APUSH - Chapter 6

Republican Party

(1790s) This way the party formed in response to the formation of the Federalist Party. They believed that their party represented the best interests of the people.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Three-fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Who wanted the Bill of Rights added to the constitution?

Anti-Federalists

President of the Constitutional Convention

George Washington

Who wrote the Virginia Plan?

James Madison and Edmund Randolph

How did the U.S. Constitution expand upon the Connecticut Compromise?

Like the Connecticut Compromise, one branch would be based on state population whereas the other branch, the Senate, would have equal numbers of representatives per state.

Who wrote the Connecticut Compromise?

Roger Sherman

When was the Constitution signed?

September 17, 1787

Evaluate the effectiveness of George Washington's solutions to the problems of the presidency, and how Washington, as its first occupant, affected the office and the nation.

(1789-1797) Throughout George Washington's Presidency, Washington solved many problems as well as set many important precedents in place, affecting the nation for centuries to come. First, Washington established a cabinet. Further, he expanded the Judicial Branch of government. When riots were occurring during the Whiskey Rebellion, Washington sent troops to keep everything in order. He also was adamant about maintaining neutrality in foreign happenings. He also signed a treaty with Spain, which resulted in a decrease of Indian attacks on Americans. When leaving the office, Washington set a precedent of terms being four years long and a person could only run for presidency twice. He also told citizens to remain united in the years to come.

How was the New Jersey Plan's Senate, House, and Executive branch set up?

The Senate would have equal representation, there would be no house, and there would be an executive committee.

Who supported the New Jersey Plan?

small states

James Madison

(1751-1836) He was the author of the Constitution along with the Bill of Rights. Madison later became the fourth president of the United States. Further, he was a close friend and ally of Alexander Hamilton.

New Jersey Plan

(1787) A plan created by William Paterson during the Constitutional Convention as an alternative option to the Virginia Plan. This plan would keep the one house legislature where all states have equal representation. But, Congress would be able to tax and regulate commerce. The delegates tabled the proposal, but took note of its support for smaller states.

Federalist Papers

(1788) Three federalists, Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay, wrote a series of essays under the pseudonym "Publius". These essays countered the strong arguments of Anti-federalists. Later, these essays were published in a book known as the "Federalist Papers".

Discuss the ways in which the weak new nation coped with international problems, and the importance of such events as Washington's decision for neutrality and the "quasi-war" with France.

(1789-1797) Washington realized that his nation was not yet strong enough to be able to fight any wars with preexisting European countries. As such, he insisted on remaining neutral in any foreign affairs. This is why Washington became so mad about the Genet Affair -- he did not want his country allying with France in a foreign dispute. When the British and the U.S. were having shipping issues, Washington simply had John Jay form a Treaty, which avoided the country having to go to war. As a result of this treaty, France got mad and seized American ships as well as demanded money. As a result, America cancelled alliances with France and all trade with them. This event became known as the Quasi-War crisis. Overall, America tried to avoid war and conflict as much as possible.

Hamilton's Debt Program

(1790) Hamilton realized that the government needed the wealthy and influentials' support in order to succeed. As such, he proposed that the government take responsibility for the existing public debt. The wealthy would then receive bond, payable on certain dates. Consequentially, the wealthy would be more likely to lend money to the government in order to see it prosper.

Explain the financial program of Alexander Hamilton and its contribution to the success of the new government.

(1790s) Hamilton realized that the success of the government depended majorly on the wealthy. So, he proposed an idea where the government would take responsibility for all of the existing public debt. Consequently, the wealthy would receive bonds and shares. As such, the rich would be more likely to donate to the government in order to ensure its success. Overall, Hamilton believed in creating a large and permanent national debt. All of this funding (for a national bank) and assuming debt would require more sources of revenue for the government. As such, he imposed taxes on whiskey as well as a tariff on imports. Overall, these systems contributed to the long-lasting success of the new American government.

Discuss the emergence of political parties, their political philosophies, and their influence through the election of 1800.

(1790s-1800s) The Federalists began by officially forming the Federalist Party. In response, the Anti-Federalists formed the Republican Party. The difference between the groups' social philosophies was clearly evident during the French Revolution. The Federalists "expressed horror" whereas the republicans applauded the French commoners for their actions. In the late 1790s, the Federalists chose to preserve stability rather than respect individual liberties. After 1796, the Federalists never won another election. Leading up to the election of 1800, the parties were extremely divided. The parties "dissed" both Adams and Jefferson which became known as the "Revolution of 1800". In the end on the chaos of the election, Jefferson won...the republicans won!

XYZ Affair

(1797-1798) Due to America's treaty w/Britain, France became angry. France seized American ships and demanded large sums of money before negotiations could begin. As a result, the U.S. cancelled treaties of alliance as well as trade with France.

Great Compromise

(July 16th, 1787) This was a compromise between the Virginia and New Jersey plans to revise the current government structure. In this plan, the legislature would be represented in the lower house based on population. The upper house would consist of two delegates from each state, regardless of size and population.

What three forms did security for slavery take place?

1. Importation of slaves (congress was not allowed to block importation of slaves for 20 years) 2. Three-fifths compromise 3. Fugitive Slaves

What were the four departments of George Washington's Cabinet?

1. State 2. Treasury 3. War 4. Attorney General

What were the two rules of the Constitutional Convention?

1. The convention must be held in total secrecy. 2. Discussion on topics must not be limited.

What are some of the lasting legacies of Alexander Hamilton?

1. established U.S. as trustworthy 2. unified country 3. established a precedent of nation paying its debts

What are the six principles of the New Constitution?

1. popular sovereignty 2. limited government 3. separation of powers 4. Federalist 5. Checks and Balances 6. Judicial Review

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. A founding father who disliked the Articles of Confederation.

Pickney's Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. The countries also agreed that the Spanish had to prevent the Indians in Florida from launching raids across the border of Florida. The Spanish also agreed to fix the northern boundary of Florida along the 31st parallel.

The Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Virginia Plan

A plan proposed by James Madison in 1787 Constitution Convention. This plan called for a new national legislature consisting of two houses. The lower house is where states would be represented based on their population. Upper House members would be elected by the lower house. However, under this system, smaller states might not have members in the upper house.

Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. Further, these people declared the Articles of Confederation to be weak and ineffective.

What kind of government did the Connecticut Compromise call for?

Bicameral Legislature

What kind of government did the Virginia Plan call for?

Bicameral Legislature

Discuss the groups that advocated a strong national government, and how they, probably a minority, were able to achieve their objective.

During the 1780s, the wealthy one percent began to advocate for a national government capable of dealing with the nation's problems. Former military leaders were mad that the current congress refused to fund their pensions. Manufacturers wanted to replace state tariffs with high national duty. Merchants wanted to replace the various state commercial policies with one national policy. Those who sought to expand land wanted the Indians removed. All of these demands, by 1786, had grown so powerful that there was no longer a question about what kind of changes needed to occur.

Explain how the states were represented under the Articles of Confederation.

Each state would be represented by between two to seven members. Further, each state will only have one vote.

Explain federalism and how the Constitution is designed to make it work.

Federalism, the concept where power is shared between federal and state governments was used throughout the Constitution (created in 1787). The "federal" structure of the government divided power between the states and nation through a system of checks and balanced. This divided power between the branches of government so that the federal government could not turn too tyranical. These systems were also designed to avoid mob-like situation such as Shay's Rebellion.

How was the Virginia Plan's Senate, House, and Executive branch set up?

For the senate, there would be one representative every seven years. In the House, the number of representatives would be based on population and would change every three years. The executive branch consisted of a president who serves only one, seven year term.

Citizen Genet

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England (1763-1834). In the process, he went against Washington's direct orders.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption. They liked the Articles of Confederation and believed that a strong, central government threatened the states' power.

Discuss the historical debate concerning the motives of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

The Constitutional Convention, 1787, attracted a large variety of state and political motives which ultimately led to the creation of the Great Compromise. James Madison proposed something called the Virginia Plan which called for a new national legislature consisting of two houses. The states in the lower house would be represented based on population. The upper house elected officials would be selected by the lower house. William Patterson proposed a plan as an alternative called the New Jersey Plan where it kept a one house legislature with equal representation, but congress would be able to tax and regulate commerce. Ultimately, the delegates formed the Great Compromise which would have a house based on population, and another based on equal representation. All states, both small and large, were happy with this arrangement.

Explain the origin of the Constitutional Convention, who the delegates were, how well they represented the people, and how they were able to achieve a consensus.

The Constitutional Convention, occurring in 1787, originated with Hamilton's proposal at the Annapolis convention and Washington's eventual support of the idea. The vast majority of the delegates were middle-aged men who represented the great propertied interests of the country. James Madison, representing Virginia, devised a plan to create a new national government. Edmund Randolph strongly agreed with Madison. Other delegates included Benjamin Franklin, William Patterson, and George Washington, who was elected to preside over the sessions. To achieve an eventual consensus, members took and combined elements from both the Virginia and New Jersey plans to create the Great Compromise.

The importance of the Federalist Papers in the ratification struggle and their significance in the years since.

The Federalist Papers, written in 1788, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were a collection of the essays written to counter powerful arguments made by Anti-Federalists. Without these defense essays, the the Anti-Federalists may have been able to turn enough states away from the Constitution. Even, these papers are considered "among the most important American contributions to political theory." In the end, the three authors were able to convey the ultimate meaning and virtues of the Constitution.

How is the U.S. Constitution different from the Articles of Confederation?

The House will be based on population whereas the senate shall contain two senators from each state. The Articles of Confederation gave more power to the people, but the Constitution allowed the government to accomplish way more.

How was the Connecticut Compromise's Senate, House, and Executive branch set up?

The Senate would have equal representation, which each delegate serving six year terms. The House would be based on population and its delegates would serve two year terms. The executive branch would consist of a president who serves two, four year terms. There would also be an administration group.

Ho were the Articles of Confederation and the Virginia Plan different?

The Virginia Plan could accomplish common defense, security of liberty, and general welfare where the Articles of Confederation did not. Overall, the Articles of Confederation gave more power to the states.

What was the main outcome of the Annapolis Convention (1786)

The delegates arranged a meeting for the following year as what became known as the Constitutional Convention.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution. They placed limitations on Congress forbidding them to violate human rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and press.

Explain how the states were represented under the Connecticut Compromise.

The house would be based on population, whereas the senate would have one vote per state.

Revolution of 1800

This was the nickname Thomas Jefferson used to describe the election of 1800. During this election, the two political parties (Federalists and Republicans) were extremely divided. Each side did everything in their power to win. Even, rumors were spread around about candidates!

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory. Overall, this treaty prevented America from having to go to war with great Britain.

What king of government did the New Jersey Plan call for?

Unicameral Legislature

Who supported the Virginia Plan?

large states

National Sovereignty

the ability of the federal government to govern itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

What was the purpose of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions?

they declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional

Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Who wrote the New Jersey Plan?

William Patterson