APUSH Chapter 1 and 2

Amerigo Vespucci

A German geographer soon labeled the newly found continents America in honor of a Florentine explorer, _____ ______. ______, who explored the coast of present-day South America around 1500, denied that the region was part of Asia.

Sioux

A confederation of seven distinct peoples who originated in present - day Minnesota. Horses allowed them to move west and dominate a vast territory ranging from the Mississippi River to the Black Hills.

Hiawatha

According to Iroquois legend, this Mowhawk man lost his family in one of these wars. Stricken by grief, he met a spirit who taught him a series of condolence rituals. He returned to his people preaching a new gospel of peace and power, and the condolence rituals he taught became the foundation for the Iroquois Confederacy. Once bound by these rituals, the Five Nations began acting together as a political confederacy.

Encomiendas

After Cortes toppled Mecotezuma and Pizarro defeated Athualpa, leading conquistadors received _____ from the crown, which allowed them to claim tribute in labor and goods from Indian communities.

Smallpox

After the Spanish arrived,a s massive smallpox epidemic ravaged tenochtitlan.

Narrangansetts,Pequots.

Along the southern coast of the region that would soon be called New England, a dense network of powerful chiefdoms - including the _________, Wampanoags, Mohegans, _______, and others - competed for resources and dominance. When the Dutch and English arrived, they were able to exploit these rivalries and play Indian groups against one another.

1350

Around _____, a deadly plague introduced from Central Asia - the Black Death - had killed one-third of Europe's population.

Chattel Slavery

Beginning in the 1660s, legislators in Virginia and Maryland hammered out the legal definition of _____ _____: the ownership of human beings a sproperty.

Crusades

Between A.D. 1096 and 1291, Christian armies undertook a series of _____ to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived. The ________ also introduced Western European merchants to trade routes that stretched from Constantinople to China along the Silk Road and from the Mediterranean Sea through the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean. Crusaders encountered sugar for the first time.

1521

By ____, Cortes and his men had toppled the Aztec Empire.

Predestination

Calvin preached the doctrine of _________, the idea that G-d chooses certain people for salvation before they are born and condemns the rest to eternal damnation.

Outwork

English merchants had long supplied European weavers with high quality wool; around 1500, they created their own _____ textile industry. Merchants bought wool from the owners of great estates and sent it "out" to landless peasants in small cottages to spin and weave into cloth.

Atlantic World

European engagement with the wider Atlantic world began around 1400, when the Portuguese monarchy propelled Europe into overseas expansion. Portugal soon took a leading role in the African slave trade, while the newly unified kingdom of Spain undertook Europe's first conquests in the Americas. These two ventures, though not initially linked, eventually became cornerstones in the creation of the "Atlantic World."

Pueblo

Extended droughts and soil exhaustion caused the abandonment of Chaco Canyon and other large settlements in the Southwest after 1150, but smaller communities still dotted the landscape when the first Europeans arrived. It was the Spanish who called these groups ______ Indians: ______ means "town" in Spanish, and the name refers to their distinctive building style. When Europeans arrived, Pueblo peoples, including the Acomas, Zunis, Tewas, and Hopis, were found throughout much of modern New Mexico, Arizona, and western Texas.

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand and Isabella sought trade and empire by subsidizing the voyages of _______ _______, from Genoa. He set sail in three small ships in August 1492. (Read more on page 31)

1578

Fifteenth century sailors encountered the Kingdom of Kongo in Central Africa. It was here in ______ that Duarte Lopez visited the capital city of more than 100,000 residents. Wherever they went ashore along this route, European traders had to negotiate contacts on local terms.

Trans-Saharan Trade

For centuries, the primary avenue of trade for West Africans passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, whose power was based on the monopoly they enjoyed over the _______-_______ _____. Their caravans carried West African goods - including gold, copper, salt, and slaves - from the south to the north across the Sahara, then returned with textiles and other foreign goods. For the smaller states clustered along the West African coast, merchandise originating in the world beyond the Sahara was scarce and expensive, while markets for their won products were limited.

King Philip II

Gold and silver from Mexico and Peru made Spain the wealthiest nation in Europe, and _______ ______ __ - an ardent Catholic - its most powerful ruler. He was determined to root out challenges to the Catholic Church wherever they appeared.

Christianity

Grew out of Jewish monotheism, held that Jesus Christ was himself divine. As an institution, it benefitted enormously from the conversion of the Roman emperor Constantine in A.D. 312. After Constantine's conversion, Christianity became Rome's official religion.

Algonquian and Iroquoian People

Had no single style of political organization. Many were chiefdoms, with one individual claiming preeminent power in a community. Some were paramount chiefdoms, in which numerous communities with their own local chiefs banded together under a single, more powerful ruler.

Lateen Sail

Henry's mariners, challenged to find a way through the treacherous waters off the northwest African coast, designed a better-handling vessel, the caravel, rigged with a lateen (triangular) sail that enabled the ship to tack into the wind.

Renaissance

Historians have labeled the arts and learning associated with this cultural transformation from 1300 to 1450.

Peasants

In 1450, most Europeans were ________, farmworkers who lived in small village surrounded by fields farmed cooperatively by different families. On manorial lands, farming rights were given in exchange for labor on the lord's estate, an arrangement that turned peasants intro Serfs. For most _______, survival meant constant labor, and poverty corroded family relationships. Many ______ drew on strong religious beliefs, "counting blessings" and accepting their harsh existence. Others hoped for a better life. It was the ________ of Spain, Germany, and Britain who would supply the majority of white migrants to the Western Hemisphere.

Francisco Pizarro

In 1524, ______ ______ set out to accomplish the same feat in Peru. By the time he and his small force of 168 men and 67 horses finally reached their destination in 1532, half of the Inca population had already died from European diseases.

Lord Baltimore

In 1632, King Charles I granted lands bordering the vast Chesapeake Bay to Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, _____ _______. Thus Maryland became a refuge for Catholics, who were subject to persecution in England.

Freeholds

In North America and the Caribbean, plantations were initially small ______, farms of 30 to 50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners.

Headright system

In Virginia, the ______ ______ guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony; thus, by buying additional indentured servants and slaves, the colony's largest planters also amassed ever-greater claims to land.

1517

In _____, German monk and professor Martin Luther took up the cause of reform in the Catholic Church. Lither's Ninety-five Theses condemned the Church for many corrupt practices.

1450

In _____, Western Europe lay at the far fringe of the Eurasian and African continents. It had neither the powerful centralized empires nor the hunter-gatherer bands and semisedentary societies of the Americas; it was, instead, a patchwork of roughly equivalent kingdoms, duchies, and republics vying with one another and struggling to reach out effectively to the rest of the world.

1513, Ponce de Leon

In _____, ____ ____ ____ explored the coast of Florida and gave that peninsula its name.

1488, Bartolomeu Dias

In _____, ___________ _____ rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa.

Primogeniture

In many regions, fathers bestowed all their land on their eldest son - a practice known as __________ - forcing many younger children to join the ranks of the roaming poor.

Potlatch

In the Pacific Northwest, the Chinook word _______ refers to periodic festivals in which wealthy residents gave away belongings to friends, family, and followers.

Eastern Woodlands

In the eastern woodlands, the Mississipian-influenced peoples of the Southeast interacted with other groups, many of whom adopted maize agriculture but did not otherwise display Mississippian characteristics. To the north, Algonquian and Iroquoian speakers shared related languages and lifeways but were divided into dozens of distinct societies. Most occupied villages built around fields of maize, beans, and squash during the summer months; at other times of the year, they dispersed in smaller groups to hunt, fish, and gather.

1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa

In the same year, ____ _____ __ ______ crossed the Isthmus of Darien (Panama) and became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean.

Islam

In their work suppressing false doctrines, Christian rulers were also obliged to combat _____, the religion whose followers considered Muhammed to be G-d's last prophet.

Republics

Italian moneyed elites ruled their city-states as ________, states that had no prince or king but instead were governed by merchant coalitions.

Patriarchies

Just as kings and nobles ruled society, men governed families. These were ________, in which property and social identity descended in male family lines.

Protestant Reformation

Luther's criticism triggered a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the northern principalities in Germany, and soon the controversy between the Roman Catholic Church and radical reformers like Luther and Calvin spread throughout much of Western Europe.

1000 A.D.

Maize agriculture spread from Mesoamerica across much of North America beginning around ____ __, laying a foundation for new ways of life there as well. The spread of maize to the Mississippi River Valley around A.D. 1000 led to the development of a large-scale northern Native American culture. The City of Cahokia, in the fertile bottomlands along the Mississippi River, emerged around 1000 as the foremost center of the new Mississippian culture.

What factors allowed for the development of empires in central Mexico and the Andes?

Mesoamericans cultivated maize. The resulting agricultural surpluses encouraged population growth. Dense populations, productive agriculture, and an aggressive bureaucratic state were the keys to their power for the Aztecs and Incas. Trade was also a factor.

Guilds

Monarchs allowed merchants to trade throughout their realms; granted privileges to ______, or artisan organizations that regulated trades; and safeguarded commercial transactions, thereby encouraging domestic manufacturing and foreign trade.

Animism

Most Native North Americans were animists who believed that the natural world was suffused with spiritual power. They sought to understand the world by interpreting dreams and visions, and their rituals appeased guardian spirits that could ensure successful hunts and other forms of good fortune.

Town Meeting

Most adult men had a vote in the ____ _____, the main institution of local government.

Heresies

People who spread _______ - doctrines that were inconsistent with the teachings of the Church - were seen as the tools of Satan, and suppressing false doctrines became an obligation of Christian rulers.

Atahulpa, 1535

Pizarro killed _____, the last Inca emperor, and seized his enormous wealth. Although Inca resistance continued for a generation, the conquest was complete by ____, and Spain was now the master of the wealthiest and most populous regions of the Western Hemisphere.

Prince Henry

Prince Henry of Portugal learned of Arab merchant's rich trade in gold and slaves across the Sahara. Seeking a maritime route to the source of this trade in West Africa, he founded a center for oceanic navigation.

Francis Drake, 1577

Protestant, took to the sea and became a scourge to Philip's American interests. In _____, he ventured into the Pacific to disrupt Spanish shipping to Manila. His fleet lost 3 ships and a hundred men, but the survivors completed the first English circumnavigation of the globe and captured two Spanish treasure ships.

Civic Humanism

Republics celebrated ________ __________, an ideology that praised public virtue and service to the state and in time profoundly influenced European and American conceptions of government.

Toleration

Roger Williams advocated _______, arguing that political magistrates had authority over only the "bodies, goods, and outward estates of men," not their spiritual lives.

6000 B.C.

Some Native American people in present-day Mexico and Peru began raising domesticated crops. Mesoamericans cultivated maize into a nutritious plant with a higher yield per acre than wheat, barley, or rye, the staple cereals of Europe. In Peru, they also bred the potato, a root crop of unsurpassed nutritional value.The resulting agricultural surpluses encouraged population growth and laid the foundation for wealthy, urban societies in Mexico and Peru, and later in the Mississippi Valley and the southeastern woodlands of North America.

The Five Nations

Sometime shortly before the arrival of Europeans, probably around 1500, five nations occupying the region between the Hudson River and Lake Erie - the Mowhaks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas - banded together to form the Iroquois. These groups had been fighting among themselves for years, caught in a destructive cycle of wars of retribution.

1325, 1500

Tenochtitlan, established in ____ at the center of the Aztec Empire, had its height around ____ a population of about 250,000, at a time when the Europeans cities of London and Seville each had perhaps 50,000.

Cahokia

The City of Cahokia, in the fertile bottomlands along the Mississippi River, emerged around 1000 as the foremost center of the new Mississippian culture.

Martiarchal

The Iroquis did not recognize chiefs; instead, councils of sachems made decisions. These were _______ societies, with power inherited through female lines of authority. Women were influential in local councils, though men served as sachems, made war, and conducted diplomacy.

Anne Hutchinson

The Massachusetts Bay magistrates saw a second threat to their authority in ______ _________. She held weekly prayer meetings for women and accused various Boston clergymen of placing undue emphasis on good behavior. She denied that salvation could be earned through good deeds. She declared that G-d "revealed" divine truth directly to individual believers, a controversial doctrine that the Puritan magistrates denounced as heretical. They also resented her because of her sex. In 1637, the Magistrates accused her of teaching that inward grace freed an individual from the rules of the Church and found her guilty of holding heretical views. Banished, she followed Roger Williams into exile in Rhode Island.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

The Portuguese commander _____ _____ _____ and his fleet were surprised to see land loom up in the west. He named his discovery Ihla da Vera Cruz - the Island of the True Cross - and continued on his way toward India.

Counter Reformation

The Protestant Reformation triggered a Counter Reformation in the Catholic Church that sought change from within and created new monastic and missionary orders, including the Jesuits who saw themselves as soldiers of Christ.

John Winthrop

The Puritan exodus began in 1630 with the departure of 900 migrants led by ___ ______, a well-educated country squire who became the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. "We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a Hill." "The eyes of all people are upon us."

House of Burgesses

The Virginia Company created a system of representative government: the ______ __ _____, first convened in 1619, could make laws and levy taxes, although the governor and the company council in England could veto its acts.

Pilgrims

The _______ were religious separatists - Puritans who had left the Church of England.

Reconquista

The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive Muslim Arabs from the European mainland, by capturing Granada, the last Islamic territory in Western Europe, in 1492. Using Catholicism to build a sense of "Spanishness" they launched Christian heretics and expelled of forcibly converted thousands of Jews and Muslims.

Mercantilism

The government aided textile entrepreneurs by setting low wage rates and helped merchants by giving them monopolies in foreign markets. This system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade became known as ________.

Opechancanough

The influx of migrants sparked an all-out conflict with the neighboring Indians. The struggle began with an assault led by __________, Powhatan's younger brother and successor. In 1607, _________ had attacked some of the first English invaders.

The Columbian Exchange

The movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic was part of a larger pattern of biological transformation.

Sonni Ali

The ruler of the powerful Songhai Empire, personally owned 12 "tribes" of hereditary agricultural slaves, many of them seized in raids against stateless peoples.

How did landscape, climate, and resources influence the development of Native American societies? (NEEDS WORK) STOPPED ON PAGE 12

The spread of maize to the Mississippi River Valley led to the development of a large-scale northern Native American culture. In this densely forested region, the Eastern Woodlands, Indians regularly set fires - in New England, twice year, in spring and fall - to clear away underbrush, open fields, and make it easier to hunt big game.

Covenant of Works, Covenant of Grace

There was no "_______ __ _____" that would save the well- behaved; only a "_______ __ _____" through which G-d saved those he predestined for salvation.

Great Basin

Three broad swaths of Numic - speaking peoples occupied the ______ ______ that separated the Rockies from the Sierra Mountains: Bannocks and Northern Paiutes in the north, Shoshones in the central basin, and Utes and Southern Paiutes in the south. Resources were varied and spread thin on the land. Kin-based bands traveled great distances to hunt bison along the Yellowstone River and bighorn sheep in high altitudes, to fish for salmon, and to gather pine nuts when they were in season. Throughout the ______ ______, some groups adopted horses and became relatively powerful, while others remained foot-borne and impoverished in comparison with their more mobile neighbors.

1482

To exploit and redirect the existing African slave trade, Portuguese merchants established fortified trading posts like those in the Indian Ocean beginning at Elmina in _______, where they bought gold and slaves from African princes and warlords.

Roger WIlliams

To maintain G-d's favor, the Massachusetts Bay magistrates purged their society of religious dissidents. Puritan minister in Salem. _______ ______ opposed the decision to establish an official religion and praised the Pilgrim's separation of church and state. He also questioned the Puritan's seizure of Indian lands. The magistrates banished him from the colony in 1636. He and his followers settled 50 miles south of Boston, founding the town of Providence on land purchased from the Narragansett Indians.

1588

To meet Elizabeth's challenges, Philip sent a Spanish Armada - 130 ships and 30,000 men - against England in ____. Philip intended to restore the Roman Church in England and then to wipe out Calvinism in Holland. He failed utterly.

Metacom

To the Wampanoag leader ______ (also known as King Philip), the prospects for coexistence looked dim. Metacom concluded that the English colonists had to be expelled. In 1675, the Wampanoags' leader forged a military alliance with the Narragansetts and Nipmucks and attacked white settlements throughout New England. Bitter fighting continued into 1676, ending only when the Indian warriors ran short of gunpowder and the Massachusetts Bay government hired Mohegan and Mohawk warriors, who killed Metacom. Metacom's war 1675-1676 (English settlers called King Philip's War).

Ottowas

To the west, Algonquian - speaking peoples dominated the Great Lakes. The tribal groups recognized by Europeans in this region included the ______, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis. But collectively, they thought of themselves as a single people: the Anishnaabe.

Tribute

Trade, along with ______ demanded from subject peoples (comparable to taxes in Europe), brought gold, textiles, turquoise, obsidian, tropical bird feathers, and caco to Tenochtitlan.

Puritans

When Charle's Archbishop William Laud began to purge dissident ministers, thousands of Puritans - Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy - fled to America.

Neo-Europes

Where colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures they knew at home.

Joint-stock corporation

Winthrop and his associates governed the Massachusetts Bay Colony from the town of Boston. They transformed their ____- _____ _______ - a commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources - into a representative political system with a governor, council, and assembly.

Hernan Cortes Moctezuma

With these inducements before him, in 1519 ______ _____ led an army of 600 men to the Yucatan Peninsula. Gathering allies among native peoples who chafed under Aztec rule, he marched on Tenochtitlan and challenged its ruler, _______. Awed by the Spanish invaders, ______ recieved _____ with great ceremony. However, _____ soon took the emperor captive, and following a prolonged siege, he and his men captured the city.

Vasco de Gama

_____ __ ____ reached East Africa in 1497 and India in the following year; his ships were mistaken for those of Chinese traders, the last pale-skinned men to arrive by sea. He returned to India in 1502 with 21 fighting vessels, which outmaneuvered and outgunned the Arab fleets. Soon the Portuguese government set up fortified trading posts for its merchants at key points around the Indian Ocean, in Indonesia, and along the coast of China.

Indentured Servitude

______ _____ contracts bound the men - and the quarter who were women - to work for a master for four or five years, after which they would be free to marry and work for themselves.