APUSH Chapter 15
Presidential Reconstruction
(1863-1866) period post civil war when Lincoln originally set up the Ten-Percent Plan, after his assassination Johnson added that the states must revoke their secession, accept the 13th Amendment, deny Confederate debt, and pledge loyalty to the Union. *The conduct of the southern gov'ts elected under Johnson's program turned most of the Republican North against the president
14th Amendment
1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts
Liberal Republicans
A group of Republicans for reform; opposed government corruption, argued against military Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights
moderate Republicans
Group of Republicans that agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be re-admitted into the Union as simply as possible
black codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War, granted blacks certain rights: legalized marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to the courts BUT they denied them the rights to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in state militias, or to vote
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln's successor, oversaw restoration of Union, strong defender of Union, Stubborn and intolerant of criticism → unable to compromise, lacked Lincoln's political skills, supported emancipation (b/c it was a goal of the war effort) BUT he held deeply racist views, believed African Americans had no role to play in Reconstruction
Sherman's Field Order #15 / "40 acres and a mule"
Order given by General Sherman to give each family of former slaves 40 acres of land and a mule so they did not have to depend on the union troops for food and shelter, raised hopes that the end of slavery would be accompanied by the economic independence essential to genuine freedom
Enforcement Acts (1870 and 1871); one of these was called the Ku Klux Klan Act (1871)
Outlawed terrorist societies and allowed the president to use the army against them, used against KKK, continued the expansion of national authority during Reconstruction
15th Amendment
Prohibited the federal and state gov'ts from denying any citizen the right to vote b/c of race
Compromise of 1877 [aka "Bargain of 1877"]
Rutherford B Hayes's representatives (Republican) agreed to recognize Democratic control of the entire South and to avoid further intervention in local affairs. For their part, Democrats promised not to dispute Hayes's right to office and to respect the civil and political rights of blacks...Southern Democrats failed to live up to their pledge to recognize blacks as equals
Reconstruction Act of 1867 (or, Military Reconstruction Act of 1867)
Temporarily divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote → began the period of Radical Reconstruction (lasted until 1877)
Freedmen's Bureau
agency created by Congress to provide clothing, shelter, education, food, and medicine to former slaves (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)
Congressional Reconstruction (aka Radical Reconstruction)
consisted of a plan of Reconstruction that was more harsh than previous plans against the South, caused by dissatisfaction with Johnson's decisions, aimed to help integrate freedmen into society while taking power from the previous planter class of the South
"Negro Rule"
term used by white southerners to describe African American election to public office during the civil war era
"bayonet rule"
the use of federal troops to support Reconstruction government, Southerners protested this
Redeemers / "Redemption"
The victorious Democrats called themselves REDEEMERS, since they claimed to have "redeemed" the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control