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New Jersey

Small Quaker settlements were made even before Pennsylvania 1664: two noble proprietors received the area of New Jersey from the Duke of York --- A substantial number of New Englanders moved there for the better land However, West New Jersey was sold to a group of Quakers in 1674 East New Jersey was also sold to the Quakers In 1702, the two were merged into a royal colony

*Juan Ponce de Leon 1513/1519*

Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida seeking gold

*Bartolome de las Casas, Juan de Sepulveda, and the Valladolid Debate*

Spanish missionary *Bartolomé de las Casas* was appalled by the practice of Encomienda --He didn't see Native Americans as barbarians, he thought Spain was torturing them --He wrote *The Destruction of the Indies* to chronicle the awful fate of the Native Americans and to protest against Spain and the colonizers He Also participated in the Valladolid Debate against Juan de Sepulveda where Juan called them "apes"

Africans in America *Deep south was worse (rice, indigo) with hot temps + hard work* *Tobacco growing Chesapeake was less demanding (large plantations)* The Population of female slaves would grow, increasing the # of overall slaves *A distinctive African American culture would begin to flourish where elements of speech, religion, and folkways would lead to GULLAH* Most Slaves were Christians (though it didn't free them)

Slavery exploded during the 1700s. It was always terrible to be a slave --It was worse in the deep south, hot temperatures and hard work (rice+indigo) --Tobacco growing Chesapeake was less demanding work (larger plantations) *In the 1720s, the population of female slaves grew, allowing for family life* --This made the overall number of slaves rise, through reproduction --FEMALE slaves did twice the work (in the fields, and sewing and household chores) North, 48k slaves worked for artisans in the city or farmed in the Hudson Valley *As the number of native-born blacks began to rise, a distinctive African American culture began to flourish (a mix of Guinean, Igbo, Yoruba, Angolan)* -- (A mixture of elements of speech, religion, and folkways* --*-Slaves on islands off the Carolinas created *Gullah*, a language that blended English with several African languages* (voodoo, gumbo, goober) --The Ringshout, a type of West African religious dance would develop into jazz --The banjo and bongo would be introduced to American culture --*Most slaves would become Christians, hoping that Jesus would be the one to free them from bondage like God did when he freed the Hebrews*

*Hernan Cortes 1519*

Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba with hundreds of men to Mexico (he used *Malinche* as an interpreter) Cortes landed in Veracruz and marched his army to Tenochtitlan to see its tremendous amount of gold *Moctezuma, Aztec chieftain*, believed that Cortes was Quetzalcoatl and offered him gifts, but Cortes wanted GOLD (the Aztecs welcomed them, but became wary) ---*June 30th, 1520 (noche triste)*: the Aztecs attacked and drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlan --- However, Cortes would then lay siege on the city and take it on (8/13/1521) ---*A smallpox epidemic then spread throughout Mexico, further weakening the Aztecs* The Aztecs would fall to conquest and disease (20 million people→2 million) Tenochtitlan becomes Mexico City, temples become Cathedrals

*Hernando de Soto 1539-42*

Hernando de Soto left Florida,explored south USA,discovered the Mississippi

Downsides of America's Economy Britain's economy soon became unable to buy everything from the USA, so USA started exporting to other nations *1733 MOLASSES ACT* was supposed to end trade with French West Indies, smuggling soon began

However, as the American economy began to thrive, *it quickly outgrew Britain's economy and the British population was unable to buy all of America's products* --The Americans were making products that were not being bought --*So, they quickly realized they had to seek foreign markets (illegally)* ----Tobacco soon began to be going to France -----Trade with the West Indies (timber and foodstuffs) provided crucial cash *1733: Britain passed the Molasses Act, which was supposed to put an end to trade with the FRENCH West Indies* by putting taxes on non British sugar --BUT, the colonists began to bribe and smuggle their way around the law

13 colonies melting pot of culture Germans fled religious persecution --> Pennsylvania dutch backcountry (they had no loyalty to England because they were German) Scots-Irish were angry at England's plantation of them in Ireland and they were angry at Irish Catholicism and restriction of wool business Scots Irish settled in the Backcountry and became frontiersman

*150k colonists were Germans* who fled religious persecution --They settled in Pennsylvania's backcountry (⅓ population) and belonged to the Lutheran Church,(Pennsylvania Dutch) --*Because they were not brought up English, they had no loyalty to the crown *There was 175k Scots-Irish* who spoke English, but were not English --They were Scot Lowlanders who had been transplanted to Northern Ireland (plantation of ulster) --*The Irish Catholics there hated the Scottish Presbyterianism and the English restricted their economy by restricting wool + linen business* --*The Scots-Irish had no prosperity and were hated in Ireland* In the 1700s, thousands of Scots-Irrish abandoned Ireland and came to America (to mostly the tolerant Pennsylvania) --The Germans and the Quakers already took most of the land, so they settled even farther West (to the new frontier) --They squatted on owned land + quarreled with the Indians --The Scots-Irish then went South after they reached the Allegheny Barrier, through Maryland and Shenandoah valley, to the Carolinas *The Scots-Irish would become great Frontiersmen and often moved* *The Scots-Irish hated the British because they had uprooted them to Ireland* They also hated any other governments that lorded over them, leading to the *March of the Paxton Boys* and the *Regulator Movement* (many of its members would become American revolutionaries)

Colonial Folkways

*All of the colonies spoke English and had protestant religion* --*Widespread diversity also forced many peoples and faiths to cede at least some degree of ethnic and religious toleration* --*All allowed social mobility* --*All possessed some measure of self-government* --*All were separated from the imperial authority by 3000 miles* Life in the colonies was drab and tedious --Plentiful but monotonous food (lots of meat, unlike Europe), homes were draft (inefficient fireplaces), churches weren't heated, no running water, candles provided faint light, primitive garbage disposal (hogs were everywhere garbage was) Amusement was often searched for --The militia would assemble periodically for "musters" (days of drilling), --On the frontier, pleasure was found in house-raisings, quilting bees (making quilts), husking bees, and apple parings. --Funerals and weddings gave opportunities for social gatherings (for drinking liquor) --Winters sports were common in the north, Cards, foxhunting + horseracing in South --Lotteries were approved and used to raise money for churches and colleges --Stage plays became popular but frowned upon by Quakers + Puritans --Holidays were celebrated (Thanksgiving the most) Similarities

Workaday America America had high standard of living Agriculture was leading industry (tobacco Virginia)(bread middle) Fishing and whaling was rewarding NE + SHIPBUILDING/Lumbering Commerce/trade was profitable in NE., NY, and Pennsylvania

*America had a higher standard of living than any other country* *Agriculture was the leading industry (90% of people)* --Tobacco continued to be the staple crop in Maryland and Virginia (some wheat too) --The fertile middle (BREAD) colonies produced large quantities of grain *Fishing and whaling ranked below agriculture but was rewarding (NE)* --Fishing was biggest in New England, which exported lots of *cod* to Catholic countries in Europe --Fishing also stimulated *shipbuilding* and was a hobby for those in the navy --LUMBERING was very important to create a large number of ships in NE (the biggest trees were for UK's Navy) Commerce and trade enriched all colonies, especially NE, NY, and Penn (natural harbors) --Commercial ventures + land speculation were sure avenues to speedy cash --Yankee seamen would provide the Sugar islands with food and forest products and would haul Spanish + Portuguese gold and oranges to London

Bacon's Rebellion William Berkely + Nathaniel Bacon (rich v poor)

*As more and more men could not get land, governor William Berkely's job became harder* ---Men could not find land, could not find a wife, and landless men could not vote *1676: about 1,000 Virginians rioted, led by 29 year old planter Nathaniel Bacon* --Many of the rioters were those denied land, forced to find it in the backcountry --They feared the Indians and disliked Berkely's friendly policies with them --One day, Berkely didn't punish the Indians for recent attacks, so *the rioters attacked the Indians, chased Berkely away from Jamestown, and burned the settlement* --Bacon would soon die of disease, so Berkely would win the "civil war" Bacon ignited the resentments of the landless former indentured servants. *His rebellion pitted the poor backcountry farmers against the rich river plantation owners (rich v poor)* *Wealthy plantation owners needed a new and safer way to get labor (African Slaves)*

Indentured Servants + Headright system

*BUT, England had a surplus of displaced workers who were desperate for work* --These were people forced out of their farms or hit by the clothes trade slump --They would travel around and eventually make their way to a London or maybe Bristol and be sent to America as INDENTURED SERVANTS *INDENTURED SERVANTS: People who would voluntarily give their labor for 4-7 years in exchange for transportation to America and eventual "freedom dues" (clothes, ax, maybe a plot of land, etc)* --Both Maryland and Virginia used the HEAD-RIGHT SYSTEM to encourage the importation of servants (A LAND GRANT PROGRAM) ===*Under its terms, whoever paid the passage of an indentured servant would receive the right to acquire 50 acres of land (the rich person gets the land)* ===This way, the masters (not the servants) would receive land ownership ======If you paid for the transportation of an indentured servant, you would get land for yourself (this process populated the colonies) Soon, these masters would invest in large landholdings to become great merchant-planters --However, as they did this, land became scarcer and the indentured servants may not have been granted land after their freedom (especially later on)

*Powhatan's Confederacy* *JOHN ROLFE* After the Treaty of 1646, no Native Americans could live in Virginia

*Chieftain Powhatan* had supremacy over the Native Americans in the James River area ---So they were considered "Powhatan's confederacy" ---Powhatan initially wanted to ally with the English so that he could further his supremacy over his Indian rivals, but the starving English began raiding his people's food supplies 1610: Lord de la Warr arrived and declared war on the Native Americans (burned villages) 1614: A peace settlement ended the Anglo-Powhatan War (*John Rolfe marries Pocahontas*) In 1622 though, the Native Americans led attacks that left 347 settlers dead (John Rolfe f.e) --- The Virginia Company then called for a perpetual war --- In 1644, the Native Americans tried to dislodge Virginian control from the settlers in the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, but they lost again Peace Treaty of 1646: no Native Americans could live in Virginia/coexist with them ---The Chesapeake Indians were now Banished from their ancestral lands THE POWHATANS LOST DUE TO 3 D's ---Disease: Smallpox and Measles ---Disorganization: Despite being a confederacy, they did not have military unity ---Disposability: Native Americans had no purpose in Virginia (In Spain, they mined)

GREAT ENGLISH MIGRATION John Winthrop becoming the first governor and making shipbuilding + fishing prosper

*Continuing turmoil in England would then lead to the GREAT ENGLISH MIGRATION in the 1630s, where over 70,000 people would go to America* ---Many prosperous and educated people went to the Bay Colony --- *John Winthrop, an attorney and lord, would become the first governor* --- Under him, shipbuilding, fishing, and fur would boom, helping the Bay Colony grow in size and influence --- He Believed that Boston should be a model holy society (city upon a hill)

*Maryland (Chesapeake)* Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore --- He wanted to make a Catholic refuge Prospered on tobacco *The ACT OF TOLERATION* gave toleration to ALL CHRISTIANS

*Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, it was the 4th colony (2nd plantation colony)* The prominent English Catholic Lord Baltimore (a proprietor) wanted to make *a refuge for Catholics* and also make money In Maryland, the Catholics got big manors but the Protestants got only small farms *Maryland, like Virginia, prospered with tobacco and it used indentured servants to grow it* Lord Baltimore initially allowed the freedom of worship, but the heavy tide of Protestants threatened his Catholic people 1649: Baltimore got*the ACT OF TOLERATION* to pass in 1649 ---*This act allowed toleration to all Christians (Jews or atheists were punished though) This gave a cloak of protection for the Maryland Catholics*

GEORGIA *James Oglethorpe 1733* a buffer and colony for debtors

*Georgia, the last colony, was founded in 1733 and it was intended to be a BUFFER* --- Protect the valuable Carolinas from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana --- Because of this, it got monetary subsidies from the government in England The Colony, named in honor of George II, was launched by a group of philanthropists --- They wanted to make the colony a haven for imprisoned debtors ---They also did not want slavery (that didn't last) *James Oglethorpe was the most prominent founder As a competent military leader, he repelled Spanish attacks* --- He also put forth a lot of his own money to save "the charity colony" --- Like Charleston, Savannah was a melting pot of people (Germans,Scots) (no Catholics) --- Missionaries came to work with the debtors and Indians --------*John Wesley a missionary would make the Methodist Church* The Plantation lifestyle did not last and so Georgia grew slowly

*Virginia (Chesapeake)* *JOHN ROLFE FATHERED THE TOBACCO INDUSTRY SAVING VIRGINIA* *The House of Burgesses 1619* *James I makes Virginia a royal colony (his control)*

*John Rolfe*, husband of Pocahontas, fathered the TOBACCO industry in Virginia By 1612, he had perfected the growing of tobacco + created a BIG demand for it in Europe *THIS ECONOMICALLY SAVED VIRGINIA COLONY* People who suffered from lack of food now "suffered" from lack of land to grow more of it *This made the Virginia's economy fully reliant on it and it led to a plantation system* *1619: The House of Burgesses, the first assembly began (the first self-government)* *1624: However, James I grew to dislike tobacco and he hated the House of Burgesses, so he revoked the Virginia Company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony (his control)*

Books and the Press Books were not common Newspapers were powerful in airing grievances, had powerful columns under pseudonyms, but no real news (took to long to get it)

*Many Americans were too poor or busy to buy books* -- A few private libraries could be found though, especially by the clergy (Byrd Family) -- Benjamin Franklin established in Philadelphia America's first privately circulating library Hand operated presses would crank out pamphlets, leaflets, and journals, leading to about 40 colonial newspapers --Columns ran heavily to somber essays, signed with pseudonyms --The actual "news" ran many weeks behind, especially for Europe news --*Newspapers were powerful in airing grievances + rallying opposition to England*

Slavery Part 1 More than 7 million slaves (5m to west indies, 400k to america) 2 million died in the middle passage (overpacked) At the beginning the colonists could not afford expensive slaves -- However, rising wages ended the idea of becoming an indentured servant, rice and indigo was brought to the carolinas (requiring labor), Bacon's rebellion instilled fear of mutinous servants

*More than 7 million slaves would be brought to the America's in total (most after 1700)* ---Most went to Spanish territories and West Indies (*5 million to the West Indies*, 400k to America) *Slave ships would be overfilled and slaves treated torturously (2 million would die)* The Deep South and Caribbean had the worst treatment (no legal rights) Slave importation ended in 1808 in the US but an inside market soon began Non-slave states and European countries indirectly supported slavery by buying the tobacco, sugar, and cotton that slaves grew --Jamestown had slaves as early as 1619, but only 2,000 in Virginia by 1670 ---The Colonists could not afford the expensive slaves who might die quickly However, by the 1700s ---*Rising wages in England led to a decline in Indentured Servants (less poor people)* --*Slave mortality rates lowered (less of a risk to buy a slave)(less likely to die quickly)* --*West-Indian planters brought rice and indigo to the Carolinas, increasing demand for labor* --*Bacon's Rebellion: Plantation-owners became fearful of their formerly mutinous indentured servants*

New England Way of Life Stony ground meant NEers had to work hard, leading to frugality The stony ground deterred non-English immigrants making a lack of diversity New Englanders would clear woodlands and build roads and towns to "improve the land" (taking it from the Native Americans)

*New England land was very rocky resulting in the glaciated soil having countless stones* --Scratching a living from this rocky earth was an early American success story --*The hard work necessary to make money led to NE's famous frugality + ingenuity* (wooden nutmeg in Conn) The stony ground also deterred non-English immigrants from NE, making it less diverse --The climate also deterred people. *It was too hot, too cold, too stony, unable to grow tobacco, not profitable enough for slaves, no vast tracts of land* The New Englanders left their mark on the land. --Native Americans "used" the land by making trails to migrate and burning it to restore deer populations --The Europeans felt that they had a duty to "improve" the land by clearing the woodlands for pastures, building roads and fences, and making towns The New Englanders also brought livestock (pigs, horses, sheep, cows) that required evermore pasture land, resulting in more clearing of forests

The Great Awakening Part 1 *Arminianism*, formed by Dutch Arminius, was that a person's free will, not divine decree, determined a person's fate (if you lived a good life, you would be saved) The Great Awakening: a religious revival in the 1730s where *Jonathan Edwards* gave fiery sermons reaffirming the need for dependence on God's grace (puritan conversion) *George Whitefield* would give booming speeches about this issue and it created excitement and led to many conversions

*Religious fervor was not as prevalent in the 1700s as it was in the 1600s* --*Puritanism was not as strong* and ministers became worried that the souls of Puritans had become soft and not motivated by Calvinism A threatening liberal idea, *Arminianism*, then began to form. *Dutch Jacobus Arminius began to preach that free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate. All humans could be saved if they lived good lives and accepted God (not just the elect)* --This set up the Great Awakening *THE GREAT AWAKENING exploded in the 1730s/40s after Jonathan Edwards, a Massachusetts pastor, proclaimed with burning passion the silliness of believing salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace* --It was a religious revival fueled by Jonathan Edwards to get people to care again --*Later George Whitefield, a former alehouse attendant, gave magnificent and booming speeches on human helplessness and divine omnipotence to thousands of listeners* --During these revival meetings, countless sinners professed conversions and *created excitement amongst the "saved" (people care again)*

Rhode Island *Roger Williams* began to question the idea of a civil government regulating religious behavior (the purpose of Puritan Massachusetts) --- He would sneak out to Rhode Island in 1636 and give true religious freedom to all, votes to all property owning men, + no religious taxes *Anne Hutchinson* realized that if you were predestined, you didn't have to live a good life because your outcome would be the same (*Antinomianism*) --- She wouldbe banished to Rhode Island 1644 it becomes an official colony

*Roger Williams, a minister, was a very devout separatist with radical ideas* --- He began to advocate for a break for the English Church and he condemned the Bay Colony Charter for taking Indian lands --- Then, *he began to question the idea of a civil government regulating religious behavior (this was the purpose of Puritan Massachusetts)* 1635: Puritan leaders tried to send him to England (feared he'd make a rival colony) 1636: But, Roger Williams snuck out to Rhode Island --- *There, he gave true religious freedom to all (even jews), demanded no taxes for the church, sheltered Quakers, and gave all property-owning men votes* ---- *Rhode Island had the most freedom and was the most liberal and advanced colony* Rhode Island would begin to fill other "malcontents" (like Anne Hutchinson) *Anne Hutchinson, a brilliant woman, founded a heretical idea that those who were predestined to be saved did not need to live a good life (ANTINOMIANISM)* --- This angered the Puritan leaders, who did not want others to think like that --- *In 1638, she was brought to trial and claimed her ideas came from a direct revelation from God (even more heresy)*, so they banished her to Rhode Island *In 1644, it would receive a royal charter to be an official colony*

Early History of Conquistadores

1492: not only did Columbus find America, the last Moorish city, Granada, fell --The Christian Spaniards fought for 500 years to rid Spain of Muslims (Reconquista) --*It created a desire for honor/status in Spaniards, so many turned to the New World* The Conquistadores would conquer the Aztecs and Incas (Colorado to Argentina) Conquistadores (with their horses, gunpowder, disease) overpowered the Indians The monarchs of Spain then took control of the conquistadores territories However, the Conquistadores would last through their Mestizo descendants

*Sir Edmund Andros* + Sir Edmund Andros loved the Church of English, ended town meetings, and cracked down on smuggling --- People of massachusetts angry 1688: The Glorious Revolution took King James II off the throne --- This revolution encouraged NE to rise up and rebel against Andros The New King William III would only weakly enforce the Navigation laws, leading to *SALUTARY NEGLECT*

*Sir Edmund Andros* was the head of the Dominion, headquartering in Boston --- Andros loved the Church of England and made it known, angering New England --- He would further this anger with his profane soldiers --- *Andros then curbed the cherished town meetings and restricted the courts and press* ------He would revoke all land titles and tax the people without their consent ------ *He also cracked down on smuggling and forced the Navigation laws* *THE PEOPLE OF NEW ENGLAND HATE HIM (revolt???)* In 1688, *the Glorious/Bloodless revolution* occurred in England where the Catholic James II was replaced by Protestant William III and Mary II of the Netherlands --- This encouraged New England to similarly rise up and rebel against Sir Andros --- From 1689-91, the Glorious revolution encouraged unrest throughout New York and Maryland that only stopped when new governors were elected --- *The new king began to only weakly enforce the Navigation Laws, leading to a period of SALUTARY NEGLECT* --- In 1691, Massachusetts would again receive a charter, but this time all men were to be allowed to vote (a loss in the eyes of the Puritans)

Spain

*Spain united after Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile* in the 15th century *Also, at that time the Muslim Moors were expelled (a BIG victory for Spain)(reconquista)* --Spain was now powerful and eager to outdo the Portuguese success in India --But, Portugal controlled Africa's coast, so Spain had to go westward to India The stage was set: *Europe wanted cheap goods, Africa could be used for slaves, Spain had unity, Renaissance gave optimism, Printing presses (1450) gave knowledge, Arab compass made things feasable* Then, *Italian Columbus* persuaded Spain's monarchs to give him 3 ships to go west to India *October 12th, 1492: The crew spotted an island in the Bahamas* Europe, Africa, and the Americas now were part of an interdependent global economic system --Europe: technology and markets --Africa: labor --The Americas: raw materials + land

Guess What

*THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY WAS THE HUB OF NEW ENGLAND* *ALL LATER COLONIES GREW OUT OF IT!!!!*

Types of Professions Clergy is the most respected but had less influence than before Physicians were poorly trained (no medical school till 1765, bloodletting, epidemics (smallpox inoculation 1721, diphtheria) Law was not favorably regarded because parties would often represent themselves in legal cases + lawyers were seen as troublemakers

*The Clergy was always the most honored job but had less influence in 1775 than before* Physicians, on the other hand, were poorly trained and not highly esteemed. --It took until 1765 for the first medical school (before, many trained as apprentices) --*Bloodletting was a frequent yet fatal technique*. --Dried toad was given for smallpox. --Epidemics were a regular nightmare (a 1730s Diphtheria epidemic took thousands) --1721: A crude form of inoculation was introduced for Smallpox --Barbers would do surgeries *The law profession was also not favorably regarded* --Parties in a dispute often presented their own cases in court --Lawyers were commonly regarded as troublemaking rogues (almost like drunks) --John Adams was sorta looked down upon

The Quakers, William Penn, Pennsylvania

*The Quakers are the Religious Society of Friends that arose in England in the 1600s* Quakers were offensive to both religious and civil authorities ---They did not give taxes to the Church of England ---They made meetinghouses but did not invite clergy ---Quakers opposed warfare and would turn the other cheek to violence against them ---They wore broad-brimmed hats and didn't use conventional titles (all were children of God) *They were just simple, devoted, democratic people, that did their own thing* *William Penn was a wellborn Englishman that was attracted to Quaker faith in the 1660s* ---*After being persecuted with other Quakers, he wanted to establish an asylum for Quakers in America* ---*1681: The King gave him fertile land in America because of a debt to Penn's dad* --------William Penn sent many pamphlets to get people to come *Pennsylvania had a generally welcoming attitude to forward-looking people* It also allowed large land-holdings

Native Americans + Cultivation of Corn

*The cultivation of Corn led to the huge size of Native American civilizations (Mexico+SA)* --5000 BC: Hunter-Gatherers in Mexico developed a wild grass into corn --This became the foundation of the Incas and Aztecs --Corn turned nomadic hunters into settled agricultural villagers --Corn reached the Southwest in 2000 BC, changing Pueblo culture (terraced buildings, irrigation) However, corn did not reach Northern America until much later, resulting in less developed "societies" (no large nations, why they might have been annihilated) -- Later, tribes in the Mississippi and the SW Anasazi created big settlements after using corn --The Cahokia settlement (near St Louis) had 25,000 people (large), Anasazi had a 600 room village in NM

Quakers, Penn, Philadelphia

*William Penn made Philadelphia in a more carefully planned style than other colonial cities* --- Squatters (swedes, dutch, welsh) gave him more people for the city Penn treated the Indians with respect and consequently got respect from them too ---However, the Quakers' own tolerance, allowed other people, like the Scot-Irish, to almost ruin the peaceful relationship with the Indians *Pennsylvania was generally liberal (freedom of religion, no taxes for church, representative assembly voted by landowners) (CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY)* ------ Hand blue laws though prohibiting ungodly things --- Also, no military, no restrictions on immigration, and the Quakers disliked slavery *The Quakers were business people who exported grain/foodstuffs* (would grow in population and in money) Penn would only spend 4 years there and would be punished for liking Catholic James II

The Ice Age and how people got to America

- The Ice Age lowered the ocean's height→new land bridge from Eurasia to North America - Nomadic Asian hunters would cross the bridge for 25,000 years, populating NA After the Ice Age ended, the melted ice allowed groups to travel to South America Over time, people of NA & SA would develop separate tribes, languages + cultures ---Civilizations: Incas = Peru, Mayans = Central America, Aztecs = Mexico ---Used advanced agricultural practices (cultivation of maize) to feed millions ---Built elaborate cities + had wide-reaching commerce ---Astronomy + math was used. Aztecs made sacrifices to please the gods

*Francisco Pizarro 1532*

Francisco Pizarro would conquer and crush the Incas of Peru (lots of gold)

*The March of the Paxton Boys + Regulator Movement* SCOTS IRISH

--1764: an *armed march of the Paxton Boys* (SCOTS IRISH) protested the Quaker's leniency towards the Indians in Philadelphia --Later, in NC, the Regulator Movement began where Scots-Irish were upset by the East's Coast domination in political affairs (they believed taxes were not being evenly distributed) Many members of these would become revolutionaries for America

Prehistoric Times

-350 million years ago: Appalachians formed -225 million years ago: Pangaea -100 million years ago: Rockies and the Sierra Nevada -10 million years ago: the Canadian Shield (ancient rock) anchored Canada -2 million years ago: *GREAT ICE AGE* (glaciers [N Pole] covered Canada + north USA) -10 thousand years ago: the glaciers melt, exposing the rocky Canadien shield and making shallow depressions that the melting water would fill (THE GREAT LAKES) ---- They'd first drain through the Mississippi but later the St Lawrence after it melted ---- The Mississippi/Missouri/Ohio rivers would drain the Midcontinental basin

*Spain's Rivalry with Other Nations* JOHN CABOT, GIOVANNI de VERRAZANO, JACQUES CARTIER

1497: England send the Italian Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) to explore the Northeast 1524: France sends Italian Giovanni de Verrazano to explore the Eastern Seaboard 1534: Frenchman Jacques Cartier journeyed up the St. Lawrence River In order to protect their territories from other nations, and to convert more people, Spain would fortify their coasts by creating fortresses like at St. Augustine (1565)

The Protestant Reformation Luther Calvin

1517: Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses to Wittenberg Cathedral declaring only the Bible as God's word This set off the Protestant Reformation, that divided people and kindled new beliefs John Calvin was passionate about Luther's ideas and his own thoughts would deeply affect America

Colonizing attempts *Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1583* *Sir Walter Raleigh 1585* *Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588 = UK naval dominance*

1583: *Sir Humphrey Gilbert* tried to colonize Newfoundland, but he died on the way (ENG) 1585: *Sir Walter Raliegh* (his half brother) then organized an expedition further south landing in Roanoke Island in 1585 (VIRGINIA = Virgin Queen) ---The colony then vanished from existence after a few years While England was failing at colonizing, Spain was amassing wealth white it used to improve the Spanish Armada (to invade England) *However, in 1588, England defeated Philip II's armada in the English Channel* *England now had naval dominance, a popular monarch, religious unity in Protestantism, and a deep sense of nationalism (pride in defeating Spanish armada)*

THE VIRGINIA COMPANY set off in 1606, its charter gave the same rights as englishmen May 2, 1607: Landed and made Jamestown 1608: No work, no eat rule by JOHN SMITH 1609-1610: starving time 1610: LORD DE LA WARR says you can't leave, you must stay

1606: The VIRGINIA COMPANY (joint-stock company) set off for Virginia ---They wanted to find gold and a passage to the Indies THE CHARTER OF THE VIRGINIA COMPANY guaranteed the colonizers the same rights as Englishmen living in England (this would be extended to all colonies) *May 24, 1607: The Virginia Company landed on James River and made Jamestown* However, 40 colonists died on the voyage and an expedition in 1609. On land, many died from disease and starvation (the settlers focused on finding gold, not food)(Not good start) *1608: John Smith saved Jamestown from collapse by imposing a "No Work, No Eat" rule* *But, many still died of starvation (only 60 survived "starving time"-winter 1609-10)* The remaining colonists were about to go back to England in 1610, but a new governor, *Lord de la Warr*, arrived before they left and order them back to Jamestown (harsh)

The Pilgrims and Plymouth Captain Myles Standish Mayflower Compact

1608: A prominent congregation of Separatists fled to Holland but became wary of the "Dutchification" of their children (they wanted to be Englishmen) ---So, America was the natural choice to go to A group of Separatists then negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle on their land *But, the MAYFLOWER (65 days, 102 people) missed and landed in New England (1620)* --- They land in *Plymouth Bay* under *Captain Myles Standish* --- Before disembarking, the Pilgrims drew up and signed the *MAYFLOWER COMPACT* (a simple agreement to form a small government and to submit to the will of the majority) ---A promising step to self-government (town meetings soon followed)

A beginning in Colonial unity 1643 *NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION*(mbc, ply, New Hv,+ conn) --- Formed to protect itself from Indians, dutch, and french --- Delegates worked together on matters After the English Civil War, Charles II became king and retook firm control again. When Massachusetts didn't follow, he revoked their charter in 1684

1643: 4 colonies banded together to form the *New England Confederation* (a radical idea) ---The Confederation consisted of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and other scattered Connecticut settlements (only Puritan colonies, no RI) --- *The purpose of the confederation was to protect itself from enemies (Indians, dutch, french)* --- Also, intercolonial problems like runaway slaves were addressed *The confederation, though weak, was the first step toward colonial unity* --- Delegates would work together on matters At the time, *the Colonies were like semi-autonomous commonwealths because the king was too busy with the English Civil War* --- But, when *Charles II* took the throne, he and the royalists took firm control again --- *Massachusetts would not adhere to Charles II's aggressive management*, so he attempted to anger them by giving charters to Connecticut(1662) + Rhode Island(1663) --- *He also revoked the Massachusetts own charter in 1684*

Salem Witch Trials

1692: A group of teen girls in Salem claimed to have been bewitched by older women --A hysterical "witch hunt" ensued, leading to 20 individuals dying (19 hanged) Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy (their accusers came from Salem's small farms) --Thus, the Salem witch trials reflected the fact that Puritans were fearing Yankee Commercialism and it reflected the social-economic gap tensions in Salem --Witch hunting would soon become known as making a scapegoat for social resentments

New Netherlands England helped Netherlands overthrow Catholic Spain ruler Dutch golden age Dutch East India company sends Henry Hudson to America where he lands in NY 1623: New Netherlands was established where it focused only on business (aristocratic feel)

16th century: *England helped Netherlands overthrow their Catholic Spanish rulers* --- The ensuing 17th century was a golden age for the dutch (major commercial+naval power) ---During this time, the Dutch challenged the English with 3 great naval wars The Dutch had a West Indies Company that focused on sugar in Brazil and raiding ---The Dutch also had great colonial power in the East Indies --- *1609: The Dutch East India Company would hire Englishman Henry Hudson to sail to America, where he would land in New York Bay* *New Netherlands was established in 1623 on the Hudson River by the Dutch West India Company for trade (New Amsterdam is New York)* --- New Netherlands was made solely for the West India Company, so there was no religious toleration or democratic practices (only business-focused) --- It had an aristocratic feel to it (*Patroonships: feudal estates on the Hudson River*) --- New Netherlands would soon grow in population and attract many people

More Missions and Settlements *Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo* + *Father Junipero Serra*

1716: The Spanish began to establish fortified settlements in Texas to protect themselves from the French (like Robert de La Salle who went down the Mississippi in the 1680s) ---A few missions were also created, like the Alamo in San Antonio --- California, on the other hand, had no serious threats 1542: *Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo* explored the California coast (not into San Francisco) ---It took until 1769, for any significant Spanish activity in California --- In 1769, Spanish missionaries led by *Father Junipero Serra* founded San Diego and 20 other missions all the way up to Sonoma (converted 300,000) ---However, these new Christians would lose contact with their Native American culture and would often die due to disease

*THE ZENGER TRIAL* 1734 *John Peter Zenger* made an attack on corrupt *William Cosby (royal governor of NY)* *Andrew Hamilton* defended him in court Zenger said he had printed the truth, but the royal justice didn't care Then, Hamilton argued that liberty to expose power as at risk and jurors were convinced *THE ZENGER DECISION WAS AN ACHIEVEMENT FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, HELPING THE HEALTH OF DEMOCRACY*

1734: *newspaper printer John Peter Zenger made an attack on the policies of the corrupt royal governor of New York, William Cosby* --Zenger was charged with seditious libel. --Andrew Hamilton defended him in court --Zenger argued that he had printed the truth, but the royal judge told him that it didn't matter if it was true or not, the fact that he had printed it was convictable However, *Hamilton argued that the liberty to expose and oppose arbitrary power was at risk and the jurors sided with him* --*The Zenger decision was a banner achievement for freedom of the press and for the health of democracy, it pointed the way for open public discussion*

Types of Churches Anglican Church of England was dull, not fierce and was a prop for the king (it was the South + NYC)(aristocrats) The Congregational Church grew out of Puritanism (all NE, not RI) Political issues were soon spoken upon in the pulpits (congregational church-supported revolution) THERE WAS MORE RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN AMERICA

2 "established" (tax-supported) churches: --Anglican+Congregational (many went to neither) *The Church of England became the official faith of Georgia, the Carolinas (2), Virginia, Maryland, and NYC* (the aristocratic south plus aristocratic NYC) --The Anglican church was a prop for kingly authority. It was not as fierce but more worldly ----Hell was not as burning, foxhunting was allowed ----It was so dull, William and Mary was made to create better clerics *The Congregational church grew out of the Puritan church and was formally established in all the New England colonies, except independent Rhode Island* --The Congregational Church taxed its members Presbyterianism, closely related to the Congregational church, was never made official The political issues soon affected the churches. --*The Congregational church-supported revolution* -----(Congregational church gave seditious sermons), the Anglican (of course) didn't -- Anglican priests had to be ordained in England because there was no USA bishop, but when the COE tried to get Bishops to come to America, the other religions protested (fearing a tightening of royal reins) *There was in general religious toleration in America. In England, Roman Catholics were still being discriminated *, but they weren't prevalent in America, so less people cared

*The Discovery of America* (*Henry the Navigator*)

Ambitious European governments pushed for an expansion of contact to trade Asia + Africa --The Crusades gave a taste of exotic Asia (Europeans want silk, spices, sugar, drugs) --The cost of getting luxuries from Asia was expensive (Muslim middlemen exacted heavy tolls, long distances) --*People wanted a less expensive route to the riches of Asia* ------- Also, Marco Polo made people excited In the 1400s, Europe finally started to sail southward along Africa The Portuguese (*Henry the Navigator?*) developed the *Caravel*, a ship that was maneuverable and could sail into the wind Also, they realized that they could sail to the Azores and used the wind *NOW, EUROPE COULD REACH SUBSAHARAN AFRICA!!!*

The Start of Colonizing North America (compared to just South America)

America was largely unexplored compared to South America (Brazil+Spain) in the 1600s Then, France, Spain, England made settlements --England: Jamestown 1607 --Spain: Santa Fe 1610 --France: Quebec 1608

Change in Puritanism The Jeremiad were sermons that scolded parishoners for lacking piety and the lack of conversions (dooming them) 1662: the Half Way Covenant allowed the children of baptized, but Unconverted members, to be baptized -- before only the kids of converted members could be baptized, but, since you could only be baptized as a kid, and many people were not being converted, less people were being baptized This lessened the difference between the elect and the regular people -- soon women were allowed to become members of the congregational church

As time went on, the growing population pushed Puritans farther away from each other --*Although Puritan belief was still alive, it was not as zealous as before* Soon, around the 1650s, a new form of Puritan sermons began: *THE JEREMIAD* *Jeremiad: earnest preachers would scold parishioners for their waning piety, especially for the lack of "conversions" (taken from Prophet Jeremiah)* --Preachers saw this lack of devotion as "dooming them" (just like Jeremiah) So, in 1662, troubled ministers announced a new procedure for church members *THE HALF-WAY COVENANT*: *the children of baptized unconverted members could become baptized* --To be a member of the congregational church, you must have been baptized as a child and converted. But, many baptized people were not being converted, and you couldn't baptize your kid unless you were converted, so they made it that you don't have to be converted --It allowed partial membership rights to people not yet converted to the church. *It lessened the difference between the "elect" and regular people* --*It diluted the spiritual purity of the Puritans *Later, the Congregational church would allow all people, whether converted or not* --Women would soon become the majority of churchgoers --*The widening of church membership would blur the distinction between the "elect" and other members of society*

*Bartholomeu Dias: 1488*

Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the southernmost tip of Africa

Immigration from the West Indies to the Carolinas

Because sugar was so profitable, there were no other agricultural plantations for other crops --- *So, they relied on North America for food* --- The Carolinas As smaller farmers were squeezed out by bigger sugar plantations, they began to slow migrate to newly founded southern colonies (The Carolinas in 1670) *These small farmers brought with them a few slaves and a model of the Barbados slave code (making it a model for future codes)* While Spain had the Encomienda system in Mexico and SA, England had a slave system

Slavery Part 2 Most slave scame from senegal and would be sold in charleston or newport Slave codes differentiated slaves from servants It started as an economic reason but ended in racial discrimination

By the 1680s, Black slaves would outnumber white servants In 1698, the Royal African Company would lose its monopoly on the Slave trade, allowing other investors to cash in and make the slave market rise ---Slave trading would grow quickly --Most Slaves came from the region of Senegal to Angola --They were captured by African coastal tribes and sold to American flesh merchants --They would be sent through the gruesome and packed middle passage (20% died) --Then, they would be sold on auction blocks in Newport or Charleston As more and more slaves came to the Americas, white colonists began to act remorselessly towards them, viewing them as a racial threat --In 1662, SLAVE CODES began to differentiate slaves from servants --These made blacks and their kids the property ("chattels") of their masters for life --Some colonies made it illegal to teach slaves to read or write --Not even conversion to Christianity would qualify for freedom (like Spain) --So, Christian white masters instilled Christianity in them *Slavery started out for economic reasons but ended with a racial discrimination mindset* *From now on, the amount of freedom you had was based on the color of your skin*

*CALVINISM*

Calvinism became the main theology of the NE Puritans and other America settlers Calvin believed that God was all-powerful, all-good, and all-knowing ---*Predestination: God already knew who would go to Heaven (the elect) and would go to Hell (your life would not affect the outcome)* ---However, Calvinists never knew what their outcome would be, so they constantly looked for signs of conversion (an intense personal experience of God's grace where he revealed your heavenly destiny) -----If you worked hard and did good, he might reveal your destiny Thereafter, they were expected to live saintly lives (visible saints)

Calvinism in England The Separatists did not want "the damned" to be in the Puritan church (only the visible saints) so they vowed to break away from the COE KING JAMES I

Calvinism swept into England as Henry VIII was leaving the Catholic Church (1530s) --- Some in England were willing to keep traditional Roman rituals, but other English reformers wanted a total purification of English Christianity (the Puritans) ---*Many Puritans came from economically depressed wool districts where Calvinism gave poor people hope with its message of a defined divine plan* Soon, some devout Puritans began to believe that only those who were visible saints (those who could prove the grace in their souls) should be admitted to the church ---However, the Church of England allowed everyone (even the damned) ----*Upset by this, a Puritan group, the SEPARATISTS, vowed to break away from the Church of England (they'd settle in New England)* *King James I, head of Church AND State, recognized that if the separatists defied his spiritual power, others might defy his political power (so he harassed them out of the land)*

THE CAROLINAS Founded in 1670 (Charles ii) RICE!!!!!!! CHARLESTON WAS BUSY + aristocratic due to 2nd sons

Carolina, named after Charles II, was founded in 1670 --- This was after the English Civil War and Cromwell The 8 aristocratic founders (promised vast wilderness) hoped to grow foodstuffs for the Barbados sugar plantations and to export non-English products like wine and silk ---Carolina prospered with close economic ties to the sugar islands in the West Indies 1710: When the Savannah Indians, who had initially allied with the Carolinas by capturing Indians for slavery, wanted to move to Maryland and Penn, the Carolinians killed as many of them as they could before they left *Rice would become the principal export crop in Carolina* --- Rice was from Africa, so Carolina paid a lot for slaves who knew how to grow it (paid to buy them) ---African Slaves also were immune to Malaria and worked well in the hot marshes *Charles Town would become the busiest seaport in the south* ---Many 2nd sons, that lost to the Law of Primogeniture, came to Charles Town giving it rich aristocratic flare ---It was very diverse due to its religious toleration (French protestants, jews, others) ---Catholic Spanish Florida did not like the Protestants in the Carolinas→Border conflicts

Culture Art was discouraged due to the pioneering nature of USA Literature was unoriginal except for Philis Wheatley (a former slave poet) and BEN FRANKLIN (poor richard's almanack) Scientists had some repute (Ben Franklin and Lightning, bifocals, + stove)

Colonial Americans still had the same taste in art and culture as in Europe --*Art was discouraged due to the pioneering nature of the place* --Most artists went to London to be trained in art where they had time for leisure acts Literature likewise was unoriginal --Exceptions are: *Philis Wheatly* a former slave who published poems and books *Benjamin Franklin (the first civilized American) known for his Poor Richard's Almanack with sayings that encouraged thrift, industry, morality, common sense Science was making steady progress too* A few botanists, mathematicians, and astronomers had won some repute --*Benjamin was probably the best. He highlighted lightning as electricity, made bifocals, the highly efficient Franklin stove, and the lightning rod*

A table of the Churches in the Colonies

Congregational Church -- Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire Anglican Church -- NYC, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia No Main Church -- Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania

Three Sister Farming + Native American life

Corn, beans, and squash, reached the Southeast in 1000 AD resulting in the symbiotic three-sister farming (beans, squash, corn; each plant helping the next) --This led to an increase in Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee people For the most part, Native Americans lived in small and scattered settlements --Women were important because they tended the crops -- Men hunted, fished, cleared fields, and gathered fuel In the Northeast, the Iroquois Confederacy developed political and organizational skills to create an American approximation of the Incas/Aztecs (in the 1500s)

Delaware

Delaware was originally in the Swedish colony It was named after Lord De La Warr It too harbored Quakers and became a colony in 1703

*Don Juan de Onate 1599*

Don Juan de Onate crossed the Sonora Desert into the Rio Grande valley --He and the other Spaniards cruelly abused the Pueblo people they encountered --In the *Battle of Acoma* in 1599, the victorious Spanish cut one foot of each survivor and proclaimed the territory to be New Mexico, and founded Santa Fe New Mexico didn't have gold, so they focused on converting the Native Americans However, the missionaries' efforts to suppress Native American religious customs provoked an Indian uprising called Popés Rebellion (1680)

Why did England not Colonize early on? *English Protestant Reformation* --- Rivalry formed between protestant England vs Catholic Spain *Elizabeth I* *Sir Francis Drake*

England did not colonize early on *because Spain was their ally at the time* Also, the *English Protestant Reformation* was going on King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s resulting in Catholics battling Protestants for decades After *Protestant Elizabeth I* became Queen (1558), *Protestantism became dominant in England and a rivalry ensued with the Catholic Spain* ---Catholic Ireland tried to get Spain to help them from the Protestant English but Queen Elizabeth I shut down their efforts and put forth atrocities on Ireland *Under Elizabeth I, England would promote Protestantism + plunder Spanish treasure ships* ---*Sir Francis Drake* plunder Spain's colonies in 1580 taking Spanish treasures

Important People + Ideas

English Protestant Reformation + Elizabeth I making England Protestant and angering Catholic Spain Sir Humphrey Gilbert: died trying to colonize canada Sir Walter Raleigh: colonized Roanoke 1585 Defeat of the Spanish Armada: UK naval dominance UK population growth, poor farmers, primogeniture, joint stock companies, religious freedom Jamestown: 1607 John Smith: no work, no eat. Starving time Lord de la Warr: you can't leave Jamestown Powhatan: started war after Jamestown robbed them for food John Rolfe: married Pocahontas + FATHER OF TOBACCO (saves Virginia) Lord de la Warr defeats Powhatan + peace treaty says no Native Americans in Virginia 1619: house of burgesses 1624: Virginia becomes a royal colony (J1) 1634 Lord Baltimore founded Maryland to give a catholic refuge. TOBACCO + Act of Toleration to Christians West Indies prospered off of sugar, used lots of slaves, Barbados slave code, imported food from NA 1670 Carolina was founded to export food to west Indies (some formerly from there) *RICE* Charlestown is a busy seaport and Aristocratic 1712 North Carolina is split off. North Carolina was home to poverty-stricken religious outcasts who were disliked by both SC and Virginia. NC is most democratic 1733 Georgia is made to be a buffer + debter colony by James Oglethorpe (Diverse like SC)

Europe and the Americas

Europe and the Americas had two distinctly different ecosystems So, the *Columbian Exchange* exchanged diseases, plants, animals, and ideas The New world had new plants (tobacco, corn, beans, potatoes) + animals (Iguanas) ---New World food would begin to feed the rapidly growing Old World The Europeans introduced cattle, pigs, and horses --*Native Americans would soon adopt the horse and become wide-ranging hunter-warrior societies that roamed the plains in pursuit of buffalo* --*Columbus also brought sugar cane seeds, leading to an influx of sugar grown* in the warm Caribbean climate (along with millions of slaves) Europe gave the Native Americans smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria The Native Americans gave syphilis

Conquest of Mexico + Peru *Treaty of Tordesillas + Encomienda system*

Europeans realized that the areas of Mexico and Peru had lots of gold *The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)*: Pope divided New World for Spain and Portugal's land --Spain got Mexico and most of South America, Portugal got Brazil and Asia+Africa --Spain used the islands in the West Indies to prepare their invasion of the continent The Spanish would employ the *ENCOMIENDA System* as a technique -- The economic Ecomienda system said that the colonists could use the Native Americans to farm/mine the land in exchange if they tried to christianize them ---- *THIS IS LEGALIZED SLAVERY*

*Ferdinand Magellan 1519*

Ferdinand Magellan left Spain, ventured past the tip of South America, was slain in the Philippines, but ultimately led to the first circumnavigation of the world

*Francisco Coronado 1540-42*

Francisco Coronado went on a quest for golden cities and wandered through Arizona all the way to Kansas, discovering the Grand Canyon and huge herds of buffalo

The Middle Colonies

Generally, they had vast expanses of fertile land (unlike rocky New England) ---*They would become known as the "Bread colonies" due to their exports of grain* *They had rivers that gave them access to the fur trade, forests for lumber and shipbuilding, and harbors in NYC and Philadelphia for trading and commerce (prompting seaports)* The middle colonies were also in the "middle" of Southern and NE characteristics --- They had medium sized landholdings between NE (small) and South (plantations) --- Medium sized government (NE = town hall)(South = county wide) *The middle colonies were more ethnically diverse, had religious tolerance and democratic control* (Quakers helped with that), and had economic and social democracy (allowing people to get good land)

Connecticut *Thomas Hooker* founded *Hartford* in 1636 and in 1639 created the *Fundamental Orders* one of the first modern democratic constitutions 1638: New Haven was made by Strict Puritans from Massachusetts 1662: *Charles II gave Connecticut a Charter* merging NH with Hartford

Hartford was founded in 1635 (on the highly fertile Connecticut River) 1636: Puritan reverend *Thomas Hooker* and his followers settled in Hartford 1639: those of the Connecticut River colony drafted the *FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS* Fundamental Orders --- A first modern constitution establishing a state *democratically* controlled by its "substantial citizens" (would be the basis for the state's constitution) 1638: New Haven, a bustling seaport, was created by Puritans of Massachusetts who wanted a more intense relationship between church and government (Charles II no likey) 1662: Charles II gave Connecticut a charter, merging New Haven with Hartford under it (before, they were sorta like separate colonies)

Spanish Cities in America + *MESTIZOS*

Hundreds of Spanish cities would flourish in the Americas just 50 years after Columbus ---160,000 Spaniards had subdued the millions of Native Americans --- Cathedrals, printing presses, and scholars were now in America --- 1551: Universities in Mexico City and Lima are both established Spain was also rich beyond compare in silver from Bolivia and Mexico ---The silver would create a price revolution, increasing costs in Europe by 500% ---This ballooning economy possibly led to the idea of *CAPITALISM* ---It transformed the economy by laying the foundation for the modern banking system and the spread of commerce Some Europeans intermarried creating a *MESTIZOS* culture, Indian + European heritage

The Dominion of New England + the Navigation Laws

In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created by royal authority in London (4 NE colonies + NY + NJ) --- The dominion aimed at bolstering colonial defenses in case of war against the Indians and administering the Navigation Laws *THE NAVIGATION LAWS* limited the colonies to only trading with England --- This tightened England's control over the colonies (colonial rivalries)

Schools/Colleges Puritan NE encouraged education to become good christians The South had some schools but it was too wide to establish school systems Schools focused on religion plus classics (not science) College was geared to preparing men for ministry

In England, education was for rich males *In Puritan New England, education was for religious reasons (being able to read the bible)* --The primary goal of the clergy was to make good Christians less good citizens --Education for boys flourished in NE (Cambridge). NE had primary and secondary schools The South and middle colonies had its own elementary schools but the wide agricultural geography made it difficult to establish a school system (wealthy families had private tutors) *Schools focused on Religion and classical languages, not on experiment and reason* --*Discipline was quite severe (birched with a rod)* --*College was geared toward preparing men for the ministry* --Some less religious families in the South would send their kids to Europe for a "real" philosophical education in England *9 colleges were launched in the Colonial era mostly for theology*

Puritanism in Boston Only puritan men could vote in elections (town governments were open to all property-owning men) This was not a democracy though, Winthrop focused on God's Law being the rule, so RELIGIOUS LEADERS HAD GREAT INFLUENCE Clergy could not be Politicians Puritans had a protestant work ethic and lived simple lives

In Massachusetts, only Puritan men (of the Congregational church) could vote in elections --- *Town governments were open to all property-owning men (discussed local issues)* But, THIS WAS NOT A DEMOCRACY (Winthrop feared the "commons") ---Only the "freemen" (Puritan visible saints) could elect the governor ---*Winthrop focused on having the people governed by God's law*, it applied to believers and nonbelievers, so he did not care about having a democracy --- Because of this, religious leaders held tremendous influence in the "Bible Commonwealth" (most prominent was *John Cotton of Cambridge*) --------They controlled who joined the church and conducted interrogations ----But, the congregation could fire its minister and *the clergy could not be politicians* (the Puritans hated the "political Anglican clergy") -------idea of Separation of church and state Puritans were very worldly because they thought only good lives would get God's calling They had a Protestant Work Ethic and only enjoyed simple pleasures and had wordly affairs However, there was sometimes trouble with other religious ideas (Quakers were flogged, banished)

The Start of Colonizing *unemployed sheep farmers due to population increase, law of primogeniture inspires 2nd sons to get fame, Joint stock Companies allowing possibility of colonizing, + religious motives*

In the 1600s, England's population grew from 3 million → 4 million --- Some big farmers closed off smaller farmers land so that their sheep could graze --- *So, the "sheep" districts (east/west) had an abundance of unemployed Puritan farmers* --These unemployed farmers went across England as beggars and many rich city people became alarmed and concluded that England had too many people At the same time, LAW OF PRIMOGENITURE meant only the oldest son inherited land ---Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake (younger sons) had to find their own land (why not America?) In the 1600s, *JOINT-STOCK Companies* were perfected (a group of shareholders that pooled money together in exchange for sharing the profit) *The stage was set: Peace with Spain gave opportunity, population growth gave workers, unemployment gave a thirst for land, religious freedoms also gave the motives to colonize*

Life in the South great planters--> small farmers--> landless whites --> indentured servants --> slaves Life revolved around the plantation (waterways are transportation)

In the 1700s, a defined social hierarchy based on wealth and status was forming --*At the top was the few powerful great planters* (FFVs like Washingtons + Lees) ------They dominated the economy and politics in the House of Burgesses and had endless tracts of land and many slaves ------They worked hard managing the plantations --Next, the small farmer (the majority) -----They would till their modest plots with 1 or 2 slaves but had to work hard --Then, the landless whites (most were luckless indentured servants) --Then, those who were still serving as an indentured servant --numbers declined as slavery became more prevalent At the bottom, the black slaves *Southern life revolved around the great plantations (few cities with a professional class)* *Waterways provided the transportation* (roads were not that good)

Structure in the South

In the South, the great planters kept power through a disproportionate ownership of slaves --The riches that came from slaves were not evenly distributed The lower ranks of society were also continually added upon by the indentured servants Then came the less fortunate paupers/convicts who were involuntarily shipped to America --About 50k were dumped on the colonies by London --These riffraffs (robbers, murderers, rapists) were generally undesirable and not supportive of the king The slaves were at the bottom, they enjoyed no rights at all (no "climbing the ladder") -- Colonists began to fear a slave uprising

Life in the Chesapeake Tobacco quickly degraded land making people move west More tobacco means more workers needed

Life in the Chesapeake was nasty and short due to Malaria, dysentery, and typhoid --Men outnumbered women 6:1(women died earlier, only men immigrated from UK) --Few people were able to marry and many people became pregnant while unmarried --However, the Chesapeake would soon become immune to those diseases and their population would grow as more women came, allowing for more families and kids 1700: Virginia is the largest colony (59k), Maryland the third largest (30k) *Tobacco Economy* --The Chesapeake was very hospitable to tobacco cultivation --*But, tobacco quickly degraded the land, prompting an insatiable demand for land* --*So, settlers went further west on the river valleys, angering Indians* --40 million pounds of tobacco were sent to England after 1700 --*More tobacco meant more labor was needed* However, families did not make enough kids quickly enough Indians died too quickly on contact with the settlers African slaves were expensive

Maine 1677 it is absorbed by Massachusetts Bay Colony

Maine had fishermen and fur traders years before Plymouth 1623: Sir Ferdinando Gorges tried to colonize Maine but failed 1677: Gorges heirs purchased Maine. It is absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Plantation Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia: *all were broad-acred outposts that specialized in exporting commercial agriculture* *Staple crops*, tobacco, rice,... were the rule (not so much in small farm North Carolina) Slavery would be found in all southern plantation colonies (after 1750 in Georgia) *Vast amounts of land fostered aristocratic atmospheres (again not in NC or G)* The big plantations inhibited the growth of cities as well as churches + schools *All the plantation colonies permitted some religious toleration* They were the "expansionary" colonies from the tobacco-butchered Virginia soil

American Politics Part 2 *All royal governors were disliked because of their embodiment of kingly authority* (the legislatures would withhold their pay as blackmail) In the local level, *the south had its county government, New England had its town meetings, the Middle a mix of the two* Not everyone was allowed to vote (religious+property qualifications) --The Backcountry hated the rich elite because they tried to limit their say *By 1775, though America was not a complete democracy, it had far more democratic ideals*

Most of the royal governors were good men, some were bad, but almost *all were disliked by the colonial legislatures because of the embodiment of the kingly authority they held* (some legislatures withheld their pay as blackmail) *Administration in the local level also varied* --The *South had its county government* --*New England had its town-meeting government* --*A mix of the two was in the middle colonies* *In town meetings, open discussion + open voting blossomed, democracy at its best* However, not everyone could vote --Religious and property qualifications existed in all colonies till 1775 --The privileged upper class became fearful of democratic excess so 50% of white males were not allowed to vote, but it was easy to get the land required to do so *By 1775, though not yet a complete democracy, America was far more democratic and had given freer rein to the democratic ideals of tolerance, educational advantages, economic opportunity, freedom of speech press and assembly, and representative government*

Structure of Colonial Society Most Americans were small and modest farmers Cities had a small class of skilled artisans AMERICA HAD AN OPEN SOCIAL LADDER As the 1700s would go on, some "elites" would gain lots of money and begin to show it off with clothes and separate church pews Wars led to a rise in orphans (NYC/Philly almshouses) Homeless sometimes were forced to go past the Allegheny

Most white Americans were small farmers who worked their own modest land holdings Cities had a small class of skilled artisans as well as shopkeepers, tradespeople, + laborers *The American social ladder was entirely OPEN. Any ambitious colonist, even a former indentured servant, could rise from a lower rung to a higher one* However, as the 1700s went on, the social structure would become less mobile and many began to fear the "Europeanization" of America --F.e. armed conflicts in 1690s led many merchant prince military suppliers to make fortunes --These elites would show off their high class by wearing fine clothes and eating with fine china and have their own pews in church Those same wars also led to a rise in orphans, who were entirely dependent on the charity --NYC + Philly built Almshouses for the poor -- There was LESS poor people in USA than UK As population grew, many became homeless and forced to find land past the Allegheny

New England Life No diseases and clean water = long life -- NE life revolved around family, where children learned obedience -- family structure was important Puritanism impacted marriage (no divorce, scarlet A), Puritans encouraged communities (small villages), puritans abolished slavery Towns grew in an orderly fashion, 50% were literate due to elementary education, 1636 Harvard is made (theology), meeting hosues Puritans ran their own churches and democracy (congregational church government) leading to political democracy

New England had no diseases due to its clean water and cool temperature (yay) *New England life revolved around the family* --They had early marriages and women would have at least 8 children --Because people lived long in New England, *children grew up in nurturing environments where they learned habits of obedience* --*There was family stability and a strong social structure due to the fact that people knew their family (they had grandparents)* Puritans had an impact on New England marriage (divorce was rare, scarlet A for adultery) New Englanders lived in small villages and farms *(Puritans cared the community aspect)* --Puritanism led to the abolishing of slavery in Massachussettes --New England society grew in a more orderly fashion --New towns were legally chartered and entrusted to sober "proprietors" (proprietors would move their family to the land build the town) --Towns of more than 50 families had to provide an elementary education (50% of people were literate) Only 6 years after its founding in 1630, the Puritans in Massachusetts made its first university --Harvard 1636: a place to train boys for ministry *Puritans ran their own churches and democracy in the congregational church government.* ---*This would eventually lead to a political democracy* New England villagers gathered in *meeting houses* to elect officials/discuss topics

New Hampshire It was absorbed MBC in 1641 but the king thought that Massachusetts was being greedy so he gave NH its own charter in 1679

New Hampshire also started out with fishing and trading 1641: It was absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony However, the King thought it was a greedy move by Massachusetts, so he gave New Hampshire a separate royal charter in 1679

New Netherlands + New Sweden

New Netherlands was originally poorly run and Indians threatened their wellbeing --- so they made a wall (wall street) Also, the people of New England did not like the growth of the Dutch and they began to stop their progression in Connecticut The Swedes also began to trespass onto their territory in 1638 when they made the colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River (1638-1655) during the 30 Years War -- In 1655, *Dutch Peter Stuyvesant led a successful expedition to expel the Swedes* from their land, ending their existence in the Americas (Swedes = log cabins) *1664, Peter Stuyvesant and the relatively small New Netherlands were forced to surrender after Charles II sent a squadron of men to take the city for his brother Duke of York (NY)* --- England now controlled the land from Maine to the Carolinas --- *England, however, would keep the Aristocratic traditions alive, and the rich had more benefits* -------So, many immigrants stopped coming, stopping New york's growth ---Dutch customs would stay though: Santa Claus, Easter eggs, waffles (YES!), Brooklyn

Great Awakening Part 2 The Great Awakening revitalized Different churches split over the idea of the Great Awakening leading to an increase in Baptists and Methodists The Great Awakening led to the founding of Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers and led to more missionary work *IT WAS THE FIRST SPONTANEOUS MASS MOVEMENT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE*

Orthodox clergymen("old lights") were skeptical of the --emotions and antics of revivalists The "new lights" defended the awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion The Congregationalists and Presbyterians split over this issue and many of the believers in religious conversion went over to the Baptists and Methodists *The Great Awakening left many lasting effects* --Its emphasis on direct and emotive spirituality undermined the older and dull clergy --*The schisms set off in many denominations greatly increased the number and the competitiveness of American churches* --It encouraged a fresh wave of *missionary work among the Indians and even slaves* --It *led to the founding of "new light" universities like Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers* --*THE GREAT AWAKENING WAS THE FIRST SPONTANEOUS MASS MOVEMENT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE* *It contributed to the growing sense that Americans were a single people*

Slave Revolts *New York Slave Revolt* *South Carolina Stone River Revolt*

Revolts (life of hard work + no reward led to a few revolts by slaves who wanted freedom) 1712: *New York Slave Revolt*, 2 dozen slaves kill 9 whites (21 slaves executed) 1739: *South Carolina Slave Revolt* occurred after more than 50 armed slaves tried to march to Spanish Florida along the *Stono River*. The local militia stopped them. However, the white population controlled their slaves more harshly than their indentured servants, so no revolt was as big as Bacon's Rebellion

Transportation Water transportation was more common because most people lived on the coast Taverns sprang up along roads as a place to have fun but became A PLACE FOR POLITICAL TALK A postal system was soon established in the 1700s (really bad)

Roads were not common in America due to the low population density (poorly made) --*Water transportation was popular because roads were dusty or boggish based on season* --Most civilization settled on the coast and water transportation was cheap + pleasant Taverns sprang up along main routes of travel, as well as in cities (pool+gambling) --A place to gather and have fun, for every walk of life. --*Also a place for political talk* --Successful politicians often had a big following in certain Alehouses --*Taverns were centers of public opinion and agitation in the revolutionary movement* In the mid-1700s, an intercontinental postal system was also established (slow service, bad)

*THE WEST INDIES* SUGAR (sugar took lots of work and money)

The English colonized the West Indies about the same time they colonized the Chesapeake ---Spain, which was weakened by overextension and the rebellious Dutch, relaxed its control of the Caribbean in the 1600s ---England would secure several Caribbean islands like Jamaica in 1655 *SUGAR was the foundation of the West Indies economy (Sugar = Virginia's Tobacco)* ---However, unlike Tobacco, sugar cane was a "rich man's" crop ----It had to be planted in large quantities, needing lots of land clearing, and it needed lots of refining, needing sugar mills (Only the wealthy succeeded) The Sugar Lords used enormous numbers of African slaves (250k by 1690) to work their sprawling plantations

More Colonial diversity

The French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss-made up 5% --These people had little loyalty to the English About 20% of the population was African (500k) centered in the South (90%) --Differences in African tribal groups allowed for a new African American identity to be made and the same for Native Americans The 13 colonies was the most mixed to be found anywhere --*The Puritan NE was not as diverse* --The middle colonies mostly received the later immigrants (a variety of people) *As these groups intermarried, they created a new, multicultural American identity*

The Iroquois Confederacy

The Iroquois confederacy existed in the Mohawk Valley of New York League of 5 banded Indian nations: the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas It was founded in the 1500s by Deganawidah and Hiawatha *They initially vied with the neighboring Indians for territory but later for the fur trade* Defeated the Huron, Eries,... allied with Brits or French depending on the benefit Society revolved around the Longhouse in which related families would live together Mohawks (East): Middlemen with European traders. Senecas (West): Fur suppliers When America won the Revolutionary War, they relegated the Iroquois tribes to reservation life which was insulting due to their proud history 1799: A prophet named Handsome Lake would tell the Iroquois to change their ways and not mope around to survive (no alcohol, keep family values,...) (this survives to this day)

NORTH CAROLINA Officialy separates in 1712

The North became a home to groups of poverty-stricken outcasts and religious dissenters of Virginia who had lost out to the big-plantation owners (who were Anglican) ---The Squatters had no legal right to the soil, but they farmed tobacco on small farms ---Those in the North were hated by the Virginians (but, they were isolated by the stormy Cape Hatteras) --- This gave the North Carolinians a strong spirit of resistance to authority North Carolina was seen as humble unlike aristocratic South Carolina and Virginia --- Like RI, it was most democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic *1712: North Carolina officially separated from South Carolina (both royal colonies)* --- However, North Carolina continued with horrific relations with local Native Americans ---By 1720, virtually all the coastal Indian tribes in the South had been devastated ----However, those in the Appalachians survived longer

Portugal

The Portuguese would set up trading posts on the African coast to purchase gold and slaves ---Africans had sold other Africans to slavery for centuries (they separated people from different tribes to deter rebellion) (this disrupted regional cultures) Portugal used slaves to work the sugar plantations on their African coastal islands ---*This would become the basis of the modern plantation system* (large commercial agriculture + mass slave labor) The Portuguese would continue to push further South

*POPÉS Rebellion 1680*

The Pueblo rebels destroyed every church in the province and killed hundreds of Spanish settlers and priests Spain would not fully retake New Mexico for nearly 50 years.

The Triangle Trade + Manufacturing TRIANGLE TRADE Manufacturing was not as prevalent --rum distilleries in RI/Mass --Iron forges (valley forge)

The TRIANGULAR TRADE was very profitable --NE would bring rum to Africa in exchange for slaves -- Africa brought slaves to Caribbean in exchange for molasses --Caribbean brought molasses to the Americas to make rum *Manufacturing was not as prevalent because most people "worked the land"* --Distilleries made huge quantities of rum in RI and Mass (beaver hats made) --Smoking iron forges (including valley forge) also dotted the land --spinning, weaving, household manufacturing was done by women *Colonial naval stores (tar, pitch, rosen) were very profitable because they provided Britain with mastery of the sea (London gave incentives for these products)*

American Politics Part 1 8 of 13 had royal governors picked by the King The colonies had a 2 house legislative body where the upper house was appointed by the king or proprietor and where the lower house was elected by the property-owning people The legislators would vote on taxes and expense (direct representation) -- *Americans would cherish direct representation + self taxation through representation*

The Thirteen Colonies made great bounds in Political science The makeup of the Colonies --8 of the 13 colonies had royal governors, appointed by the king --3 (Maryland, Penn, and Delaware), were under proprietors who chose the governors -- 2 (Connecticut + RI) elected their own governors under their independent charters *Almost every colony utilized a two-house legislative body* --The upper house, or council, was normally appointed by the crown in the royal colonies and by the proprietor in the proprietary colonies --*The lower house, as the popular branch, was elected by the property-owning people* ----In several colonies, the backcountry elements were underrepresented and they hated those who ruled the govt *Legislators voted on taxes as they chose for the necessary expenses of colonial government (direct representation)* --*Americans would cherish direct representation+self-taxation through representation*

Early Plymouth Life 1691 It would merge with the Massachusetts Bay Colony William Bradford

The Winter of 1620-21 left only 44 of the 102 alive No Separatists left though, they believed that God would make them prosperous In the fall of 1621 came bountiful harvest and *Thanksgiving* ---- Plymouth would soon get some economic ground in fur, fish, and lumber Plymouth was led by scholarly *William Bradford* for 30 years ---- He was afraid non-puritans would be more concerned about their wealth and inhibit his goal of Puritanism (cod over god) *1691: It would merge with the Massachusetts Bay Colony*

Life of a Settler

The cycle of the seasons and the sun dictated your way of life --Farmers planted crops in the spring, tended them in the summer, harvested in the fall, and prepared in the winter (You rise at dawn, sleep at dusk) --Women (enslaved or not) cooked, weaved, cleaned, and cared for children --Men cleared land (fenced, planted, and cropped it), cut firewood, and butchered livestock --Children helped with these tasks and learned as much as they could if they had schools Life was humble but comfortable (the majority of the settlers were not aristocrats or poor) --Frontier life made class distinction difficult in egalitarian NE and the Middle Colonies --Some "upper class" members tried to recreate the Old World social structure that benefitted them, resulting in tension and resentment like that in Bacon's Rebellion ----1689-1691: NY Leisler's Rebellion: an insurgence of aspiring merchants --Because of this, the "nobility" would advocate for laws that limited the poor (only nobility can wear gold/lace) *However, the efforts to reproduce European social structure did not work with America's wilderness, where equality and democracy found fertile soil*

A new world for Native Americans

The large-scale colonization of America disrupted Native American life and resulted in demographic and cultural transformations *Horses led to an Indian migration to the Great Plains (becoming nomadic hunters)* *Disease killed and extinct many Native American's* (resulting in new groups forming and new traditions being made) Trade: Firearms gave an Indian tribe an advantage over another, resulting in conflicts and wars over hunting grounds (Indian vs Indian violence) Native Americans further west had more time, space, and numbers ---The Algonquins of the Great Lakes were a massive regional power, resulting in an area where the Europeans and Native Americans had almost equal power.

Puritans vs Indians Squanto = furthered friendly relations to Mayflower 1621 = thanksgiving with *Chief Massasoit* signing a treaty In 1637, expansion in Connecticut forced the Pequot tribe to go to war, but the English burned down their village, annihilating them In 1675: *METACOMB or KING PHILIP* created a native American alliance and lead many assaults on English villages --- However, hundreds of Indians would die (weakening them) --- King Philips War slowed westward expansion but it drastically reduced the Native American population and spirit

The local Indians in New England were particularly weak when in conflict with the settlers --- Before the Mayflower came in 1620, an epidemic wiped out ¾ of the Indian people The Wampanog Indians at first befriended the settlers ---*Squanto, a kidnapped Wampanog who was taught English, helped further relations* --- 1621: Chief Massasoit and the Plymouth Pilgrims sign a treaty (1st Thanksgiving) However, as the English pushed more into Connecticut, confrontations erupted ---1637, the Pequot tribe became at war with the English --- The English would besiege a Pequot village on the Mystic River and burn it to the ground, shooting all who fled ---This both ended the Pequot War and annihilated the Pequot population The Puritans made weak attempts at converting local Indians to Christianity (very few) The Indian's soon realized that they would have to band together to resist the English --- 1675: Massasoit's son, *Metacomb, called "King Philip"* by the English, created an alliance and led a series of coordinated assaults on outer English villages --- 52 Puritan towns would be attacked and many were forced back to Boston --- However, hundreds of Indians would die (weakening them) --- *King Philip's War slowed the westward expansion of New England but it inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indian population*

What made the 13 Colonies American Part 1

Those in *the 13 colonies experienced a great population boom in which the population went from 300k → 2.5 million (1700-1775)* --Slaves made up 500k, 400k came from white immigrants --The colonists had great fertility and population doubled every 25 years --Because of the population growth, the ratio of English subjects to Colonists went from 20:1 to 3:1, weakening England's control over them Really only 4 cities: Boston, NYC, Philly, + Charleston (90% rural areas)

Slavery and the *Barbados Slave Code* in the WEST INDIES

To control the large number of slaves, formal "codes" were devised that defined the slaves' legal status and what their masters could do to them *The BARBADOS SLAVE CODE of 1661 denied slaves the most fundamental rights and gave their masters complete control over them*

New England Way of Life Part 2

Unable to grow things, *the New Englanders turned to their natural harbors* --*They became experts in shipbuilding and commerce* --They *fished for cod off of Newfoundland* (brought more money than the gold) *New Englanders were the people that settled from Ohio to Oregon, due to their bad land, simultaneously spreading its central green, schoolhouse, and town-meeting democracy* --"Yankee ingenuity" would be a trait claimed by all Americans (self reliance) --*"New England Conscience", born of Puritanism, led to a legacy of high idealism+character* Calvinism, soil, and climate shaped NE's energy, purposefulness, sternness, stubbornness, self-reliance, and resourcefulness.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Moderate Puritans wanted to reform the COE but Charles I hated them, so they secured a charter to Massachusetts (1630)

Unlike the Separatists, *the moderate Puritans wanted to reform the English Church from within*, but, despite Parliament's support, were hated by King Charles I and the Bishops *1629: Charles I disbanded the Parliament and allowed Archbishop William Laud to persecute the Puritans* ---So, a group of moderate Puritans secured a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company and settle in Massachusetts (making Boston) ---They used the charter almost as a constitution but they didn't want to separate from England ---*The Massachusetts Bay Colony landed in 1630 with 11 ships + 1000 people (huge)*

*Vasco Nunez Balboa 1513*

Vasco Nunez Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean and claimed all lands touched by it for Spain

*Vasco de Gama: 1498*

Vasco de Gama reached India and returned home with jewels and treasures

New England Women

Women in NE did not have property rights because Puritans thought it would undercut the unity of marriage ---Southern women had property rights because their husbands were likely to die young (they could inherit their land and keep separate titles) *However, in New England, women evolved to be better off than before* --Husbands could not be abusive --*Women also had jobs* (midwifery f.e.) WOMEN STILL COULD NOT VOTE!

Spain's Black Legend

the faults of the Spanish (disease, slavery f.e.) have obscured their accomplishments This has led to a BLACK LEGEND. (Black legend = only looking at the negatives) --- A false concept began that the conquerors only tortured and butchered the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind. --- The Spaniards did kill, enslave, and infect countless natives, but they also created a colossal empire (California → Florida → Argentina) and spread their religion, laws, culture, and language to lay the foundation for the Spanish-speaking nations ---The Spanish also paid the Native Americans a huge compliment by *intermarrying* with them and fusing their indigenous culture together with Spanish culture, rather than isolating them as the English would do. The Spanish were genuine empire builders and cultural innovators in the New world (The Spanish were way ahead of the English (larger settlements and earlier))