APUSH Chapter 1
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered: Incas in 1532
Cause - The Spanish conquest of large quantities of New World Gold and Silver
Effect - Rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing.
Robert de la Salle
French explorer Explored: Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and Gulf of Mexico.
Indian populations earliest migrations across North American
From Northwest to South and East.
False, the Portuguese had been doing it for centuries.
The beginnings of African slavery developed in response to the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
The Black Legend
The belief that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas, while contributing nothing good.
What reasons drove the Europeans exploration that led to the "discovery" of the New World?
The desire to spread their empire and power. The quest for a cheaper route to the East. The spreading of Christianity. Finding an alternative trade source for spices, sugar, and other expensive eastern goods.
Mali
Flourishing West African kingdom that had a major Islamic university in the city of Timbuktu.
False, there were the Vikings in AD 1000.
No Europeans had ever set foot on the American continent prior to Columbus' arrival in 1492.
Spanish conquistadores traveling to the New World, hoped to gain what?
Noble or royal titles. Gods favor. Gold. The chance to organize an army.
False, they walked across the land bridge.
North America was first settled by people who came by boat across the waters of the Pacific Strait from Japan to Alaska.
Smallpox
One of the major European diseases that devastated Native American populations after 1492.
In the early European trading routes with Asia and the East Indies what one common destination could be reached by the Middle Route, the Southern route, and da Gama's ocean route?
Persia
Nation-State
The form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and culturally unity.
Tenochtitlan
Wealthy and populous capital of the Aztec empire.
Among the most important American Indian products to spread to the Old World were...
...Foodstuffs such as maize, beans and tomatoes.
The primary staples of Indian agriculture were...
...Maise/Corn, beans and squash.
The flood of gold and silver from Spain's New World Empire into Europe after 1500 played a large role in...
...Rise of capitalism and modern merchant banking.
The number of indians in North America at the time Columbus arrived was approximately...
...Twenty Million.
The First European explorers reached the region that would become the Americas...
...about 400 years ago.
The Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs owe the development of their sophisticated early civilizations to...
...agriculture, particularly the cultivation of corn.
The plantation system was first developed...
...by Portuguese explorers in West Africa.
In the Treaty of Tordesillas, Spain...
...divided up the so-called New World with Portugal.
Much of the impetus for Spanish exploration and pursuit of glory in the early 1500s came from spain's recent...
...national unification and expulsion of the Muslim Moors.
A crucial political development that paved the way for the European colonization of America was...
...rise of centralized national monarchies such as that of Spain.
The Iroquois Confederacy remained a strong political and military influence until...
...the American Revolution.
The Portuguese were the first to enter the slave trade and establish large-scale plantations using slave labor in...
...the Atlantic sugar islands.
Cortes and his men were able to conquer the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan partly because...
...the Aztec rule Montezuma believed that Cortes was a god whose return had been predicted.
One of the important factors that first stimulated European interest in trade and discovery was...
...the Christian crusades who brought back a taste for the silks and spices of Asia.
The primary reason for the drastic decline in the Indian population after the encounter with the Europeans...
...the Indians lack of resistance to european diseases such as smallpox and malaria.
Before Columbus arrive, the only Europeans to have visited North America, temporarily, were...
...the Norse.
The Indian Peoples of the Americas...
...were divided into many diverse cultures speaking more than 2000 different languages.
Hernando do Soto
1539-1542 Explored: Florida and continued westward Discovered: Mississippi River
Francisco Coronado
154-1542 Explored: through Arizona and New Mexico, penetrating as far east as Kansas. Discovered: Grand Canyon and Buffalo.
When the first migrants crossed the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia to North America, approximately how many miles did they have to walk before they were south of the ice caps to either side of the only open route?
3000 miles
About how many years was Mission San Antonio founded before the first Spanish settlements in California?
50 years
Battle of Acoma
A battle in 1599 between the Spanish conquistadors and the natives. The Spanish severed one foot of each survivor, an claimed the area theirs.
Saga
A lengthy story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heroes.
Pope's Rebellion
A major pueblo uprising of 1680 caused by Spanish efforts to suppress the Indian's religious practices.
Province
A medium-sized subunit of territory and government administration within a larger nation or empire.
True
A primary motive for the European voyages of discovery was the desire to find a less expensive route to Asian goods and markets.
Confederacy
An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation.
Horses
Animal introduced to North America by Europeans that transformed the Indian way of life on the great plains.
How did the melting and retreat of glaciers after the Ice Age isolate the human population of the Americas from that of Asia?
Asians crossed the Bering Strait in search of food and ended up in the Americas. They were stranded there when the sea levels rose, and the human population of the Americas was isolated from Asia.
False, he thought he was in the East Indies in Asia.
Columbus immediately recognized in 1492 that he had come across new continents previously unknown to Europeans.
Primeval
Concerning the earliest origin of things.
Demographic
Concerning the general characteristics of a given populations. Including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth, and death rates.
Vasco Nunez Balboa
Discovered: Pacific Ocean
Bartolome De Las Casas
Dominican friar who sympathized with Indians and protested cruel Spanish polices in the New World.
Cause - Native Americans lack of immunity to small pox, malaria, and yellow fever
Effect - A decline of 90% in the New World Indian population.
Cause - Columbus' first encounter with the New World
Effect - A global exchange of animals, plans and diseases.
Cause - New sailing technology and desire for spices
Effect - European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia.
Cause - The Great Ice Age
Effect - Exposure of a "land bridge" between Asia and North America.
Cause - Cultivation of corn (maize)
Effect - The formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America.
Cause - Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands
Effect - The rapid expansion of the African slave trade.
Ice Age
Extended period when glaciers covered most of the North American continent
Malinche
Female Indian slave who served as an interpreter for Cortes.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Financiers and beneficiaries of Columbus's voyage to the New World.
Portugal
First European nation to send explorers around the west coast of Africa.
St. Agustine
Founded in 1565, it is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in US territory.
Junipero Serra
Franciscan missionary who settled in California.
Who were some of the New World explorers from Spain?
Francisco Pizzaro. Hernan Cortes. Juan Ponce de Leon. Francisco Coronado.
Cahokia
Important Mississippian culture site, near present-day East St. Louis, Illinois.
Chaco Canyon
Important ancient Anasazi Indian center in New Mexico that included a pueblo of 600 interconnected rooms.
What events in the 15th century set the stage for the dramatic and unexpected discovery of the New World?
Increasingly successful long-distance voyages by explorers. Spain's rising prominence, wealth, and power. Wars between rivaling European countries. Greater use of the compass.
Pueblo
Indian people of the Rio Grande Valley who were cruelly oppressed by the Spanish conquerors.
Lake Bonneville
Inland sea left by melting glaciers whose remnant is the Great Salt Lake.
Hernan Cortes
Interpreters: A rescued spanish castaway who had been enslaved by Mayans & Malinche(Dona Marina). Conquered: Aztecs
Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)
Italian born navigator sent by English to explore North American coast in 1497-1498.
Christopher Columbus
Italian-born explorer who thought that he had arrived off the coast of Asia rather than on an unknown continent.
Hiawatha
Legendary founder of the powerful Iroquois confederacy.
Who was the first explorer of the Pacific Ocean?
Magellan
True
Many Indian cultures like the Iroquois traced descent through the female line.
Indies
Mistaken term that the first European explorers gave to American lands because of the false belief that they were off the coast of Asia.
True
Most North American Indians lived in small, semi-nomadic agricultural and hunting communities.
Dias and La Gama
Portuguese navigators who sailed around the African coast.
Moctezuma
Powerful Aztec monarch who fell to Spanish conquerors.
1542-1823 - what are the two eastern most Spanish settlements on the norther frontier of Spanish Mexico?
Quivira and Mission San Antonio.
Father Serra's Brown Robed Franciscan Friars
Roman Catholic religious oder of friars that organized a chain of missions in California.
Syphilis
Sexually transmitted disease originating in the Americas ,that was transmitted and spread among Europeans after 1492.
True
Spain expanded its empire into Florida and New Mexico partly to block French and English intrusions.
Balboa, Cortes, Columbus, Pizarro
Spanish explorers who never visited the territory that became the United States.
True
Spanish gold and silver from the Americas fueled inflation and economic growth in Europe.
Noche Triste
Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520,, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to spanish conquest of Mexico.
Corn/Maize
Staple crop that formed the economic foundation of Indian civilization.
Mestizo
Term for a person of mixed European and Indian ancestry.
Castile & Aragon
The 2 smaller kingdoms that were united by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to create the powerful nation of Spain.
Encomienda
The Spanish labor system in which persons were held to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.
False, they were built by the cultivation of maize/corn.
The early Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru were built on the economic foundations of cattle and wheat growing.
Matrilinear
The form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side.
The American Declaration of Independence occurred exactly 169 years between what other two major events in American history?
The founding of Virginia (1607) and the end of the second World War (1945).
Appalachian Mountains
The geographically oldest mountains in North America.
True
The geography of the North American continent was fundamentally shaped by the glaciers of the Great Ice Age.
False, it decreased it.
The greatest effect of the European intrusion on the Indians of the Americas was to increase the Indian population through intermarriage with the whites.
What proof has ld researchers to conclude that the earth once contained a single continent?
There are identical species of fish in freshwater lakes across the globe.
Why did the Native Americans not make a major imprint on the land they used?
They lacked the means to dramatically manipulate the land. They were spread in small groups across the continent. They revered nature and endowed it with spiritual properties. They did not believe that they should seek to alter the landscape.
Some scholars see the origins of modern capitalism in New World discoveries of precious metals for what reasons?
They stimulated surplus money supplies. They laid the foundation for the development of the banking system. They financed much of the international trade with Asia. They stimulated the spread of commerce and manufacturing.
What is the dominant theory about how the first people arrived in what we now call North America?
They walked across a land bridge from Eurasia to North America.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of 1492 that aimed to divide all of the Americas between Spain and Portugal. Portugal received 1/10th of South America.
Appalachians and Rockies
Two major mountain chains that border the great mid continental basin drained by the Mississippi River System.
