APUSH Ch 5-7
Thomas Paine (181)
wrote pamphlet common sense in Phili 1776, English artisan and intellectual, came to America in 1774, shifted anger to the king, brilliant writer univeralises revolution why should a continent be ruled by an island?
Battle of Oriskany (194)
August 1777 punishing defeat for Americans in a ravine names Oriskany near for Fort Stanwix in NY, Mohawk and Seneca indians ambushed German American militiamen aided by allied Oneida warriors and 400 on Rev side were killed
Gaspar de Portola (139)
Led an expedition in 1769 mission San Diego de acala to travel north from Mexico to present day San Diego and went to Monterey, established presidoes and 1774 protection
Powder Alarm (168)
Gage seized stockpiles of gunpowder, false alarm that his troops fired on men defending the powder, and several thousand colonists streamed on foot to avenge, willing to kill, showed just how ready the defiant Americans were
Battle of Camden (200)
General Gates led 3000 troops into battle against Cornwallis's army in camden south carolina on aug 16, but the American militiamen fled out of fear, devastating defeat for Americans, scared soldiers
Edward Braddock (149)
General from England, marched army toward Fort Duquesne, ambushed by french soldiers and indian warriors
Assault on Quebec (185)
late 1775 american expedition launched to capture cities of montreal and quebec before British reinforcements could arrive, inadequate supplies and freezing rain, failed to take city and encountered smallpox
"Common Sense" (181)
lay out of a lively case for complete independence, pointed out absurdities of British monarchy, advocated for a republican government based off consent of people , influenced public opinion throughout the colonies, very scholarly intellectual, lots of metaphors and similes, portrays this an issue of the whole world american exceptionalism fight against all kings in all places at all times, posterity also involved virtually, universalises the revolution, makes people sit up and take notice, bigger idea, to get rid of monarchy in general not just of taxation
George Washington (201)
led American army to Yorktown
Gen. Charles Cornwallis (199)
left with task to pacify rest of south carolina after siege of Charleston, chased out remaining Continentals and established military rule in South Carolina, purged rebels for government office
Joseph Brant (189)
young Mohawk leader, traveled to England in 1775 to complain to King George about land hungry NY settlers, upset about Americans encroaching on their land, pledged Indian support for king in exchange for protection from encroaching settlers
George Rogers Clark (196)
young Virginian that let Kentucky militiamen into Illinois, attacking and taking the British fort at Kaskaskia, his men wore native clothing, a way to threaten indians, very few Indians remained neutral and fell refuge to British
George Whitefield (137)
Anglican, preached messages of sin and salvation to large audiences and England using his spellbinding Unforgettable voice
Treaty of Paris 173 (150)
162 French and Spain capitulated and the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, through treaty, Britain gained control of Canada, eliminating french threat of north, some french land went to spain, but failed to consult the indians about it who thought they were still at war
King George III (153)
1760 king of england, found a prime minister to issue taxes to help pay off war debt
Stamp Act (155)
1765, imposed a tax on all paper used for official documents (newspapers, court docs, pamphlets, etc) , designed to raise money
4. What was the Stamp Act, how did it differ from previous taxes, and why was it imposed
1765, imposed a tax on all paper used for official documents (newspapers, court docs, pamphlets, etc) , designed to raise money and is an internal tax (unlike sugar act) annoyance tax local stamp distributors hired and would get some revenue lawyers ticked off British saw tax as a gift of the people to monarch
non importation agreements (160)
1768 to 1769 merchants from colonies agreed to stop importing goods, harder to enforce because fear that other colonies will continue to import and make money
Daughters of Liberty (161)
1768, gave shape to idea that women might play a role in public affairs, any women could express affiliation with the colonial protest through boycotts of British made goods, household goods traditionally in control of the women, signed petition to abstain from tea, surge in public spinning was related to politics of boycott which infused traditional women's work with new political purpose, daughters manifested their patriotism quietly, not through violence, this difference due to cultural ideals of gender and class
Thomas Hutchinson (144)
1771 royal governor of Mass, very wealthy, plan of union failed, very loyal
Olive Branch Petition (181)
1775 congregational moderates led by John Dickinson engineered appeal to King called Olive Branch Petition, affirmed loyalty to monarchy, and blamed all troubles on king's ministers and parliament , proposed that the American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments under the monarchy, they were rejected by King George III and branded as traitors
Declaration of Dependence (190)
1776 NYC 547 loyalist signed this broadside, in rebuttal to congress's July 4 declaration, renouncing the rebellion
Gen. John Burgoyne (193)
1777, british general began the northern squeeze on Hudson river valley with his army, came from Canada hoped to capture albany near the intersection of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers accompanied by camp followers, indian warriors (mohawks), army did not travel light, had food for themselves and horses captured Fort Ticonderoga since american troops surrendered without a fight
The Enlightenment (136)
18th century philosophical movement , the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions, encouraged examination of the world and Independence of mind, secularism, reason, John Locke's ideas, believed man was good and can reason, can govern himself, nature (planets revolved around the sun), God was a benign clockmaker
Deborah Sampson (177)
23 year old from Mass, acted as a man Robert Shurtliff to fight in the army, part of Washington's army stationed in NYC, poor and no master to take her in as a servant since people were usually off fighting, so tempted to enlist in army to get cash, discharged when her secret was revealed, crossed gender boundaries wrote a book
Declaratory Act (158)
After Stamp Act repealed, 1766 declaratory act enforced by Parliament, asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies in all cases, power to tax was still upheld since it was a legislative power, Britain's imperial powers remained unchanged
Gen. Horatio Gates (194)
American adversary/opponent of Burgoyne in Albany, began to move his army towards saratoga where Burgoyne was isolated
What changes occurred in New England land distribution and in the New England economy between 1670 and 1770
Became involved with trading, Boston merchants, commerce through Atlantic As pop increased, land limited, practiced partible inheritance before But now had to be further divided cuz people were having like 10 kids, and land allotments became too small to support family, discontented people had to move away Eventually by 18th century, this system abandoned and government sold land directly to individuals Now money rather than membership of Church determined whether person could obtain land Exported livestock, fish, new england merchants from boston dominated Atlantic commerce Imported British textiles, ceramics, metal good, West Indian sugar, CHina tea, Chesapeake tobacco Classes developed, riches 5 percent of Bostonians owned half the city's wealth, 5% poor relief Yankee traders had replaced Puritan saints as symbolic NEw Englanders
fur trade (139)
British French Spanish and Dutch officials competed for the fur trade, Indians took advantage of this and also competed among themselves for favor trading rights with one Colony or another---> led to a fragile balance along the frontier
Tea Act of 1773 (164)
British act that lowered the existing tax on tea to entice boycotting Americans to buy it, resistance to the tea act led to the passage of the Coercive Acts and imposition of military rule in Mass, sons of liberty pressued tea agents to resign
Gen. Thomas Gage (180)
British commander in Boston, prepared to attack Charlestown where New England militia units fortified june 17
What shifts occurred in the ethnic makeup of the American colonists between 1670 and 1770
Due to flood of free and unfree migrants, lots of migration to British North America 19 people in England for everyone 1 colonist, by 1770 3:1 Colonists of different ethnic groups, races, religions came Growth through immigration and reproduction Less english and white immigrants, people came from Scots Irish (Ireland), Africa, German places, Scotland By 1770, half English descent, 25 African descent
William Tennent
Famous revivalist of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, dramaticized spiritual rebirth and accounts of God's miraculous powers
Father Junipero Serra (139)
Founded the Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo to convert the Indians and recruit them to work to support the soldiers and other Spaniards in the pursuit of
How did Pennsylvania differ from the Chesapeake region and New England
Had policy of negotiation with Indian tribes to purchase additional land, reduced frontier clashes with them Sold their land and encouraged immigration NY rent land, so less immigrants, harsh indians St Lawrence valley Breadbasket of north america, planted variety of crops to feed family, flour milling, wheat, grains, high standard of living
Why was Pennsylvania considered to be "the best poor (white) man's country"
Heaven for farmers and paradise for artisans Indentured servants More work to be done than workers to do it, abundant opportunity to work Only affluent colonist could afford slaves, most relied on family labor Upward mobility
Abigail Adams (182)
John adam's wife, gave him advice and outlined obstacles in pursuit for independance, hope of women's legal status improving under new government, got him to think of political independence
Why did the Germans and Scots Irish migrate to America and where did they settle
Majority of Germans were farmers and laborers, represented middle class Scots Irish had similar motives, immigrants fleeing droughts, crop failures, high food prices, rising rents Scots irish leaders, abraham lincoln, john mccain, bill clinton, ronald reagan, feisty independent people, rebel, settled in appalachians Constitute important group in revolution, loyal to patriot cause
Boston Massacre (162)
March 1770 incident in which British soldiers fired on an American crowd, killing five
Jonathan Edwards (137)
Puritan minister in mass in 1730's that emphasized traditional Puritan doctrines of humanity's depravity and gods vengeful omnipotence
Fort Necessity (148)
after sudden massacre by Mingo Indians, Washington called several hundred Virginia reinforcements, but indians fled, french attacked fort necessity, and wounded and killed ⅓ of washington's army, french would not leave
3. Describe the economy and culture of white, slave-owning society in the South
Rice and indigo exports to Britain and also sugar made southern colonies rich classes and tensions, planter elite spoke disparagingly of humble whites, but in public planters acknowledged their lesser neighbors as equals yeoman contempt white supremacy, kept slaves in their place most adult white qualified to vote for people in House of Burgesses, had to be wealthy gentry of legislature passed elected political offices from generation to generation, built an oligarchy, set a cultural standard in southern colonies lavish, Anglican gamblers cultivated pursuit of happiness
Stono Rebellion (131)
South Carolina 1739, group of 20 slaves attacked a country store, killed two storekeepers,, took their guns, ammunition, and powder, they plundered and burned plantations and killed more than twenty white men women and children, suppressed quickly by force of whites and killed the slaves, illustrated that slaves had no chance of overturning slavery and very little chance of defending themselves in any bold strike for freedom
presidios (139)
Spanish forts built to block Russian advance into Cali
5. Why did the colonists oppose the Stamp Act, and what forms did their resistance take
Virginia Resolves, inched the assembly toward radical opposition to the Stamp act 1) Virginians were British citizens, that they enjoyed the same rights as them, and that self taxation was one of those rights, only Virginia assembly can tax Virginians, denied legitimacy to any tax law originating outside Virginia, anyone who disagreed is enemy debated it in their assemblies American colonists rejected virtual representation theory arguing that only direct representatives had the right to tax colonists stamp act is internal tax, can only be imposed internally not like navigation acts with trade made sons of liberty to mobilize to protest Stamp Act Congress argued that parliament seemed distant, stamp act made them slaves to Parliament higher class men would make speeches and get lower class men riled up who would do the dirty work and tear stuff down leather apron brigade: group of artisans and middle class, intimidate tax collectors, started sons of liberty
George Washington (179)
Virginian, appointed commander in chief of continental army
Battle of Trenton (187)
Washington remained offensive, capturing supplies in attack on British units in Princeton, americans won, hired soldiers from Germany attacked early in the morning the day after christmas to defeat hessians
The Great Awakening (137)
Waves of Revival that began in Massachusetts and spread through the Colonies in 1730s and 1740s, emphasized by religious faith and personal choice, characterized by large meetings at which emotional sermons were given by preachers, to return america to puritanism , three influences: Anti Authoritarian, Colonies wide phenomenon, egalitarian (equal) revolution of 1776 is built on Enlightenment and The Great Awakening, contributed intellectual ideologies that were influential
2. How was the Revolution financed
What effect did the war have on the economy? Continental Congress printed money but its value quickly deteriorated because the congress held no precious metals to back the currency states were also printing paper money to pay for wartime expenses further complicating economy since currency depreciated, congress turned to hard money to procure supplies and labor gold or silver coins from wealthy men in exchange for certificates of debt (public securities) promising repayment with interest like government bonds to pay soldiers, issued land grants certificates, written promises of land usually located in frontier areas wartime economy had unreliable currency and price inflation, demoralizing the Americans in 1778, to impose stability local committees of public safety began to fix prices on essential goods such as flour being in debt was advantageous bc the debt could now be repaid with devalued currency, and a black market sprang up in luxury imports
4. What were the military strengths and weaknesses of the Americans and the British
What was each side's military strategy? Americas had inexperience militias, not unified bc people still loyalist to Britain purely defensive first few months, triggered by British invasion many americans motivated to fights as rebels lots of manpower had incentives for longer periods in army, land, or bonus etc if americans won war women helped at camps, nourishing army with food, medicine, etc slowly black americans allowed to enlist since needed more people "Freeman" as last name strategy to repulse and defeat British army british logistics of supplying army from so far away was hard, wanted to regain allegiance not destroy and conquer wanted to put down rebellion and restore monarchical power hard bc there wasn't just one political nerve center to overcome hesitant to ravage countryside and burn village captured ports for their supply ships assumed that there were still many loyalists who would aid British divide and conquer approach with the thirteen colonies
5. Why did the British lose the war
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris? 1) uncertainty of supplies depended on a steady stream of supply ships from home, insecurity about food explained their reluctance to pursue the Continental army aggressively 2) Continual misuse of loyalist energies left loyalists to the mercy of rebels 3) French aid unfair and vital support to Americans 4) British abdicated civil power to colonies in 1775 and 1776 when royal officials fled to safety, and never regained it 5) hesitation, still wanted to profit off of them so can't just kill everybody
What were the Townshend Duties
Why and how did the colonists resist them? colonists boycotted British goods, heightened tensions between Britain and American colonies Townshend duties were British law that established new duties on tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors imported into the colonies→ middle class people affected concluded that Americans accepted external taxes, and these duties were taxation through trade duties some revenue generated directed to pay salaries of royal governors→ aimed to strengthen the governors' position as well as to curb what he perceived to be the growing independence of the assemblies who pays you directs your actions, obey British assemblies started to coordinate their protests, people wrote essays and arguments (dickinson, adams) nonconsumption agreements STARTED IN BOSTON by women nonimportation agreements started by merchants americans drink coffee now, bc boycott British tea so didn't drink it
3. How did the Continental Congress come to declare independence
Why did it blame the king for all the problems between the colonies and England? common sense influence colonists abigail adam advice France willing to provide military supplies only if assured that Americans would separate from Britain rumours that British were hiring German mercenaries→ more agitation resolution for independence, blamed king on slavery, blaming king for mobilizing the indians into warfare (Pontiac's rebellion)
Who were the loyalists
Why were they loyal to Britain? What tactics did they use against the patriots? royal governors and officers, merchants (wanted to keep trade going) judges/lawyer wanted to live under british law, non british (wanted peace and no disruption wanted to make a living), indians (tired of encroachment), slaves (could get freedom under British refuge), people with grievances (hated low lying aristocrats, beefs with patriots) NY (merchants and Dutch), cities PA and NJ, South Carolina colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, ⅕ of pop in 1776 believed that social stability depended on a government anchored by monarchy and aristocracy feared that democratic tyranny was emerging of violent men pockets of loyalism existed everywhere most visible were royal officials, like governors, local judges, and customs officers, wealthy merchants to keep navigation acts and trade protection of British navy were very vocal, challenged patriots in pamphlets and newspapers, Declaration of Dependence congress declared them as traitors, treason acts, confiscated their property, terrorism, tarring and feathering, deportation→ democratic tyranny 7000-8000 loyalists fled to England during war, and 28000 went to Canada British treated the American prisoners of war very poorly bc seen as traitors, stuck below decks of ships, lots of disease, parliament got ride of habeas corpus in which a prisoner can challenge his detention before a judge
John Dickinson (159)
a Philadelphia lawyer, wrote an essay titled Letters from Farmer in Pennsylvania argued that colonists are slaves since they are taxed without consent
committees of correspondence (163)
a communications network established among town in Mass and also among colonial capital touns to provide for rapid dissemination of news about important political developments. sparked revolutionary language of rights and duties, 1772 to 1773, molize to defend a countryside feeling under attack
Declaration of Independence (183)
a document containing philosophical principles and a list of grievance that declared separation from Britain, adopted by Second Continental Congress on July 4 1776 ending a period of intense debate with moderates still hoping to reconcile with Britain, shifted anger to king
Quebec Act (165)
a fifth law quebec now part of British empire, confirmed continuation of French civil law as well as Catholicism for Quebec
Ladies Association (188)
a women's organization in Philadelphia that collected substantial money donations in 1780 to give to the Continental troops as a token of citizen's appreciation, a woman leader authored a declaration "the sentiments of an American Woman" to justify women's unexpected entry into political life, wartime altered white women's work routines, took on masculine duties like managing farms and making business decisions, took on politics
Benedict Arnold (200)
american officer, who provided British information about American troop movements, deeply insecure who never felt he got his due, opened secret negotiations with General Clinton in NY 1779, trading info for money, put in charge of West Point which controlled the Hudson, planned to sell the victory to British but got caught→ renewal of patriotism for the Americans as they recognized his treachery
Paxton Boys (152)
americans wanted revenge, so 50 Pennsylvania vigilantes attacked Conestoga Indians village and murdered twenty, marched onto Philadelphia to try to capture and murder some Christian Indians British troops prevented that, never got punished
Charles Townshend (159)
appoint to be chancellor of the exchequer, the chief financial minister by Pitt
Battles of Lexington and Concord (172)
april 19, 1775 lots of minutemen, "the regulars are coming" Gage planned a surprise attack on a suspected ammunition storage site in Concord, when American soldiers got to Lexington green, they were met by seventy armed British soldiers, 8 dead, didn't find ammunition, some fighting in Concord (2 americans, 3 british dead), british returning to retreat in Boston, militia units ambushed them killing and wounding 273 british soldiers difference in tactics, americans will use irregular fighting methods and british will use old fashioned, and vulnerable war started, americans at war with british, while still part of british empire
Continental Army (179)
army created in 1775 by Second Continental Congress to oppose the British, army of local militias and untrained volunteers, unsanitized camps
5. Why did the Americans' attempts to capture Quebec and to defend New York City fail
because they didn't have enough supplies, and there was freezing rain smallpox spread among army killing soldiers
Describe the process of enslavement of Africans, the Middle Passage, voyage to America and acculturation in America
black pop increased three times faster than white pop Upper south specialized in tobacco growing lower south had small plantations of rice and indigo most of them born into free families of Africa, and enslaved later, captured first sold to African traders, and then sold to European or colonial slave traders or ship captains 200-300 packed on one ship, and took on Middle Passage through Atlantic mostly young adults, most died by long voyage, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, shortage of drinking water an individual planter purchased at any one time a relatively small number of newly arrived Africans or (new Negroes) , to accelerate their acculturation to their new circumstances their other slaves helped new negro get used to life slave growth in southern colonies, but more deaths than births of slaves in New England
Benjamin Franklin
born in NE, moved to Boston to assert his freedom, lower ranks of merchant in philly, open small shop that sold a little of everything, wrote poor richard's almanack, promise of worldly gain
What happened during the French and Indian War and what were its consequences
british and colonists vs french and their indian allies 1754-1763 started with conflict about Ohio Valley, claimed by Indians, French, British etc ohio country was used by france as they allied with Indians (to trade beaver furs), pennsylvania began to infringe on their territory, as well as Virginians formed Ohio Company there indians did all the trapping, and brought them to french forts, and french would pay them british was started to push west of Appalachians and make land claims wanted to take land of French and sell it off started with conflict about Ohio Valley, claimed by Indians, French, British etc after sudden massacre by Mingo Indians, Washington called several hundred Virginia reinforcements, but indians fled, french attacked fort necessity, and wounded and killed ⅓ of washington's army, french would not leave British ally w indians this is all around Pittsburgh british wanted ohio, illinois farmland ship to new orleans port to caribbean, silicon valley of 1700s 1755 British attacked French forts Fort Duquesne, niagara, but ambushed, now undersupplied troops prime minister of Britain gave massive resources to troops, led to Britain capturing French sugar islands and invaded spanish cuba , took fort niagara treaty of paris ended it geopolitical shift, britain now owns canada, indians very unhappy with Washington that they went on Pontiac's Rebellion, so British make the proclamation of 1763 (no americans can settle west of Appalachians) this angered colonists bc they fought the war for land and now they can't after war, british wanted to tax colonists to pay off war debt, but people protested sugar act, tea act→ lead up to american revolution shook affection and trust of colonists, imperial policies shattered, questioned British authority, felt like slaves immense costs for both sides, in money, death, and desire for revenge laid groundwork for imperial crisis of 1760s between British and Americans Americans upset that they were subjected to harsh military discipline by British, debt was a challenge british didn't trust american soldiers, treated them as second class citizens it wasn't just about taxes, about emotional reaction
Seven Years War (146)
british and colonists vs french and their indian allies, economic and political setbacks 1754-1763, started with conflict about Ohio Valley, claimed by Indians, French, British etc
Gen. William Howe (180)
insisted on bold frontal assault, sending 2500 up Bunker Hill, costly attack, American ammunition supply gave out, British victory but an expensive one, dead numbered 226 , quickly retreated to boston
Battle of Saratoga (194)
british wanted to split new york and isolate it, divide and conquer, Howe from Husdone, burgown from north, Joseph Brant from Canada, Howe fled, Oriskany and Ft. Stanwix brant gets held up, Burgoyne decided to attack Gates first and prevailed, but at the cost of 600 men and most of their cannons, Burgoyne surrendered to American forces on October 17 1777, first decisive victory for American Continentals, celebration in colonies TURNING POINT
Amboe and Little Ephraim Robin John
brothers from West Africa part of slave trade dynasty, captured and sold slaves to New World colonies, enslaved and sold to West Indies, then Virginia, and then England in hope to escape, won freedom in England, went back to Africa and resumed careers as slave traders
"Poor Richard's Almanack"
by Ben Franklin, preached the likelihood of long term rewards for tireless labor, big profit, people of Penn thought more about their pocketbooks than the gates of Heaven, the promise of wordly payoff made work a secular faith
Valley Forge (194)
captured Fort Ticonderoga since american troops surrendered without a fight, Washington retreat to valley forge, Washington moved his troops into winter quarters here, just west of Phili, drafty huts the men lacked blankets, boots, stockings, and food, 2,000 died of disease, Washington blamed citizenry for lack of support (evidence of corruption and profiteering), defective supplies
Loyalists (Tories) (189)
colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War, ⅕ of pop in 1776
Comte de Rochambeau (201)
commander of French regiments who joined washington in Newport, RI in mid 1780
John Adams (162)
committed to principle that even unpopular defendants deserved fair trial, defended eight soldiers of British for British Masscre, proved Boston leadership was not lawless but fair
"A Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms" (179)
created by congress, talked about arguments about the tyranny of Parliament and need to defend English liberties, first drafted by Thomas Jefferson
5. What challenges did Spain and Britain face in governing and defending their respective colonies in North America
defended other european colonies and from foreign powers abroad fur trade competition cause threats of violence from all sides in the Yemassee war of 1715 Yemassee Creek Indians coordinated attack against colony in South Carolina and Cherokee Indians refused to join and allied with the British→ LEaD two murders Rampage of Revenge by colonists against the creeks and Yemassee relations between Indians and colonists differed from colony to colony Seven years war between French and Indians inflamed Frontier, colonists agreed that Indians made deadly enemies profitable trading partners and Powerful allies British authority collected custom duties, inspect cargoes, and enforce trade, governors were like mini monarchs governors had difficulty developing relations of trust, respect, and obedience, battled to follow monarchy in assemblies by 1720, colonial assemblies had won the power to initiate legislation and tax laws and public fund authorizations, colonial laws political struggles between royal governors and colonial assemblies→ power in British colonies rarely belonged to British government
2. How did the Second Continental Congress pursue both the aims of winning and seeking reconciliation with Britain in 1775 and early 1776
delegates from middle colonies whose merchants defended on trade with Britain, urged channels of negotiation remain open 1775 congregational moderates led by John Dickinson engineered appeal to King called Olive Branch Petition affirmed loyalty to monarchy, and blamed all troubles on king's ministers and parliament , proposed that the American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments under the monarchy king was seen as protector of all empire they were rejected by King George III and branded as traitors, didn't even read it colonists started to shift their anger to king, better target bc one person
Andrew Oliver (156)
designated stamp distributor, resigned after mock execution
committees of correspondence, public safety and inspection (188)
dominated political landscape in patriot communities, enforced boycotts, picked army draftees, and policed suspected traitors, more than just local governance
4. What shared political, religious and economic experiences served to unify the diverse cultures of the different regions of North America
economic roots in agriculture Colonist sold their products and markets and offered an array of goods to Consumers throughout British North America tobacco and sugar lots of choices, what do you want? not just what you need, individualistic decision Decline of importance of religion people started to focus more on Affairs of the world varieties of protestant faith and practice (Huguenots Presbyterians and Baptists, Anglicans) old style puritanism splintered into strands of congregationalism that differed over points of theological Doctrine deism spread of religious indifference was dominant faith , dead formality belief then great awakening revivals white inhabitants became aware that they shared a distinctive identity as British colonists and responded to British Monarchy had same policies regarding indians,spanish, french etc
military occupation of Boston (161)
fall of 1768 3000 uniformed troops arrived to occupy Boston, grated on the nerves of Bostonians
Battle of Long Island (187)
first major engagement of the new Continental army defending against 45000 British troops arriving on Long island, Continental army retreated with high casualties and many taken prisoner
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (165)
four laws meant to punish Mass for destroying the tea after Boston Tea Party Boston Port Act, closed boston harbor Mass government act, altered colony's charter claiming Parliament's supremacy over Mass, royal governor has al power not assembly or legislatures, Impartial Administration of Justice Act, all criminals tried in British court 1765 Quartering Act, permitted military commanders to lodge soldiers wherever necessary, even in private houses, military rule returned to Boston
task system (131)
gave slaves control over pace of their work and free time, after specific task for day completed, could spend their time personally
3. What incidents led to the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts and what were their consequences
group of Americans tossing snowballs at British troops, about their taking the jobs of poor people, colonial elite manipulated poor people to hate British 1770 repealed all except tea act burning of gaspee, tried to try anyone guilty of that in Britain , committee of correspondence forms, people in each colony who communicated with each other growing colonial unity lord north proposed to pay salaries of court justices out of tea revenue→ seen as british conspiracy to undermine traditional liberties (taxation without consent, then military occupation and massacre, plot to subvert the justice system) new tea act of 1773 and resistance, seen as a trick for Americans to buy tea, americans pressured tea agents to resign gonna pay judges salaries too boston tea party the intolerable acts spread alarm, British completely changed mass, What liberties were secure anymore? fearful royal governors dismissed assemblies, arranged to convene in Penn 1774 rural farmers protested in dramatic showdowns stockpiled gunpowder sent provisions to Boston during boycott, our problem brits could do it to anyone
Sons of Liberty (156)
group of artisans, tradesmen, printers, etc mobilized to call for a large street demonstration highlighting a mock execution to convince Andrew Oliver (stamp distributor) to resign , burned and hanged a effigy of oliver, attacked court houses, destroyed Hutchinson's house bc rumor that he encourage Grenwill to adopt Stamp Act and made him resign "Liberty and Property"
Natural increase
growth through reproduction 1770 pop growth British North America
non consumption agreements (160)
hard to enforce, prohibited purchases in CT, of carriages, furniture, clocks, textiles, etc, tried to encourage home manufacture and hurt trade, but takes personal sacrifice
Gen. Henry Clinton (198)
howe's replacement as commander in chief of British, led southern attacks, announced that slaves owned by rebel masters could seek refuge with his army
2. What led to the Boston Massacre and what were its consequences
in response to Adam's letter, Lord hillsborough new man in charge of colonial affairs in Britain said that mass governor Bernard should dissolve assembly if it didn't take back letter, he didn't, so Bernard tried to dissolve assembly by 1768 uproar in Boston people boycotted British goods, non consummation and nonimportation imports fell by 40%, lots of anti British sentiment in Boston Tom Hutchinson's two sons wanted to break the boycott of nonimportation in 1770, crowd smeared the door of their shop with excrement another crowd surrounded the house of confrontational customs official who panicked and fired musket, accidently killing young boy by March, a crowd taunted British soldiers guarding customs house, through rocks, soldiers fired, killed five men→ named Boston Massacre Boston Massacre became a rallying point for colonists who increasingly saw the British government as tyrannical and illegitimate staged elaborate funerals for five men , shot 11
Redemptioners
indentured servants borrow money from friend already in colonies and sell themselves, penniless german emigrants hungry for labor, traveled in family groups, redemptioners negotiated independently with their purchasers about their period of servitude 4-7 yrs
Sugar Act of 1764 (154)
lowered the duty of French molasses, making it more attractive for shipers to obey the law, avoided smuggling, actually raised revenue, toughened enforcement policies, but didn't work
Deism (135)
many educated colonists became deists, looking for God's plan in nature more than bible, believed science and nature could disclose God's laws
Second Continental Congress (176)
may 10 1775 assembled in Phili, legislative body that governed the American colonies from 1775 through war's duration, established an army, created its own money, and declared independence after all hope for peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone
Who was in the Second Continental Congress and what steps did it take to prepare for war
may 10 1775 assembled in Phili, legislative body that governed the American colonies from 1775 through war's duration, established an army, created its own money, and declared independence after all hope for peaceful reconciliation with Britain was gone king was not receptive to diplomacy John and Samuel adams wanted independence, John Dickinson from Penn wanted reconciliation with Britain, Ben Franklin most delegates did not want to break with Britain when Mass countryside under threat of further attack, voted to create Continental army to pay for military buildup, congress authorized currency issue of $2 million, paper currency , accepted as valuable through trust
Sam Adams (159)
member of the provincial assembly in Mass, argued that any form of parliamentary taxation was unjust bc Americans were not represented in Parliament, mass circular letter in response to Townshend
missions (139)
missions to set up presidoes by Spain
Lord North (163)
new British prime minister, acknowledged harmful impact of the boycott on trade and recommended repeal of the Townshend Duties
new Negroes (129)
newly arrived slaves, demoralized, disoriented, depressed
4. What was the British strategy to conquer the Southern colonies and why did it fail
north to south, king wanted to crush the rebellion, through strategy of focusing on the southern colonists which were more loyalist new strategy called for British forces to abandon New England and focus on the south with its valuable crops and its large slave pop, a destabilizing factor that might rebels in line Georgia and Carolinas had lots of loyalists, providing a base for British to recapture the southern colonies one by one before moving north Georgia fell easily at the end of December 1778, since most of the Continental army was north and french army was in west indies British occupied Savannah and Augusta and new royal governor and loyalist assembly was installed, british assembled twenty loyal militia units and 1400 georgians swore an oath of allegiance to king South Carolina had ten regiments of continental army in charleston to defend it, British laid siege for five weeks and took it in May 1780 capturing 3300 american soldiers used refugee slaves as guides to countrysides and fortifications Battle of Camden, took over south carolina succeeded partly bc of the intel from american officer and traitor of benedict arnold, but once he got caught patriotism and rebel support took over South carolina as their patriotism revitalized, not loyal anymore backcountry of south place of guerrilla warfare, both sides burned and ravaged each others and neutrals property, 26 engagements, also spread to North Carolina and Georgia the british southern strategy depended on sufficient loyalist strength to hold reconquered territory as cornwallis's army moved north false assumption though
Stamp Act Congress (158)
oct. 1765, 27 delegated representing nine colonial cities met in NYC as Stamp Act Congress, worked on a petition about taxation to kind and parliament, advanced a radical potential a intercolonial potential action, united in calling for repeal of Stamp Act and voted
Battle of Yorktown (VA) (201)
october 1781, battle that sealed American victory in Rev War, american troops and a french fleet trapped the British army under the command of General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, bombarded British fortifications and cornwallis ran low on food and ammunition, british navy lost to french navy so british can't escape through river, black recruits were sick, 12 day siege, Cornwallis surrendered, victory nor escape was possible for British
Ben Franklin (149)
of Penn, coauthored Albany Plan
Scots-Irish
people who hailed from northern Ireland, Scotland, and northern England, protestants, militant presbyterians hesitated to bear arms or swear oaths
multiethnic battles
pitting German Americans against hessian mercenaries, New York patriots against New York loyalists, english Americans against British soldiers, and Indians against indians, end of Iroquois confederacy
Phyllis Wheatley (173)
poet who gained international recognition in london, her master freed her in 1775
Boston Tea Party (164)
political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773, did not pay tea duty, and so disguised as Mohawk indians and dumped it into the harbor, destruction of tea is bold, tar and feathered Hancock the ship captain
Patrick Henry (155)
political newcome in House of Burgesses, presented resolutions on the Stamp Act that were debated one by one, Virginia Resolves, inched the assembly toward radical opposition to the Stamp act 1) Virginians were British citizens, that they enjoyed the same rights as them, and that self taxation was one of those rights, only Virginia assembly can tax Virginians, denied legitimacy to any tax law originating outside Virginia, anyone who disagreed is enemy
George Grenville (153)
prime minister from 1763-1765, first provocative revenue acts
William Pitt (150)
prime minister of Britain gave massive resources to troops, led to Britain capturing French sugar islands and invaded spanish cuba
Albany Plan of Union (149)
proposal for a unified by limited government with a president and a council to exercise sole authority over questions of war, peace, and trade with Indians, nobody improved instead England appointed superintendents of indian affairs, one for northern colonies and one for south rejected by colonists bc they didn't want their independence interfered with and didn't want to give indians that much power
Olaudah Equiano (129)
published his account of enslavement, sold to other Africans and then sold to a slave ships
New York City "slave conspiracy" and executions
racism made African Americans scapegoats for european suspicions, arson and unexplained thefts in NYC, officials assumed it was slaves and executed 31 of them
John Dickinson (179)
rewrote declaration of causes etc bc felt British would be offended, was a moderate
Lord Dunmore (172)
royal governor of Virginia, removed all gunpowder from Williamsburg powder house to a ship out of reach from angry Virginians after Lexington and Concord, offered freedom to slaves if they would fight for British
Thomas Gage (168)
royal governor of mass, British officer, call for elections for a new provincial assembly under his control, sparked formation of competing unauthorized assembly that met in defiance, under heavy threat from colonists, added fortifications and troop reinforcements
Gaspeé (163)
royal navy ship was burned bc pursued suspected smugglers near Rhode Island, against trial of jury of one's peers bc Britain said they would charge them for high treason
Battle of Bunker Hill (180)
second battle of the war on june 17 1775 involving massive british attack on New england militia units facing boston, militiamen finally yielded still inflicting casualties on British side
George Washington (148)
sent by Virginians to warn french they were trespassing on their land, confirmed french had military intentions
First Continental Congress (168)
sept 1774 gathering of colonial delegates (except Georgia) in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by Coercive Acts, produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain
4. What was the First Continental Congress and what did it do
sept 1774 gathering of colonial delegates (except Georgia) in Philadelphia to discuss the crisis precipitated by Coercive Acts, produced a declaration of rights and an agreement to impose a limited boycott of trade with Britain samual adams (mass), john adams (mass) , george washington (virginia), patrick henry (virginia) limited boycott was imported prohibited this year, exports the following, and rice totally exempted to enforce boycott, , call for a Continental Association, with chapters in each town various called committees of public safety or inspection to monitor compliance with boycott to monitor commerce and punish violators of boycott with a bucket of tar committees of public safety became ad hoc government, became shadow government in defiance of royal governments beginnings of an independant government stability in all of these unauthorized governing bodies (committees of public safety, committees of correspondence, regrouped colonial assemblies, and the Continental Congress) bc ran by same men who held elective office before issue a declaration of rights to parliament, willing to pay taxes that would not raise money, not a radical document
Treaty of Paris (201)
sept 3, 1783, treaty that ended rev War, acknowledged America's independence, set its boundaries, and promised the quick withdrawal of British troops from American soil, failed to recognize indians as players in the conflict, set western boundary at mississippi river, british evacuated troops from charleston, savannah, new york
5. How did slaves in the American colonies react to the news of open warfare between the colonists and Britain
tempted to join Dunmore's ethiopian regiment for freedom but camp disease set in more likely to flee their masters whenever the British army was close enough to offer safe refuge recognized struggle with Britain as an ideal moment to bid for freedom seeked refuge with British army
Pontiac's Rebellion (152)
tension between British and Indians, since British took over Fort Duquesne and threw away Indian gifts, 1763 Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron warriors attacked Fort Detroit , Indians captured every British port west of Detroit , 400+ British soldiers dead
Pennsylvania "Dutch"
the German colonists who migrated to middle colonies
Middle Passage (127)
the crossing of the Atlantic by slave ships traveling from West Africa to the Americas, slaves crowded together in unhealthy circumstances mortality rates were high
Partible inheritance
they subdivided land more or less equally among sons in New England colonies
Proclamation of 1763 (152)
to minimize violence, British parliament used this forbidding colonists to settle west of Appalachian in order to protect Indian territory
3. What were the Proclamation of 1763 and the Sugar Act of 1764, and how did the colonists react to these measures
to minimize violence, British parliament used this forbidding colonists to settle west of Appalachian in order to protect Indian territory, expressed affection to French and Canadian colonists nobody really listened, high pop growth led a lot of colonists to settle in Appalachians Sugar Act Grenville - 1764, lowered the duty of French molasses, making it more attractive for shipers to obey the law, avoided smuggling and get sugar from French, actually raised revenue toughened enforcement policies, punished smugglers steered colonists to buy from British but it didn't work it increased vigilance instead colonists questioned British Authority
Battle of Fort Stanwix (194)
to reinforce Burgoyne's army, British and Hessian troops came from Montreal ong Mohawk River, British encountered American continental soldiers at fort Stanwix and laid siege, German militiamen and Oneida indians came to support Americans and repelled their attackers
William Pitt (159)
took up that position as prime minister again since Rockingham wasn't doing a good job
Sam Adams (156)
town officers, led Sons of Liberty
2. How and why did Britain change its policies toward the colonies after the French and Indian War
tried to make alliance with Indians to prevent more war, covenant chain alliance (trade and mutual protection) with mohawk tribe treaty of paris, set things right to minimize violence, proclamation of 1763 surf and turf mistake
3. Why did the Americans win at Saratoga, and why was this victory so important
two stage battle in new york ending with decisive defeat of British and their surrender since they lost a lot of men and had no more cannons first decisive victory for colonies victory convinced France to throw its official support to American side
Treaty of Alliance with France (197)
victory of Saratoga convinced the French to enter war, Feb 1778, formal alliance was signed in which France recognized the US as an independent nation and promised full military and commercial support, French navy could challenged British at sea and aid Americans in taking prisoners of war provided cannons, muskets, gunpowder, military advisors French attracted to this alliance because it was the opportunity to defeat archrival Britain, a victory could open pathways to trade and French acquiring British West Indies, revenge from French and Indian war
virtual representation vs. real representation (155)
virtual representation was the theory that all British subjects were represented in Parliament, whether they had elected representatives in that body or not, American colonists rejected that theory arguing that only direct representatives had the right to tax colonists, wanted boots on the ground in London (could speak on behalf of colonists) "no taxation without representation" ideas from John Locke and Glorious Revolution
Battle of Kings Mountain (200)
western South Carolina, massacre of loyalist units, british stretched too thin to even hold two colonies, guerrilla warfare
2. Describe the daily life of 18th-century American slaves
worked from sunup to sundown and beyond threatened physical punnishment if slave was reluctant to do max labor masters preferred black slaves over indentures bc slaves were lifelong and colonial laws did not limit the force masters could use against slaves all retaliations put down with physical violence task system slaves valued family ties, and stayed together, kinship identified a person's place among living relatives and liked the person to ancestors of the past (through name), fictive kin gave children African names, grew food crops like yams and okra from Africa, constructed huts, fashioned banjos, drums, dancing etc
Thomas Jefferson (182)
wrote Declaration of Independence, listed grievances against King george, passionately criticized slavery
St. Jean de Crevecoeur 1782
wrote Letters from an American Farmer, expressed America individualism, universalised american success and lifestyle, prosperity, economic zeal through dignified hard work, subsistence, ethnically diverse and talented, noble cause NEW, american exceptionalism , spirit and hope , brave people
