on the move to find work. Usually outside large cities where migrants were trying to find jobs. Named after President Hoover because the government wasn't doing anything to help the people who were in need

Maryland and Virginia -Indentured Servants •Under contract to the master/landowner to ____ for their passage —Agreed to work for __________ time (4-7) —get ______ and board —gain _________

pay; specific; room; freedom

Adlai Stevenson

ran against Eisenhower, , The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

Pendleton Act

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission. 1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Navigation Acts/Laws

that monopolized trade with the colonies which effectively forced colonists to accept low prices for products, and pay high prices for manufactured goods. In the 1660's England restricted colonial trade, saying Americans couldn't trade with other countries. The colonies were only allowed to trade with England.

To what extent was the election of 1828 a "revolution"? traditional view: opposing whig view: Arthur M Schlesinger Jr's view: contemporary historians: recent historians:

traditional view: Jackson's election began the era of the common man, when the masses of newly enfranchised voters drove out the ruling class and elected their own. opposing whig view: viewed Jackson as a despot whose appeal to the "ineducated" masses and "corrupt" spoils system threatened the republic Arthur M Schlesinger Jr's view: Jacksonian democracy relied as much on the support of eastern urban workers as on western farmers contemporary historians: show that increased voter participation was evident in local elections years before 1828 and didn't reach a peak until 1840 recent historians: see Jackson's popularity in the 1830s as a reaction of subsistence farmers and urban workers against the threatening forces of economic change

Espionage and Sedition Acts

two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI

Albany Plan of Union - Needs a way to ______ the colonial defenses - 7 representatives from the colonies meet in _____, _____

unify; Albany, NY

Arsene Pujo

was a member of the United States House of Representatives best known for chairing the "Pujo Committee", which sought to expose an anticompetitive conspiracy among some of the nation's most powerful financial interests.

one piece of evidence supporting the opposing view:

women and minorities still couldn't vote, so it wasn't a complete democracy.

Eisenhower Republicanism at Home • Ike backed Federal Highway Act of 1956:

• $27 billion plan to build 42,000 miles of fast motorways • Dwarfed public work programs of New Deal • Ike saw interstates as essential to national defense • Also created countless construction jobs • Sped suburbanization • Offered big benefits to trucking, automobile, oil, and travel industries • Robbed railroads, especially passenger trains, of business • Exacerbated problems of air quality and energy consumption • Disastrous for cities as downtown shopping replaced by shopping malls in suburbs

Benito Mussolini

• Fascist, seized power in Italy in 1922 Fascism is a totalitarian form of government which: • Glorifies the state • Has one leader and one party • All aspects of society are controlled by the government • No opposition or protests are tolerated • Propaganda and censorship are widely practiced

Supreme Court axed progressive legislation:

• Killed federal child-labor law • Stripped away many of labor's hard-won gains • Rigidly restricted government intervention in economy

Efforts to relieve their burdens: • Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934):

• Made possible suspension of mortgage foreclosures for five years—voided next year by Supreme Court • Revised law, limiting grace period to three years, unanimously upheld

◦Warehouse Act (1916):

◦ Authorized loans on security of staple crops—another Populist idea

Popular Sovereignty Panacea

◦Popular sovereignty— ◦ doctrine stated the sovereign people of a territory, under general principle of the Constitution, should themselves determine status of slavery ◦ Had persuasive appeal: ◦ Public liked it because it accorded with democratic tradition of self- determination

In Schenk v. United States (1919):

◦Supreme Court affirmed legality of restrictions ◦Freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed "clear and present danger" to nation

New Directions in Foreign Policy

◦Wilson's reaction to earlier foreign policies: ◦He recoiled at first from aggressive foreign policy ◦In office only a week, he declared war on dollar diplomacy: ◦Proclaimed government would not support American investors in Latin America and China

Suffering Until Suffrage

◦Women heeded call of patriotism and opportunity: ◦ Thousands entered factories and fields left by men going to frontline ◦ War split women's movement deeply: ◦ Many progressive-era feminists were pacifists ◦ Found a voice in National Woman's party ◦ Led by Quaker activist Alice Paul ◦ Demonstrated against "Kaiser Wilson" with marches and hunger strikes ◦ Larger part of suffrage movement: ◦ Represented by National American Woman Suffrage Association ◦ Supported Wilson's war ◦ Argued women must take part in war effort to earn role in shaping peace ◦ Fight for democracy abroad was women's best hope for winning true democracy at home ◦ War mobilization gave new momentum to suffrage fight: ◦ Wilson endorsed suffrage as "vitally necessary war measure" ◦ In 1917 New York voted for suffrage at state level ◦ Followed by Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota ◦ Whole U.S.A. followed with Nineteenth Amendment (1920) ◦Ratified 70 years after first call for suffrage at Seneca Falls ◦Gave all American women right to vote Women's wartime economic gains fleeting: ◦Permanent Women's Bureau in Department of Labor created to protect women in workplace ◦Most women workers gave up wartime jobs

Social Contract theory

❖ Derived from John Locke's writing, "Two Treatises of Government" ❖The idea that the government and the people are in a contract together, each with their own obligations ❖ Locke stated that government had an obligation to protect people from harm, and guarantee their inalienable rights of life, liberty, and property ❖ People had an obligation to obey the government ❖ According to Locke, whenever government became destructive of the aims for which it was created, the people could abolish or alter that government

Colonists prepared for combat

➢ In several Massachusetts towns people had begun to stockpile weapons and train openly for combat ➢Minutemen ➢ General Thomas Gage, British military governor of Massachusetts, learned of colonial military preparations, and ordered British troops to Lexington and Concord to seize weapons

Causes of the Boston Tea Party

➢In 1773, the British Government passed the Tea Act, which gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales by allowing them to sell tea at a lower price than their competitors ➢ The theory was that the colonists would accept the tax more readily if they were able to get tea from the East India Company at a lower price. ➢After it became known that the tea would not be removed from Boston Harbor, 50 members of the Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, dressed up like Mohawk Indians and boarded the ships, removing 342 chests of tea and throwing it overboard into the Harbor. ➢More than 10,000 pounds sterling worth of tea were destroyed.

Marco polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Amerigo Vespucci

(1454-1512) He was the Florentine navigator that discovered the coast of modern-day Venezuela. In a letter titled Mundus Novus (The New World), he described America as a continent separate from Asia. In recognition of Amerigo's bold claim, the continent was named for him.

1st Great Awakening

(1730s-1740s) a series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies. Led to the division of old congregations and the forming of new ones. Leaders included Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s. This event saw an increase in religious sects in the colonies.

Phyllis Wheatley

(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

Massachusetts Bay

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government. (New England Colony) It was founded in 1630 by Puritans for religious freedom.

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attemp to gain more land

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Pontiac's Rebellion

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area. 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Fort Necessity

A British fort that wasn't built well because it was built too quickly. The fort which George Washington built in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French. A hastily built British fort where Washington attempted to defeat the French. However, the French took the fort and forced Washington to surrender.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

William Pitt

A competent British leader, known as the "Great Commoner," who managed to destroy New France from the inside and end the Seven Year's War. The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Scots-Irish

A group of restless people who fled their home in Scotland in the 1600s to escape poverty and religious oppression. They first relocated to Ireland and then to America in the 1700s. They left their mark on the backcountry of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. These areas are home to many Presbyterian churches established by the Scots-Irish. Many people in these areas are still very independent like their ancestors.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

navigation acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies. Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Blue Laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania. laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality

mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Fransisco Pizarro

Conquered the Incas by capturing their leaders, the empire collapsed. Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Fundamental Orders of Carolina

Cooper wanted a well-ordered community; John Locke helped Cooper write a constitution in 1669; created an elaborate system of land distribution and a complex social order

Separatist

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers. People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

George Whitefield

English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation. Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them.

Barbados Slave Code

Established in 1661, it gave masters virtually complete control over their slaves including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions. The harsh system of laws governing African labor, first developed in Barbados and later officially adopted by South Carolina in 1696

Connecticut

Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker after leaving Massachusetts

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)

Michelle Guillaume De Crevecoeur

French-born American agriculturalist, writer, and diplomat whose Letters from an American Farmer (1782), a collection of essays on American life, was read widely in France.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter. English explorer

Jeremiads

In the 1600's, Puritan preachers noticed a decline in the religious devotion of second-generation settlers. To combat this decreasing piety, they preached a type of sermon called the jeremiad. The jeremiads focused on the teachings of Jeremiah, a Biblical prophet who warned of doom. a new form of sermon in the Puritan churches in the mid-seventeenth century; preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

John Cabot

Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498) English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Jamestown Massacre

Powhatans vs. English colonists; Powhatans win; the native americans planned a surprise attack on Jamestown to wipe out all the europeans. they killed about 347 settlers. the settlers retaliated killing as many, if not more native americans.

Jonathon Edwards

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God. powerful preacher during Great Awakening, his message was of hell and an angry God. 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."

Plains of Abraham

Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished. a field near Quebec; site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War

Protestant work ethic

Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group. way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)

New Lights / Old lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church. division of religion as a result of the Great Awakening. New Lights:emotional salvaton. Old Lights: traditional calvinist principle of rational puritans and limited theocracy

Ohio River Valley

The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation. Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming

Louis de Montcalm

This Frenchman was the commander in charge of the French forces at Quebec, and was defeated in 1759 by General James Wolfe. French general during French Indian War; killed at the Battle of Quebec

Halfway Covenant

applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs. A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.

James Wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War. English general, led troops up steep cliff to capture Quebec which marked the beginning on the end of the French/Indian War

Middle Passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies. the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade. A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Nathanial Bacon

twenty-nine-year-old planter who led a 1676 rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) against Berkeley's friendly relations with Indians; in Virginia; died suddenly of disease. Bacon was the leader and took over when Berkley wouldn't attack the Indians; Bacon was willing to lead not only against Indians but the govener too; This time was known as Bacon's rebellion

Poor Richard's Almanac

was a yearly almanac published by Benjamin Franklin, who adopted the pseudonym of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758

Leisler's Rebellion

was an uprising in late-17th century colonial New York in which German American merchant and militia captain Jacob Leisler seized control of the colony's south and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. Leisler was arrested by these forces, who tried and convicted him of treason.