APUSH Exam

Uncle tom's cabin

Antislavery sentiments grew in 1852 w publication, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, played on sympathies and showed horrors of slavery, very influential

Boston Tea party

British gave east India tea company monopoly on tea trade in colonies and added new duties to tea sales, actually was cheaper for colonists but angered them over principle, sons of Liberty boarded tea ship in 1773 and dumped tea into sea

Pinkertons

Carnegie's steel workers went on strike bc wage cut and union limit, leader rehired ppl, Pinkerton detective force hired to keep protests from happening, clash occurred and led to several deaths. State militia had to end it

Western frontier

Ranching and mining grew as industries, ignored property rights of natives,

Non intercourse act of 1809

Reopened trade with most nations but officially banned trade with Britain and France, Jefferson left after this, continuing two term precedent and endorsing James madison

Herbert Hoover

Republican nominee, 1928, parlayed strong economy, pres during Great Depression

Radical republicans, expansion, and confiscation acts

War not stated to be about slavery, constitution protected slavery where it was so many opponents including reps opposed extension of slavery not end, Lincoln argued for gradual Emancipation, compensation for slaveholders, and colonization for freed slaves outside of the us, as union dissolved when south left, legislature was much more liberal than Lincoln's initial stance in a north and south congress, racial republicans of congress wanted immediate Emancipation and introduced confiscation Acts, gave gov right to seize any slaves and then allowed gov to liberate any slave owned by somebody who supported rebellion

Government's war powers during ww2

War production board allowed gov to see mobilization or industry towards war effort, businesses guaranteed generous profits, rationing of consumer goods. Sponsored scientific research to improve weapons, eebelop radat sonar and atomic nombinh, exerted greater control over labor w act alloweing govs to take over businesses deemed necessary to national security, Hollywood enlisted propaganda films to boost morale and war support, giv size tripled during war

Great Migration

Wartime jobs in north and west cities, southern blacks undertook migration, half a million in search for work, many joined armu

Washington Presidency

Washington elected as first president, set many precedents, only use veto if he believed a bill was unconstitutional, established balanced and intelligent cabinet of advisors, tj and Hamilton were members, tj wanted weak central government, Hamilton for strong central government,

Republican Party

Whig Party Collapsed after Kansas Nebraska Act, antislavery Whigs joined northern Democrat's and former free spoilers, convinced Whigs would not take strong stance on slavery, formed a new party called the Republicans, not abolitionist but wanted to keep slavery out of territories, championed developing national roads, more liberal land distribution in west, increased protective tariffs, made them appeal to wider group than free spoilers had, attracted midwestern merchants and farmers, Western settlers, and eastern importers, grew quickly in the north by 1854

Women's suffrage movement

Women's suffrage became important political issue, led by Susan b Anthony, organizations like American suffrage association

Sugar act

1764, increased and enforced strictly duties to prevent molasses smugglers, people were angry because violators were arrested and tried without a jury, increased regulation of navigation acts to regulate colonial commerce

Stamp act

1765, aimed at raising revenue, very broad tax on goods produced in colonies, effected many colonists, end of colonists' self taxation, very angry response, no taxation without representation argument, not yet advocated secession but increased role in British government

Townsend acts

1767, taxed goods from britain imports, tax collectors added so harder for colonists to avoid, more Vice admiralty courts and offices to enforce British will in colonies, added writs of assistance which were los ensues that gave British power to search anywhere suspected of hiding goods

Battle of saratoga

1777, upstate New York, decisive American victory against British troops, convinced French to help Americans by sending advisers, weapons, and money, continental army had trouble recruiting good soldiers and many blacks fought for rebel side

Battle of yorktown

1781, end of revolution Cornwallis surrounded by French navy and Washington's land troops and forced to surrender and began lengthy negotiations

American colonization society

1816, founded off movement that blacks should be gradually returned to Africa, society sought to return stages to newly formed conpuntry of Liberia, some politicians supported cause

Mexican American War

1846-1848, Polk avoided war in Oregon, turned to gain land from Mexico in southwest, tried to buy it but failed, so challenged Mexican authorities in border of Texas, provoked Mexican attack on American troops, Mexico was already agitated over annexation if Texas in 1836, Polk used border attack to argue for declaration of war against Mexico, congress agreed and it began, altho Whigs questioned legitimacy of claims that Mexico fired first, War was not met w universal support from American public, north feared new west states would be slave states and tip congressional balance, others said Polk provoked Mexico into war at request of slaveholders causing idea that few slaveowners had control over gov, referred to as slave power by suspicious northerners, this was further provoked by gag rule of 1836

James Buchanon

1856 candidate, tried to maintain status quo as pres, worked to enforce fugitive slave act and opposed abolitionist activism, unsure about permanent solution to slavery, hoped to maintain union until solution presented itself

Lecompton Constitution

1857, Kansas pro slavery constitution that was drafted, recognized by president pierce and declared Kansas slave territory

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 senate debate over illinois seat between Abe Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, Lincoln was rising Republican star, gained national attention due to Railroad and telegraph, Douglas viewed as leading democrat in us senate, Lincoln as Whig opposed to Mexican war and Kansas Nebraska Act, debates gave voice to issues and concerns that divided nation, Lincoln delivered house divided speech, Douglas destroyed political career in attempt to defend pop soverignty (Freeport Doctrine)k Douglas tried to depict Lincoln as abolitionist, Lincoln pushed Douglas in corner when pushed him to reconcile popular sovereignty with Dred Scott decision, Douglass suggested that slavery could not exist where local laws did not protect it so voters and residents of a territory could exclude slavery, Douglas alienated northern and southern voters w his ambiguous stance, destroyed chances at 1860 presidency, Lincoln won electoral vote for 1860 presidential election

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

1859, added fuel to secession fire, John brown hoped to spark slave revolt, was executed, became martyr for northern abolitionist cause

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans, southern leaders who wanted to maintain union negotiated it, failed because Lincoln and republicans would not let slavery be extended to other territories, they hoped south was bluffing and would not secede

Confederate States of America

1860, South Carolina seceded from Union after Lincoln was elected, six more states joined to form Confederacy, chose Jefferson Davis to lead them,

Fort Sumter

1861 April, Lincoln maintained control of federal forts in the south after southern states seceded, confederacy attacked and captured Fort Sumter, no one died, first battle of civil war

Battle of antietam

1862, first battle fought in east where Union wasn't completely defeated, forced Confederacy ti retreat, claimed as Union victory, which gave Lincoln the platform to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, also showed Britain and France that Union wasn't a lost cause and stopped them from possibly helping confederacy

Redeemers and rise

1872 election, some moderates abandoned coalition supporting reconstruction, they were angered by construction and wanted to end federal control of south, Horace Greeley, made gains in congressional and state elections, grant was polarized and moved further from radical position, passed amnesty act to pardon rebels, panic of 1873 drew national attention away from reconstruction, southern democrats regained much control of state legislatures, called themselves redeemers, intended to reverse Republican reconstruction policies

Compromise of 1877

1876 contested election, boss tweed vs samuel Tilden, accused each other of fraud, tilden won popular vote but not electoral vote, republicans challenged returns that favored Tilden, congress steeped in to resolve by creating special bipartisan electoral commissions of senators, reps and justices, struck deal thru informal negotiations compromise of 1877, Rutherford b Hayes won presidential election, but he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops from south, life for blacks would become worse

Haymarket Square Riot

1886, reinforced propagandists claims that unions were violent and radical forces, Chicago labor demonstration, bomb went off, killed police, blamed on radicals within movement

Interstate Commerce Act

1887, first federal regulatory law in history, established interstate commerce commission to supervise railroad activities and regulate unfair oractices

McKinley Tariff

1890, congress, raised duties on imports by 50%, some products were duty free, then another tariff, issue dominated congressional debate and impacted foreign relations, contributed to Spanish American war

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896, Supreme Court ruled that role of federal giv was not to maintain social equality, established separate but equal facilities to be legal, set back gains made during reconstruction

Zimmerman Telegram

1917, Brits intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico, outlined German plan to keep us out of war, said if Mexico declared war on us, Germany would help Mexico regain land lost in Mexican war, suggested that Germany would help Japan if they went to war with us, published in us newspapers, convinced Americans that Germany was trying to take over world, us declared war on Germany in a month

Atlantic Charter Conference

1941, FDR and Winston Churchill Met, declared allies war aims, including disarmament, self determination, freedom of seas, and national seurity

Lend Lease Act

1941, FDR worked to help allies, found ways to supply them w ships and weapons, appointed pro ally republicans to head department of war and navy, instituted nations first peacetime military draft, drifting from isolationist Policy , forced Act they congress which permitted us to lend armaments to England who needed war tools, FDR sent us ships to war some to protect lend lease shipments, provoking Germany

Yalta Conference

1945, allied leaders met and redrew world map, ussr occupied parts of Eastern Europe, Stalin wanted to create buffer zone between Soviet Union and Western Europe and surround himself w friendly nations, he was given free hand un Eastern Europe, promised to hold free elections, established societ satiate and descent of iron curtain, agree in other border and postwar settlements, agreed that once war in Europe ended, use would declare war on japan, agreed to help create United Nations to mediate future international disputes

Prohibition, 18th Amendment, and gangster Era

19th century morals led to prohibition of manufacture sale and transport of alcohol, rooted in reform campaigns, mainstay of female political amendments. 18th amendment banned alcohol, signifying women's growing influence, ppl resented this, saw as private manners, organized crime wa every effective at producing and selling alcohol in cities, open warfar between gangs and law enforcement, prohibition repealed nu twenty first amendment in 1933

Potsdam Conference

2nd Allied meeting to decide how to implement terms of Yakutia, Truman represented us, war almost over so differences between us and user were more orinounedee

Reconstruction

3 major questions after war ended and reunited nation, what conditions to read mitt southern states? Status of blacks? What to do with rebels? Seen as time period and process, 1865 to 1877 from end of war until union army withdrew from south, process still continuing, involved read,toting south states that seceded, physically rebuilding southern towns cities and property destroyed during war, integrating newly freed blacks into society proved most difficult, Lincoln did not want ti punish south and wanted to end war and reunite nation quickly and painlessly before assassination

Cost of civil war

3 million fought, sixth died, wounded, both govs ran up huge debts, south ravaged by union soldiers, permanently expanded role of gov

Gag rule

Abolitionist literature and movement especially with William Lloyd Garrison became more popular and controversial, some south states banned his newspaper and prohibited anyone from discussing Emancipation, so when congressional debate over slaver became too heated, congress adopted gag rule to suppress discussion of issue, prevented congress from enacting new legislature dealing wth slavery, this and southern restrictions on free speech outraged northerners and convinced them to join abolition movement

Louisiana purchase

Accomplishment of Jefferson presidency,Spain gave New Orleans to France in 1802, us saw troubling situations, France would take advantage of Nola's strategic location, meaning American trade would be restricted, Monroe sent to France to buy Nola for 2 million, Napoleon was more concerned for war and conquering in Europe and the slavery revolt in Haiti so abandoned interests in America and sold Louisiana territory for 15 million, Jefferson in dilemma, had argued for strict constitutional interpretation, constitution did not authorize president to purchase land but Jefferson did not want to pass up opputunity, plus would gain even more support from western farmers and settlers who could push further west,resolved issue by claiming presidential power to negotiate treaties w foreign nations, federalists opposed purchase because feared that more western states would be more democratic states and they would lose political power, formed group called Essex jumbo to secede from us, Aaron burr led by plan mayerialized, other reuboicans criticized Jefferson for violating their and his principles

XYZ Affair

Adams avoided all pit war with France, after us signed jays treaty, France seized us ships, Adams sent 3 diplomats to Paris, French diplomats demanded bribe in order for negotiations to start, us refused and returned and reported it, French officials known as xyz, popular sentiment turned around, formerly pro France but now anti French so that war seemed potential, Adams avoided war bc very small American war and neitiated settlement, although unable to avoid naval skirmished called the quasi war

Jays treaty

After battle of fallen timbers, John Jay to negotiate treaty in England about evacuating British from northwest territory as said in treaty of Paris and discuss British violations of free trade, would prevent war with Britain, ppl were angry that Jay made too many concessions to British who did not respect sovereignty, Washington refused to submit documents for treaty,established executive privilege precedent, which is right of prez to withhold info to protect national security, seen as low point of Washington administration

Jazz age and depression

After ww1, us economy went they slump but then grew rapidly, electric motor responsible for economic boom, prosperity and industries served growing middle close

Farming during the transportation and market revolutions

Agriculture still remained most common livelihood during first half of 19th century, mechanization revolutionize agriculture, plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, cotton gin, drastic increase of food grown would go to market instead of consumption at this time, farming continued in northeast but region was rocky and hilly so machinery was unsuitable, overfarming so poor soil in northeast, northeast could not compete with Midwest grain farmers, quit cultivation and took up livestock fruits and vegetables, others quit and took urban manufacturing jobs, midwest became chief source of grains like wheat and corn, doubled production thanks to machinery, banks sprang up to lend farmers money for equipment and trade routes gave farmers access to markets, worked except during panics of 1819 and 1837, in south plantations focused on cotton in Deep South and tobacco in upper south, majority of southerners owned small farms without slavery

Reconstruction successes

All men could vote, New southern governments created public schools and institutions like orphanages, also stimulated industrial and rail development thru loans grants and tax exemptions, blacks soon were running and serving un office

Sectionalism and the South

Almost entirely agrarian, tobacco and cotton required lots of land so southerners looked west for more land, anxious to protect slavery, looked for new slave territories to include in Union to strengthen their position in congress and protect it from northern legislatures

political bosses and machines

Almost non existent municipal governments, churches charities and ethnic communities expected to provide charity for poor, most of those services were provided by group of corrupt men, political bosses, helped poor find homes and jobs, helped the, apply for citizen and voting rights, built parks, funded police and fire departments constructed roads and sewage lines, expected community members to vote as instructed in return, required donations to fund community projects, organizations were called political machines, gave services otherwise wouldn't have, resorted to criminal means to accomplish goals so at high cost,

Radio

Also changed culture, advertising industry they radio hyped up new products, very effective at conning ppl to buy products

Interchangeable parts

Also developed by Eli Whitney, earlier process to hand make and custom fit parts in unique goods and weapons, inconvenient, time consuming, and made replacing parts difficult, this made production of parts uniform and was applied to all aspects of manufacturing

American/Know Nothing Party

Also formed during 1850s, secretive political agenda, rallied by one thing, hatred of foreigners, nativism, grew fast and dominated some legislatures, spread anti Irish, German, and catholic propaganda, self destructed because northern and southern factions could not agree over slavery

Assembly line production

Also thanks to Whitney's inventions, means products are constructed more efficiently by dividing labor into tasks and assigning workers to each task, workers used to create products in entirety, making products take longer to produce and less uniform quality

Tariffs

Antebellum Americans largely earned living from farming, then us became leading industrial power, no federal income tax until 1913, legacy of tariff conflicts, tariff dominated national politics post war, industrialists competing wth international business demanded high tariffs to protect domesticate industry,farmers and laborers hurt by high tariffs, Democrats supported low tariffs, Republicans for high tariffs

Declatory Act

Asserted British rights to tax and legislate in all cases in the colonies

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Back and forth between public, gov, and courts, public pressure led to passing of this law to forbid conspiracy in restraint if trade, ambiguous wording allowed pro business Supreme Court to interpret law however it wanted, deemed local manufacturing was not subject to congressional regulation of interstate commerce, Labor unions were found in restraint of free trade and made

Sectionalism and the North

Becoming very industrialized, technological advances in communication, transportation, banking, and industry made up major us commercial center, farming payed less of a role and legal slavery became very uncommon

Midnight Appointments

Before jefferson was appointed but was elected, Adams was upset and made midnight appointments by filing as many government positions with federalists as he could, Jefferson responded by refusing to recognize these appointments, set about to replace as many federalists as he could, pressured many to retire, waited others out, until majority were dem reps

Market economy

Before, most settlers raise crops for food not for sale, most made own clothing furniture and homes,Mach's transactions were rare, developments in manufacturing and transportation would change that, made it possible to mass produce goods and transport them across the country cheaply, market economy began to develop so ppl traded labor and good for cash to buy other goods or labor, this favors ppl who specialize, they grow more quickly and provide more services than subsistence economies, make people interdependent, much more brine ti vhange

D-Day

Big three, FDR Churchill and Stalin met in 143, planned Normandy invasion d day and agreed to divide defeated Germany into occupied zones,allied forces invaded occupied France, Soviet Union last a lot of men and paid price, hostility grew,

Machine tool industry

Birthed by interchangeable parts because meant machinery was cheaper and easier to fix), produced specialized machines for such growing industries as textiles and transportation,

Platt Amendment

Breaking claims, us stayed in Cuba after Spain left, cube compelled to include provision in constitution or us would not leave if they did not agree, provisions were called platt Amendment, us given control over Cuba's foreign affairs, said it wa speotevting cubas political and social stability and independence, established that Cuba was not permitted to sign foreign treaties without us consent, us could intervene in Cuban domestic and foreign affairs, us granted land on which ti build naval base, respelled during FDR

War hawks

Brit and French tensions inceSed pro war sentiment, Southern and western war hawks who wanted confrontation, saw war as opportunity to gain new territories west and southwest, especially Canada, led by Henry clay and John c Calhoun, Madison finally had to ask congress to decorate war in 1812

Embargo act of 1807

British and French continued harassing us ships to pass embargo act, shut down Americas import and export business, disastrous economic results to us, New England economy collapsed, rampant smuggling, strongly opposed by New England, many continued to trade with british Canada, cause many dr to lose congress seats in 1808

Virtual Representation

British response that parliament represents all people in British territories regardless of whether they elected them

Lexington and concord

British thought they could stop war by releasing soldiers to arrest ringleaders and seize weaponry, happened in Lexington and they confronted minutemen, the colonial militia, shots broke out and casualties occurred, then British went to concord and met with more minutemen who inflicted casualties on redcoats and they had to retreat, shot heard around world, confidence in Americans that they held off british

Impressing

Brits and French at stalemate in war in 1805, in effort to gain advantage, each side blockaded the others trade routs, us suffered from both, dependent on trade w both countries, Brits began stopping American ships and I,pressing sailors, declared that sailors deserted from British navy and forced them back into it, tensions grew and boiled over when Brits attacked American ship in American waters, unsure what to do bc us navy could not match british so did not want war, so responded with boycott to buy time to build military and navy

Blockade and increased tensions

Brits strategic location and superior navy let it impose blockade on shipments to Germany, especially those from us, would impound and take us ships, paid for cargo to reduce pressure from merchants to interfere

Virginia plan

Called for entirely new government based on checks and balances and relative representation for population, create three tiered federal government with judicial, legislative, and executive branch, expand powers of federal taxation, regulate trade between states, regulate international trade, coin and borrow money, create postal service, authorize military draft, and declare war, president chosen by electoral college

French Revolution

Caused much debate during Washington presidency, tj wanted to support it and ideals, Hamilton wanted to put America first and disliked them overthrowing aristocrats, France and England resumed hostilities, Brits were Americas primary trade partner, pushed America to neutrality, Washington declared neutrality Proclamation

Market Revolution

Changes caused by development of better transportation and manufacturing had permanent effects on American society, increased numbers of Americans no longer relied on agriculture, supported themselves in factories, coal mining became prominent, transportation and communication developments often favored the northeast and the midwest

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, accepted polygamy, preaching drew much opposition in east and Midwest, violence towards them, made trek to salt lake valley to freely practice, transformed area into farmland from desert q irrigation, succeeded due to sense of community. Dominated Utah territory

Mark Twain's Gilded Age

Coined name, seemed to be in prosperous period, but most were in poverty , politics looked like shiny democracy but rampant corruption, big business bought congressional votes, no protection for workers

Massachusetts Circular Letter

Colonial response to new taxes, sent to ask colonies to resist together, British responded by prohibiting talking about it, aristocrats sought support from commoners alike, colonial women played role in reproducing goods from home that Americans were boycotting from Britain, hurt Britain so reappeared it, those who bought and imported British goods were publicly humiliated

First continental congress

Colonists met to discuss grievances except Georgia, develop strategy to address grievances and formulate position, cams up with should be reappeared laws, formed continental association, when towns set up committees of observation to enforce boycotts, collected taxes, disrupted court sessions, and organized militias and weaponry

Great compromise

Combined Virginia and New Jersey plans to have bicameral legislature to create House of Representatives and the Senate

holding company

Companies that owned enough stock in various companies to have controlling interest in production of raw material, means of transporting the material, the factory, and distribution network to sell finished good, created monopolies

Momopolu

Complete control of an entire industry

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Congress considered early benefit payments to ww1 vets in 1932, tens of thousands vets and families called the,selves force and lobbied for bill in Washington, narrowly defeated and refused to leave, squatted in Washington, Hoover organized army ti edpel them with force, tear gas and cavalry burnt their homes, hundreds died and thousands injured, killed Hoover's chance for reelection, Roosevelt was opponent and argued for interventionist giv and relief payments for unemployed, so easily won election

Wade-Davis Bill

Congress diverted from Lincoln's intended supposed plan, viewed southern states as conquered territory, radical reps, argued that they were under jurisdiction of congress not pres, Lincoln's plan too lenient, enacted bill in July 1864, provided that former confederate states be ruled by a military governor and required 50% of electorate to swear oath of allegiance, state convention would then be organized to repeal their ordinance of secession and abolish slavery within their state, neither bill made provisions for black suffrage, Lincoln vetoed wade davjs Bull

Congress and Military reconstruction act of 1867

Congress passed, imposed martial law on south, called for new state constitutional conventions and forced state to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates, also required each state to ratify 14th Amendment and send to congress for approval, Johnson would oppose so congress pass number of laws to limit president's power, Johnson resisted, initiated impeachment proceedings, acquitted but ruined chance of reelection

Opposition to New Deal

Conservatives opposed high tax rates of new deal, disliked increase of gov power over business, compianed relief programs removed incentive for poor to escape poverty, gov had to borrow to finance programs, upset by its deficit spending, leftists complained that AAA paying farmers the nit grow was immoral since many could not feed themselves, felt gov policy tiwards business was too favorable, wanted more measured, blamed corporate greed on depression, gave way ti socialists and communist party of America to nationalize business

National industrial recovery act and Public works administrations

Consolidates businesses and coordinated their activity with aim of eliminating overproduction and stabilizing production, also established public works administration to set aside 3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers public housing units, and civic necessuties

Women during roaring 20s

Consumerism required money and so more women entered workforfekmmowt stayed at home buy still, often worked as teachers or office assistants

Philippines and self determination

Controversy over whether us should annex Philippines or give it independence like it wanted, 1 argued that if us gave it independence another euro nation would conquer it and us would lose valuable possession, also belief that us had moral obligation to Christianity and civilize Filipinos, white mans burden responded to Philippines annexation, opponents said us should promote independence and democracy, us would be tyrannical, senate voted to annex, Filipino nationalists responded by waging guerrila war against us, us brutal and inflicted huge casualties on civilians, independence granted in 1946

Second continental congress

Convened after Lexington and concord to prepare for war, established continental army, printed money, and created government policy offices, chose Washington as leader

John Quincy Adams presidency

Corrupt bargain, impeded by a contrary congress, related to federalists so movement's to strengthen central government were viewed with deep suspicion, Jackson's supporters favored states rights and thwarted Adams efforts to initiate improve,ents thru federal government, proposals to impose new protective traits, build interstate highways, and established federal schools and research centers very opposed

Horizontal integration

Created monopolies within particular industry, example is Rockefeller and standard oil company, several smaller companies are combined to form one larger company either by being bought or destroyed by ruthless practices, many of which are illegal now,

Ww2 and changes to American society

Created new opportunities and tensions, blacks served in us military, in segregated units, Rosie the riveter, symbolized mill.ions of women working in war industrial jobs, when soldiers returned women expected to return home

Cuba, Philippines, Treaty of Paris

Cuban natives revolted against Spanish, instigated by us tampering in economy w high tariffs, violent civil war followed, sensationalized in us by yellow journalism, Maine an American warships exploded in Havana harbor under mysterious circumstances, ppl wanted war, us would drive Spain out of Cuba, also sent fleet to Philippines to drive out Spanish there, in treaty Spain granted Cuba independence and ceded Philippines, Puerto Rico, an Guam to us

Shay's Rebellion

Daniel Shays was Revolutionary war veteran who did not receive pay, Massachusetts government was seizing farms on homes of people who could not pay for them, Shays and other seiEd weaponry and attacked courthouse, government could not stamp out the rebellion and private citizens had to organize to stop it, a leading reason of constitutional convention, demonstrated anger of backcountry farmers as with bacons and the whiskey rebellions

Prominent abolitionists

David walker was a free black who inspired William Lloyd Garrison and his work, many abolitionist associations were created and convened to discuss issue, Frederick Douglass published the North Star which was very influential and his narrative, Harriet Tubman escaped slavery and returned to help many along Underground Railroad, sojourner truth advocated abolition and women's rights

Three-Fifths Compromise

Decision that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Washington's Farewell address

Declined to run for third term to set precedent, warned future presidents to steer clear from permanent foreign alliances, warned against sectional divisions and political party conflict, promoted friendly foreign relations but no alliances

Jackson's economic policy and second BUS and pet banks

Demonstrated his distrust of big government and northeastern power brokers, spent much of his time downsizing federal government and strengthening office of presidency thru extensive usage of presidential veto, fought against reform movements of time that called for increase government activism against social and economic problems, made sure that second bank of us would fail by vetoing congress's attempt to recharter the bank and withdrawing federal funds and depositing them in state pet banks, he felt that BUS protected northeastern interests at expense of west, argued that bank was unconstitutional monopoly, suspicious of paper money

Free blacks

Descendants of slaves freed by owners or fought in revolution, could not own guns, assemble or drink, much racism, most were tenant farmers or laborers, some were biracial mulattoes

Reconstruction power structure failures

Did nit redistribute souths wealth or guarantee freemen's access to own property, power structure remained same, things returned to a very similar condition as before, grant and federal gov let up restrictions to fast to lessen tensions and hasten reunion, Supreme Court and local govs would restrict 14th and 15th amendment's, grandfather clauses, poll taxes, literacy tests, and property requirements reigned in southern states to prevent blacks from voting, grants corrupt adm8nistratioj tainted all else

Gold rush

Discovery of gold in California in 1848 attracted hundreds of thousands of settlers, settled area and growth of many cities like San Francisco to become major costal trade centers

Spoils system

Dismissed numerous government officials and replaced them with his political supporters, already had been done but Jackson, an outsider who brought an outsider, so ppl took notice, system of trading jobs for political favors

Ghost Dance Movement and Wounded Knee

Displaced natives turned to religion for comfort, 1889, inspired by prophets visions, promised that proper ceremony and magic would make expansion end and natives would live peacefully, Lakota were active in movement, killed by federal agents during wounded knee, massacre started by troops Intent in disarming natives

Congress during recinstruction

Divided among conservative republicans who agreed w Johnson's plan, moderates, and radical republicans wanting to extend democracy in the south, few were elected, most were appointed,

First Hundred Days

Early 1933, summoned emergency session of congress to work out details of recovery plan, period that followed during this time when giv implemented most major programs associated w first new deal, first new deal was immediate success, unemployment rate fell and wages rose, increased Democratic majority

American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers

Early unions subscribed to utopian and socialist philosophies, afl and Gompers avoided larger political questions, focused on bread and butter issues like higher wage and shorter workday, more effective approach, gained more power by excluding unskilled workers, afl as confederation of trade union, refused to accept immigrants, blacks, and women

1937 recession

Ec9nomy entered period of continually decreasing outdoor bc roosebelt was happy w new deal and cut back giv programs to balance budget, also federal reserve board tightened credit supply to slow infoatio, actions took money out of circulation p, resulted in slower economy, three years, increased unempkoyment

William Howard Taft

Election of 1908, oversaw 16th Amendment (federal income tax) and 17th Amendment (direct election of senators), aggressively pursued monopolies,

Cotton gin

Eli Whitney's invented it in 1793, revolutionized southern agriculture by making it easier to remove seeds from cotton plants, made it easier and cheaper to use cotton for textiles so cotton demand grew drastically in early 1800s, demand growth meant more production, intensified south's dependence on slave labor, steel plow and mechanical reaper also revolutionized agriculture, played a major role in process of us becoming less dependent on imports and develop stronger national economy

Panic of 1819

Ended era of Good Feelings, financial scare threw economy into turmoil, followed period of economic growth, inflation, and land speculation, which destablized economy,BUS called in loans but borrowers could not pay them, resulted in many mortgage foreclosures and business failures, ppl thrown into poverty, no major political consequences

Dred Scott v Sanford/ Dred Scott decision

Escalated slavery debate, Scott was former slave who declared freedom when taken to anti slavery territories and sued for freedom, won his case but lost appeal, case went to Supreme Court, Chief Justice roger Taney, declared that slaves were property not citizens and no black persons could be a us citizens, meant they could also not sue in federal courts, ruled that congress could not regulate slavery in territories, killed hope in Missouri Compromise, Kansas Nebraska Act, and wilmot proviso, essentially declaring slavery could go anywhere, destroyed Republicans efforts to stop slavery from spreading, major southern victory and turning point, denounced in north, abolitionist and those feared it tipped too much power to south, many plus press regarded as proof of slave power in gov that would grow and dominate is, Democratic Party was dividing along regional lives, prospects that republicans might soon control federal government

Treaty of Versailles

Europeans wanted to punish Germany, treaty forced Germany to cede colonial territories and Rhineland to allies, disarming them, pay huge reparations, and admit gigantic fault for war, left Germany humiliated and one cinomic ruin, set stage for world war 1, much of Wilson's plan disvarded, did create League of Nations, hoped to remedy peace, constututi9n said he had no power to negotiate treaties with foreign nations, only senate could, so us was not part of League, us was war weary and receding into isolation

Union economy and union

Experienced period of inflation, not as extreme as south, workers worried about job security in face of mechanization and decreasing value of wages, formed unions, businesses often blacklisted union members, forced new employees to sign contracts to not join them, and used violence to break strikes, Republican Party believed gov should help businesses and regulate them as little as possible

problems w fdr's second term and judicial reorganization

FDR drafted judicial reorganization bill which proposed FDR could name new judge for anybody over 70 who was not retired, not subtle effort of packing courts with FDR sympathizers, defeated in congress, FDR faced much criticism for trying to seize too much power, recession, potential war Europe developing, forcing FDR to withdraw new deal money to fund military buildup

Fireside chats

FDR informal radio broadcasts, reassured public that banks were secure, millions listened and took his word, encouraged many ti redeploys it saving they withdrew, banks were healthier and could contribute to recovery

Second new eeal

FDR second wave of legislation, works progress administration to generate jobs to build public works and record histories and create travel guides, Second hundred days, broadened power of nlrb, democratized unions, punished business w anti union policies, created social security administration to give workers retirement benefits, and disabled breadwinners, increased taxes on wealthy, led to creation of new deal coalition of union members, urbanits, underclass and blacks, landed Roosevelt another victory

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

FDR set out to provide relief for rural poor, farmers overproducing, hoped growing more would make up for falling prices, futile efforts, more production meant prices dropped, solution provided payments ti farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to half, money to cover program came from increased tax on meat packers, Miller's, and other processors, later passed farm credit Act to loan farmers in danger of forevlosure

Jim Crow Laws

Federal gov asserted less power over south, towns and cities passed discriminatory laws, supreme courts assisted, said 14th Amendment did not apply to private businesses, allowed for legal segregation in businesses and public facilities

Wilson lobbied for

Federal trade comission was created, lobbied for Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 and creation of federal reserve system to give gov greater control over federal finances

Revolution of 1800

Federalist Party split in 180 leading to dr nomination, Jefferson vs burr, house had to choose because equal votes in electoral college, Jefferson campaigned for jefferson who he hated bc burr was unfit and later killed him, in 1804 twelfth Amendment would be passed so presidents could choose vp, first peaceful transfer of power between two parties so called bloodless revolution

Era of Good feelings

Federalists collapsed so only one political party, period of unity, term hides growing tension of economic developments and increased sectionalism

Southern rural life

Few urban centers, many in isolated rural areas, family dominated social life, then church, no organized cultural and leisure events, few commerce centers, limited infrastructure, Nola was major centered and relied on waterways making trade slower, did not develop strong market economy, grew and made most necessities for survival, wealthiest were the aristocracy of plantation owners, small minority who dominated southern society politically, socially and economically,

Abolition movement

Few whites, especially Quakers, argued for end to slavery, gradual abolition due to moral wrongness, religious and moral Ferber of 2nd great awakening began to persuade more whites especially northerners that slavery was evil, women like the grimke sisters played big role in movement, abolitiojists determinantion and Southern inflexibility pushed slavery issue to spotlight, westward expansion and new territories pushed it further, leading to civil war

Civil war aside from slavery

For most War was not solely or really about slavery, border states fought for Union, except for abolitionists, northerners believed they were fighting to preserve Union, many southerners described their cause of fighting for states rights to govern themselves, slavery was still issue that escalated into war, Lincoln's views would evolve

Currency Act of 1764

Forbade colonists from printing their own currency & instead required them to use hard currency (gold & silver) which was in short supply in the colonies, aggregated economic depression and end to salutary negoect

Sharecropping

Former slaves were freed, many stayed on plantations as sharecroppers out of fear and lack of opportunity and no other way of life, freedman bureau tried to fight system, blacks traded portion of crops in return for right to work on someone's land, initially worked but landowners used system to keep poor farmers in perpetual state of slavery and debt, abuses of system became rampant n

Battle of gettysburg

Fought in Southern Pennsylvania, most northern point that confederacy had reached, Lee's troops suffered hugely and had ti retreat, massive confidence boost for union

Election of 1894

Four year financial crisis made populist goals more popular, radical movements like socialists gained support, campaign centered on call for free silver, republicans solidly allied with big business, McKinley won thanks to big business, Bryan's lost saw end of populist movement

Seven years war

French and Indian War in colonies, between British vs French and Native Americans, War for empire, English expansion against French protecting fur trade claims, attacks on claims, natives allied with lesser of two evils, England gained land and dominance in North America, French limited to Caribbean sugar islands, war gave colonists intercolonial unity and distancing from Britain, but Britain increased control to pay debt and blamed Americans, hurt Native Americans

Temperance movement

Fueled by 2nd great awakening and upper and middle class women, temperance societies encouraged ppl to sign pledge to not drink and sought prohibition of liquor, promoted by Protestant churches and reformers, tied to the rise of Irish and German immigrants who were catholic, represented divide and nativism to Catholics, know nothing Party, fought against vices like alcohol gambling, lotteries, and prostitution

Jackson's campaign

Furious that he won more votes but not the majority so lost presidency in 1824, pit together support network to ensure his widespread popular support thru political organizations, news publishers, and community leaders, became preset day Democratic Party, vicious campaign, accused Adams of being corrupt career politician, Adams accused Jackson of being stupid violent and drunk, coffin handbill would accuse Jackson of murdering his enlisted men during Indian wars, won 1828 election by large margin, considered to have interest of west in mind, epitome of self made man supposedly,

Lusitania

Germany countered blockades with u boat submarines, international law said attacker had to warn civilian ships before attacks, Germany usually attacked civilian ships carrying military supplies, Germany sunk passenger ship Lusitania in 1915, killed many Americans, provoked us anger, very bad publicity so Germany's ceased submarine war briefly, but then sunk another passenger boat, Wilson told congress to prepare for war, most wanted to stay out but populate support was growing

Internment of Japanese Americans

Giv restricted civil liberties, imprisoned Japanese Americans who were us citizens largely, lost homes and oossessions

US Fish Comission

Gov and conservation groups sought to protect resources with west expansion, created in 1871 to study, monitor, and preserve wild fisheries

Flaws of the Articles of Confederation

Government could not levy taxes so it tried to finance revolution by printing more money which led to rampant inflation, government could not impose tariffs so was helpless when British pursued punitive trade policies against us and denied them access to West Indies and dumped goods on their markets, repentance to give government control over taxes and tariffs having just fought a war against that, demonstrated economic sectionalism over government's role in economy, government did not have military power to expelBritish after they refused to abandon posts following war

Reconstruction failures

Government industrialization plans rebuilt south economy but also cost a lot, High tax rates made for hostile public opinion, waged propaganda war, scalwags and carpet baggers, many participants were corrupt and sold votes for money and favirs

Committee of Public Information

Govs wartime propaganda arm, created frenzied atmosphere, messages sensationalized, lectures, movies, newspapers, magazines, images of Germans as evil. Caused acts of violence against German immigrants

Distribution of wealth in North cities

Great disparity in distribution of wealth, elite few controlled most of personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort, beneath was a middle class made of tradesmen brokers and other professionals, middle class wanted cult of domesticity, much of market for luxury goods, often rose from working class, much debt and poverty for working class

Muckrakers

Group of journalists who wrote exposés of corporate greed and misconduct, revealed widespread corruption in urban management, Ida Tarbell and uptown Sinclair the jungle, raised moral stakes for progressive

Transcendentalism

Group of nonconformist Unitarian writers and philosophers who drew from European romanticism, believed humans contained elements of the divine and had faith in socity's perfectability, Nathaniel Hawthorne's, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, civil disobedience, Thoreau refused to pay taxes to government that waged war on Mexico and enacted fugitive slave age

Yellow journalism

Growth of newspaper industry, Pulitzer and Hearst, understood commercial value of screaming headlines and scandal, sensationalized reporting grew during this time

Annapolis convention

Hamilton held convention to address articles but failed, first attempt before the constitutional convention

National bank

Hamilton proposed it, catapulted the debate between tj and Hamilton and Federalists and anti-federalists, goal was to regulate and strengthen the economy, very controversial as it passed through legislative and executive branches

Loose constructionists

Hamilton, argued that creation of bank was an implied power bc government already had power to coin borrow money and collect taxes, government could do anything in executing enumerated powers unless it was explicitly forbidden in the constitution, Washington would agree and allow bamk

Harding and Teapot dome scandal and coolidge

Harding Administration scandal, oil companies bribed secretary to drill on public landsman, Harding was conservative economic and liberal for civil liberty, supported antilynching laws and helped farmer w farm loans, died in office, Coolidge assumed, conservative economy pushed for lower income tax rates

W.E.B. DuBois

Headed national association for advancement of colored people. Racial justice, du boos would abound on us and move to Africa

New deal effectiveness

Helped many escape life threatening liberty bc gov assistance and immediate relief, also banking finance and management union reforms, remade America, FDR should be praised for taking bold changes in conservative climate, took initiative,unemployment rate remained they new deal, too small and short, unemployment spiked again, wasn't until deficit programs of ww2 that recovered, social welfare stems from new deal, did not benefit all, minorities reaped fewer benefits, hurt blacks and tenant farmers by putting out of work, segregation

American system

Henry Clay's plan, protective Travis on imports, internal improvements, and rehartering of national bank

Automobile

Henry ford perfected assembly line so cars were cheaper and available to many middle class families, allowed ppl in cities to move to suburbs, became necessity not luxury, forced areas to develop roadways and traffic meanw

Black congressmen

Hiram revels, Blanche Bruce, Robert smalls

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Hoover first opposed federal relief efforts, depression worsened, saw need for assistance w farm help programs and campaigned federal work projects to create jobs, made tariff hoping it would help American business, extremely high , worsened economy, had ti create federal emergency relief administration, provided giv money to bail out large companies and banks

Wildcat banks

In 19th century, paper money not issues by gov but by private banks, people could pay taxes with paper money and that paper was collected at BUS, fear that bank would attempt to cash in big amount of paper at once kept small banks from printing too much money, Jackson killed bank of us, so wildcat banks sprung up and issues paper money w abandon, gov stopped accepting paper money for land payments, so ppl realized paper money was worthless, only gold and silver considered to have value, set stage for economic disaster and economic policy debates

Telegraph

Increased travel and shipping, allowed immediate long distance communication, Morse code

Whiskey Rebellion

Instigated by Hamilton's financial plan in 1791,Western pa, farmers resisted excise tax on whiskey, Hamilton imposed tax to raise revenue and defray debt from Revolution, militia was dispatched to crush rebellion, rebels pardoned, demonstrated lasting class tensions between coastal elites who ran government and inland farmers, caused some to see government as tyrannical and stop supporting federalists for dem reps

Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee institute

Integration and equality seemed far for blacks, black man born into slavery, did not believe white society would accept blacks as equals, promoted economic independence so blacks could improve their lot, founded Tuskegee institute as vocational and industrial training school for blacks, accused of being accommodationist because he did not press for immediate equality, other think accepted reality

Ku Klux Klan and White League

Intimidation insurgent terrorist group formed after reconstruction, murdered freemen and White League was paramilitary force who murdered republicans, local officials were klansmen so trials were corrupt and enforcement did nothing about these groups, Grant would pass enforcement acts to allow him to send federal troops to oppose KKK and limit their violence

1840s and 1850s immigration wave

Irish immigrants to northern cities and Germans to the west, met with hostility especially from working class who feared they were taking jobs, tensions often boiled over and cities became site of riots, many municipal police departments created as anreusit

Neutrality Acts

Isolation sentiment increased by bye Commission and ww1 results and corruption, many us manufacturers sold fascist govs weapons, congress passed neutrality acts, prohibited sale of arms to either belligerents in war, banned loans to belligerents, meanwhile FDR poured money into military' became apparent Europe headed for war, Roosevelt lobbied for repeal of arms embargo stated in first neutrality act so us could help allies, congress relented w 3rd neutrality act that allowed arms sales, required allies to pay cash for weapons, and come to the us yo pick up purchases and take them away on their own ships FDR angled country towards participation,

Emancipation Proclamation

Issues in aftermath of union victory at battle if Antietam, did not actually free any slaves, but states that in the new year 1863 the gov would liberate all slaves residing in states still in rebellion, Lincoln would refuse to acknowledge secession thru war, Proclamation did not liberate slaves in border states or southern counties already under union control, legally Lincoln had no power to abolish slavery, abolitionists claimed that it only freed states where union had no power to enforce it and maintained it where it could enforce it, allowed southern states to rejoin union without giving yo skavery, declared that the civil war was a war against skavery for Union, changed the ohroose if the war, similar to Declaration of Independence, Lincoln only gave complete support for Emancipation during his campaign for re-election

Banking Act of 1933/Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

It created it, guarantee bank deposits since ppl had lost all money in their accounts if bank went bankrupt, institutions intentionally inflationary measures to artificially raise prices and get money flowing into economy

Whigs

Jackson democracy could not represent all northern abolitionists, southern plantation owners, and western primmer, opposition party the Whigs was formed, grew large following by 1834, loose coalition that shared one thing, a common opposition to democratic policies, Democrats favored limited federal government, Whigs believed in government activism, especially for social issues, many were deeply religious and supported temperance movement and enforcement of sabbath

Specie Circular/Panic of 1837

Jackson was suspicious of paper money, preferred hard currency of gold and silver, specie circular ended policy of selling government land on credits so buyers now had to pay with hard cash, caused money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury, helping trigger panic of 1837, congress would overturn the circular in the final days of Jackson's term

Jacksonian democracy

Jackson's popularity ushered in this to replace Jeffersonian republicanism, Jefferson conceive nation governed by middle and upper class educated property holders of only an essential size and envisioned nation of land owning farmers, Jacksonian democracy benefitted from universal white manhood suffrage, meaning he got his popularity from an extension of voting rights to all white males even who didn't own property, characterized by strong presidency, would challenge congress and Supreme Court in an unprecedented way, saw himself and supporters as champions of liberty but not really, not a great thinker like jefferson

Whigs vs Democrats

James Polk vs Henry Clay, Whigs for internal improvements like building bridges harbors, canals, and civilizing land, Democrats were expansionists who wanted to push borders outwards and felt giv should not have anything ti I'd with new land and it should be in private hands, Whig was New England, and dems in south, poly won election

Japanese aggression

Japanese expansion thru Pacific to French indichina, us cut off trade to japan who was dependent in foreign imparts, included oil which japan needed for war, attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 promoted us entrance

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Jefferson and Madison drafted in response to Alien and Sedition Acts, argued that states had right to judge constitutionality of federal laws, executed this authority against acts, referred to as nullification, Jefferson used laws and resolutions as key issues in 180p campaign for presidency,

Marbury v Madison

Jefferson refusal to accept midnight appointments resulted in case, Supreme Court case, marbury an appointee sure Secretary of State for not certifying him, Chief Justice John Marshall was Federalist, sympathized with marbury but unsure if could convince Court, decision established importance Supreme Court principle of judicial review, ruled that marbury had right to judgeship but Court could not enforde, Marshall believed gave too much power to judicial branch at expense of legislative and executive branch and was therefore unconstitutional, Marshall would work to strengthen judicial review role toughout role

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson sent explorers to investigate western territory and Louisiana territory, Sacajawea, negotiations with native tribes, favorable reports which prompted people to move west for land, riches, and economic opportunity, also reported on British and French forts that were still there

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Johnson first seemed intent to take power from planter aristocracy and distribute to yeoman, plan was based on plan approved by Lincoln, called for creation of provisional military governments to run states until they were readmitted to union, required all southern citizens to swear loyalty oath before reviving amnesty for rebellion, barred many southern elite like plantation owners confederate officers and government officials from taking the vow to prohibit their participation in new govs, provisional govs would hold state constitutional conventions to write new constitutions to eliminate slavery and renounce secession, did not require states to enfranchise blacks by giving them the vote, plan did not work because Johnson pardoned many southern elite who were supposed to be excluded from reunification, former confederates were again in power after new constitutions and govs formed in south, many new constitutions were only slight revisions from prior ones, all reps agreed plan needed modification, Johnson refused to compromise, vetoed compromise package, increased tension between legislative and executive branches

Nativism during 1920s

KKK resurgence, anti immigration groups grew' targeted southern and Eastern Europeans, accused of being dangerous, new congressional acts to limit immigrants

Terrence Powderly

Knights of labor leader, 1880s saw series of unsuccessful strikes under his leadership, knights popularity declined, unions associated with violence and political radicalism

Harlem Renaissance

Large black neighborhood in nyc, theaters cultural club and newspapers, web dubois, black writing centers, Langston Hughes, Zola Beale Hurston, popularization or Jazz, Louis Armstrong

End of progressivism

Lasted until end of world war 1, us was weary of war and Spanish flu of 1918, stepped back from moral crusade, war tore apart progressive coalition, some were pacifists and opposed it, others supported it, also red scare divided leftists from the moderates, movement had already achieved much of its goals, so it lost support of those whose needs were met

Middle class during industrialization

Life improved for wealthy and middle, increased production meant more luxuries and leisure time, sports, theater, movies, public read popular novels and newspapers,

Homestead Act and morrill Land Grant Act

Life on plains hard but potential, gov saw this as possible agricultural center and passed acts to attract settlers west, gov offered 160 acres of land to anybody who cultivated it for 5 years, this amount was not enough for dry land, conflict with natives, private speculators and railroad companies exploited law for personal gain, Morrill set aside land, provided money for agricultural colleges

Thirteenth amendment

Lincoln and abolitionists lobbied for party platform calling for constitutional amendment to end slavery, resulted in 13th amendments, after reelection Lincoln considered letting defeated southern state renter union to vote on 13th Amendment

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln assassinated, vp assumed presidency, southern democrat, opposed secession and supported Lincoln during first term, congress was in recess so early stage of reconstruction were almost entirely in Johnson's hands

Transcontinental Railroad and railroads

Lincoln challenged us to have transcontinental Railroad soon, was achieved, built largely at public's expanse, privately owned mostly, direct funding and substantial grants, govs supported them, railroad owners objected to gov control of industry, took years for them to come under regulation, overcharged until had monopoly, undercharged in busy areas, hurt remote farmers, urbanized places, connected technology and ideas, accelerated industrialization, railroad time

Union economy and government

Lincoln oversaw increase in power of central gov during war, implemented economic development programs without congressional approval, championed many gov loads and grants to businesses, raised tariffs to protect union trade, suspended writ of habeus corpus in border states to make it easier to arrest secessionists especially in md, initiated printing of national currency, particularly green backs (gov issued paper money) as precursor to modern currency

Hampton roads conference

Lincoln tried to negotiate settlement with southern leaders to allow defeated south state to renter union and to vote for 13th Amendment, offered 5 year delay in implementing Amendment if passed and 400 million dollars of compensation to slave owners, Jefferson Davis was committed to complete south independence so it failed

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's reconstruction plan that would require 10 percent of voters who voted in 1860 election to swear oath of allegiance to union and accept Emancipation thru 13th Amendment, these voters would reorganize their state government and reapply for admission into union, seen as too lenient

Gettysburg address

Lincoln's speech after gettysburg, short, redefined war as not just a struggle to preserve Union but a struggle for human equality

Frontier life

Louisiana territory, Texas, Pacific Northwest, California for gold, government encouraged settlers west, gave away or sold large tracts of land at reduced rates to war vets, loaned money at reduced rates ti civilians so they could move west, some settlers were squatters who ignored requirement to buy land and just moved onto unoccupied tracts on their own, found western tracts that were good for grain and dairy farming, flat and good for farm machinery, transportation made shipping easier, midwest as bread basket, fur trading was common on frontier, caused extinction, cattle ranchers and miners, rugged life, struggled against natives and the harsh climate, opportunities not offered in north or east, west symbolized freedom equality and opportunity for americans

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Low point of Adams presidency, allowed government to expel foreigners by force and jail news editors for criticizing government and to destroy new (French) immigrants support for democratic republicans, clear violation of first amendment,Jefferson led opposition to Acts

National road and bank

Madison worked on national growth and cha,pinned protective tariffs on imports, internal improvements like national highway from Maryland to Ohio and rechartering of national bank after first national bank charter expired, rechartered national bank in 1816 and new protective tariff to protect growing American industry

Macon's bill no 2

Madison's solution to trade issues, reopened trade w France and Brits, promised that if wither country renounced interference in us trade, they would end trade w the other country, Napoleon made promise, us cut off trade with brutain, France still harassed us ships tho. Brits were angry at embargo and increased attacks, making situation worse, built pro war sentiments in us

Jackson and Nullification

Major issue of Jackson presidency, established doctrines of nullification and judicial review, Adams administration passed tariff of 1828/abominations, almost became national crisis during Jackson administration, John c Calhoun who was Jackson's vp published piece arguing that states who felt 50 percent tariff was too high could nullify the law, Southern states openly started discussing nullification bc protective tariffs hurt their trade with Brits which they relied on as cotton and wool and for British goods in return, Jackson supported states rights but thought nullification endangered Union and was too extreme, Tariff of 1832 would fail to lower rates acceptably, South Carolina nullified the Tariff, jackson had congress authorize the force bill, which threatened to fall in troops to enforce the tariff, Calhoun and clay brokered comprise to lower the tariff and diffuse tensions, was accepted by south Caroline and force bill nullified

Election of 1824

Major turning point in presidential elections, in earlier elections, congressional caucuses or groups of congressmen chose their parties nominees, more ppl were voting directly, challenged by Adams, Clay, and Jackson to end the caucus system, Andrew jackson would receive greatest majority of popular and electoral votes

Ulysses S. Grant

Major union general, new president, won lots of support from black voters

Yeoman and landless whites

Majority of southerners were landholders called yeoman who sometimes had skates but usually did not and worked with families on small tracts, many were Irish or Scottish and farmed in hills, sustinence crops, livestock, and few cash crops, less profit making due to lack of access to markets, landless whites farmed as tenants or hired themselves out as manual laborers, difficult to escape social place here

Factory worker demographics

Manufacturers cut labor costs by hiring women and children, as well as new immigrants anxious for work, paid as little as possible, cities suffered problems of poverty like crime, disease, and lack of livable housing for expanding population, dangerous factories, disables, no insurance or workers comp

Olive branch petition

Many did not think War was inevitable, followed John Dickinson and pushed for reconciliation, adopt3d by continental congress, last attempt to avoid conflict, kg3 ignored bc colonists in rebellion

Sons and daughters of liberty

Many protest groups at this time, violent and distributed pamphlets and promoted boycotts, very effective opposition, importance of colonial newspapers of spreading anti British ideals

Feminist movement

Margaret Sanger, equality of sexes, faced opposition for promoting use of contraceptives, achieved success in giving women right to vote with 19th amendment

Progressive Era as Turning Point

Marked ever increasing involvement of federal gov in daily lives, prohibition took effect, Woodrow Wilson was 3rd progressive pres, Roosevelt policies are new nationalism, Wilson's are new freedom, Wilson argued that federal gov had to assume greater control over business to protect ppls freedom, Roosevelt saw bad and good trusts, Wilson saw trusts as monopolies. Violated freedom of workers and consumers, Wilson committed to restoring competition thru greater govt regulation of economy and lowering tariffs

Boom and bust cycles

Market economies are prone to change, so many different factors can halt period of prosperity and throw the economy into a skid like the panics of 1819 and 1837, changes are called boom and bust cycles, during first decades of 19th century's us made rapid transition from subsistence economy to market economy

McCulloch v. Maryland

Marshall continued to strengthen federal government and its primacy, case ruled that states could not tax national bank. Established precedence of national law over state law, reaffirmed supremacy clause as opposition tried to challenge constitutionality of BUS

National Labor relations board and Securities and Exchange Commission

Meditated labor disputes and regulated stock market, implemented in 1934

Texas

Mexico declared independence from Spain in 1821, new country included Texas and much of southwest, Mexican gov established liberal land policies to attract settlers, so many Americans flooded region, for land they were supposed to become Mexican settlers but rarely did and ignored Mexican laws, specifically its anti-slavery law, Mexico attempted to regain control but settlers rebelled and declared independence, battle of Alamo in 1836 over this, Texas became independent republic of Texas for a bit, slavery in the state created congressional battle over statehood, finally admitted to union in 1845

Border states

Missouri, Kentucky Maryland and delaware, slave states that fought for Union,

Economies of scale

More fast machines were available, more raw product businesses bought, cheaper the suppliers asking price, lowered costs of products, they sold more and grow welathier

Anti federalists

Much disagreement over ratification of the constitution, anti federalists opposed it, largely backcountry and wanted Bill of Rights, jefferson, sympathetic to France, farmers southerners, economy based on agriculture, state governments, sympathetic to france

William "Boss" Tweed

NYC machine boss, embezzled millions thru corruption in city construction projects, prominent leader of Tammany hall, political machine of New York's Democratic Party, gave out jobs homes and protection to new immigrants in exchange for vote, extortion and fraudulent projects, journalism took notice, found guilty and imprisomed

Canals and roads

National road made east west travels easier, as travel was previously mostly north south, Erie Canal in 1825 linked Great Lakes region to New York and European shipping routes, northeast became center of us commerce, many more canals built throughout Midwest and northeast to handle traffic, canal era would end as railroads were developed as a more convenient means

Tecumseh and Battle of Tippecanoe and the prophet

Native tribe chief unified tribes to stop us expansion into Indiana and Illinois before and during war of 1812, Brits armed these natives to hurt us, in battles of tippecanoe, General William Henry Harrison defeated tecumseh and saw they had British weapons, tecmusehs brither was the prophet and led an extensive revival of native culture and religion during this time, coalition collapsed after tecumseh died in battle

John Muir and Sierra Club

Naturalist, first large organization devoted to conservation in US, Theodore Roosevelt would further this preservation

Franco American Alliance

Negotiated by Benjamin franklin in 1778 after Saratoga, expected given French resentment of british after French and Indian war, strengthened American morale

WW1 Women

New opportunities, number of women in workforce did not greatly increase, women quit domestic work and worked in factories, workplace advances would end with the war when vets returned and claimed jobs

Missouri compromise

New period of expansion resulted in national debate over slavery, in 1820, 22 states, 11 pro slavery 11 prohibited it, Missouri first state out of Louisiana purchase and application for statehood threatened this balance especially in senate, Henry Clay brokered compromise, it admitted Missouri as slavery state but admitted main as a free state, drew line along 36 30 and established anything below would allow slavery and anything above except Missouri would prohibit it, split dem reps and ended its 20 year control of national politics

Kansas-Nebraska Act

No civil authority in Kansas and Nebraska, us wanted to build railroads they but needed to establish gov to impose order, secure land, and supervise construction, Stephen Douglas promoted act, passed by getting southerners who wanted to repeal Missouri Compromise and northerners who wanted Railroad in Illinois region, northerners considered law a betrayal and slave power,

Corrupt bargain

Nobody won majority of Quincy Adams, Henry Clay's Andrew Jackson, and Crawford, victory to be determined by House of Representatives, speaker of house clay supported Adams, giving him the victory, adams names coay Secretary of State, role considered to be gateway to next presidency, Jackson and other opponents of this alleged that Adams and clay struck corrupt bargain and vowed to see them removed in 1828,

City life

North as industrial and commercial center meant it had many major cities, problems included lacked powerful urban government to oversee their rapid growth, modern waste disposal, plumbing, sewers, and incineration were far making city life unsanitary and toxic, sanitation problems and inevitable epidemics, cities meant jobs for northern farmers who could not compete with west and south, factories, craftsmen like trailers blacksmiths and cobblers could make an easier living in cities, more opportunity for social advancement, provided important services w growth of municipal government in 1830s and 1840s like public schooling, more labor unions, middle and upper class formed urban clubs and associations to exert influence on government and society, provided leisure time options like theater and sports

Personal liberty laws

North's response to Kansas Nebraska Act, weakened fugitive slavery act, required trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them the right to a lawyer, infuriated southerners

Union economy and war profiteering

Northern economy received boost from war, it stimulated wartime industries like uniforms and weapons, loss of southern markets harmed them first but war economy compensated, many entrepreneurs became very wealthy, but often overcharged for services and products, called war profiteering, some sold Union gov worthless and shoddy products, gov officials looked the other way for bribes, widespread corruption, prompted yearlong congressional investigation

Oregon territory and treaty

Northerners were alarmed at Tyler's proposal to to annex Texas, a huge state below the missouri compromise line, prospect it would be divided into slavery state, demanded Polk maintain balance by annexing Oregon country, used 54 40 or fight slogan, concern that us would not be able to fight two potential territorial wars at the same time, especially to the Brits who claimed Oregon territory, conceded Brit demands for expansion deep into Canada and negotiate reasonable border, signed Oregon treaty w Brits in 1846 which allowed us to acquire Oregon Washington Idaho Montana and Wyoming and established northern border

Successes of the Articles of Confederation

Northwest ordinance of 1787, which abolished slavery in Northwest Territories, guaranteed trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment, set up regulations for applying to statehood, seen as forerunner for bill of rights

Jefferson's Second term

Not as smooth, us got in middle of French british dispute, leading to war of 1812

Gilded Age Presidents

Not corrupt but weak, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur concerned with civil service reform to dismantle spoils system, Cleveland and Harrison

Great Depression

October 1929, bottom fell out of stock market, prices dropped, nobody wanted to buy, hoove reassured oublic that economy was sound and only stock traders would suffer from their irresponsible speculation, those speculators were huge banks and corporations who were then on verge of bankruptcy and could not pay employees or guarantee bank deposits, also after ww1, disaster state of Europe and Germany reparations killed Europe's economy, in us manufacturers and farmers had been overproducing and had large inventories, so they laid off workers and mad farmers crops worth less to market, production of new consumer goods outstripped public's ability to buy them, supply so exceeded de,and for many goods, led to deflation, use,ployment, and business failure, government laxity in regulating big business led to concentration of wealth and power in hands of few, they failed and unemployment, millions lost jobs, lost life savings as banks failed and lost homes by could not keep up in mortgage, built Hoovervilles, farmers prices dropped and struggled,

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies, convince citizens to take interest in conflict

Charitable middle class

Organizations, usually run by women, efforts at urban reform, lobbied local governments for building safety codes, sanitation and public schools, members also lived and founded settlement houses in ooor neighborhoods as community centers for schooling, childcare, and cultural activities, jame Adams founded hull house

Two party system

Originated from Hamilton Jefferson debate, divide between federalists and democratic republicans over how much power the federal government should have, troubled farmers bc Washington warned against and regarded particles as dangerous to survival of republic

Textile industries

Other industries sprang up around textile industries, clothing manufacturers transformed textiles to finished products, retailers sold clothing and manufactured goods, brokers were middle men who sold raw and finished goods, commercial banks lent money, transportation industry grew

Corporate consolidation

Overriding concern for businessmen was that profits continued to increase by huge margins, govs made some efforts to regulate rapid growth, very tentative, uncertain how to enforce regulations, widespread corruption between gov and businesses, courts were pro business, almost no restraint businesses like railroad companies followed economies of scale and larger and larger businesses, known as corporate consolidation

Hudson River School

Painters, first distinct school of American Art, goal to create specific vision for American Art, painted landscapes that portrayed awe for wilderness and beauty of wild America, influenced by European romanticism

Black codes

Part of why reconstruction plan failed, southern legislatures passed these to limit freed men's right to assemble and travel, instigated curfews, required blacks to carry special passes, also to sign lengthy labor codes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxes

Gilded Age

Period following civil war suggesting tarnish that Kay beneath layer of gold, corruption and poverty masked by rampant wealth for few, Era of political machines and bosses, political scandal, started with grant who used spoils system, advisors had many scandals like credit mobilier

Second Great Awakening

Period of religious revival mainly for Methodists Presbyterians and Baptist's, expansion of enlightenment in us encouraged more education, which led to more secularism and decline in church attendance, preachers toured rural areas in south and ny to spread evangelical religious beliefs, peaked in 1820s and 1830s, church membership soared for those groups, new religions also emerged and were inspired by the Second Great Awakening included Mormons and shakers, social reform movement's like temperance fueled, women encouraged to become active leaders in new church communities

Treaty of San Lorenzo/ pickneys treaty

Pinckney ti Spain to negotiate use of Mississippi River, duty free access to world markets, and removal of any remaining Spanish forts on America's Soil, extracted promise form spam to prevent attacks on western settlers from natives, considered high point of Washington administration

People's Party/Omaha Platform

Political arm of populist movement, grew out of farmers alliance, supported solidarity for industrial workers, opposed immigration, earn support for eastern laborers, generous coinage of silver, called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, shorter workday

Pontiac's rebellion

Pontiac, Native Chief, led attacks and wars against colonists expansion and abuse of their monopoly with price rises of goods

Election of 1864 and Copperheads and draft riots

Popular opinion in north and south wanted end to war, very small percent of southerners owned many skates, so as war dragged on and poor suffered, small non-slave owning farmers resented confederacy and war which they believed was only being waged to maintain planter aristocracy and their lifestyle, war democrats in north conceded that war was necessary to preserve Union, while others called copperheads accused Lincoln of instigating national social revolution and criticized his policies as attempt to destroy south, very violent opposition to war in nyc, racial ethnic and class antagonisms turned into draft riots in July 1863, Irish immigrants, mostly poor working class victims to nativism resented being drafted ti war fought to end slavery, many immigrants feared that freed slaves would move to north cities and compete for low pay labor jobs

Asylum and prison reform

Popularized nation that society is responsible for welfare of its least fortunate, brought about penitentiaries, asylums, and orphanages and houses of rebuke for poor were built for those who would have been I,prisoner or run out of town, Dorothea dix advocated, penitentiaries sought to rehabilitate criminals about morality and work ethic

Progressives

Populism failed bc mostly poor farmers whose daily struggles in poverty made political participation difficult, progressives more successful, urban middle class movement, started w economic and political clout more, could devote time to causes they championed, many were northern and middle classes so did not intensify regional and class differences as populist movement had, roots last in growing number of organizations at turn if dentury, women's suffrage, municipal government, rallied citizens, educated, offended by corruption in business and politics and plight of urban poor, journalism, achieved much success on local and national levels, campaigned to change public attitudes towards education and government regulation as previous reformers, public enlightenment for orphans, prostitutes, mentally ill

American manufacturing

Positive result for war of 1812, cut off from European trade, states became self sufficient, New England became manufacturing center and us became less dependent on imports

Postwar farming

Postwar economics forced farmers to sell land, wealthy owners bought and consolidated into large farms, black and white landless farmers forced into sharecropping, land renting method called crop lien system, designed to keep poor in constant debt, farmers had no cash, borrowed to buy equipment, promised portion of crops as collateral, huge interest rates in loans and bad landlords guaranteed they would not overcome debt, forcing them to borrow more, state of virtual slavery

Farmers issues and plan

Postwar saw industrial and agricultural production increase, greater supply led to prices drop, trouble for most farmers who were in debt, farmers came to support , more generous money supply bc increase in available money would make payments easier, also would cause inflation and make their debts worth less, banks opposit it, prefered that country use gold to back its money supply, called for liberal use of silver coins, also supported by western silver miners, regional issue and class strife, silver vs gold

Urban industrial life

Poverty levels rose, factories sprang up, cities were dirtier and unhealthy, advances in mass transportation, railroad lines, streetcars, subways, allowed middle class to live in nicer suburban neighborhoods and commute while poor forced to live in city centers, immigrants and migrants made up most of city populations, 1880s most were from southern and Eastern Europe, prejudice against new arrivals, growth of ethnic neighborhoods in face of nativism, tenement buildings, black and Latino migrants had the worse jobs

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America, ironic bc main confederate giv brought them under lots of control, Davis understood north's advantages of population, transportation and economy, knew weak and unorganized state governments of south could not mount effective defense, took control of southern economy, imposed taxes and used revenues to spur industrial and economic growth, took control of railroads and commercial shipping, created government bureaucracy to oversee economic developments, forced south to quickly compensate for its losses from cutting off from northern commerce, some southerners opposed his moves, Davis reacted by suspending writ of habeus corpus which is a traditional protection against improper imprisonment, Lincoln did same but rubbed very wrong for south who seceded for exact reason, Davis had some success modernizing south economy but still lagged too far behind Union as far as industrialization, rapid economic growth brought rapid inflation, prices rose, paychecks and crop payments became worthless, southerners plunged into poverty,

Power loom

Previously mills produced thread and hired local women to weave thread into cloth at home, mills bought finished cloth and sold it at markets, power loom of 1813 meant textile manufacturers could produce thread and finished fabric quickly and efficiently in their factories, product was cheaper and higher quality, invented by Samuel slater

Welfare Capitalism

Pro business atmosphere of 20s led to temporary decline in labor unions, so did efforts of business w pension plans opportunities for profit sharing, and company parties to design communal spirit at work, businessmen hoped that such benefits would stoo from organizing and demanding more

Pro Business Republican Administrations

Progressive reform ending, us more comfortable w big business, they offered convenience and cheap prices, aut8mobiles made life convenient and social status, gov grew more pro business, federal trade comission and agencies assisted business more than rehuoayinglnlabor unions fell from public favor, suppressed by federal troops, Supreme Court overturned some minimum wage laws for women and children labor, pres were Harding, Coolidge, and hoover

Dust Bowl

Prolonged drought in Great Plains hurt farmers there, encouraged agrarian unrest, during Great Depression, farmers fought eviction and foreclosures by attacking. Conspired to keep prices at farm auctions low to return property to initial owner, formed farmers holiday association, organized demonstrations and threaten national walkout

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed congressional bill that was defeated and proposed the prohibition of the extension of slavery into territory gained from Mexico, reinforced northern suspicions of slave power

Fifteenth Amendment

Proposed in 1869, required states to enfranchise black men, suffrage, created by reps to attract black voters so they could continue to flourish, only passed bc southern states had ti ratify it to renter union

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Provided grants to state to manage their pwa projects

Railroad regulations

Public outcry over corruption, gov finally started regulating business, regulations as railroads engaged in price gouging, court argued states have power to regulate private industry that serves public interest, Supreme Court would rule that states could not establish rates involving interstate comerce

Swing Around The circle

Public speaking tour, Johnson campaigned against 14th Amendment and lost, north voted radical in 1866

William S Heward

Purchased Alaska, invoked Monroe Doctrine to force French out of Mexico, us businessses began developing markets and production facilities in Latin America and gained political power in the regiok

Horace Mann

Pushed for public education and education reform, lengthened school year, established school to train teachers, use of standardized books in edudation

Insular Cases

Question arose of legal status of conquered people abt whether colonial subjects were entitles ti Priceline's and protections of us citizens and constitution, Supreme Court settled by series of rulings, ruled constitution did not follow flag, congress could administer each overseas possession however it wants

Special Field Order Number 15 and 40 acres and a mule

Radical republicans wanted reconstruction plan to punish south for seceding, general Sherman's order would seize land from confederates to redistribute ti freedmen, order was rescinded by Johnson, 40 acres and mule did not gain much groudn

Congressional Reconstruction

Radicals drew up plan with 6 points, added fourteen Amendment that ppl born in us are citizens mainly blacks, prohibited states from depriving citizens of life liberty or property without due process,prevented states from denying citizens equal protection of law, gave states choice to give freedmen vote or stop counting them for congressional office, barred prominent confederates from holding office, excused Confederacy' swear debt

Little Big Horn

Railroads expanded and hunted busin to near extinction, natives depended on bison, sioux fought back, us sent troops to region, natives won some battles like at little big horn but federal army angels overpowered them

Problems with consolidation of economic power

Rapid growth required lots of money, businessmen would borrow huge sums but their occasional failures caused bank failures, endured major financial panic, lower classes suffered, jobs and money scarce, monopolies created class of extremely powerful and wealthy men whose interests clashed with society, grew more power, public resentment increased, gov responded with laws to restrict monopolies, back and forth abttle

Leisure during 20s

Rapid modernization, movies reflected idealized nation, wealth, sports like baseball, f Scott Fitzgerald and Hemingway, okay writes

Lowell system

Rapid textile industry growth meant shortage of labor in New England, textile manufacturers had to attracted laborers (women from nearby farms), Lowell System did this by guaranteeing employees housing in boardinghouses, cash wages, and participating in cultural and social events organized by the mill, system would last in New England until waves of Irish immigrants in 1840s and 50s made factory labor more plentiful

Manifest Destiny

Rapid westward expansion gave Americans belief that they had god given right to western territories and inspired expansion from sea to shining sea

Sherman's Marcg

Ravaged south by union soldiers, from Atlanta to sea in 1864 fall, burned everything un oath, destroyed confederate morale and depleted south's material resources

Assembly Line Production

Reached a whole new level with fords plant designs in early 20th century, workers performed single task over and over for 12 to 14 hours, dangerous factories, machine malfunctions and human error caused many injuries

Indian removal act and trail of tears

Received much criticism, passed by congress in 1830, represented natural continuation of policy towards natives, Brits established precedent of natives as foreign nation who could be gone to war and make treaties with, "Indian territory" as with proclamation of 1763, after Revolution, some suggested continued treatment others suggested assimilation to deal with "Indian problem", wanted natives to give up hunting and gathering lifestyle to adopt us farming and culture for peaceful coexistence, five civilized tribes in southeast of Mississippi River during Jackson's presidency, Cherokee nation included, they had developed a written language, converted to Christianity, and embraced agriculture, some even owned slaved, developed their own government and insisted themselves as independent republic within Georgia, problem arose when gold discovered on Cherokee land and Georgia citizens demanded Cherokees resettle in Oklahoma, a deemed Indian territory, Jackson argued them moving from white society was best way to protect themselves to maintain customs and protect from white encroachment, Cherokees refused removal and brought case to Supreme Court, John Marshall sided with Cherokees in Cherokee nation and Worcester vs Georgia, Jackson refused to comply with court decision, between 1835 and 1838, thousands of Cherokees were forced to march to Oklahoma by us army, known as Trail of Tears, thousands died of sickness and starvation

Railroads

Redefined land travel, first arrived in 1830s, slow growth due to technical issues but government did best to facilitate and speed up growth of them, much faster railroad growth in north than in south

Dawes Severalty Act

Reform to reservation system in 1887, broke up reservations and distributed land to head of each native family, required them to live on it for 25 years befor it was legally theirs and for us citizenship, goal was to accelerate assimilation of natives into western society by integrating them with whi tes, natives resisted, poverty drive them to sell land, homelessness

Lincoln and emancipation

Refused to enforce confiscation acts, then took small steps to Emancipation, because slaves indirectly supported southern war effort by cooking and growing for their troops, could not capture shaves to weaken south so looked it free them, also kept Brits and France out if war who Davis hoped would support confederacy to keep up cotton trade, European govs would not interfere if war was about slavery fir public outcry, Emancipation would also provide new troops for union side and empower slaves, would not make announcement until major victory of gettysburg so it would not seem desperate

Vertical Integration

Remains legal, provided company does not become trust or holding company, but allows companies in same industry to survive and compete in marketplace, one company buys out all factors of production from raw materials to finished product

Farmer's Alliances

Replaced grange movement, let women be politically active, national branches, more successful, grew into political party

Effects of war of 1812

Represented end of natives ability to stop American expansion, us economy forced t9 become less reliant on British trade, made Andrew Jackson a celebrity and paved way to presidency,victory in Nola led to nationalism and pride, wars popularity destroyed federalists who opposed it, taught American politicians that opposing war would hurt careers

Protectionism

Republican administrations of 1920s kept tariffs high, devised as method of using economic leverage as foreign policy, act allowed pres to reduce tariffs if he felt doing so would achieve foreign policy goals, countries granted most favored nation trade status were eligible for lowest tariff rate set by us

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican with progressive sympathies, 1901, directed justice department to investigate major railroad company and broke ig up, worked to negotiate labor conflict between coal mine owners and coal workers, gave concessions to workers, strength in handling Latin American affairs, used Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies, nicknamed the trustbuster,encouraged congress to pass meat inspection act, passed pure food and drug act to require processed foods and drugs to have ingredient labels, conserved millions of acres of forest , promoted National Park Service and National Forest Service

Coercive/intolerable acts

Response to Boston tea party, closed Boston harbor to non essential trade until tea to be paid for, stricter Quartering act and more control over Massachusetts colonial government, convinced colonists that semi autonomy was not achievable without secession, also passed Quebec act which favored Catholics and thwarted westward expansion further

Proclamation of 1763

Response to attacks, Britain forbade westward settlement beyond Appalachia, ineffective but agitated colonists as interference in their affairs, 1763 marked end of salutary neglect as Britain was angry over pontiacs rebellion and French and Indian war

Boxers

Response to open door policy, Chinese nationalist peasants rose against European imperialism Beijing legation quarter, us sent troops to suppress them, marked greater western control there, European nations previously opposed to us presence, now receptive to American foreign objectives

Social Darwinism and Gospel of Wealth

Response to public pressure from industrialists themselves, Andrew Carnegie and steel promoted philosophy, based on Darwin and evolution, argued that in business unrestricted competition allows the fitted to survive, contradictory, supported no regulation but supported gov assistance to businesss with grants and tariffs, argued that concentration of wealth among few was natural and efficient result of capitalism, asserted great wealth brought social responsibility, advocated philanthropy by building libraries museums or funding medical research, not charity, varied among other billionares

Black codes

Resulted from nat turners Rebellion and growing fear that slaves would hear of abolition and resist slavery, South passed these to prohibit blacks from congregating and learning to read, other state laws stopped whites from questioning legitimacy of slavery

Monroe doctrine

Revolutions in south and Central America, us recognized new American nations to gain access to trade, compelled Monroe and Adams to recognize new nations but decided to assert authority over Western Hemisphere, Doctrine was policy of mutual non interference, of Europe stayed out of America, us would stay out of European affairs, claimed us right to intervene anywhere in its hemisphere if it felt its security was threatened, Europe did not try to interfere after Doctrine, Europe did not have military power to challenge doctrine or take back colonies after napoleonicmwars, nobody was afraid of us military however, afraid of britain

Progressive politics

Robert la fillets, led states to extend greater power to voters thru ballot initiative thru which voters could propose new laws, referendum which allowed public to vote on new laws, and recall election to give voters power to remove officials from office before term ended, working class progressive won limits on Work day length, minimum wage, child labor, urban housing codes, many states adopted progressive income taxes to redistribute wealth

Panama Canal

Roosevelt admin had sights on building canal thru Central America, shorten sea trip around South American, congress approved plan for Panama Canal, then Colombian territory, us encouraged Panama ti revolt, new gov gave us better deal than Colombia, us became fixed presence thru region,

New Deal

Roosevelt declared war on depression, asked country to grant him broad powers as during wartime, rallied public confidence, fear itself powerful presidency, implemented sweeping reforms, many different programs as follows

Platt Amendment

Roosevelt differed from earlier pres on domestic policy, but concurred w foreign policy, devout imperialism, 1903, Roosevelt administration strong armed Cuba to accept platt Amendment, Cuba under us control, invasions and military occupations, aroused anti us sentiments on island

Paxton boys

Scots Irish frontiersmen in pa who responded to pontiacs rebellion he murdering natives

Adams presidency

Second president, federalist, Jefferson as vp because runner up became vp, hands off take, Hamilton very influential, federalists and dr debate very prominent

John Quincy adams

Secretary of State under Monroe, negotiated treaties to fix us borders and open new territories,aquifer florida thru Adams onus treaty, had to handle international tensions caused by series of revolutions in Central America and South a,Erica as inhabitants won independence from Spain,

Lead up to Compromise of 1850

Sectional strife over new territories from treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, gold rush meant many settlers in California who wanted statehood, drawn up Constitution that prohibited slavery in California, south opposed this bid, proslavery forces argues southern Cali should at least accept slavery in accordance with Missouri's Compromise, debate became very hostile, southern legislators began to discuss secession

Sumner-Brooks Affair

Senator brooks beat abolitionist Charles summer on head with fame after he gave speech attacking brooks and the south and slavery, destroyed president pierces political career, Buchanan won next electiom

Emergency Quota Act of 1924

Set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the "new immigrants" who came from Southern and Eastern Europe

Natives during expansion and reservation system

Settlers and successors broke treaties, resulted in warfare so gov tried other approach , to force natives on reservations, least desirable land on tribes traditional home, system failed bc infeiroriyt of land, incompatible tribes grouped together, lack of autonomy to manage affairs, westerners ignored, some reform after book

Turner/fronted thesis

Settlers filled westward, many new states, turner declared a,erivaan frontier gone, argued frontier shaped us charafter, defined American spirit, fostered democracy, provided safety valve for economic distress in urban centers

Oregon territory

Settlers poured into Oregon territory, already many natives there as well as Brits who claimed territory for Canada, Russia also faked claim, Brits and America both saw them as threat, poly administration signed treaty with England

Grange Movement

Silver vs gold presented issue for farmers to organize around, founded in 1867, over a million members, started as cooperatives w purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery and sell crops as group and reap benefits, endorsed political candidates and legislation, died out due to lack of money

Nat Turner Rebellion

Slavery grew more controversial during Jacksonian democracy, northern abolition movement was growing, south experienced slave revolts, resulted in more brutal disciplinary measures by slaveholders, famous revolt was nat turners, nat turner was well read preacher who envisioned a sign from god of success of black liberation movement, rallied gang to kill 60 whites, 200 slaves were executed as a result

KKK Revival

Some resisted change of modernism, time of backlash and renewed nativism, KKK drastically grew and also attacked blacks, Jews, urbanites, and Catholics

Atomic bombs

Some said us soviet animosity promoete atomic bomb use, others said manner if oavific war supported it, many casualties and would take 2 years to subdue japan, us dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, japan surrendered

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

Sought to reestabkush us confidence in banking system,out poorly managed bank under treasury department dintrol' granted gov lisvenses

Slavery and Southern paternalism

Southern attitude that slave system benefitted everybody including skates, perception of blacks as childlike and uncivilized and unable to care for themselves,submissive and grateful attitudes, slave owners converted slaves to Christianity, slaves incorporated their own traditions and religion with Christianity, lived in state of poverty, housed in crowded cabins, unsanitary, long hours of difficult and hard labor, worse deeper south, families broken up, abuse, survived slavery by developing unique culture, blended African roots and Christianity, slave revolts were rarely successful, more subtle methods of resistance to maintain an aspect of dignity, such as violating local slavery code or breaking tools or sneaking out or learning to read and write,

Popular soverignty

Southern concept in response to land debates over Mexican cession, wanted to abandon Missouri Compromise and open up more land to slavery but insisting that territories themselves would be able to decide by vote whether or not to allow slavery

End of Civil War

Stalemate seemed apparent as war lost support and energy, union began having more victories during 1864, helped give Lincoln re-election which strengthened cause, union victory almost guaranteed by 1865, confederate leaders forced to surrender at Appomattox courthouse, Lincoln was assassinated by Jon willed booth five days later, had devastating consequences

Quartering Act of 1765

Stationed many British troops in America and made colonists responsible for feeding and housing them, soldiers heightened tensions

Steamships

Steam engine invention, traveled faster than sailing boats, became important freight carriers, travel between America and Europe was much faster

Compromise of 1850

Stephen Douglass and Henry Clay made this, defeated in congress as whole package, would have to be broken into separate bills, succeeded in congress when broken up, admitted California as a free state, but would enact a stringer fugitive slavery law, created Utah and New Mexico territories, popular sovereignty to determine slavery in those territories, abolished slave trade in Washington DC, popular sovereignty and new fugitive slavery law presented issues, vague so interpreted differently, fugitive slave law made it easier to retrieve escaped slaves and required citizens in free states to cooperate with their retrieval

New Navy

Successful foreign trade relied on access to foreign ports, which required overseas colonies, colonies required string navy, after us invested in upgrading ships, turned attention to foreign aquisitions

Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury

Successfully handled national debt from Revolutionary War, financial plan, called for the federal government to assume state debts and repay those debts by giving the debt holders land on the western frontier, plan favored northern banks, drew opposition from poor working class and tj, managed to get most of plan passed but state capital was moved to Washington dc

Martin Van Buren

Supported by Jackson and won election of 1836, took over presidency as country entered major economic crisis, panic of 1837, made situation worse by continuing Jackson's policy of favoring hard currency, insuring money would be hard to come by, economic downturn lasted thru his turn and he was not re-elected,

Legal rejections of a New Deal

Supreme Court dismantled some new deal programs, invalidated nira as unconstitutional, by giving executive branch foo much power to make laws, Roosevelt argued that it was like use of wartime powers, Supreme Court struck down aaa, Roosevelt responded by packing Supreme Court w ppl who would support him

Court packing scheme

Supreme Court was striking down FDR New Deal policies, he tried to raise Supreme Court number to pack Court w justices who would support him, disliked by democrats, let alone republicans, rejected by dingtess

Dollar diplomacy

Taft's Foreign Policy, Attempt go secure favorable relations with Latin America and Asia by providing monetary loans

Imperialism

Taking control of another country, more controversial, gov was growing more interested in ut

Boston massacre

Tensions between British soldiers and colonists meant many confrontations, colonists harassed soldiers, soldiers fired and killed five, propaganda portrayed event as soldiers killed innocent bystanders

New Jersey plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the state's population

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Age of Invention

Thomas Edison, last quarter of 1800s, invention of light bulb, power plants, these things allowed for extension of workday and more electricity available, for industry and home, advances generated greater opportunities for mass production, economy grew at huge rates

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote statement of congress ideals, articulated principles of individual liberty and government responsibility to serve people

Common sense

Thomas Paine pamphlet, 1776, advocated colonial independence and argued for republic over monarchy, huge success, accessible and convince many to support war and democracy

Strict constructionists

Tj and James Madison and anti federalists, argued that constitution allowed congress only powers specifically granted or powers deemed necessary and proper to uphold its enumerated powers, argued Bank was not necessary and its creation set beyond government powers

Poly presidency

Took office w four goals, to restore practice of keeping gov funds in treasury and reduce tariffs, he accomplished this

Flappers

Traditional female roles persisted, flapper symbolized an Emancipation of women from cultural norms, wore short dresses, beads, red lips, etc, poor reputation bc smoked cigarettes, drunk in public, and "provocative" dancing

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, 1917, 1918, curtailed civil liberties, espionage prohibited ppl from using us mail system to interfere w war effort or w draft issues by selective service act, Sedition made it illegal to try to prevent sale of war bonds or speak bad of gov, flag, military, or constitution, both laws violated first amendment

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Mexican cession

US easily prevailed in Texas in Mexican American war, so Polk ordered troops to southwest and into California in the hopes of taking the entire territory by the war's end, in 1848 treaty Mexico gave up Arizona, New Mexico, California, Nevada and Utah, this land transfer is called the Mexican cession, us paid 15 million for the land, new territory greatly increased us wealth, also issue of slavery, in new territory much land below Missouri Compromise land was bad for farming, so southerners feared slavery would be confined to bottom quarter of rotors and they would be outvoted by free soil advocated deciding to ban slavery everywhere

Freedmen's Bureau

Union victory was guaranteed, gov established this bureau to help freed blacks establish a place in postwar society, helped w immediate problems of survival like food and housing and developed institutions like schools, first social welfare in us, he,led find new jobs and money and housing, established universities, very underfunded and had little impact once military rec8nstructioj ended

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Teller Amendment

Us claimed it would not annex Cuba after Spain's departure in 1898, however us remained for another few yeats

Washington Conference and Kellogg Briand Pact

Us foreign policy fought for peace after ww1, civverence gathere 8 world powers, treaty set limits in stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed open door policy with Chiba, 62 nations signed pact, condemned war as means of foreign policy, no enforcement, considered first good step

Japanese-Sino War

Us had less influence in Asia, Japan invaded Manchuria 1931, violated pact, League was powerless and us could do little, Japan went ti war w China in 1937, us sold arms ti Chinese, called for embargo on arms sales to japan, scared of provoking war w Japan, gov did not order embargo on commercial shipments to japan from us

Open Door Policy

Us hoped to gain entry to Asian markets, McKinley sought open door policy for all western nations wanting to trade w Asia

Expansionism

Us moving into regions to do business, most supported

Increased nationalism

Us production capacity grew fast, looked overseas to find new markets, also pride, us was becoming world economic power, way of life is best, wanted to spread around world

Hawaii

Us searched for port along trade route to Asia, missionaries arrived early, involvement began in 1870s, sugar producers interfered in Hawaiian economy, it collapsed, became dependent on us trade, us imposed high tariffs to diminish Hawaiian exports, overthrew Native gov and annexed hawaii

Good Neighbor Policy

Us tried to back away from interbionist Policy in Latin America, replaced w good neighbor in 1934, continued to promote interests in Latin America at expense of native, platt Amendment would be repealed, us achieved foreign policy objectives thru economic coercion and support of brutal pro America leaders, also figure out how to maintain strong but less threatening military presence there by paying for privilege of miamtianh military hases and arranging to train nations national guard uniys

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Us troops often intervened, claimed Latin American domestic instability and threat to us security so us could intervene in affairs, also known as big stick policy, foreign policy continued to adhere to Monroe's odtdiene, asserted us right to assume role of international police force and intervene in Western Hemisphere when felt security at stake, state that us wanted no part of European affairs, would be tested during world war 1 oath, complicated bc us and England forming close alliance, Brits had not opposed forays into Latin politics when it could have, Brits were trying to line up us as ally in ongoing rivalry w germany

War Industry Board

Us war power greatly expanded during ww1, took control of telephone telegraph and rail industries, wib created to coordinated all facets of industrial and agricultural production, sought to guaranteed that us and allies would be well supplied, had mixed success, slow and inefficient

War of 1812

Us was ill prepared for war with Brits, Brits captured dc in 1814 and burnt White House, in most battles us was able to fight to a stalemate, Brit French hostilities ended w napoleons defeat so issues that caused war evaporated and Brits negotiated peace, unaware of treaty of Ghent, Andrew Jackson won the battle of New Orleans, a clear cut us victory,

Shakers

Utopian group that splintered from Quakers, believe they and church's had grown to interest in would and not in afterlife, followed mother Ann lee, isolated themselves un communes where they shared work and it rewards, granted near equal rights to women, believed end of world, sex was bad, celibacy, numbers diminished as a result, other utopian groups were Oneida community in ny and new harmony

Sectionalism and the west

Varied economic interests but were largely rooted in commercial farming, fur trapping, and real estate speculation, distrusted north as home of,powerful banks that world take their land away, little use for south whose hierarchal structure was at odds with western egalitarianism, west wanted to avoid involvement in slaver6, regarded it as irrelevant

Women and second great awakening

Very active in abolition movement caused women to see their lack of rights and hold movement, Elizabeth candy Stanton and Mott formed first women's rights convention Seneca falls convention in 1848, Stanton and Susan b Anthony formed national woman suffrage association in 1869

Women and Blacks and natives after Revolution

Very tense relations with natives because many natives allied with crown and westward expansion was major part of colonial grievances but hurt natives, women and blacks made sacrifices to help the fight and wanted some compensation, women did not really gain anything nor did blacks, although free blacks in colonies increased after war but so did racist legislation and punlication

Bleeding Kansas

Violence provoked by Kansas Nebraska Act, abolitionists and pro slavery ppl rushed into territories to increase pop sov votes and form governments for their side, pro slavery Missourians called border ruffians relocated in Kansas, Kansas sent two different constitutions to Washington, lecompton the proslavery Constitution was recognized and Kansas declared slave state, pro slavery took it as license to expel free soilers and demolished free soil city Lawrence, abolitionist John brown retaliated by leading a raid in proslavery camp and killing 5, gangs from both side were outraged and violence started as they attacked each other, 200 died

Collapse of Whig party

Vote fell along sectional lines, Democrats would become been more southern detonated and Whigs would split between anti slavery northern conscience Whigs and pro slavery southern cotton Whigs, causing Whigs to go into extinction, new parties arose

Immediatists

Wanted immediate Emancipation, May priminent was William Lloyd Garrison who ounkushed abolitionist newspaper called the Liberatir in 1831 and helped found the American Anti-Slavery society in 1833, early subscribers were mostly free blacks but grew popular w white abolitionists, persistence and powerful writing helped him bring slavery to forefront, denounced moderates and resettlement in Africa,

Us neutrality during ww1

War broke out in Europe in 1914, Wilson declared us policy of neuraiuty, us to that participants fairly and no favorites, hoped that us would help settle conflict and emerge as world arbiter, posed several problems bc us had close relations with Brits but not Germany and Austria Hungary, Wilson's advisors openly favored allies

Knights of Labor

Widespread misery in cities, ppl sought changes, unions to counter poor treatment of workers, considered radical and gov wary of them, businesses and courts were hostile, federal troops often broke strikes, shift from small local unions of particular craft to national unions with knights, 1869, founded by Uriah Stephens, organized skilled and unskilled workers from many crafts into single union, goals were 8 hour workday, equal pay for men and women, child labor laws, safety and sanitary codes, federal income tax, government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines, became increasingly violent to achieve goals

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Wilson wanted war treaty negotiations to be guided. By his 14 points, called for free trade thru low tariffs and freedom of seas, reduction of arms supplies on all sides, promotion of self determination and end of colonials, everywhere, called for creation of Oeague of nations, served as basis for negotiations, but they would go in another direction

Republican motehrhood

Women's roles re-evaluated with creation of republic, excluded from political activity, supposed to be teachers of virtuous male citizens private virtue for women, more female education because educated women would be better Republican mothers, emerged in 1800s, child rearing role, raise good democratic patriots

Cult of Domesticity

Working and middle class families worked to achieve state where women could devote to homemaking instead of wage earning, notion that men should work while women kept house and raised children, supported by magazines and books that glorified home life,

Free Soil Party

a regional, single-issue party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso, opposed to expansion is slavery, not because they were abolitionists but didn't want white settlers to have to compete with slave labor in new territories

Hartford convention

federalists opposed war because it disrupted trade and unaware its coming end, Met in Hartford Connecticut to consider massive overhaul of constitution and if not secession, many considered federalists to be traitors and party dissolved after convention, altho would continue to influence next decades, convention brought many grievances, such as notion that two thirds majority of congress should be required to admit new states and no president can serve more than one 4 year term and two presidents in a row cannot be from same state

Join or die

first political cartoon because of plan rejected and Franklin's frustrations

Albany Plan of Union

representatives gathered for tax system and intercolonial government, 1754

Federalists

supported the ratification of the constitution, Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay wrote Federalist papers to convince people, more affluent, educated, urban supporters (Constitution would be established in 1789 and Bill of Rights added in 1791, economy based on commerce and industry, wealthy northeast, sympathetic to brutain

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the United States, afraid of strong federal government and monarchy so very weak, contained major flaws and limitations, could not enforce state or individual taxation or a military draft, no power to raise an army, could not regulate trade among states or international trade, no executive or judicial branch, legislative branch gave states only 1 vote, regardless of population, 9 of 13 states had to agree to pass law (supermajority), unanimous approval needed to change articles

Confederate conscription

worsened poverty when confederacy imposed conscription to draft many small farmers into army, took away men from farms who needed them, created class conflict, government allowed wealthy to hire ppl to do their military service and exempted those with 20 slaves from military slaves, wealthy did not have to serve while poor had no choice, class tensions increased, led to widespread desertions in confederate army, led many southerners in small towns to ignore gov and carry in as if there wa no war, many resisted feeding clothing or housing troops