APUSH Chapter 22 Quiz

Calvin Coolidge

Definition: 1923-1929, Coolidge replaced the corrupt Harding, restoring honesty to the presidency. Significance: He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true Republican and industrialist and believed in the government supporting big business. He was a pro-business President and continued the laissez-faire policies of Harding. This allowed for short-term prosperity from 1923-1929. He also accelerated tax cuts and wanted to keep tariffs in place.

Warren Harding

Definition: 29th President of the United States (1921-1923). Significance: A Republican from Ohio. Promised return to normality after WW1 used efforts of making no enemies during his presidency. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy". While in office, it was very corrupt, he used the office for personal gain, did not follow through with enforcing laws, and accepted bribes. Scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to do with financial jobs that he offered his friends. Corrupt individual, who died in office. Then Coolidge took over.

The Man Nobody Knows

Definition: A book published in 1925 by Bruce Fairchild Barton. Significance: One of the most successful books of the 1920s due to the advertising executive Bruce Barton. It portrayed Jesus Christ as not only a religious prophet but also a super salesman. Bruce advertised the message that Jesus had been concerned with living a full and rewarding life and that men and women of the twentieth century should do the same. Claimed Jesus was the great advertiser of his time, and successful business should be modeled after him.

Teapot Dome

Definition: A bribery incident which took place in the United States in 1922-1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Significance: The Naval strategic oil reserve at Elk Hills, also known as "Teapot Dome" was taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies. Symbol of government corruption; government oil reserves were secretly leased to oil companies without competitive bidding, at low rates, in exchange for financial compensation. Fall was forced to resign.

Hollywood

Definition: A city in the Los Angeles area of California where, by the 1920s, nearly 90% of all films in the world were produced. Significance: It was the center of the entertainment film industry in the 1920's. The rise of Hollywood in the 1920s was due to the economic prosperity during the Roaring Twenties Era. People had more time to spend on leisure and Americans fell in love with the movies. The movies were a cheap form of entertainment and Hollywood in the 1920's was a booming industry. The black and white silent movies progressed to color productions in the 1920's and in 1927 the first talking picture was made. By 1929, there were 25,000 cinemas and an average of 100 million Americans went to the movies on a weekly basis.

National Origins Act

Definition: A government legislation that cut down the percent of the Emergency Quota Act from 3% to 2%. Significance: It changed the census used from the 1910 one to that of the 1890 one. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. Its primary purpose was to restrict the flow of newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe. Established immigrant quotas that discriminated against Southern and Eastern Europeans. This was the primary reason for the decrease in the numbers of Europeans immigrating to the US in the 1920s. Practically excluded Asians and other nonwhites from entry into the U.S.

Parity

Definition: A government-supported level for the prices of agricultural products, intended to keep farmers' incomes steady in the uneasy global market. Significance: A plan to help farmers injured from low prices and overproduction. From 1909-1914, farms had enjoyed a period of prosperity. Parity was the price placed on a product that gave it the same value, in buying power, that it had from 1909-1914. The AAA paid farmers to reduce production. The payment for this came from taxes gotten from the makers of expensive farm equipment. Setting an adequate price for far goods and ensuring that farmers would earn back at least what production costs no matter how markets might fluctuate. Farmers wanted this from the government.

Scopes Trial

Definition: A highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Significance: Some religious leaders rejected evolution, saying it denied the word of the Bible. A number of states, including Tennessee, passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin's theory. Scopes wanted to challenge the law, so he announced that he taught evolution. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted and lost his job. Laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced. Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time.

KKK

Definition: A secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope. Significance: Best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks, and white robes. The KKK has a record of terrorism, violence, and lynching to intimidate, murder, and oppress African Americans, Jews, and other minorities and to intimidate and oppose Roman Catholics and labor unions. General Forrest was in charge of this group. The members of this group dominated the democratic party. They also released a campaign that terrified the Republicans. The Ku Klux Klan went around blackmailing many Republican politicians and burned black schools and churches.

Billy Sunday

Definition: American fundamentalist minister. Significance: He used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups., Preacher and Former Pro Baseball Player- Key figure in the prohibition movement, Billy Sunday was an American Fundamentalist preacher and professional baseball player. He conducted regular 'revivals' throughout the nation, in which he used broadcasting to strengthen people's bond with Christianity. The broadcasts of his revivals are considered among the most effective ever. Became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist during the first two decades of the 20th century.

Margaret Sanger

Definition: American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. Significance: Public-health nurse in the 1910s in the New York City slums. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Received the American Medical Association's endorsement of contraception in 1937.

Al Capone

Definition: An American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. Significance: His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old. 1929; four men dressed as police shot open fire at six men with machine guns. It remains the most notorious gangster killing of the Prohibition era. The massacre made this gangster a national celebrity as well as brought him the unwanted attention of the federal government. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Charles Lindbergh

Definition: An American pilot, engineer, and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future flight development. Significance: After the kidnap and murder of his infant son, he moved to Europe in the 1930s and became involved with German aviation developments. Despite objecting to American involvement in World War II, Lindbergh eventually flew 50 combat missions. Appointed a reserve brigadier general by President Eisenhower in 1954, Lindbergh assisted in selecting sites for air bases overseas until turning to environmental causes late in life.

Welfare Capitalism

Definition: An approach to labor relations in which companies met some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, this prevented strikes and kept productivity high. Significance: Some employers adopted generous policies toward their employees. They set up employee cafeterias, staffed on-site medical clinics, and engaged psychologists to counsel troubled workers. They also published employee newsletters and gave awards to employees who did their work well and in good spirit. Some even gave employees a voice in determining working conditions. The purpose of welfare capitalism was to encourage loyalty to the firm and to convince employees that capitalism could work in their interests.

Flapper

Definition: Carefree young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion. Significance: Was the stereotype of a woman in the 1920s. Independent and representing the rebellious youth of the age, the flapper was usually characterized by her "bobbed" hair, dangling cigarette, heavy make-up, and her ever-shortening skirt length. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

McNary-Haugen Bill

Definition: Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by President Coolidge. Significance: A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Was favored in the agricultural states; pushed to keep high prices on agricultural products. Government losses would be paid by a special tax to the farmers. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928, thus keeping farm prices low and farmers frustrated.

League of Women Voters

Definition: Founded by Carrie Chapman Catt following the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, this organization was dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. Significance: A nonpartisan political organization, developed in 1920 to improve our systems of government and impact public policies through citizen education and advocacy. The League of Women Voters was founded by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1920 during the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. The convention was held just six months before the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, giving women the right to vote. Its basic purpose was to make democracy work for all citizens.

Al Smith

Definition: Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic U.S. presidential candidate in 1928. Significance: He was the foremost urban leader of the efficiency-oriented Progressive Movement and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as Tammany Hall machine that controlled the Manhattan politics. A strong opponent of prohibition. He was the first Roman Catholic and Irish-American to run for President as a major party nominee. He lost the election to Herbert Hoover.

Lost Generation

Definition: Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral value. They often chose to flee to Europe. Significance: Coined by Gertrude Stein, it refers specifically to ex-patriot writers who left the United States to take part in the literary culture of cities such as Paris and London during the 1920's. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway, who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. People identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Ezra Pound, and Sherwood Anderson. More generally, the term is used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after World War I

Nativism

Definition: Native-born Americans who wanted to slow or stop immigration Significance: Movement based on hostility to immigrants; motivated by ethnic tensions and religious bias; considered immigrants as despots overthrowing the American republic; feared anti-Catholic riots and competition from low-paid immigrant workers. Refers to the preference for established US residents, as opposed to foreigners or "others" considered to be outsiders and the opposition to immigration. The belief in Nativism was a prejudicial attitude towards immigrants based on their national origin, their ethnic background, their race or religion. The doctrine of Nativism in America resulted in a widespread attitude that rejected alien persons, or culture, and led to xenophobia and new, stringent laws being passed to restrict immigration.

"Pink-Collar" Jobs

Definition: Positions such as nursing, teaching, and retail store sales, usually held by women. Significance: Working-class jobs traditionally held by women (clerical, secretary, maid, waitress, cook, beautician). Jobs that offered few benefits and often had low prestige and were disproportionately held by women. Because such positions were not industrial jobs, the AFL and other labor organizations were generally uninterested in organizing these workers.

Equal Rights Amendment

Definition: Proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971. Significance: Supported by the National Organization for Women. Declared full constitutional equality for women. Outlawed discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state Constitutions.

Craft Union

Definition: Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages. Significance: Formed to improve wage levels and working conditions, craft unions were established in Britain and the United States in the middle of the 19th century. They obtained their power from their control over the supply of skilled labor, a control that is maintained through licensing and apprenticeship arrangements. With such slogans as "One craft, one union," a local craft union strived to organize all members of its trade (plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, ironworkers, carpenters, machinists, and printers). Some craft unions came to include skills not directly related to the original craft in which the union developed.

American Plan

Definition: Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics. Significance: A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after WWI. The policy promoted union-free "open shops", where workers would not be required to join a labor union.

Issei & Nisei

Definition: The Issei were foreign-born Japanese and the Nisei were born in America. Significance: Issei's were unnaturalized first-generation immigrants from Japan. Nisei's were naturalized or native-born Japanese citizens of the United States. Issei and Nisei alike were rounded up, told to dispose of their property however they could, and were taken to what the government called "relocation centers." Isolation, barred from lucrative employment, minimal medical care, deprived of decent schools for their children. Continued to live in close-knit communities because of the hatred, which just reinforced the ideas of their alien-ness; Japanese couldn't shake prejudice because they were too foreign.

Harry Emerson Fosdick

Definition: The most influential spokesman for liberal Protestantism (modernist religion). Significance: Pastor of Riverside Church in NY. Wrote "Abundant Religion," argued that religion was a fully developed personality not blind by faith. Argued that Christianity would lead to advancing "man's abundant life", although the majority of Americans remained faithful to the traditional religious messages. Defended modernist position. Said that Bible was God's will, not the literal word of God. Saw history of Christians as one of development, gradual change, and progress.

Harlem Renaissance

Definition: The name was given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in this New York town between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. Significance: A flowering of African American culture in the 1920s when New York City's Harlem became an intellectual and cultural capital for African Americans; instilled interest in African American culture and pride in being an African American. During this period this town was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. The movement impacted urban centers throughout the United States. Black novelists, poets, painters, and playwrights began creating works rooted in their own culture instead of imitating the styles of Europeans and white Americans.

Prohibition

Definition: The prevention by the law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol between 1920 and 1933; wanted to eliminate drunkenness. Significance: A cause long championed by Female political groups like the Women's Christian Temperance Union in order to create a "pure" society. 18th Amendment was a great success for these groups and banned the manufacturing of alcohol. Was later reinforced by the Volstead Act. This law established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. It was under-budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states.