apush chpaters 8-12

Roger B. Taney

As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws. was the fifth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He delivered the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), that ruled, among other things, that African Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the United States Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and, whether free or slave, could not be considered citizens of the United States. This ruling created an uproar among abolitionists and the free states of the northern U.S. He was the first Roman Catholic (and first non-Protestant) appointed both to a presidential cabinet, as Attorney General under President Andrew Jackson, and to the Court.

Georgia

Atlanta It began as a British colony in 1733, the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established. Named after King George II of Great Britain, the Province of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina down to Spanish Florida and New France along Louisiana (New France), also bordering to the west towards the Mississippi River. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788. In 1802-1804, western Georgia was split to the Mississippi Territory, which later split to form Alabama with part of former West Florida in 1819. Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19, 1861, and was one of the original seven Confederate states. It was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15, 1870.

secret ballot

Before 1890, most Americans voted in "public." That is, voters either announced their vote to a clerk or handed in a ballot that had been printed by- and was recognizable as the work of- a political party.

Orders in Council

Began in 1806 Series of edicts closing European ports unless stopped at a British port first

Unitarian

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. It was inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Wilmot Proviso

Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico

Mason-Dixon Line

Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

(1824), U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. The state of New York agreed in 1798 to grant Robert Fulton and his backer, Robert R. Livingston, a monopoly on steamboat navigation in state waters if they developed a steamboat capable of traveling 4 miles (6.4 km) per hour upstream on the Hudson River. Fulton and Livingston satisfied the condition of the grant in 1807. Subsequently, Aaron Ogden purchased from Fulton and Livingston rights to operate steamboats between New York City and New Jersey. In 1819 Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons, who was operating steamboats in the same waters without the authority of Fulton and Livingston. Ogden won in 1820 in the New York Court of Chancery. Gibbons appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, contending that he was protected by terms of a federal license to engage in coasting trade the Supreme Court ruled in favour of Gibbons. The decision was an important development in interpretation of the commerce clause of the Constitution, and it freed all navigation of monopoly control. The dismantling of navigational monopolies in New York and Louisiana, in particular, facilitated the settlement of the American West.

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Election of 1800

(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party

Jefferson's military

- 2,500 men and officers - Wanted to set an example of the world - Jeffersonians distrusted large armies to prevent military dictatorship

Jefferson winning the election

- 73-65 - Won NY because of Aaron Burr - Won South states and West states because of male suffrage - 3/5 Compromise helped him - more representatives

Federalist accusations of Thomas Jefferson

- Accused of robbing a widow and son - Sally Hemmings relationship - Separated church and state in VA - Alleged athiest

Chief Justice John Marshall

- Adams appointed to Supreme Court as 4th choice - Cousin of Thomas Jefferson - Served at Valley Forge

Issues with the Federalists

- Alien and Sedition Acts - Hamilton made a private pamphlet attacking Adams - published to the public - Adams refused to give them a war with France - taxes with no use

Small gunboats

- Called "Jeffs" or "mosquito fleet" - Jefferson believed they would be useful in defense and made 200 of them

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

- Concluded it was time to end the conflict - Gathered tribes for a confederacy - Tecumseh said to never cede land to whites unless all Indians agreed

Effects of the Embargo Act

- Dead ships and harbor in New England - Unexportable cotton, grain, and tobacco in the South - Illicit trade - Revived Federalist party

Aaron Burr

- Dropped from Cabinet second term - Joined group of Federalists to secede New England and NY - Hamilton exposed them - Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and shot him

Revolution of 1800

- Election of Jefferson was the original spirit of the Revolution - Believed Adams and Jefferson betrayed ideas of 1776 and 1787 - Peaceful transfer of power

War hawks wanted... Southern expansionists wanted...

- Expansion in Canada - Florida

Characteristics of Jefferson's presidency

- Extended idea of seating without regard to rank - Sent messages to Congress to be read by a clerk - Didn't make public appearances - Didn't dismiss many public servants for political reasons

Impressment

- Forcible enlistment of sailors - 6,000 US citizens captured by British in 1808-1811

Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana?

- Haitian Revolution - End of the 20-month conflict with Britain - feared he might have to gift it to Britain

Results of Tippecanoe

- Harrison became a national hero - Killed and discredited Tenskwatawa - Drove Tecumseh into an alliance with Britain

General James Wilkinson

- He and Burr planned to separate the West part of the US to expand - Burr and 60 followers went to him in Natchez - Jefferson learned of the plan - He fled to France and told Napoleon to make an alliance with Britain in America

Samuel Chase

- Jefferson urged impeachment of him - Accused him of prejudice of Jeffersonians in sedition trials - Jefferson's attempt at judge breaking reassured the judiciary independence and separation of powers - *Political powers should not be abused*

Event when Jefferson sent James Monroe to discuss the treaty

- Joined Robert R. Livingston - Was to only pay $10 million for New Orleans and the rest of the East - If the proposal failed, they would ally with Britain

Midnight judges

- Judges selected by Adams - Appointments continued to midnight - Stayed up until 9 pm in last day of office signing commissions

Effects of the Louisiana Purchase

- Larger power - Incorporation of states as one equal membership - Removed most of the Old World power - Avoided unnecessary alliances

Haitian Revolution

- Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture - Inspired by the French Revolution - Revolt was broken, but mosquitoes with yellow fever killed French army - Santo Domingo not needed, so no need for Louisiana

Merriwether Lewis and William Clark

- Lewis - personal secretary of Jefferson - Clark - army officer

Marias River

- Lewis and three other men went to explore - Attacked by teen Blackfoot Indians and horses got stolen - Shot them and left the peace necklace on their neck

Louisiana Purchase

- Livingston paid $15 million for all of Louisiana - Jefferson submitted treaties to Senate and admitted it was unconstitutional - 828,000 sq mi for 3¢ an acre

North African Barbary States

- Made industry of blackmailing and plundering ships that came into the Meditteranean - Federalists earlier forced to pay for protection

American war with Britain

- Madison believed it was inevitable - Only the vigorous assertion of American rights could show nationhood and democracy

Corps of Discovery

- Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore north part of LA - went by MS River - Assisted by Sacajawea

Explain the transfer of Louisiana from Spain to France

- Napoleon had the king of Spain give up LA - Guaranteed to be true when warehouse privileges were taken away - Thomas would have to seek foreign ally help

Effect of Macon's Bill No. 2

- Napoleon wanted an embargo on Britain, and Madison accepted - Gave Britain three months to repeal their acts, yet the didn't - Virtually guaranteed future conflict with Britain

Judiciary Act of 1801

- One of the last important laws passed by Federal Congress - Made up new federal judgeships and other judicial offices

Democratic-Republican disunity

- Opposition to Federalists was a uniting factor - As the Federalists faded, so did the unity

Laws Jefferson undid by Federalists

- Pardoned martyrs under Sedition Act - Remitted fines - Convinced Congress to repeal excise tax

Tripolitan War

- Pasha of Tripoli dissatisfied with share of money - Informally declared war on the US - Jefferson got a treaty after four years with a ransom of $60,000 for Americans

Embargo Act of 1807

- Passed so powers would be forced to respect its rights (they got food from them) - Forbade the export of all goods from the US whether in American or foreign ships

Macon's Bill No. 2

- Reopened trade with the rest of the world - Replaced Non-Intercourse Act - If either France or Britain would respect American shipping, US would cut off trade with the other

Goals of Jefferson's presidency

- Restore Republican government - Check growth of government power - Stop decay of virtue under the Federalists

Albert Gallatin

- Secretary of the Treasury under Jefferson - Believed debt was bane

Federalists in New England regarding the war

- Sympathized with Britain and disliked Napoleon - Disliked Canadian acquisition - more voting for Republicans

Why did the embargo collapse after 15 months?

- Underestimated determination of British and overestimated the two nations' reliance on America - Latin America opened its ports - Unpopularity - Didn't continue on long enough

Marbury v. Madison 1803

- William Marbury sued James Madison for shelving his commission - Marshall said that under the Judiciary Act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to base his case was unconstitutional. The Act attempted to assign Supreme Court powers the Constitution did not foresee - Marshall dismissed the case to avoid Jeffersonian rivalry too

If the Embargo Act worked, then... If it didn't work, then...

-> Would point a new way for foreign affairs and show rights of neutral nations -> Republic would perish under European power

Battle of Trafalgar

1805 Horatio Lord Nelson destroyed French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain

Battle of Austerlitz

1805 Napoleon crushed Austrian and Russian armies

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Berlin Decree

1806 Napoleon ordered seizure of all ships that entered British port

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - British demanded surrender of American deserters - American captain refused - British killed 3 Americans and wounded 18 *Led to resentment by Americans*

War of 1812

1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose

Anti-Slavery Society

1833-1870. This was an abolitionist society that was founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave who spoke at these meetings. It advocated for immediate, uncompensated, abolition of slaves.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson

Benevolent Empire

A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by Evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s.

American Renaissance

A burst of American literature during the 1840s, highlighted by the novels of Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne

Industrial Revolution

A burst of major economic expansion and technological breakthroughs that took place in certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1790 and 1860.

Maine

Augusta American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts. The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following the Treaty of Paris ending the revolution, although the final border with British North America was not established until the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. At the close of the War of 1812, it was occupied by British forces, but the territory of Maine was returned to the United States as part of a peace treaty that was to include dedicated land on the Michigan peninsula for Native American peoples. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state. On March 15, 1820, under the Missouri Compromise, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo historic waterway of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes with New York City via the Hudson River at Albany. Taking advantage of the Mohawk River gap in the Appalachian Mountains, the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long, was the first canal in the United States to connect western waterways with the Atlantic Ocean. Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. Its success propelled New York City into a major commercial centre and encouraged canal construction throughout the United States. In addition, construction of the canal served as a training ground for many of the engineers who built other American canals and railroads in the ensuing decades. When completed in 1825, it was the second longest canal in the world (after the Grand Canal in China) and greatly affected the development and economy of New York, New York City, and the United States

established church

A church that is given privileged legal status by the government

injunctions

A court order that immediately requires or prohibits an activity, either temporarily or permanently.

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

total wars

A form of warfare, new to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that mobilized all of a society's resources and subjected the lies and property of the enemy civilians to attack.

embargo

A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port

benevolent Empire

A group of ministers that created organizations of social reform to restore "the moral government of god". They targeted drunkeness, adultery, prostitution, and crime. The organizations include the Prison Discipline Society and the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance.

Political Machines

A highly organized group of insiders that directs a political party. As the power of notables waned in the 1820s, disciplined political parties usually run by professional politicians appeared in a number of states. Corrupt organized groups that controlled political parties in the cities. A boss leads the machine and attempts to grab more votes for his party.

political machine

A highly organized group, often led by a "boss," that controls the policies of a political party.

closed-shop agreements

A labor contract in which an employer agrees to hire only union members.

sentimentalism

A late-eighteenth-century European cultural movement that emphasized emotions. It encouraged marriages based on love rather than on financial considerations.

blacklist

A list of people to be excluded from an activity or organization. In the 1950s, people suspected of being Communists were put on these lists.

temperance movement

A long-term effort by various reform groups to encourage individuals and governments to limit the composition of alcoholic beverages.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

companionate marriages

A marriage based on equality and mutual respect- both republican values.

party caucus

A meeting held by a political party to choose candidates, make policies, and enforce party discipline.

Caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

mechanic

A nineteenth century term for a skilled craftsman who built, repaired, and improved machinery and machine tools for industry.

transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century American intellectual movement, inspired by European Romanticism, that posited the existence of an ideal world of mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses.

self-made man

A nineteenth-century ideal; an ideology that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

squatter sovereignty

A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.

free-soil movement

A political movement of the 1840s that opposed the expansion of slavery.

machine

A political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils.

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

Methodism

A religion founded by John Wesley. Insisted strict self-discipline and a methodical approach to religious study and observance. Emphasized an intense personal salvation and a life of thrift, abstinence, and hard work.

turnpike

A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road

"Bleeding Kansas"

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in KansasTerritory where new proslavery and antislavery constitutions competed.The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Missouri Compromise

A series of political agreements devised by Speaker of the House Henry Clay. Maine entered the Union as a free state in 1820 and Missouri followed as a slave state in 1821, preserving a balance in the Senate between North and South and setting a precedent for future admissions to the Union. Most importantly, this bargain set the northern boundary of slavery in the lands of the Louisiana Purchase at the southern boundary of Missouri, with the exception of that state. "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

ritual

A set form or system of ceremonies, often but not necessarily religious.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

platform

A statement of the principles or positions of a political party.

nationalism

A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies

factory

A structure first built by manufacturers in the early nineteenth century to concentrate all aspects of production- and the machinery needed to increase output- in one location.

Chattel Principle

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold.

capitalism

A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, ad money.

Neomercantilism

A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange.

Waltham-Lowell System

A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.

division of labor

A system of manufacture that assigns specific- and repetitive- tasks to each worker.

gang-labor system

A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity.

tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.

impost

A tax, particularly a tariff or duty on imported goods.

middle class

A term first used in England around 1800 to describe traders and propertied townspeople. In the early-nineteenth-century United State, it referred both to an economic group and to a cultural outlook.

"King Cotton"

A term that describes the importance of raw cotton in the nineteenth-centure international economy. Confederates believed that their cotton was very important to European countries during the Civil War.

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a Utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle.

National Road (1811)

AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY

Richard Allen

African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church

Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)

After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).

Oregon Treaty of 1846

After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle

Deep South

Also know as the "lower south" or "cotton kingdom" is the area where the majority of the country's cotton was produced. Many people flocked to this area to find work is a cultural and geographic subregion in the Southern United States. Historically, it was differentiated as those states most dependent on plantations and slave societies during the pre-Civil War period. The Deep South is commonly referred to as the Cotton States, given that the production of cotton was a primary cash crop. Most definitions include the states Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Texas is sometimes included, due to its history of slavery and as being a part of the Confederate States of America. The eastern part of the state is the westernmost extension of the Deep South

Harriet Beecher Stowe

American author best known for Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that inflamed sentiment against slavery.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) American inventor, engineer, and artist who brought steamboating from the experimental stage to commercial success. He also designed a system of inland waterways, a submarine, and a steam warship was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing a commercially successful steamboat; the first was called The North River Steamboat of Clermonts. In 1807 that steamboat traveled on the Hudson River with passengers from New York City to Albany and back again, a round trip of 300 miles, in 62 hours. The success of his steamboat changed river traffic and trade on major American rivers. In 1800, He had been commissioned by Napoleon Bonaparte, leader of France, to attempt to design a submarine; he produced the Nautilus, the first practical submarine in history. He was also credited with inventing some of the world's earliest naval torpedoes for use by the British Royal Navy

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

craft workers

An artisan or other worker who has a specific craft or skill.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical

Capital

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

artisan republicanism

An ideology that celebrated small-scake producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms), and defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens.

capitalist

An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.

labor union

An organization of workers—usually wage-earning workers—to promote the interests and welfare of its members, often by collective bargaining with employers.

strike

An organized work stoppage by employees in order to obtain better wages, working conditions, and so on.

Second Great Awakening

An upsurge in religious activity that began in 1801 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals

Election of 1832

Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and Wirt's 1. The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles to which most educated or upper-class men of the Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election.

Bank Veto

Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the proposed charter renewal for the Second Bank of the United States. The veto marked the beginning of Jackson's five-year battle against the national bank.

conscience Whigs

Anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

John Marshall

Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)

"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. Initially a Federalist like his father, he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party. Adams negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty, which provided for the American acquisition of Florida. He also helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine, which became a key tenet of U.S. foreign policy.

Nicholas Biddle

As President of the Second Bank of the United States, this man occupied a position of power and responsibility that propelled him to the forefront of Jacksonian politics in the 1830s. He, along with others who regarded the bank as a necessity, realized the threat posed by the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson was bitterly opposed to the national bank, believing that it was an unconstitutional, elitist institution that bred inequalities among the people. A bitterly divisive issue, the rechartering of the bank dominated political discussion for most of the 1830s, and for many, this man became a symbol of all for which the bank stood. After Jackson's reelection, the Second Bank of the United States was doomed. was an American financier who served as the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States (chartered 1816-1836). He also served in the Pennsylvania General Assembly. He is best known for his role in the Bank War.

Sequoyah

Cherokee who created a notation for writing the Cherokee language (1770-1843) was a Cherokee silversmith. In 1821 he completed his independent creation of a Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible. This was one of the very few times in recorded history that a member of a pre-literate people created an original, effective writing system (another example being Shong Lue Yang). After seeing its worth, the people of the Cherokee Nation rapidly began to use his syllabary and officially adopted it in 1825. Their literacy rate quickly surpassed that of surrounding European-American settlers.

"Democracy in America"

Classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere. Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years. He begins his book by describing the change in social conditions taking place. He observed that over the previous seven hundred years the social and economic conditions of men had become more equal. The aristocracy, Tocqueville believed, was gradually disappearing as the modern world experienced the beneficial effects of equality. Tocqueville traced the development of equality to a number of factors, such as granting all men permission to enter the clergy, widespread economic opportunity resulting from the growth of trade and commerce, the royal sale of titles of nobility as a monarchical fundraising tool, and the abolition of primogeniture

evangelical

Concerning religious belief, commonly Protestant, that emphasizes personal salvation, individual and voluntary religious commitment, and the authority of Scripture.

The American System

Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay

Sea Island Cotton

Cotton grown on the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina, where the winters were very mild, with long fibers producing high quality cloth.

machine tools

Cutting, boring, and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts, which were then assembled into products like sewing machines.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"!

Democratic candidate Governor James k.Polks slogan in the election of 1844 calling for American sovereignty over the entire oregon Territory ,stretching from California to Russian occupied Alaska and presently shared with Great Britain

Perfectionism

Due to the new liberal movements and religious fervor, many Americans believed that perfection was attainable. Therefore, a series of movements took place to perfect society, such as prison reform, temperance, etc.

Frances Cabot Lowell

Early 1800's: founded cotton cloth factory in MA and employed young women from NE farms until they married and had families. Believed this would prevent a permanent underclass of factory workers. Responsible for the 1st "integrated" textile mill in which all operations for converting raw cotton into finished cloth could be performed in one mill building; ran on water power Boston Manufacturing Company

Alexis de Tocqueville

Early 1830s *French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States *Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society *Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality *Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.

Panic of 1837

Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States

Market Economy

Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand

Samuel Slater

English mechanic who built the first mechanized textile mill in the US.

Johnson v. McIntosh (1823, Marshall)

Established that Indian tribes had rights to tribal lands that preceded all other American law; only the federal government could take land from the tribes.

Charles Finney

Evangelical Presbyterian minister, one of the leaders of the 2nd great awakening in the early 1830s. Preached that sinners could get into heaven by repenting. Preached about perfectionism

Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

puritanical

Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Fall 1811 - William Henry Harrison - gov. of Indiana - gathered army - Advanced to Tecumseh's HQ - Tecumseh was absent b/c he was recruiting Southern support - Tenskwatawa attacked Harrison's army with small force of Shawnees

Panic of 1819

First major economic crisis of the United States. Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices, and as farmers' income declined, they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey

Compromise of 1850

Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Sojourner Truth

Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist

American Colonization Society

Founded by Henry Clay and other prominent citizens and 1817, the society argued that slaves had to be freed and then resettled in Africa or elsewhere. Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820's, aka Latter Day Saints, when Smith is killed by Illinois militiamen, Brigham Young assumes command and leads America's "Israelites" to the Utah Territory, where they establish themselves heavily in Salt Lake City.

Franklin Institute

Founded by the Sellars family in Philadelphia in 1824. A school for mechanics named after Benjamin Franklin. Published a journal and provided high school level instruction in mechanics, math, chemistry, and mechanical drawing. founded in 1824 by the Sellars family and other mechanics in Philadelphia- published a journal, provided high school education level instruction in mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, and mechanical drawing, and organized annual fair to exhibit new products

The event of the end of the 20-month conflict with Britain showed that...

France hoped America would be a naval power in the future

laissez-faire

French for "let do" or "leave alone." The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy.

Clermont

Fulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany. The first American steamboat, navigated shallow Western Rivers, engineers broadened steamboats hulls to reduce their draft and enlarge their cargo capacity. These vessels halved the cost of upstream river transport and dramatically increase the flow of goods, people, and news. In 1830, a traveler or a letter from New York could reach Buffalo or Pittsburgh by water in less than a week and Detroit, Chicago, or St. Louis in two weeks. In 1800, the same journeys had taken twice as long.

hard money

Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money.

Effects of the Corps of Discovery

Greater scientific knowledge, maps, Indians in the region, wilderness adventure stories, and allowed other explorers venture like Zebulon M. Pike *Original purpose: find a path to the Pacific (MS River to the West)*

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Factions

Groups such as parties or interest groups, which according to James Madison arose from the unequal distribution of property or wealth and had the potential to cause instability in government.

Utopian Communities

Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived

Liberia

In 1820, the American Colonization Society created a colony in West Africa for freed slaves to go. By the 1840s this colony had its own constitution and became and independent nation. began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), who believed black people would face better chances for freedom and prosperity in Africa than in the United States.[8] The country declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The U.S. did not recognize Liberia's independence until February 5, 1862, during the American Civil War. Between January 7, 1822, and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born black people who faced legislated limits in the U.S., and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans, relocated to the settlement

denominations

In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into separate national churches structures; e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ.

boom

In economics, a period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.

depression

In economics, a severe and often prolonged period of declining economic activity, rising unemployment, and falling wages and prices.

productivity

In economics, the relative capacity to produce goods and services, measured in terms of the number of workers and machines needed to create goods in a certain length of time.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Refers to the claim from the supporters of Andrew Jackson that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had worked out a deal to ensure that Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives in 1824.

Seminoles

Indians from Florida joined by runaway black slaves, retreated to the everglades. For seven years they waged a guerilla war that killed 1500 soldiers. ¼ were moved to Oklahoma where several thousand still live. A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war and were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow

Log Cabin Campaign

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses. Was when William Henry Harrison Decided to run again for the Presidency in 1840, with John Tyler on his ticket. Harrison's campaign appealed to Americans' beliefs that democracy should be for the common people, as opposed to a powerful elite. Harrison portrayed himself as a candidate for the masses, with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too", while painting his opponent Martin Van Buren as a wealthy snob who was unconcerned with the common American. Ironically, Harrison was actually the one who had come from a wealthy family, while Van Buren grew up poor.

2nd Bank of United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. National bank with multiple branches chartered in 1816 or 20 years. Intended to help regulate the economy, became a major issue in Andrew Jackson's real action campaign in 1832.

2nd Bank of the United States

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819. National bank with multiple branches chartered in 1816 or 20 years. Intended to help regulate the economy, became a major issue in Andrew Jackson's real action campaign in 1832.

Missouri

Jefferson City The French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764. After a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory. Missouri was admitted as a slave state as part of the Missouri Compromise. played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, and California Trail all began in Missouri. As a border state, Missouri's role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business.

"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists"

Jefferson's Inaugural Address

Result of the Judiciary Act

Jeffersonians claimed that the Federalists attempted to entrench themselves in one branch of government

Congress declaring war

June 1, 1812 - Showed division over wisdom of fighting - Support from S & W and Republicans in populous states (VA, PN) - Federalists in N & S disliked the war

posterity

Later descendants or subsequent generations.

habeas corpus

Latin for "bring forth the body," a legal writ forcing government authorities to justify their arrest and detention of an individual.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement

personal-liberty laws

Laws enacted in many northern states to protect free blacks and fugitive slaves from southern slave catchers.

Andrew Jackson

Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification

Henry Clay

Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise

liability

Legal responsibility for loss or damage.

theocracy

Literally, rule by God, the term is often applied to a state where religious leaders exercise direct or indirect political authority.

mudslinging

Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent.

Non-Intercourse Act

March 1, 1809, expired 1810 Formally reopened trade with the rest of the world other than Britain and France

Horace Mann

Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"

Hartford Convention, 1814

Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics

War Hawks

Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest

Freemasons

Members of Masonic lodges, social clubs organized around the elaborate secret rituals of stonemasons' guilds. Membership provided a place outside the traditional channels of socializing where nobles and middle-class professionals and even some artisans mingled and shared their common interest in the Enlightenment and reform. The movement began in Great Britain in the early 18th century and spread eastward across Europe. Although not explicitly political, members encouraged equality among its members

Lowell System

Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA

temperance

Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.

Gradual Emancipation Laws

Most states in the North did not abolish slavery immediately. Instead, they passed "Gradual Emancipation" laws which called for a phasing out of slavery. With its statute of 1780, Pennsylvania became one of the first states to enact such legislation 1780-1810, N. States these laws were ony in the northern states and began by eradicating slavery within the next twenty years. Slaves would have to reach the age of 21 before they could be free. This effectively stopped slavery in many northern states, however many slaves were not free they were just sold to the south when they neared their birthday. The practice of ending slavery in the distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned. Generally, living slaves were not freed by gradual emancipation statutes, they applied only to slaves born after the passage of the statute, And only after they had first labored for their owners for a term of years.

Lewis Cass

Named father of "popular sovereignty." Ran for president in 1848 but Gen. Taylor won. The north was against Cass because popular sovereignty made it possible for slavery to spread.

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

nativist

One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.

zealot

One who is carried away by a cause to an extreme or excessive degree.

nonconformist

One who refuses to follow established or conventional ideas or habits; often referred to as part of a "counter-culture".

American Colonization Society (established 1817)

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)

Bible Society

Organization that tried to get everyone to have a bible.

Unions

Organizations of workers that began during the industrial revolution to bargain with employers over wages, hours, benefits, control of the workplace. An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

greenbacks

Paper money issued by the U.S. Treasury during the Civil War to finance the war effort.

interchangeable parts

Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

Embargo Act (1807)

Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy

forty-niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

sectionalist

Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American

Dorothea Dix

Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill

Laissez-faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

Whig Party

Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks. Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong

Democratic-Republicans

Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"

Federalist

Political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton; favored a stronger national government; supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests

Democrats

Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833. a derogatory term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus Treasury funds in 1833. They were chosen among the big U.S. banks when President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Henry Clay four years before the recharter was due. Clay intended to use the rechartering of the bank as a topic in the upcoming election of 1832. The charter for the Second Bank of the United States, which was headed by Nicholas Biddle, was for a period of twenty years beginning in 1816, but Jackson's distrust of the national banking system (which he claimed to be unconstitutional) led to Biddle's proposal to recharter early, and the beginning of the Bank War. Jackson cited four reasons for vetoing the recharter, each degrading the Second Bank of the United States in claims of it holding an exorbitant amount of power

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century

Second Bank of the United States (1816)

Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process

prolific

Producing a large number of something.

Naturalization Law of 1802

Reduced citizen residency requirement from 14 to 5 years

transient

Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.

communistic

Referring to the theory or practice in which the means of production are owned by the community as a whole.

ethnocultural politics

Refers to the distinctive social characteristics of immigrants and religious groups, especially in determining their party loyalties and stance on political issues touching personal behavior and public morality.

Black Belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west. is a region of the Southern United States. The term originally described the prairies and dark fertile soil of central Alabama and northeast Mississippi. Because this area in the 19th century was historically developed for cotton plantations based on enslaved African American labor, the term became associated with these conditions. It was generally applied to a much larger agricultural region in the Southern US characterized by a history of cotton plantation agriculture in the 19th century and a high percentage of African Americans outside metropolitan areas. The slaves were freed after the American Civil War, and many continued to work in agriculture afterward.

Daniel Webster

Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union. was an American politician who represented New Hampshire (1813-1817) and Massachusetts (1823-1827) in the United States House of Representatives; served as a Senator from Massachusetts (1827-1841, 1845-1850); and was the United States Secretary of State sought the Whig Party nomination for President in 1836, 1840, and 1852. As a lawyer He shaped several key U.S. Supreme Court cases that established important constitutional precedents and bolstered the authority of the federal government. he is best known for negotiating the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Great Britain which established the Canada-United States border east of the Rocky Mountains

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity

Sacajawea

Shoshone woman that helped Lewis and Clark

Effect of General James Wilkinson

Showed it was hard for the US govt to govern that much land

Ordinance of Nullification

South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them. declared the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina, beginning on February 1, 1833. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 26, 1832, it led to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, the Nullification Proclamation on December 10, 1832, which threatened to send government ground troops to enforce the tariffs. In the face of the military threat, and following a Congressional revision of the law which lowered the tariff, South Carolina repealed the ordinance. The protest that lead to the Ordinance of Nullification was caused by the belief that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 favored the North over the South and therefore violated the Constitution. This led to an emphasis on the differences between the two regions and helped set the stage for conflict during the antebellum era.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law. In the late 1820s, his views changed radically and he became a leading proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification, and opposition to high tariffs—he saw Northern acceptance of these policies as the only way to keep the South in the Union. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 1860-1861. American political leader who was a congressman, the secretary of war, the seventh vice president (1825-32), a senator, and the secretary of state of the United States. He championed states' rights and slavery and was a symbol of the Old South. South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Cotton Belt

Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Gadsden Purchase

Strip of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico that was acquired by the U.S. in 1853 for $10 million. Purchased by president Franklin Pierce

Tariff of Abominations 1828

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)

subversive

Tending to corrupt, overthrow, or destroy something established.

separate spheres

Term used by contemporaries and historians to describe the nineteenth-century view that men and women have different gender- defined characteristics and, consequently, that the sexes should inhabit different social worlds.

Era of Good Feelings

Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe

Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)

The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)

The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

Adams became known as...

The Father of the American Navy

Oneida

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

The Supreme Court ruled that Indians were not independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government.

usurpation

The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without right.

"slavery follows the flag"

The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into newly opened territories.

Cult of Domesticity

The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century

labor theory of value

The belief that human labor produces value in products.

constituents

The body of voters or supporters in a district, regarded as a group.

Slave Power Conspiracy

The concept that the South was trying to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus trying to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the South

nullification

The constitutional argument that a state could void a law passed by Congress.

Market Revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1815 in the exchange of goods and services and market transactions. The market revolution reflected the increased output of farms (including cotton plantations) and factories, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads.

Cotton Complex

The economic System that developed in the first half of the 19th century binding together southern cotton production with northern cloth making, shipping, and Capitol.

Californios

The elite Mexican ranchers in the province of California.

Hudson River School 1825-1875

The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism

incorporation

The formation of individuals into a legally organized group, usually a business.

republican motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold the children into exemplary republican citizens.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens.

Paternalism

The ideology held by slave owners who consider themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves. The theory of slavery that emphasized reciprocal duties and obligations between masters and their slaves, with slaves providing labor and obedience and masters providing basic care and direction. Whites employed the concept of paternalism to deny that the slave system was brutal and exploitative.

American System

The mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay and adopted by John Quincy Adams.

Abolition

The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s.

business cycle

The periodic rise and fall of business activity characteristic of market-driven, capitalist economies.

incumbent

The person currently holding an office.

appeasement

The policy of giving in to demands of a hostile of dangerous power in hope of avoiding conflict.

Positive Good Theory

The positive good theory is the idea that slavery was not, actually a "necessary evil," as Jefferson would describe it, but "a good-a positive good" institution for both blacks and whites in that whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity (John C. Calhoun's response)

Patronage

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

polygamy

The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.

internal improvements

The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution.

Commonwealth System

The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.

suffrage

The right to vote.

Franchise

The right to vote. Between 1820 and 1860 most states revised the constitutions to extend the vote to all adult white males. Black adult males gained the right to vote with the passage of the fourth amendment (1868). The 19th amendment (1920), granted adult women the right to vote

Whigs

The second national party, arose in 1834 when a group of congressmen contested Andrew Jackson's policies and conduct. The party identified itself with the pre revolutionary American and British parties- also called Whigs. conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

demographic transition

The sharp decline in birthrate in the United States beginning in the 1790s that was caused by changes in cultural behavior, including the use of birth control. The migration of thousands of young men to the trans-Appalachian west was also a factor in this decline.

Midwest

The subregion that contains the 12 states of the north-central United States consisting of the five states carved out of the Northwest territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) along with Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota

Spoils System

The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory. In 1829, Andrew Jackson instituted the system on the national level, arguing that the rotation of officeholders was preferable to a permanent group of bureaucrats.

deference

The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else.

Greater Mississippi River Basin

This huge area, drained by six river systems, (the Missouri, Arkansas, read, Ohio, Tennessee, Mississippi), contains the largest and most productive contiguous acreage of arable land in the world. By 1860, nearly 1/3 of the nations citizens live in eight of its states. The "Midwest", consisting of the five states carved out of the Northwest territory (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin) along with Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. They are they created a rich agricultural economy and an industrializing society.

Seneca Falls

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

T/F: There was an orderly transfer of power from Adams to Jefferson

True

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

providence (providencial)

Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825) was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention into securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the newly formed United States Army. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825. is most famous for two innovations which came to have significant impacts on the United States in the mid-19th century: the cotton gin (1793) and his advocacy of interchangeable parts. In the South, the cotton gin revolutionized the way cotton was harvested and reinvigorated slavery. In the North the adoption of interchangeable parts revolutionized the manufacturing industry, and contributed greatly to the U.S. victory in the Civil War. Cotton gin

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872) was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age He contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of the Morse code and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy

prejudice

Unreasonable suspicion, bias, or hatred directed at members of a group.

Reasons John Marshall became a Federalist

When he was in Valley Forge, he was impressed with the drawbacks of the weak federal government

Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison published a newspaper called The _________. This paper was devoted to the abolition of slavery.

Henry David Thoreau

Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Stephen Douglas

Wrote the Kansas Nebraska act and Freeport Doctrine took over for Henry Clay in the Compromise of 1850. Clay could not get the compromised passed because neither party wanted to pass it as a whole since they would be passing things for the opposite party as well as their own. Douglas split the compromise up to get it passed.

Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor 40 year military career called "Old Rough and Ready" by his troops never lost a battle: attended West Point, served in Black Hawk's War and recieved his surrender 1832. Participated in Seminole Wars 1837 and 1846, Hero of Mexican War 1846-48. 12th President of the United States 2nd from the Whig Whig Party. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850. Was a slave owner who opposed succession, did not oppose admitting CA, NM as free states. He died within 16 months of his Presidency from cholera.

Fugitive Slave Act

a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Manifest Destiny

a policy of imperialism rationalized as inevitable (as if granted by God) settle North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast

2nd Party System

a term of periodization to designate the political party system operating in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, after the First Party System ended. The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest, beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnouts, rallies, partisan newspapers, and high degrees of personal loyalty to parties. Two major parties dominated the political landscape: the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other opponents of Jackson. Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, an important innovator from 1827 to 1834; the abolitionist Liberty Party in 1840; and the anti-slavery expansion Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852. The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era, until succeeded by the Third Party System.

Manumission Act

allowed individual owners to free their slaves This law enacted by the General Assembly in May 1782 allowed slaveholders to manumit their slaves at will, without government approval. The law also mandates that anyone manumitting their slaves shall provide support for those over or under a certain age and that slaves pay the taxes and levies required by the state.

domestic slave trade

also known as the Second Middle Passage and the interregional slave trade, was the term for the domestic trade of slaves within the United States that reallocated slaves across states during the antebellum period. It was most significant in the early to mid-19th century, when historians estimate one million slaves were taken in a forced migration from the Upper South: Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the District of Columbia, to the territories and newly admitted states of the Deep South and the West Territories: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. Economists say that transactions in the inter-regional slave market were driven primarily by differences in the marginal productivity of labor, which were based in the relative advantage between climates for the production of staple goods. The trade was strongly influenced by invention of the cotton gin, which made short-staple cotton profitable for cultivation across large swathes of the upland Deep South (the Black Belt). Previously the commodity was based on long-staple cotton cultivated in coastal areas and the Sea Islands.

Indian Territory

an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s describe an evolving land area set aside by the United States Government for the relocation of Native Americans who held aboriginal title to their land. In general, the tribes ceded land they occupied in exchange for land grants in 1803. The term Indian Reserve describes lands the British government set aside for indigenous tribes between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River in the time before the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Indian Territory later came to refer to an unorganized territory whose general borders were initially set by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834, and was the successor to the remainder of the Missouri Territory after Missouri received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various Organic Acts were passed by Congress to create incorporated territories of the United States. The 1907 Oklahoma Enabling Act created the single state of Oklahoma by combining Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory, ending the existence of an Indian Territory.

Canals

an artificial waterway constructed to allow the passage of boats or ships inland or to convey water for irrigation. A waterborne transportation system of unprecedented size, complexity, and cost. State government and private entrepreneurs dredged shallow rivers and constructed canals to bypass waterfalls and rapids. Around 1820, they begin constructing a massive system of canals and roads linking states along the Atlantic coast with new states in the trans- Appalachian west. This transportation system set in motion a mass migration of people to the greater Mississippi River basin.

Temperance Movement

an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it

states' rights

are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment An Interpretation of the Constitution that exalts the sovereignty of the states and circumscribes the authority of the national government.

Burned over district

area of New York State along the Erie Canal that was constantly aflame with revivalism and reform; as wave after wave to fervor broke over the region, groups such as the Mormons, Shakers, and Millerites found support among the residents.

South Carolina

became the eighth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution on May 23, 1788. became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20, 1860. After the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25, 1868. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), about a third of combat action took place in South Carolina, more than in any other state. Inhabitants of the state endured being invaded by English forces and an ongoing civil war between loyalists and partisans that devastated the backcountry.[49] It is estimated 25,000 slaves (30% of those in South Carolina) fled, migrated or died during the war.[50

egalitarian

believing in the social and economic equality of all people. A social view in which all citizens are equal in all aspects of life.

Post Office Act of 1792

defined the character of the new Post Office Department. Intense and spirited debate in Congress separated the old colonial postal practices from the new direction and goals of this new, American, postal service. The debates examined issues of a free press, personal privacy and national growth. A Free Press - Under the act, newspapers could be sent through the mail at discounted rates, subsidized by the Federal government itself, to better promote the spread of information across the nation. National Growth - The Act also helped shape the expansion of the nation with Congress assumin the responsibility for the creation of new postal routes to help guide settlement, expansion, and development. They wanted to use the promise of mail delivery to help grow the nation and economy instead of serving only existing communities. Personal Privacy - To ensure the sanctity and privacy of the mails, postal officials were forbidden to open any letters in their charge unless they were undeliverable. Finally, Congress assumed responsibility for the creation of postal routes, ensuring that mail routes would help lead expansion and development instead of only serve existing communities. a law that prohibited public officials from using their power over the mail as a surveillance technique (protected american freedom). also permitted newspapers to travel through the mail on extremely favorable terms and establishing procedures that encouraged the expansion of mail routes

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery was the tenth President of the United States from 1841 to 1845 after briefly being the tenth Vice President (1841); he was elected to the latter office on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison. Tyler ascended to the presidency after Harrison's death in April 1841, only a month after the start of the new administration. He was a supporter of states' rights, and as president he adopted nationalist policies only when they did not infringe on the powers of the states. His unexpected rise to the presidency, with the resulting threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians, left him estranged from both major political parties.

Working men's parties

first labour-oriented political organization in the United States. Established first in Philadelphia in 1828 and then in New York in 1829, the party emanated out of the concerns of craftsmen and skilled journeymen over their low social and economic status. The "Workies" pressed for universal male suffrage, equal educational opportunities, protection from debtor imprisonment and compulsory service in the militia, and greater financial security and shorter working hours. The Philadelphia party agitated for free public education and an end to competition from prison contract labour. The New York party, under the leadership of radical Thomas Skidmore, demanded the 10-hour working day, abolition of imprisonment for debt, and an effective mechanics' lien law for labourers on buildings. Such a law would prevent the seizure of a craftsman's tools as security for a debt. When the New York party came under the leadership of Frances Wright and Robert Dale Owen, it added a demand for universal secular education at public expense.

censure

harsh criticism or disapproval express severe disapproval of (someone or something), typically in a formal statement.

Abraham Lincoln

honest frontiersman from IL; the "rail-splitter" officially joined politics after the KS-NE act; challenged Douglas for the IL senate seat and although he put up a good fight, lost; won the election of 1860 as 1st successful Republican

Foreign Minors Tax

implemented in 1850 charged a prohibitive fee that drove out many latinos and chinese

1st party system

is a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system that existed in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party, formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, usually called at the time the Republican Party. The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800.

Frederick Douglass

is a powerful orator for the abolitionist movement. One of his reasons for writing the Narrative is to offer proof to critics who felt that such an articulate and intelligent man could not have once been a slave. Douglass progresses from unenlightened victim of the dehumanizing practices of slavery to educated and empowered young man. He gains the resources and convictions to escape to the North and wage a political fight against the institution of slavery.

Bethel AME Church

is a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination based in the United States. It is the first independent Protestant denomination to be founded by black people. It was founded by the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1816 from several black Methodist congregations in the mid-Atlantic area that wanted independence from white Methodists. It was among the first denominations in the United States to be founded on racial rather than theological distinctions and has persistently advocated for the civil and human rights of African Americans through social improvement, religious autonomy, and political engagement. Allen, a deacon in Methodist Episcopal Church, was consecrated its first bishop in 1816 by a conference of five churches from Philadelphia to Baltimore. The denomination then expanded west and south, particularly after the Civil War. By 1906, the AME had a membership of about 500,000, making it the largest major African-American Methodist denomination in the nation. The AME currently has 20 districts, each with its own bishop: 13 are based in the United States, mostly in the South, while 7 are based in Africa. The global membership of the AME is around 2.5 million and it remains one of the largest Methodist denominations in the world.

The Embargo Act did allow Yankees in New England to...

make a manufacturing industry

Indian Removal

many missionaries, the Cherokee nation, and others did not approve of Jackson's policy of

Specie

money in the form of gold or silver coins

Oregon Trail

pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country

James K.Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Taney Court

refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1836 to 1864, when Roger Taney served as the fifth Chief Justice of the United States. Taney succeeded John Marshall as Chief Justice after Marshall's death in 1835. Taney had been an important member of Andrew Jackson's administration, an advocate of Jacksonian democracy, and had played a major role in the Bank War, during which Taney wrote a memo questioning the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. However, the Taney Court did not strongly break from the decisions and precedents of the Marshall Court, as it continued to uphold a strong federal government with an independent judiciary. Most of the Taney Court's holdings are overshadowed by the Dred Scott decision, in which the court ruled that African-Americans could not be citizens. However, the Taney Court's decisions regarding economic issues and separation of powers set important precedents, and the Taney Court has been lauded for its ability to adapt regulatory law to a country undergoing remarkable technological and economic progress

Turnpike

road on which tolls are collected

General Winfield Scott

served as a general in the U.S. Army longer than any other person in American history. He is rated as one of the Army's most senior commissioned officers, and is ranked by many historians as the best American commander of his time. Scott was also a candidate for the Whig Party presidential nomination three times; selected in 1852, he lost the general election to Franklin Pierce. Over the course of his 53-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, the Mexican-American War, and the Second Seminole War. He was the army's senior officer at the start of the American Civil War, and conceived the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan, which was used to defeat the Confederacy. He served as Commanding General of the United States Army for twenty years, longer than any other holder of the office.

John Ridge

son of Major Ridge; had no problem with being at missionary school; married a white woman; prepared essay praising white Christian background; eventually split from his unity with John Ross; Ridge and a few other Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota and agreed to removal west of the Mississippi in exchange for $5 million; hacked with a hatchet to death

Tenskwatawa was known as

the Prophet

Restraints in not repealing every law showed that...

the defeated party doesn't have to be disastrous afterwards

National Trades Union

the first national association of trade unions, formed in 1834 was the first federation of city trade unions in the United States. It formed in 1834. Its main aim was the 10 hour day. It did not survive the panic of 1837. was the first federation of labor unions in the United States. It was established in 1834, but collapsed during the Panic of 1837.

Trail of Tears

the forced removal and westward journey of Cherokees From their lands in Georgia to present day Oklahoma in 1838. Nearly a quarter of the Cherokees died en route.

Western Union

the large telegraph company that hired Thomas Edison as a telegraph operator and later as an inventor.

Sally Hemmings

the now-proven "wife" of Thomas Jefferson

Democratic Revolution

the process, beginning about 1750, in which the citizens of the United States, France, and other countries broadened their participation in government, thereby suggesting that people can organize society and solve social problems

National Republicans

was a political party in the United States that evolved from a faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election. After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

Tariff of Abominations

was a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States. Created during the presidency of John Quincy Adams and enacted during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, it was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on 92% of all imported goods. Industries in the northern United States were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods; the major goal of the tariff was to protect these industries by taxing those goods. The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the U.S. made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South. The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis. The tariff marked the high point of U.S. tariffs in terms of average percent of value taxed, though not resulting revenue as percent of GDP.

Treaty of New Echota

was a treaty signed on December 29, 1835, in New Echota, Georgia by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction, the Treaty Party. The treaty established terms under which the entire Cherokee Nation ceded its territory in the southeast and agreed to move west to the Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council nor signed by Principal Chief John Ross, it was amended and ratified by the U.S. Senate in March 1836, and became the legal basis for the forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears.

General Andrew Jackson

was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of the "common man" against a "corrupt aristocracy" and to preserve the Union. Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate.

Mary Wollstonecraft

was an English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women's rights. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. Her daughter, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, became an accomplished writer herself, as Mary Shelley, whose best known work was "Frankenstein"

Boston Manufacturing Company

was formed in Waltham by Francis Cabot Lowell. It was the first time that all the processes for making cloth took place under one roof. It was the first modern factory in the United States and history books have credited this as the beginning of America's industrial revolution. was a business that operated the first factory in America. It was organized in 1813 by Francis Cabot Lowell, a wealthy Boston merchant, in partnership a group of investors known as The Boston Associates, for the manufacture of cotton textiles. It built the first integrated spinning and weaving factory in the world at Waltham, Massachusetts, using water power. They used plans for a power loom that he smuggled out of England as well as trade secrets from the earlier horse-powered Beverly Cotton Manufactory, of Beverly, Massachusetts, of 1788. This was the largest factory in the U.S., with a workforce of about 300. It was a very efficient, highly profitable mill that, with the aid of the Tariff of 1816, competed effectively with British textiles at a time when many smaller operations were being forced out of business.While the Rhode Island System that followed was famously employed by Samuel Slater, the Boston Associates improved upon it with the "Waltham System". The idea was successfully copied at Lowell, Massachusetts and elsewhere in New England. Many rural towns now had their own textile mills.

Martin Van Buren

was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A founder of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the ninth Governor of New York, the tenth U.S. Secretary of State. He won the 1836 presidential election with the endorsement of popular outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party. He lost his 1840 reelection bid to Whig Party nominee William Henry Harrison due in part to the poor economic conditions of the Panic of 1837. Later in his life, He emerged as an elder statesman and important anti-slavery leader who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election. Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

National Road

was the first major improved highway in the United States built by the federal government. Built between 1811 and 1837, the 620-mile (1,000 km) road connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and was a main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers. When rebuilt in the 1830s, it became the second U.S. road surfaced with the macadam process pioneered by Scotsman John Loudon McAdam. Construction began heading west in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac River. After the Financial Panic of 1837 and the resulting economic depression, congressional funding ran dry and construction was stopped at Vandalia, Illinois, the then capital of the Illinois, 63 miles (101 km) northeast of St. Louis across the Mississippi River. The road has also been referred to as the Cumberland Turnpike, the Cumberland-Brownsville Turnpike (or Road or Pike), the Cumberland Pike, the National Pike, and the National Turnpike

Grimke Sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.