APUSH Chapters 12

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C. b. Horace King—won praise for his portraiture c. Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman d. Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s? a. Black evangelical Christianity b. The success of slave resistance c. Black and white children playing together d. Sexual relations between slave women and their masters

a. Black evangelical Christianity

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions? a. Deep South b. Upper South c. Midwest d. Northeast

a. Deep South

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Inequality b. Egalitarian society c. Professional politicians d. Universal suffrage

a. Inequality

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s? a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters. b. Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade. c. Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy. d. Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States? a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses. b. They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820. c. Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip. d. Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business.

a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837? a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery. b. Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood. c. President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty. d. The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s? a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy. b. White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness. c. Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred. d. Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South? a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce. b. Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860. c. Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves. d. Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery.

a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s? a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men. b. The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position. c. Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service. d. The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power.

a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century? a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy. b. Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly. c. Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy. d. They lived only in the Upper South.

a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics? a. They were named after family members. b. Children were removed from their families at age three. c. They were raised by their grandmothers. d. Children had few sources of support.

a. They were named after family members.

Under the task system, slaves were required to a. complete a precisely defined job each day. b. perform the same repetitive tasks every day. c. train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up. d. punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately.

a. complete a precisely defined job each day.

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice-growing aristocracy. b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system. c. Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts. d. Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves.

b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Marriage and resistance movements b. Church and family c. The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity d. Friendships and kinship

b. Church and family

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s? a. Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa. b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves. c. The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased. d. Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful.

b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South? a. Feigning illness b. Large-scale uprisings c. Running away d. Individual acts of violence

b. Large-scale uprisings

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average? a. None b. One to five c. Eight to ten d. Fifteen to twenty

b. One to five

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following? a. The American Colonization Society b. The Indian Removal Act c. The international slave trade d. The inland system

b. The Indian Removal Act

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion? a. A wave of European immigration to the South b. The redistribution of the African American population c. The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South d. An increase in the legal importation of slaves

b. The redistribution of the African American population

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy? a. The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy. b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations. c. It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation. d. The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860? a. Most slaves lived in the Upper South. b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves. c. Most slaves did not have stable families. d. Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery.

b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860. b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South. c. Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's. d. The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South.

b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North? a. Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight. b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind. c. Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well. d. They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later.

b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery. b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites. c. Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families. d. Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves.

b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily a. in rural Mississippi. b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South. c. in Tennessee. d. near the Texas border.

b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s? a. Christian values b. Domestic ideology c. Abolitionist scrutiny d. Frequent mass uprisings

c. Abolitionist scrutiny

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry? a. Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. b. Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long. d. African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally? a. A Supreme Court ruling b. State legislation c. Congressional legislation d. Missouri's application for statehood

c. Congressional legislation

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work? a. It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace. b. The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves. c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers. d. The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups? a. Native Americans b. Mormons c. Jews d. The Irish

c. Jews

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop? a. Chesapeake—rice b. Carolina low country—hemp c. Louisiana—sugar d. Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton

c. Louisiana—sugar

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century? a. Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard b. The profitability of the international slave trade c. Population growth through natural reproduction d. The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

c. Population growth through natural reproduction

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea? a. In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat. b. Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks. c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks. d. Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty.

c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Competition from immigrant labor b. Export taxes on their products c. The cotton revolution d. Poor distribution networks

c. The cotton revolution

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century? a. The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s. b. The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807. c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders. d. It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves.

c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century? a. Marriage patterns b. Kinship relations c. The domestic slave trade d. The development of the Gullah dialect

c. The domestic slave trade

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South? a. The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860. b. Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves. c. Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently. d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century? a. Predestination b. Original sin c. Obedience to authority d. All people as children of God

d. All people as children of God

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century? a. Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them. b. Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina. c. Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts. d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following? a. Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday b. Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences c. Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century? a. By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade b. By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada c. By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following? a. Gave all taxpaying white men the right to vote b. Eliminated the use of the secret ballot c. Apportioned state legislative seats on the basis of a county's wealth d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s? a. Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor. b. Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South. c. Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War. d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South? a. Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves. b. African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians. c. Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission. d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South? a. Plantation owners b. Middling planters c. Yeoman farmers d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century? a. Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically. b. Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor. c. Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings. d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by a. destroying the sense of family. b. separating adults but not children from their families. c. destroying 75 percent of black marriages. d. separating family members through sale and trade.

d. separating family members through sale and trade.