APUSH Exam AMSCO Review Part 2

Alfred Kinsey.

His research indicated that premarital sex, marital infidelity, and homosexuality were more common than anyone had suspected. Medicine (antibiotics for venereal disease) and science (the introduction of the birth control pill in 1960) also contributed to changing attitudes about engaging in casual sex with a number of partners.

wolf packs

Hitler's submarine technique that sank many US ships.

Public Works (Hoover)

Hoover Dam- the gigantic Colorado River project voted by Congress under Coolidge, begun under Hoover, and completed under FDR. It was used for irrigation, flood control, and electricity Hired people to work on Government projects Short term fix, as soon as the people were done they didn't have jobs Didn't solve the depression problem

Robin Moor

unarmed US merchant ship torpedoed and destroyed by a German U-boat outside war zone; May 1941

Jones Act

Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities (1965)

Provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects

Federal Farm Loan Act

-Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest

Cultural Liberation

1. A decade after WWI a new generation of artists and writers burst upon the scene 2. Many writers and artist came from ethnic and regional backgrounds

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents, prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars.

Freedom of Speech/Schenck v. U.S.

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. Freedom of Speech/ Limited freedom of speech Period 7

American Plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike wave after World War I.

Fordism

A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

A treaty signed by the Soviet Union and the United States, and roughly 100 other countries, that ended the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

Immigration Act (1965)

Abolished discriminatory quotas based on national .. origins

Island-Hopping

After the victory at Midway, the United States began a long campaign to get within striking distance of Japan's home islands by seizing strategic locations in the Pacific. Using a strategy called

Humans Develop Wings

Airplanes gave birth to another industry

Immigration Act of 1924-

Also known as the "National Origins Act", this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was sharply curtailed, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether. Quotas were cut from 3% to 2%

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Ruth Benedict

Anthropologist that helped develop the "culture and personality movement" and her student Margaret Mead reached even greater heights with Coming of Age in Samoa

Yalta Confrence (Feb 1945)

Big Three to discuss post-war Europe Fee elections World Organization in the US Germany divided into occupied zones

Why atomic bomb?

Bombs saved American lived

Black Panthers (1966)

Called for African Americans to become liberated through violence. Provided free lunches to African American children.

Japanese Internment Camps

Camps where many Japanese-Americans were kept for fear of their being spies from Japan, although many were US-born

Korematsu v. the U.S

Case where the Supreme Court held up the constitutionality of Japanese relocation.was a Supreme Court case about the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship. The court sided with the government making these camps constitutional.

The policy of Appeasement

Chamberlain's pre-WWII foreign policy concerning Germany; sought to avoid war; gave in to Germany to preserve peace

The three Allied leaders

Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin agreed to concentrate on the war in Europe before shifting their resources to counter Japanese advances in the Pacific.

Potsdam Conference (mid-July- August)

Clement Atlee, Truman, and Stalin Warned Japan to surrender Truman warned of US casualties for Japan invasion

Neutrality not easy

Closer ties with allies Many Am immigrants from Central Powers Easier geographically to trade with allies and blockade Economy slump eased by request for war supplies Willing to trade with both but mostly traded with allies By the end of the war 10 million people died Wilson didn't want to enter into the war, the US remained neutral at first

Evaluating U.S. Policy

Critics of NATO and the defense buildup argued that the Truman administration intensified Russian fears and started an unnecessary arms race. Regardless, NATO became one of the most successful military alliances in history. In combination with the deterrent power of nuclear weapons, NATO effectively checked Soviet expansion in Europe and thereby maintained an uneasy peace until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

Four Freedoms

Declared by President FDR; 1. Freedom of speech and expression; 2. Freedom of every person to worship in his own way; 3. Freedom from want; 4. Freedom from fear

John Davis

Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral, reciprocal trade agreements with other countries RTAA/Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 Period 7

Potsdam Confrence (July-Agust 1945)

Disagreed on most issues Truman orders the dropping of the bomb New leaders War alliance breaks down Seeds planted for the cold war

Created a trickle-down program

Don't give money to people but to businesses and banks

The Leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. remained committed to nonviolent protests against segregation. In 1963, he and some followers were jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, for what local authorities judged to be an illegal march. The jailing of King, however, proved to be a milestone in the civil rights movement because most Americans believed King to have been jailed unjustly. From his jail cell, King wrote an essay

Fall of the Allies?

England/France declare war on Germany after Poland No one ever acts, however, the phony war 2. Germans attack Norway and Denmark in April 1940 Blitzkrieg easily moves into Netherlands, Belgium, and France by May 1940 France falls by June 1940 3. Miracle at Dunkrik saves Britiiian military 4. Only Britian remains

Suppressing Dissent

Espionage Act 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Led to 2,000 executions (lots of socialists and anti-war union) What about the first amendment Led to the pardons of thousands of people after the war

Adamson Act

Established an 8 hour workday for all 1.7 million employees on trains in interstate commerce with extra pay for overtime

NATO and National Security

Ever since Washington's farewell address of 1796, the United States had avoided permanent alliances with European nations. Truman broke with this tradition in 1949 by recommending that the United States join a military defense pact to protect Western Europe. The Senate readily gave its consent

McNary-Haugen Bill

Farm proposal of the 1920s, passed by Congress but vetoed by President Coolidge, that provided for the federal government to buy farm surpluses and sell them abroad.

Sedition Act of 1918

Forbade the criticism of the United States Government

Allied Powers

France, Britain, and Russia (later joined by the US, Italy, and Japan)

Destroyers-for-Bases Deal

He therefore cleverly arranged a trade. Britain received 50 older but still serviceable U.S. destroyers and gave the United States the right to build military bases on British islands in the Caribbean.

Trickle-down economics (Andrew Mellon)

If you reduce taxes and keep Government out of businesses, the businesses are going to have more money

Marianas

Important islands that allowed the United States to fire directly on Japan's home islands.

Richard Nixon's Foreign Policy

In his January 1969 inaugural address, President Nixon promised to bring Americans together after the turmoil of the 1960s.

D-Day

Invasion of France through Normandy, Germans were misled by expecting the blow to fall further north.s the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war.

Iwo Jima

Island captured by the US in order to make it a haven for damaged American bombers returning from Japan.

Asia WWII

Japan was threatening China.

Over 1900 changed under two laws

Many socialists because of anti-war including Debs Industrial workers of the world (IWW or Wobblies)

Freedom of Expression and Privacy

Other rulings by the Warren Court extended the rights mentioned in the 1st Amendment to protect the actions of protesters, to permit greater latitude under freedom of the press, to ban religious activities sponsored by public schools, and to guarantee adults' rights to use contraceptives.

Unstable Banking System

Over Speculation and mismanagement in real estate

Long term goals under the three R's

Permanent recovery and reform of current abuses

Mobilizing for the American People

Rallying Public Support

Three R's

Relief, Recovery, and Reform

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Roaring Economy

Short post-war recession in 1920/1921

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo

The US conquered Japanese strongholds in the Pacific

Building the War Machine

The armed forces forced the farmers to go into war

Nagasaki- August 9, 1945

The conventional bombing led to the evacuation Fat Man 60,000 killed immediately Still refused to surrender Most damage

SPAR's

U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve

Creating Jobs for the Jobless

When FDR took office, 1 of 4 workers was jobless

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

When the Soviet Union placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other.

Veterans of Future Wars

formed 1936 by a group of Princeton U students; an anti-war group that mocked the early payment of bonuses to WWI veterans

Alger Hiss

a prominent official in the State Department who had assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta Conference. Hiss denied the accusations that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Chambers. In 1950, however, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. Many Americans could not help wondering whether the highest levels of government were infiltrated by Communist spies.

Sudetenland

a region of Czechoslovakia were many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war

The controversial Community Action Program

allowed the poor to run antipoverty programs in their own neighborhoods. Like the New Deal, some of Johnson's programs prod

The policy of appeasement

allowing Hitler to get away with relatively small acts of aggression and expansion. The United States went along with the British and French policy

Radar

allows you to locate planes even when the weather is not good

Fourteen Points

an ideological statement issued by Woodrow Wilson that set the principles for peace during WW1 Some of these principles would later be used in the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles to end WW1. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination. 14 Points/ Point 14 Period 7

The Neutrality Act of 1935

authorized the president to prohibit all arms shipments and to forbid U.S. citizens to travel on the ships of belligerent nations.

Betty Friedan's

book The Feminine Mystique (1963) gave the movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers in addition to filling the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker.

The Office of War Information

controlled news about troop movements and battles. Movies, radio, and popular music all supported and reflected a cheerful, patriotic view of the war

Five Power treaty

established a ratio of battleships each county could have. For every 5 ships, the US has, Britain can have 5, Japan can have 3, Italy and France can have. 1.5 ships. US/GB wouldn't intervene in the Pacific

The Neutrality Act of 1936

forbade the extension of loans and credits to belligerents.

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up a federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health. SSA/The Social Security Act of 1935 Period 7

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up a federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health. By 1939 over 45 million people were eligible for Social Security benefits

Col. Charles R. Forbes

head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals.

Public Works Administration

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

the Office of Price Administration (OPA)

regulated almost every aspect of civilians' lives by freezing prices, wages, and rents and rationing such commodities as meat, sugar, gasoline, and auto tires, primarily to fight wartime inflation.

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

same as the first AAA but funded from general taxation and therefore acceptable to the Supreme Court. this act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, to oversee the distribution of subsidies to alleviate the problems with farms out west.

Joseph Heller

satirized the stupidity of the military and war in Catch-22 (1961).

"Double V"

slogan-one for victory over fascism abroad and one for equality at home.

Volstead Act

the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the United States. the price for illegal alcohol rose higher than the average worker could afford 18th Amendment/ National Prohibition Act Period 7

Both Britain and France agreed that if Hitler took Poland

they would help Poland out

the War Production Board (WPB)

was established to manage war industries

the Kerner Commission

concluded in late 1968 that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the United States was becoming "two societies, one black, one white-separate and unequal.

Casablanca Confrence (Jan 1943)

FDR and Churchill "unconditional surrender" Italy Invaded before France

The Neutrality Act of 1937

forbade the shipment of arms to the opposing sides in the civil war in Spain.

Guglielmo Marconi

in the 1890s, had already invented wireless telegraphy and his invention was used for long-distance communication in the Great WAr

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the 1st Amendment's provision for separation of church and state.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

ruled that, in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (This privacy case provided the foundation for later cases establishing a woman's right to an abortion.)

Yates v. United States (1957)

said that the 1st Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country

Indian Reorganization Act

"Indian New Deal" 1934 partially reserved the individualistic approach and belatedly tried to restore the tribal basis of Indian life, Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government and thus willingly shrank the authority of the U.S. government.

Vichy France

"Puppet" government in southern France; basically run by Germany during the German occupation

Herbert C. Hoover

(1874-1964) A Quaker-humanitarian tapped to head the Food Administration during World War I. During the 1920s, he became the secretary of commerce, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of government power.

Chicago Race Riot

(1919) black populations expanded to white neighborhoods, and found jobs as strikebreakers, and they were triggered by an indecent at a beach lead to black and white gangs killing fifteen whites and 23 blacks

Ruhr Crisis

(1923) France invaded Germany's industrial region when Germany couldn't pay its debts; this resulted in Germany hyperinflation.

Daws Plan of 1924

(1924) proposed plan for German reparations after WWII: ("jumpstart") US loans helped Germany pay off France and Britain, who in turn would pay off their debts to the US

Clark Memorandum 1928

(1928) Sec. of State Clark pledged US would never intervene in L.A. affairs in order to protect US property rights - overturned the Roosevelt Corollary

Kellog-Brand Pact

(1928) declared war "illegal" except for defensive purposes (major loophole); no enforcement mechanism

London Conference 1933

(1933) attended by 66 nations; intended to confront the global depression by stabilizing national currencies(gold currency) and reviving international trade - undermined by FDR, a sign to Mussolini/Hitler that he wasn't going to intervene in European affairs

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

(1934) put forth by Cordell Hull; aimed at relief/recovery of US economy, included lower tariffs and authorized Congress to negotiate reciprocal trade agreements with other countries - reversed protectionist tariff put in place in Civil War, paved way for free trade post-WWII

Tydings- McDuffee Act of 1934

(1934) stated that the Philippines were to become free after 10 years; naval bases would remain, the isolationist US eager to get out of the Pacific

Spanish Civil War 1936

(1936-39) nationalists led by fascist Francisco Franco defeated democratic Republican loyalists for control of Spain; the US called for an arms embargo for both sides, Rome-Berlin Axis helped Nationalists win in a preview of WWII. Became a training ground for WWII. Franco wins and Civil War becomes a training ground

Panay Incident

(1937) Japan bombed and sank a US gunboat and 3 Standard Oil tankers on Yangtze - 2 Americans killed; the river was international, Japan testing the US -- Roosevelt angry, Japan apologized & promised no further attacks; public called for the withdrawal of US from China

Quarantine Speech

(1937) Roosevelt's speech that condemned Japan and Italy, urged democracies to "quarantine" their aggressors through economic embargoes - criticized by isolationists who feared FDR might lead the US into war

Sino-Soviet pact

(1945) Agreement in which the Soviet Union declared to Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists that it would not support the Communists in the Chinese civil war in return for partnership in the Chinese Eastern Railway for a 30 year period

Panay

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed an American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized.

Big Three

(leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain) arranged to confer secretly to coordinate their military strategies and to lay the foundation for peace terms and postwar involvement.

African Americans

, over 1.5 million African Americans left the South. In addition, a million young men left home to serve in the armed forces. Whether as soldiers or civilians, all faced continued discrimination and segregation. White resentment in urban areas led to dozens dying in race riots in New York and Detroit during the summer of 1943.

Wilson delivers a war message

- Neutrality was no longer possible - Justifies US entry into the war - War not about conquest but domination - - War to end all wars - The world must be safe from democracy - The US will save the war

What caused the Great Depression?

- Over-speculation of stocks, - Banking collapse - Farming dust bowl

Rome-Berlin Axis

-(1936) Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

-(1939) treaty between Germany and USSR to stay out of each others' way before WWII - shocked the world as usually communists and fascists were enemies (Hitler wanted one front war, Stalin afraid of Hitler); secret clause: Poland to be divided between Germany & USSR, allowed for the German invasion of Poland without Russian interference

Monkey Trial/Scopes trial

-1925- a highly publicized trial where John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later. Displayed the fundamentalism prevalent in rural areas at the time

Dawes Plan

-A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.

Margaret Sanger

-American the leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900s. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by an unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Equal Rights Amendment.

7th Pan-American Conference 1933

-FDR's repudiation of TR's corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating good neighbor policy towards L. American countries

neutrality Act of 1937

-non military goods must be purchased on a cash & carry basis - come to the US, pay, and take them away (no US shipping)

Home Owners' Loan Corporation

-refinanced mortgages on non-farm homes and bolted down the loyalties of the middle class, Democratic homeowners.

Neutrality Acts

. prohibited sale of arms to belligerents in a war; banned loans to belligerents; citizens cannot travel to countries at war or travel on armed ships; passed to prevent American involvement in future overseas wars. tried to keep the United States out of the war, Neutrality Act of 1935/ Neutailiy Act of 1937 Period 7

Battle of Britain

1. (Autumn 1940) 2. The launching pad for the Allied Invasion of France in 1944 German army starts bombing Britain Germany Bombs London Hitler was forced to cancel plans for Britain

Wartime Migrations

1. 15 million Americans who served in WWII didn't come back to the US after the war 2. 1.6 million African Americans left the south to seeks jobs in the West and North 3. The Northward migration of African Americans helped accelerated the war because of the mechanical cotton picker 4. WWII caused the larger great migration than during WWI 5. By 1970 half of African American living in the south 6. Thousands of Native Americans found war work in cites 7. By the end of the war, more than half of Native Americans lived in cities

Frustrated Farmers

1. A depression swept through agricultural districts in the 1920s 2. Coolidge vetoed the Haugen bill twice which meant farm prices stayed down

The Berlin Airlift

1. A major crisis of the Cold War focused on Berlin. In June 1948, the Soviets cut off all access by land to the German city. Truman dismissed any plans to withdraw from Berlin, but he also rejected using force to open up the roads through the Soviet-controlled eastern zone. Instead, he ordered U.S. planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin. 2. Truman sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. The world waited nervously for the outbreak of war, but Stalin decided not to challenge the airlift. 3. By May 1949, the Soviets finally opened up the highways to Berlin, thus bringing their 11-month blockade to an end. A major long-term consequence of the Berlin crisis was

The Election of 1940

1. Adding to the suspense over the war was uncertainty over a presidential election. 2. At last, he announced that, in those critical times, he would not turn down the Democratic nomination if it were offered. Most Democrats were delighted to renominate their most effective campaigner. During the campaign, Roosevelt made the rash pronouncement: "Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars."

Washington Naval Confrecne (1921-1922)

1. Addressed naval disarmament 2. No new battleships wouldn't be created for another 10 years 3. 5-Power, 4-Power, and 9-Power Treaties signed

The Rising Sun in the Pacific

1. After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched a widespread attacked on the Far Eastern Countries 2. The Japanese took the British-Chinese port Hong Kong and the British Malaya and Bruma

Spirit of Geneva

1. After Stalin's death in 1953, Eisenhower called for a slowdown in the arms race and presented to the United Nations atoms for a peace plan. The Soviets also showed signs of wanting to reduce Cold War 2. tensions. They withdrew their troops from Austria ( once that country had agreed to be neutral in the Cold War) and established peaceful relations with Greece and Turkey. By 1955, a desire for improved relations on both sides resulted in a summit meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, between Eisenhower and the new Soviet premier, Nikolai Bulganin a summit meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, between Eisenhower and the new Soviet premier, Nikolai Bulganin. At this conference, the U.S. president proposed an "open skies" policy over each other's territory-open to aerial photography by the opposing nation-in order to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack. The Soviets rejected the proposal.

Fall of Indochina

1. After losing their Southeast Asian colony of Indochina to Japanese invaders in World War II, the French made the mistake of trying to retake it. Wanting independence, native Vietnamese and Cambodians resisted. French imperialism had the effect of increasing support for nationalist and Communist leader Ho Chi Minh. By 1950, the anticolonial war in Indochina became part of the Cold War rivalry between Communist and anti-communist powers. 2. In 1954, a large French army at Dien Bien Phu was trapped and forced to surrender. After this disastrous defeat, the French tried to convince Eisenhower to send in U.S. troops, but he refused.

Atomic Weapons

1. After the Berlin crisis, teams of scientists in both the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in intense competition arms race-to develop superior weapons systems. For a period of just four years (1945-1949), the United States was the only nation to have the atomic bomb. It also developed in this period a new generation of long-range bombers for delivering nuclear weapons. 2. The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in the fall of 1949. Truman then approved the development of a bomb a thousand times more powerful than the A-bomb that had destroyed Hiroshima. In 1952, this hydrogen bomb (or H-bomb) was added to the U.S. arsenal. Earlier, in 1950, the National Security Council had recommended,

The Korean War

1. After the defeat of Japan, its former colony of Korea was divided along the 38th parallel by the victors. 2. Soviet armies occupied Korean territory north of the line, 3. while U.S. forces occupied territory to the south. 4. By 1949 both armies were withdrawn, 5. leaving the North in the hands of the Communist leader Kim 11 Sung 6. the South under the conservative nationalist Syngman Rhee.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain

1. America was determined to keep out of the war that they declined to build up its armed forces to a point where it could deter the aggressors 2. The US Army declined

Foreign-Policy Flounderings

1. American troops were withdrawn from the Dominican Republican 2. American troops remained in Haiti until 1934 3. French and British were struggling after WWI, the postwar tariffs made it almost impossible for them to sell their goods to earn the dollars to pay their debts

The Allies Triumphant

1. Americans had about 1 million casualties 2. The Soviet Union had 25 million casualties

Holding the Home Front

1. Americans on the home front suffered little from the war 2. The war lifted America out of the Great Depression 3. Millions of men and women worked in the homefront 4. WWII cost about $300 million for Americans 5. The national debt rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945

The Election of 1948

1. As measured by opinion polls, Truman's popularity was at a low point as the 1948 campaign for the presidency began. Republicans were confident of victory, especially after both a liberal faction and a conservative faction in the Democratic party abandoned Truman to organize their own third parties. Liberal Democrats, who thought Truman's aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace, formed a new Progressive party that nominated former vice president Henry Wallace. Southern Democrats also bolted the party in reaction to Truman's support for civil rights. Their States' Rights party, better known as the Dixiecrats, chose Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as its presidential candidate 2. The Republicans once again nominated New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, who looked so much like a winner from the outset that he conducted an overly cautious and unexciting campaign. Meanwhile, the man without a chance toured the nation by rail, attacking the "do-nothing" Republican Eightieth Congress with "give-'em-hell" speeches. The feisty Truman confounded the polling experts with a decisive victory over Dewey, winning the popular vote by 2 million votes and winning the electoral vote 303 to 189. The president had succeeded in reuniting Roosevelt's New Deal coalition, except for four southern states that went to Thurmond and the Dixiecrats.

Domestic Policy

1. At 43, Kennedy was the youngest candidate ever to be elected president. His energy and sharp wit gave a new, personal style to the presidency. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of "the torch being passed to a new generation" and promised to lead the nation into a New Frontier. The Democratic president surrounded himself with both business executives such as Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and academics such as economist John Kenneth Galbraith. 2. For the sensitive position of the attorney general, the president chose his younger brother, Robert. John Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline ("Jackie"), brought style, glamour, and an appreciation of the arts to the White House. The press loved Kennedy's news conferences, and some later likened his administration to the mythical kingdom of Camelot and the court of King Arthur, the subject of a then-popular Broadway musical.

Occupation Zones in Germany

1. At the end of the war, the division of Germany and Austria into Soviet, French, British, and U.S. zones of occupation was meant to be only temporary. 2. In Germany, however, the eastern zone under Soviet occupation gradually evolved into a new Communist state, the German Democratic Republic. The conflict over Germany was at least in part a conflict over differing views of national security and economic needs. 3. The Soviets wanted a weak Germany for security reasons and large war reparations for economic reasons. 4. The United States and Great Britain refused to allow reparations from their western zones because both viewed the economic recovery of Germany as important to the stability of Central Europe. The Soviets, fearing a restored Germany, tightened their control over East Germany. Also, since Berlin lay within their zone, they attempted to force the Americans, British, and French to give up their assigned sectors of the city.

Negotiations

1. Both sides realized that Japan needed oil to fuel its navy and air force. If the U.S. embargo on oil did not end, Japan would likely seize the oil resources in the Dutch East Indies. 2. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull insisted that Japan pull its troops out of China, which Japan refused to do. The Japanese ambassador to the United States tried to negotiate a change in U.S. policy regarding oil. 3. In October, a new Japanese government headed by General Hideki Tojo made a final attempt at negotiating an agreement. Neither side, however, changed its position. 4. U.S. military leaders hoped to delay the armed confrontation with Japan until U.S. armed forces in the Pacific were strengthened. Japan, on the other hand, believed that quick action was necessary because of its limited oil supplies.

Hitlers Belligerence and U.S. Neutrality

1. Britain and France declared war on Germany because Germany invaded Poland 2. Roosevelt declared neutrality

Hooked on the Horn of Plenty

1. By 1930, the depression had become a national calamity 2. Citizens lost everything

Two Chinas

1. By the end of 1949, all of mainland China was controlled by the Communists. Chiang and the Nationalists had retreated to an island once under Japanese rule, Formosa (Taiwan). From there, Chiang still claimed to be the legitimate government for all of China. The United States continued to support Chiang and refused to recognize Mao Zedong's regime in Beijing (the People's Republic of China) until 30 years later, in 1979. 2. In the United States, Republicans blamed the Democrats for the "loss of China" to the Communists. In 1950, the two Communist dictators, Stalin and Mao, signed a Sino-Soviet pact, which seemed to provide further proof of a worldwide Communist conspiracy.

The Radio Revolution

1. By the late 1920's technological improvements made radios long-distance broadcasting possible 2. The radio knitted the nation together 3. Sports were further stimulated 4. Politicians had to adjust their speaking techniques to a new medium, millions rather than thousands of voters heard their promises and pleas 5. Music was played in millions of homes

Human Rights Diplomacy

1. Carter appointed Andrew Young, an African American, to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Carter and Young championed the cause of human rights around the world, especially by opposing the oppression of the black majority in South Africa and Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) by all-white governments. In Latin America, human rights violations by the military governments of Argentina and Chile caused Carter to cut off U.S. aid to those countries.

Wartime Conferences

1. Casablanca 2. Teheran 3. Yalta 4. Potsdam

Allied Diplomacy during the War

1. Casablanca Confrence (Jan 1943) 2. Moscow Confrence (October 1943) 3. Declaration of Cairo (issued December 1943) 4. Tehran Conference (Nov-Dec 1943) 5. Yalta Confrence (Feb 1945) 6. Potsdam Confrence (July-Agust 1945)

The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928

1. Coolidge didn't want to run for another term 2. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith 3. Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election by a landslide 4. Herbert had 444 electoral votes to Smith's 87 5. The Republicans flipped the house

Unrest in the Third World

1. Decolonization, or the collapse of colonial empires, after World War II may have been the single most important development of the postwar era. Between 194 7 and 1962, dozens of colonies in Asia and Africa gained their independence from former colonial powers such as Britain, France, and the Netherlands. 2. . In Asia, India and Pakistan became new nations in 1947, and the Dutch East Indies became the independent country of Indonesia in 1949. 3. In Africa, Ghana threw off British colonial rule in 1957, and a host of other nations followed. 4. These new Third World countries (in contrast to the industrialized nations of the Western bloc and the Communist bloc) often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid from either the United States or the Soviet Union often made them into pawns of the Cold War.

Depression Speeds

1. Depression nationwide by early 1930 2. Negative economic cycle kept going

Automobile Industry

1. Driving force behind economic boom- led by Henry Ford and introduced the assembly line 2. The auto industry surged as did the US economy

Massive Retaliation

1. Dulles advocated placing greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power and spending less on conventional forces of the army and navy 2. In 1953, the United States developed the hydrogen bomb, which could destroy the largest cities. Within a year, however, the Soviets caught up with a hydrogen bomb of their own. To some, the policy of massive retaliation looked more like a policy for mutual extinction. Nuclear weapons indeed proved a powerful deterrent against the superpowers fighting an all-out war between themselves, but such weapons could not prevent small "brushfire" wars from breaking out in the developing nations of Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. However, Eisenhower refused to use even small nuclear weapons in these conflicts.

Containment in Europe

1. Early in 1947, Truman adopted the advice of three top advisers in deciding to "contain" Soviet aggression. 2. His containment policy, which was to govern U.S. foreign policy for decades, was formulated by the secretary of state, General George Marshall; the undersecretary of state, Dean Acheson; and an expert on Soviet affairs, George F. Kennan.

Monkey Business in Tennessee

1. Education in the 1920s continued to make strides 2. More and more states were requiring young people to remain in school until they were 16, 18, or until they graduated from high school 3. Religionists charged that the teaching of Darwin evolution was destroying faith in God and the bible while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age

Modern Republicanism

1. Eisenhower was a fiscal conservative whose first priority was balancing the budget after years of deficit spending. Although his annual budgets were not always balanced, he came closer to curbing federal spending than any of his successors. As a moderate on domestic issues, he accepted most of the New Deal programs as a reality of modern life and even extended some of them. 2. During Eisenhower's two terms in office, Social Security was extended to 10 million more citizens, the minimum wage was raised, and additional public housing was built. In 1953, Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs by creating the Department of Health, Education, 3. As the first Republican president since Hoover, Eisenhower called his balanced and moderate approach "modem Republicanism." His critics called it "the bland leading the bland."

Prosperity

1. Eisenhower's domestic legislation was modest. During his years in office, however, the country enjoyed a steady growth rate, with an inflation rate averaging a negligible 1.5 percent. Although the federal budget had a small surplus only three times in eight years, the deficits fell in relation to the national wealth. For these reasons, some historians rate Eisenhower's economic policies the most successful of any modern president's. 2. Between 1945 and 1960, the per-capita disposable income of Americans more than tripled. By the mid-l 950s, the average American family had twice the real income of a comparable family during the boom years of the 1920s. The postwar economy gave Americans the highest standard of living in the world.

The Mass-Consumption Economy

1. Electrical power became a giant business in the 1920s 2. Sports became big business in the consumer economy in the 1920s

The following events showed how unprepared the democracies were to challenge Fascist aggression.

1. Ethiopia, 1935 2. Rhineland, 1936 3. China, 1937 4. Sudetenland, 1938

Seeing Red

1. Fears of Red Russia continued to color American thinking for several years after the communists came to power in the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 2. The hysteria went so far that in 1920 five members of the New York Legislature were denied their sets because they were socialists

The Election of 1976

1. Ford won the nomination in a close battle, but the conflict with Reagan hurt him in the polls 2. Carter had success running as an outsider against the corruption in Washington. His victories in open primaries reduced the influence of more experienced Democratic politicians. After watching his huge lead in the polls evaporate in the closing days of the campaign, Carter managed to win a close election (287 electoral votes to 241 for Ford) by carrying most of the South and getting an estimated 97 percent of the African American vote. In the aftermath of Watergate, the Democrats also won strong majorities in both houses of Congress.

FDR and Foreign Policy

1. Foreign Policy driven by US economic needs 2. Latin America 3. Clark Memorandum 1928 4. Good Neighbor Policy- 5. Formally recognized the Soviet Union 6. Tydings- McDuffee Act of 1934 7. Reciprocal Trade Agreements

The Fall of France

1. France was forced to surrender to Germany in 1940 after Germany took Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium 2. France's sudden collapse shocked American out of their daydreams

The Fair Deal

1. Fresh from victory, Truman launched an ambitious reform program, which he called the Fair Deal 2. Most of the Fair Deal bills were defeated for two reasons: (1) Truman's political conflicts with Congress, and (2) the pressing foreign policy concerns of the Cold War. 3. Nevertheless, liberal defenders of Truman praised him for at least maintaining the New Deal reforms of his predecessor and making civil rights part of the liberal agenda.

Stemming the Foreign Blood

1. From 1920 to 1921 about 800,000 immigrants came to America, ⅔ of them from southern and eastern Europe 2. The immigration Act of 1924 marked the end of an era of unrestricted immigration 3. Latin Americans and Canadians were exempt from this quota system 4. More foreigners left than arrived 5. By the 1920s immigrants lived in isolated enclaves with their own houses of worship, newspapers, and theaters

Political Consequences

1. From the perspective of the grand strategy of the Cold War, Truman's containment policy in Korea worked. It stopped Communist aggression without allowing the conflict to develop into a world war. The Truman administration used the Korean War as justification for dramatically expanding the military, funding a new jet bomber (the B-52), and stationing more U.S. troops in overseas bases. 2. However, Republicans were far from satisfied. The stalemate in Korea and the loss of China led Republicans to characterize Truman and the Democrats as "soft on communism." They attacked leading Democrats as members of "Dean Acheson's Cowardly College of Communist Containment." (In 1949, Acheson had replaced George Marshall as secretary of state.)

Division of Vietnam

1. Geneva Conference, Vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until a general election could be held. The new nation remained divided, however, as two hostile governments took power on either side of the line 2. In North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh established a Communist dictatorship. 3. In South Vietnam, a government emerged under Ngo Dinh Diem, whose support came largely from anti-communist, Catholic, and urban Vietnamese, many of whom had fled from Communist rule in the North. 4. The general election to unite Vietnam was never held, largely because South Vietnam's government feared that the Communists would win. From 1955 to 1961, the United States gave over $1 billion in economic and military aid to South Vietnam in an effort to build a stable, anti-communist state. In justifying this aid, President Eisenhower made an analogy to a row of dominoes

The Republican Old Guard Returns

1. Harding only wanted the best minds in his cabinet 2. Charles Evans Hughes was the Secretary of State 3. Andrew W. Mellon was the secretary of Treasury 4. Herbert Hoover was the secretary of commerce 5. Albert B. Fall was the secretary of the interior 6. Harry M. Daughtery became the Attorney General

GOP Reaction at the Throttle

1. Harding wanted to improve Laissez-faire economics 2. Harding appointed four out of the nine justices to the Supreme court 3. Supreme Court restricted Government intervention into the economy 4. Antitrust laws were ignored or circumvented

Charting a New World

1. Hitler and Stalin didn't trust each other 2. In June 1941 Hitler launched an attack on the Soviet Union 3. The US-backed the soviet union

Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists

1. Hoover was distressed about what was going on around him 2. Hoover thought that the Government doling out doles would weaken or perhaps destroy the national fiber 3. As the depression continued, relief by local Government agencies broke down 4. Hoover assisted the railroads, banks and credit corporations in hope that of financial health was restored then unemployment would decrease

Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy

1. Hoover was interested in the Rio Grande 2. Economic imperialism became less popular 3. Hoover withdrew American troops in Haiti in 1934 4. Hoover abandoned the Monroe Doctrine

US Looks the Other Way

1. Ignore 2. Japan into Manchuria 1931 3. Japan withdraws from Washington/Naval Treaties and leaves the Leauge of Nations 4. Italy takes Ethiopia 5. Germany rebuilding military 6. Actually, push the US further into isolation 7. Neutrality Acts were designed to keep US econ involved but out of rest

Appeasing Japan and Germany

1. In 1935, Hitler took Rinalnd and then occupied Austria in March 1938 2. Hitler then took Sudetenland (neighboring Czechoslovakia), the leaders of Britain and France wanted to please Hitler so they agreed to a conference

Covert Action

1. In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow a government in Iran that had tried to nationalize the holding of foreign oil companies. The overthrow of the elected government allowed for the return of Reza Pahlavi as shah (monarch) of Iran. The shah in return provided the West with favorable oil prices and made enormous purchases of American arms. 2. In Guatemala, in 1954, the CIA overthrew a leftist government that threatened American business interests. U.S. opposition to communism seemed to drive Washington to support corrupt and often ruthless dictators, especially in Latin America. In addition, the CIA, acting in secret and under lax control by civilian officials, planned assassinations of national leaders, such as Fidel Castro of Cuba. CIA operations fueled anti-American feelings, especially in Latin America, but the long-term damage was to U.S. relations with Iran.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1. In 1955, as a Montgomery, Alabama, bus took on more white passengers, the driver ordered a middle-aged black woman to give up her seat to one of them. Rosa Parks refused and her arrest for violating the segregation law sparked a massive African American protest in the form of a boycott of the city buses. 2. The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., minister of the Baptist church where the boycott started, soon emerged as the inspirational leader of a nonviolent movement to end segregation. The protest touched off by Rosa Parks and the Montgomery boycott resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that segregation laws were unconstitutional. The boycott also sparked other civil rights protests that reshaped America over the coming decades.

Escalating the War

1. In 1965, the U.S. military and most of the president's foreign policy advisers recommended expanding operations in Vietnam to save the Saigon government. 2. By the end of 1967, the United States had over 485,000 troops in Vietnam (the peak was 540,000 in March 1969), and 16,000 Americans had already died in the conflict. Nevertheless, General William Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. forces in Vietnam, assured the American public that he could see "light at the end of the tunnel."

Corporate America

1. In the business world, conglomerates with diversified holdings began to dominate such industries as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. For the first time in history, more American workers held white-collar jobs than blue-collar jobs. To work for one of Fortune magazine's top 500 companies seemed to be the road to success. Large corporations of this era promoted teamwork and conformity, including a dress code for male workers of a dark business suit, white shirt, and a conservative tie. The social scientist William Whyte documented this loss of individuality in his book The Organization Man (1956). 2. Big unions became more powerful after the merger of the AF of L and the CIO in 1955. They also became more conservative, as blue-collar workers began to enjoy middle-class incomes. 3. For most Americans, conformity was a small price to pay for the new affluence of a home in the suburbs, a new automobile every two or three years, good schools for the children, and maybe a vacation at the recently opened Disneyland (1955) in California.

Japanese Aggression in Manchuria

1. In the early 1930s, Japan posed the greatest threat to world peace. Defying both the Open Door policy and the covenant of the League of Nations, Japanese troops marched into Manchuria in September 1931, renamed the territory Manchukuo, and established a puppet government. 2. The League of Nations did nothing except to pass a resolution condemning Japan for its actions in Manchuria. The Japanese delegation then walked out of the League, never to return. In the Manchurian crisis, the League, through its failure to take action, showed its inability to maintain peace. Its warnings would never be taken seriously by potential aggressors.

Foreign Policy Context

1. Isolationist after WWI 2. The USA weakened the League of Nations by refusing to join 3. The US is the world's largest creditor nation post-WWI 4. Allies demand reparations from Germany 5. Great Depression=tolitarism

Support for the New Deal

1. It may have saved American capitalism 2. No revolution 3. Programs are still important today

Origins of the Movement

1. Jackie Robinson had broken the color line in 1947 by being hired by the Brooklyn Dodgers as the first African American to play on a major league team since the 1880s. 2. President Truman integrated the armed forces in 1948 and introduced civil rights legislation in Congress. These were the first well-publicized indications that race relations after World War II were changing. As the 1950s began, however, African Americans in the South were still by law segregated from whites in schools and in most public facilities. They were also kept from voting by poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, and intimidation. Social segregation left most of them poorly educated, while economic discrimination kept them in a state of poverty.

The Election of 1964

1. Johnson and his running mate, Senator Hubert Humphrey, went into the 1964 election with a clearly liberal agenda. In contrast, the Republicans nominated a staunch conservative, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and Social Security

New Frontier Programs

1. Kennedy called for aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights, but his domestic programs languished in Congress. While few of Kennedy's proposals became law during his thousand-day administration, most were passed later under President Johnson. 2. On economic issues, Kennedy had some success. He faced down big steel executives over a price increase he charged was inflationary and achieved a price rollback. In addition, the economy was stimulated by increased spending for defense and space exploration, as the president committed the nation to land on the moon by the end of the decade.

Berlin Wall

1. Kennedy refused. In August, the East Germans, with Soviet backing, built a wall around West Berlin. Its purpose was to stop East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. As the wall was being built, Soviet and U.S. tanks faced off in Berlin. 2. The Berlin Wall stood as a gloomy symbol of the Cold War until it was torn down by rebellious East Germans in 1989.

Suez Crisis

1. Led by the Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser, Egypt asked the United States for funds to build the ambitious Aswan Dam project on the Nile River. The United States refused, in part because Egypt threatened Israel's security. Nasser turned to the Soviet Union to help build the dam. The Soviets agreed to provide limited financing for the project. Seeking another source of funds, Nasser precipitated an international crisis in July 1956 by seizing and nationalizing the British- and French-owned Suez Canal that passed through Egyptian territory 2. Britain, France, and Israel carried out a surprise attack against Egypt and retook the canal. Eisenhower, furious that he had been kept in the dark about the attack by his old allies the British and French, sponsored a U.N. resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. Under pressure from the United States and world public opinion, the invading forces withdrew.

Businesses of Government (Harding Admin)

1. Less Government in Business, more business in Government 2. Trickle-down economics (Andrew Mellon) 3. Fordney- McCumber Tariff 1922 4. Return to Laissé Faire economics 5. Supreme Court Appointees 6. Dismantling of Wartime Economy 7. National debt was reduced

Refugees from the Holocaust

1. Many Jews attempted to escape from Hitler 2. In 1939 about 1,000 Jews went on a boat to Cuba, most were denied entry because they didn't have a Cuba visa so they went to Miami where FDR took them in

A Second Front from North Africa to Rome

1. Millions of Soviet soldiers died 2. By the end of WWII, the Soviets lost 20 million soldiers 3. The Allies took Rome in 1944

Manpower and Womanpower

1. More than 6 million women worked outside of the house and half never worked for wages 2. Women still worked after WWII 3. In the Soviet Union and Britain, industrial employment was greater for women than the women in the US 4.At the end of WWII ⅔ of women war workers left the labor force 5. Many women were forced out of their jobs, but half of the women quit their jobs voluntarily because of family obligations 6. Millions of men were drafted into WWII

The Shock of War

1. National Unity was no worry because of Pearl Harbor 2. Millions of Italian and German Americans supported the nation's war programs 3. WWII speeded the assimilation of many ethnic groups into American society 4. The war caused the New Deal, Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration to be wiped out by the conservative congress elected in 1942

Detente with China and the Soviet Union

1. Nixon astonished the world in February 1972 by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government in 1979. 2. U.S. diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. While this agreement did not end the arms race, it was a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente

Watergate Investigation

1. No solid proof demonstrated that President Nixon ordered any of these illegal activities. However, after months of investigation, it became clear that Nixon did engage in an illegal cover-up to avoid scandal. 2. The discovery of a taping system in the Oval Office led to a year-long struggle between Nixon, who claimed executive privilege for the tapes, and investigators, who wanted the tapes to prove the cover-up charges. 3. The Nixon administration received another blow in the fall of 1973, when Vice President Agnew had to resign because he had taken bribes when governor of Maryland. Replacing him was Michigan Representative Gerald Ford.

Atomic Bombs

1. On August 6, an A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima 2. on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki 3. About 250,000 Japanese died, either immediately or after a prolonged period of suffering, as a result of the two bombs.

LBJ Ends Escalation

1. On March 31, 1968, President Johnson went on television and told the American people that he would limit the bombing of North Vietnam and negotiate peace. He then surprised everyone by announcing that he would not run again for president. 2. In May 1968, peace talks between North Vietnam, South Vietnam, and the United States started in Paris, but they were quickly deadlocked over minor issues. The war continued, and tens of thousands more died. But the escalation of the number of U.S. troops in Vietnam had stopped, and under the next administration it would be reversed.

Peace Talks, Bombing Attacks, and Armistice

1. On the diplomatic front, Nixon had Kissinger conduct secret meetings with North Vietnam's foreign minister, Le Due Tho. Kissinger announced in the fall of 1972 that "peace is at hand," but this announcement proved premature. W hen the two sides could not reach a deal, Nixon ordered a massive bombing of North Vietnam (the heaviest air attacks of the long war) to force a settlement. After several weeks of B-52 bomber attacks, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs).

Communism in Cuba

1. Perhaps more alarming than any other Cold War development during the Eisenhower years was the loss of Cuba to communism. A bearded revolutionary, Fidel Castro, overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959. At first, no one knew whether Castro's politics would be better or worse than those of his ruthless predecessor 2. Once in power, however, Castro nationalized American-owned businesses and properties in Cuba. Eisenhower retaliated by cutting off U.S. trade with Cuba. Castro then turned to the Soviets for support. He also revealed that he was a Marxist and soon proved it by setting up a Communist totalitarian state. With communism only 90 miles off the shores of Florida, Eisenhower authorized the CIA to train anti-communist Cuban exiles to retake their island, but the decision to go ahead with the scheme was left up to the next president, Kennedy.

Hoover's Reaction to the Depression

1. Pre-Crash- Agricultural Marketing Act 2. Federal Farm Board 3. Created a trickle-down program 4. President's Organization for Unemployment Relief A.. relied on volunteerism B. raised private funds for volunteering relief organization 5. Hawley-Smoot Tariff 6. Public Works 7. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

The Election of 1960

1. President Eisenhower had not been able to transfer his popularity to other Republicans, and the Democrats retained control of Congress through Eisenhower's last two years in office. 2. At their 1960 convention, the Republicans unanimously nominated Richard Nixon for president. During his eight years as Eisenhower's vice president, Nixon had gained a reputation as a statesman in his diplomatic travels to Europe and South America. In a visit to Moscow, he stood up to Nikita Khrushchev in the so-called kitchen debate (which took place in a model of an American kitchen) over the relative merits of capitalism and communism 3. In the primaries, however, a charismatic, wealthy, and youthful 43-year-old senator from Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy, defeated his rivals. Going into the convention, he had just enough delegates behind him to win the nomination. To balance the ticket, the New Englander chose a Texan, Lyndon B. Johnson, to be his vice-presidential running mate-a a choice that proved critical in carrying southern states in the November election. 4. Kennedy appeared on-screen as more vigorous and comfortable than the pale and tense Nixon. On the issues, Kennedy attacked the Eisenhower administration for the recent recession and for permitting the Soviets to take the lead in the arms race. 5. As the first Catholic presidential candidate since Al Smith (1928), Kennedy's religion became an issue in the minds of some voters. Religious loyalties helped Nixon in rural Protestant areas but helped Kennedy in the large cities.

The Golden Age of Gangsterism

1. Prohibition spawned shocking crimes 2. People bribed the police of illegal alcohol 3. Violent wars broke out in big cities between rival gangs (often from immigrants neighborhoods)

Red Scare

1. Reached Panic Levels by 1919 2. Faded Away by 1922

Hitler a big Issue

1. Remilitarized Rhineland in 1936 2. Anschluss-March 1938 3. Moved on Czechosolvankia next- Sudetenland (German-speaking people) 4. March 1939- moves into the rest of Czechoslovakia 5. Hitler wants Poland (Problem=Soviet Union) 6. In September of 1939 Hitlers goes into Poland and takes it 3 weeks later

A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924

1. Republicans nominated Calvin Coolidge 2. Democrats nominated John W. Davis 3. The Progressives nominated La Follette 4. Coolidge won reelection with 386 electoral votes to Davis's 186 electoral college votes

FDR and the Three R's- Relief, Recovery, and Reform

1. Roosevelt declared a nationwide banking holiday from March 6-10 2. The three R's objectives often overlapped and got in each other's way 3. Congress gave the President blank check powers- some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief excutive 4. Many of the reforms passed by Roosevelt were overdue and in time they embraced progressive ideas (minimum-wage and development of natural resources)

Freedom for (from?) The Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians

1. Roosevelt formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933

Becoming a Good Neighbor

1. Roosevelt inaugurated a refreshing new era in relations with Latin America 2. Roosevelt didn't involve himself with Europe and withdrew from Asia 3. Roosevelt wanted to line up the Latin Americans to help defend the Western Hemisphere 4. American troops left Haiti in 1934 5. The US still held the naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Hoover's Humiliation in 1932

1. Roosevelt won the 1932 election by a landslide 2. Roosevelt had 472 electoral votes and Hoover had 59 3. One thing unique about the 1932 election was the shifts on Blacks from voting Republican to Democrat

Black Muslims and Malcolm X

1. Seeking a new cultural identity based on Africa and Islam, the Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad preached black nationalism, separatism, and selfimprovement. The movement had already attracted thousands of followers by the time a young man became a convert while serving in prison. 2. Malcolm X. Leaving prison in 1952, Malcolm X acquired a reputation as the movement's most controversial voice. He criticized King as "an Uncle Tom" (subservient to whites) and advocated self-defense-using black violence to counter white violence. He eventually left the Black Muslims and moved away from defending violence, but he was assassinated by black opponents in 1965. The Autobiography of Malcolm X remains an engaging testimony to one man's development from a petty criminal into a major leader

German Surrender and Discovery of the Holocaust

1. Since 1942, Allied bombing raids over Germany had reduced that nation's industrial capacity and ability to continue fighting. Recognizing that the end was near, as the Russian army closed in on Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. The unconditional surrender of the Nazi armies took place a week later, on May 7. 2. Americans and the world were shocked to learn that 6 million Jewish civilians and several million non-Jews had been systematically murdered by Nazi Germany.

China

1. Since coming to power in the late 1920s, Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jie-shi) had used his command of the Nationalist, or Kuomintang, a party to control China's central government. During World War II, the United States had given massive military aid to Chiang to prevent all of China from being conquered by Japan. 2. As soon as the war ended, a civil war dating back to the 1930s was renewed between Chiang's Nationalists and the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. The Nationalists were losing the loyalty of millions of Chinese because of runaway inflation and widespread corruption, while the well-organized Communists successfully appealed to the poor landless peasants.

Korean Armistice

1. Soon after his inauguration in 1953, Eisenhower kept his election promise by going to Korea to visit U.N. forces and see what could be done to stop the war. He understood that no quick fix was possible. Even so, diplomacy, the threat of nuclear war, and the sudden death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 finally moved China and North Korea to agree to an armistice and an exchange of prisoners in July 1953 2. The fighting stopped and most (but not all) U.S. troops were withdrawn. Korea would remain divided near the 38th parallel, and despite years of futile negotiations, no peace treaty was ever concluded between North Korea and South Korea.

"Vietnamization."

1. South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972. Extending the idea of disengagement to other parts of Asia, the president proclaimed the Nixon Doctrine,

Business and Industry

1. Stimulated by wartime demand and government contracts, U.S. industries did a booming business, far exceeding their production and profits of the 1920s. The depression was over, vanquished at last by the coming of war. By 1944, unemployment had practically disappeared. 2. Instead of automobiles, tanks and fighter planes rolled off the assembly lines. American factories produced over 300,000 planes, 100,000 tanks, and ships with a total capacity of 53 million tons. So efficient were production methods that Henry Kaiser's giant shipyard in California could turn out a new ship in just 14 days. The war concentrated production in the largest corporations, as a smaller businesses lost out on government contracts to larger businesses with more capacity. The 100 largest corporations accounted for up to 70 percent of wartime manufacturing.

From North Africa to Italy

1. The Allies had the daunting task of driving German occupying forces out of their advanced positions in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They began their North Africa campaign, 2. The next U.S.-British target was the Mediterranean island of Sicily, which they occupied in the summer of 1943, preparatory to an invasion of Italy. Mussolini fell from power during the summer, but Hitler's forces rescued him and gave him nominal control of northern Italy. In fact, German troops controlled much of Italy at the time that the Allies invaded the peninsula in September 1943. The Germans put up a determined resistance to the Allied offensive

Presidential Hopefuls of 1932

1. The Democrats nominated Roosevelt 2. The Republicans nominated Hoover

Resignation of a President

1. The House of Representatives began impeachment hearings, which caused Nixon to reveal transcripts of some of the Watergate tapes in April 1974. Still, it took a Supreme Court decision in July to force him to turn over the tapes to the courts and Congress. Included on one tape made just days after the Watergate burglary was an 18 ½-minute gap that had been erased. 2. Vice President Gerald Ford then took the oath of office as the first unelected president in U.S. history. 3. Watergate contributed to a growing loss of faith in the federal government.

Iran and the Hostage Crisis

1. The Middle East provided Carter's greatest frustration. 2. In 1979, Islamic fundamentalists in Iran, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini, overthrew the shah who was then leading the Iranian government. The shah had kept the oil flowing for the West during the 1970s, but his autocratic rule and policy of westernization had alienated a large part of the Iranian population. 3. The hostage crisis dragged out through the remainder of Carter's presidency. In April 1980, Carter approved a rescue mission, but the breakdown of the helicopters over the Iranian desert forced the United States to abort the mission. For many Americans, Carter's unsuccessful attempts to free the hostages became a symbol of a failed presidency

Criticisms of the New Deal

1. The ND failed to cure the GD unemployment never fell below 14% 2. It was WWII that actually pulled the US out of the depression

Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916

1. The Progressives renominated TR 2. The Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes 3. The Democrats renominated Wilson 4. Wilson barely won reelection

Shattering the Two-Term tradition

1. The Republicans Nominated Wendell L. Willkie for the 1940 election 2. Roosevelt decided to run for a third term in 1940 3. Roosevelt won the 1940 election with 449 electoral votes to Willkie's 82

Landon Challenges the Champ

1. The Republicans nominated Alfred M. Landon 2. The Demoncrats nominated Roosevelt 3. Roosevelt won the 1936 election with 523 electoral votes to Landon's 8 electoral votes 4. FDR primary won because he appealed to the forgotten man whom he never forgot

FDR- The Fourth-Termite of 1944

1. The Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey 2. The Republicans nominated Senator John W. Bricker 3. FDR was nominated for a 4th term 4. The democrats nominated Harry Truman for VP

The Solemn Referendum of 1920

1. The Republicans nominated Warren Harding 2. The Democrats nominated James Cox 3. Harding won the 1920 election

Cultural Impact

1. The Second Red Scare had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. 2. Creators of the gritty crime dramas in the film noir style, and playwrights, such as Arthur Miller (Death of a Salesman, 1949) came under attack as anti-American. 3. Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical, South Pacific (1949), was criticized, especially by southern politicians, as a communistic assault on racial segregation. 4. Loyalty oaths were commonly required of writers and teachers as a condition of employment. The American Civil Liberties Union and other opponents of these security measures argued that the 1st Amendment protected the free expression of unpopular political views and membership in political groups, including the Communist Party.

The Stench of Scandal

1. The Teapot dome scandal polluted Washington's reputation of Government 2. Citizens wanted to know what was going on with public officials 3. Harding died in 1923 of pneumonia and thrombosis

Hollywood's Film And Fantasies

1. The birth of a real movie came in 1903 2. Hollywood became the movie capital of the world

The Dynamic Decade

1. The census of 1920 revealed that for their first time that most Americans didn't live in the countryside but in urban eras 2. Women continued to find opportunities for employment in cities 3.

Civil Rights and Conflict

1. The civil rights movement gained momentum during the Kennedy and Johnson presidencies. A very close election in 1960 influenced President Kennedy not to press the issue of civil rights, lest he alienate white voters 2. In 1962, James Meredith, a young African American air force veteran, attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi. A federal court guaranteed his right to attend. Supporting Meredith and the court order, Kennedy sent in 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to control mob violence and protect Meredith's right to attend class. 3. A similar incident occurred in Alabama in 1963. Governor George Wallace tried to stop an African American student from entering the University of Alabama. Once again, President Kennedy sent troops to the scene, and the student was admitted.

World War 11: The Battlefronts

1. The fighting of World War II was waged on two fronts, or "theaters of operation." 2. In the Pacific, Japanese forces reached the height of their power in 194 2, occupying islands throughout the western Pacific Ocean. 3. In Europe, much of the fighting in the first year of the war was between the Germans and the Soviets, as the latter fought desperately to prevent the conquest of Russia.

Postwar Cooperation and the U.N.

1. The founding of the United Nations in the fall of 1945 provided one hopeful sign for the future. The General Assembly of the United Nations was created to provide representation to all member nations, while the 15-member Security Council was given the primary responsibility within the U .N. for maintaining international security and authorizing peacekeeping missions. 2. The Soviets did join the other Allies in the 1945-1946 Nuremberg trials of 22 top Nazi leaders for war crimes and violations of human rights.

Financing the War

1. The government paid for its huge increase in spending ($100 billion spent on the war in 1945 alone) by (1) increasing the income tax and (2) selling war bonds. 2. For the first time, most Americans were required to pay an income tax, and in 1944, the practice was begun of automatically deducting a withholding tax from paychecks. Borrowing money by selling $135 billion in war bonds supplemented the tax increase. In addition, the shortage of consumer goods made it easier for Americans to save.

Suburban Growth

1. The high demand for housing after the war resulted in a construction boom 2. In a single generation, the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites. For many older inner cities, the effect of the mass movement to suburbia was disastrous. By the 1960s, cities from Boston to Los Angeles became increasingly poor and racially divided.

The Prohibition Experiment

1. The legal prohibition of alcohol was popular in the South and West 2. Southern whites were eager to keep stimulants out of the hands of blacks 3. In the West, prohibition represented an attack on all the vices associated with the western saloon

New Deal or Raw Deal

1. The most damning indictment of the New Deal was that it had failed to cure the depression 2. Millions of men and women were still unemployed by 1939, it would take WII that this was solved

Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK

1. The new KKK emerged fearsomely in the early 1920s 2. The KKK resembled the antiforeign nativist movements of the 1850s than the anti-black night riders of the 1860s 3. Anti- foreign, Anti-catholic, Anti-black, Anti-Jewish, Anti- Pacifist, Anti-Communist, Anti-Internationalist, Anti-evolutionist, ANti-bootlegger, Anti-gambling, Anti-adultery, and anti-birth control 4. By the mid-1920s the KKK had about 5 million members 5. The principal weapon was the blooded lash and the chief warning with the blazing cross

Good-Neighbor Policy

1. The policy of the good neighbor" toward other nations of the Western Hemisphere. First, interventionism in support of dollar diplomacy no longer made economic sense, because U.S. businesses during the depression lacked the resources to invest in foreign operations. 2. Second, the rise of militarist regimes in Germany and Italy prompted Roosevelt to seek Latin American cooperation in defending the region from potential danger. FDR implemented his good-neighbor policy through several actions

Storm-Cellar Isolationism

1. The post WWI chaos in Europe spawned the ominous spread of totalitarian 2. By 1935 Japan left the League of Nations and joined Germany and Italy in the Rome-Berlin Axis agreement 3. Americans were not afraid that totalitarian aggression would cause trouble as they were fearful that they might be drawn to it

Race Riots and Black Power

1. The radicalism of Malcolm X influenced the thinking of young blacks in civil rights organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Stokely Carmichael, the chairman of SNCC, repudiated nonviolence and advocated "black power" (especially economic power) and racial separatism 2. Race riots continued to erupt each summer in black neighborhoods of major cities through 1968 with increasing casualties and destruction of property. Rioters shouting slogans-"Bum baby, bum" and "Get whitey"-made whites suspect that black extremists and revolutionaries were behind the violence. There was little evidence, however, that the small Black Power movement was responsible for the violence.

Women

1. The war also changed the lives of women. Over 200,000 women served in uniform in the army, navy and marines, but in non combat roles. As in World War I, an acute labor shortage caused women to take jobs vacated by men in uniform. Almost 5 million women entered the workforce, many of them working in industrial jobs in the shipyards and defense plants. The number of married women in the workforce increased to 24 percent. 2. A song about "Rosie the Riveter'' was used to encourage women to take defense jobs. However, they received pay well below that of male factory workers.

Suffering Until Suffrage

1. Thousands of female workers flooded into factories and fields taking jobs by men who were serving in the war 2. The war split the women's movement deeply 3. War mobilization gave new momentum to the suffrage fight

The Advent of the Gasoline

1. Thousands of new jobs were created by new industries 2. The oil business grew 3. New roads were built and highways often paid for by taxes on gasoline 4. By the late 1920s Americans owned more automobiles than bathtubs 5. Autobuses made the possible consolidation of schools and to some extent churches 6. The automobile contributes to the improved air and environmental quality

The Election of 1956

1. Toward the end of his first term, in 1955, Eisenhower suffered a heart attack and had major surgery in 1956. Democrats questioned whether his health was strong enough for election to a second term. Four years of peace and prosperity, however, made Ike more popular than ever, and the Eisenhower-Nixon ticket was enthusiastically renominated by the Republicans. 2. The Democrats again nominated Adlai Stevenson. In this political rematch, Eisenhower won by an even greater margin than in 1952. It was a personal victory only, however, as the Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress.

Inflation and Strikes

1. Truman urged Congress to continue the price controls of wartime in order to hold inflation in check. Instead, southern Democrats joined with Republicans to relax the controls of the Office of Price Administration. The result was an inflation rate of almost 25 percent during the first year and a half of peace. 2. Workers and unions wanted wages to catch up after years of wage controls. Over 4.5 million workers went on strike in 1946. Strikes by railroad and mine workers threatened national safety. Truman took a tough approach to this challenge, seizing the mines and using soldiers to keep them operating until the United Mine Workers finally called off its strike.

Civil Rights

1. Truman was the first modern president to use the powers of his office to challenge racial discrimination. Bypassing southern Democrats who controlled key committees in Congress, the president used his executive powers to establish the Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 2. He also strengthened the civil rights division of the Justice Department, which aided the efforts of black leaders to end segregation in schools. 3. Most importantly, in 1948 he ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government, including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South.

How did the Great Depression Happen?

1. Unbalanced Economy 2. Unequal distribution of wealth 3. Unstable Banking System 4. International Economic problems

The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties

1. When Hoover took office in 1929 there were few black clouds on the economic horizon 2. Prices on the stock exchange continued to increase 3. By the end of 1929 two months after the initial crash, stockholders had lost $40 billion in paper values or more than the total cost of WWI 4. 4 million Americans lost their jobs 5. Millions of people lost their homes 6. Soup kitchens were created

New Directions in Foreign Policy

1. Wilison hate imperialism 2. Wilison declared war on dollar diplomacy by saying that the government would no longer offer special support to American investors in Latin America and China 3. In 1917 Wilison purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark

White House Abuses

1. a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities and "dirty tricks" conducted by the Nixon administration and the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). 2. Earlier, Nixon had ordered wiretaps on government employees and reporters to top news leaks such as one that had exposed the secret bombing of Cambodia. The president's aides created a group, called the "plumbers," to stop leaks as well as to discredit opponents. Before Watergate, the "plumbers" had burglarized the office of psychiatrist of Daniel Ells berg, the person behind the leaking of the Pentagon Papers, in order to obtain information to discredit Ells berg. The White House had also created an "enemies list" of prominent Americans who opposed Nixon, the Vietnam War, or both. People on this list were investigated by government agencies, such as the IRS. The illegal break-in at Watergate reflected the attitude in the Nixon administration that any means could be used to promote the national security-an objective that was often confused with protecting the Nixon administration from its critics.

The Election of 1968

1. it was clear that Hubert Humphrey had enough delegates to win the nomination. As vice president, he had loyally supported Johnson's domestic and foreign policies. He controlled the convention, but the antiwar demonstrators were determined to control the streets 2. Wallace was the first politician of late-20th-century America to marshal the general resentment against the Washington establishment ("pointy-head liberals," as he called them) and the two-party system. He ran for president as the self-nominated candidate of the American Independent party, hoping to win enough electoral votes to throw the election into the House of Representatives. 3. In 1968, however, a new, more confident and less negative Nixon announced his candidacy and soon became the front-runner in the Republican primaries. The favorite of the party regulars, he had little trouble securing his nomination at the Republican convention. For his running mate, he selected Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland, whose rhetoric was similar to that of George Wallace. Nixon was a "hawk" on the Vietnam War and ran on the slogans of "peace with honor" and "law and order." 4. Wallace and Nixon started strong, but the Democrats began to catch up, especially in northern urban centers, as Humphrey preached to the faithful of the old New Deal coalition. On election night, Nixon defeated Humphrey by a very close popular vote but took a substantial majority of the electoral vote (301 to 191), ending any threat that the three-candidate election would end up in the House of Representatives. 5. The significance of the 1968 election is clear in the combined total of Nixon's and Wallace's popular vote of almost 57 percent. 6. Supporters of Nixon and Wallace had had enough of protest, violence, permissiveness, the counterculture, drugs, and federal intervention in social institutions. Elections in the 1970s and 1980s would confirm that the tide was turning against New Deal liberalism in favor of the conservatives.

The Truman Doctrine

1. the president asked Congress in March 194 7 for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist the "free people" of Greece and Turkey against "totalitarian" regimes. 2. It gained bipartisan support from Republicans and Democrats in Congress.

Postwar America

1.. The 15 million American soldiers, sailors, and marines returning to civilian life in 1945 and 1946 faced the problem of finding jobs and housing. Many feared that the end of the war might mean the return of economic hard times. 2. By the 1950s, Americans enjoyed the highest standard of living achieved by any society in history.

Dulles' Diplomacy

1.Dulles had been critical of Truman's containment policy as too passive. He advocated a "new look" to U.S. foreign policy that took the initiative in challenging the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. He talked of "liberating captive nations" of Eastern Europe and encouraging the Nationalist government of Taiwan to assert itself against "Red" (Communist) China. Dulles pleased conservatives-and alarmed many others-by declaring that, if the United States pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. 2. His hard line became known as "brinkmanship." In the end, however, Eisenhower prevented Dulles from carrying his ideas to an extreme.

The Satellite States in Eastern Europe

1.Elections were held by the Soviets-as promised by Stalin at Yalta-but the results were manipulated in favor of Communist candidates. One by one, from 1946 to 1948, Communist dictators, most of them loyal to Moscow, came to power in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Apologists for the Soviets argued that Russia needed buffer states or satellites (nations under the control of great power), as a protection against another Hitler-like invasion from the West. The U.S. and British governments were alarmed 2. The U.S. and British governments were alarmed by the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe. They regarded Soviet actions in this region as a flagrant violation of self-determination, genuine democracy, and open markets. The British especially wanted free elections in Poland, whose independence had been the issue that started World War II.

Truman Versus MacArthur

1.MacArthur stabilized the fighting near the 38th parallel. At the same time, he called for expanding the war, including bombing and invading mainland China. As commander in chief, Truman cautioned MacArthur about making public statements that suggested criticism of official U.S. policy. The general spoke out anyway. In April 1951, Truman, with the support of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, recalled MacArthur for insubordination. 2. MacArthur returned home as a hero. Most Americans understood his statement, "There is no substitute for victory," better than the president's containment policy and concept of "limited war." Critics attacked Truman and the Democrats as appeasers for not trying to destroy communism in Asia.

Wilson's 14 Points

1.No secret treaties or alliances .2.Freedom of the seas 3. Free trade 4. Reduction of arms 5. Adjustment of colonial holdings 6-13. Est new borders- self-determination 14. League of Nations- collective security

Resistance in the South

1.Opposition to the Brown decision erupted throughout the South. To start with, 101 members of Congress signed the "Southern Manifesto 2. The Ku Klux Klan made a comeback, and violence against blacks increased. In Arkansas in 1956, Governor Orval Faubus used the state's National Guard to prevent nine African American students from entering Little Rock Central High School, as ordered by a federal court. 3. President Eisenhower then intervened. While the president did not actively support desegregation or the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional duty to uphold federal authority. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard in Little Rock and protect black students. Resistance remained stubborn. In 1964, ten years after the Supreme Court decision, less than 2 percent of blacks in the South attended integrated schools.

Japanese Aggression

1.Take all of China by 1937 not pretty 2. Japan says sorry, but the US pulls Americans out of China 3. Japan saw the US not defending anything like a weakness 4. FDR worried and recognized the threat

The Election of 1952

1.in 1952, the last year of Truman's presidency, Americans were looking for relief from the Korean War and an end to political scandals commonly referred to as "the mess in Washington." Republicans looked forward with relish to their first presidential victory in 20 years. In the Republican primaries, voters had a choice between the Old Guard's favorite, Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the war hero, Eisenhower. Most of them liked "Ike," who went on to win the Republican nomination. 2. Conservative supporters of Taft balanced the ticket by persuading Eisenhower to choose Richard Nixon for his running mate. This young California senator had made a name for himself attacking Communists in the Alger Hiss case. 3. The Democrats selected popular Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, whose wit, eloquence, and courage in confronting McCarthyism appeal to liberals.

Joseph Stalin

1879-1953, Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. In July 1941, Stalin completely reorganized the Soviet military, placing himself directly in charge of several military organizations. This gave him complete control of his country's entire war effort; more control than any other leader in World War II.

Zimmermann Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile, was significant to the history of World War I because it forced United States President Woodrow Wilson to reverse his initial position on American involvement in the European conflict and commit the United States to the war against Germany.

Espionage Act

1917) United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.

Warren G. Harding

1921- 1923, President called for a return to normalcy following WWI. He had laissez-faire economic policies, and he wanted to remove the progressive ideals that were established by Wilson, in efforts to return to "normalcy".

Grain Stabilization Corporation and Cotton Stabilization Corporation

1930. Created by the Federal Farm Board. Both agencies were suffocated by copious amounts of farm produce as wheat dropped to 57 cents a bushel and cotton to 5 cents a pound

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for a promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Munich Conference

1938) result of German demand of Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia); gave the province to Germany under the precedent that Hitler would not make any more territorial demands in Europe

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war. made it clear that America was supporting Britain in the war. "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister/"Joint Declaration." Period 7

Atlantic Charter-

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war. signaled the deepening alliance between the two nations. In the fall of 1941, Hitler ordered his German U-Boats, or submarines, to attack American ships.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).

1954-1977 *Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina *Original members included the US, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines *The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some members did not support America in this effort *Dismantled in 1977 Agreeing to defend one another in case of an attack within the region, eight nations signed the pact in 1954: the United States, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan.

Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

WWII Aftermath

30 million soldiers died (405,000 Americans) 25 million civilians, 15 million in USSR alone 30 million lost homeland Overall between 46 to 50 million people died Massive destructions of cities

Committee on Public Information

917) A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort.

Schenck V. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that the government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. (1919) that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected under the First Amendment. This decision shows how the Supreme Court's interpretation of the First Amendment sometimes sacrifices individual freedoms in order to preserve social order.

Douglas MacArthur

A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines. oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War Big Chief/ Dugout Doug Period 6-8

Joseph Goebbels

A Nazi propagandist who instigated (because of his speech), Kristallnacht, a night in Germany where 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all synagogues were ransacked, at least 90 Jews lost their lives, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the state's wages for work projects and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

A banking company that provided insurance to personal banking accounts these assured people that their money was safe and secure. FDIC/Glass-Steagall Act Period 7

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization found in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus(Preston)-Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

Washington Naval Conference

A conference with major naval powers in the world agreed to limit the number and size of battleships that a nation could own discussed naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. Washington Arms Conference/Washington Disarmament Conference Period 7

"Lost Generation"

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude-Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent of enacting his own. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs FDR/The Boss Period 6-8

Southern Manifesto (1956)

A document that repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places

Birth of a Nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans. It also glorified KKK members and carpetbaggers.

Clarence Darrow-

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Volstead Act (1919)

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Federal Writer's Project

A federal government project to fund written work and support writers during the Great Depression It was part of the Works Progress Administration WPA/ FWP Period 7

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Bruce Barton

A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest adman of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus.

Federal Trade Commission Act

A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Fair Labor Standards Act

A government legislation that dealt with wages and child labor. It established a minimum wage and prohibited child labor in harsh and dangerous conditions.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and symbolized a recognition by the Republicans that some federal action was required to address the Great Depression.

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Public Utility Holding Company Act

A law that was passed by the United States Congress to facilitate regulation of electric utilities, by either limiting their operations to a single state, and thus subjecting them to effective state regulation, or forcing divestitures so that each became a single integrated system serving a limited geographic are

"Letter from Birmingham Jail,

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

Suicide Cliff

A mass suicide leap of surviving Japanese soldiers and civilians after the Marianas fell to the US attackers.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. - 6 million Jews died

Opposition to Nixon's War Policies

A nationwide protest on college campuses against this action resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio and two students at Jackson State in Mississippi. In reaction to the escalation of the war, the U.S. Senate (but not the House) voted to repeal the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

Italy

A new regime seized power in Italy in 1922. Benito Mussolini led Italy's Fascist party, which attracted dissatisfied war veterans, nationalists, and those afraid of rising communism. Dressed in black shirts, the Fascists marched on Rome and installed Mussolini in power as "11 Duce" (the Leader).

Atomic Bomb

A nuclear weapon that unleashes a large amount of energy through nuclear fission; Two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) which forced Japan to surrender and ended WWII. nuclear weapon/nuke Period 7 and 8

Red Scare

A period of intense anti-communism. The "Palmer Raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. successfully resolved the issue of World War I reparations that Germany had to pay. Dawes Act/ Dawes Plan Period 7

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition -type of government that glorified the state and aggressively sought to expand through conquest and social Darwinist ideology

First 5 of the Fourteen Points

A proposal to abolish the secret treaties please liberals of all countries Freedom of the seas appealed to the Germans as well as to Americans who didn't trust British Sea power A removal of economic barriers among nations that had been long the goal of liberal Nationalist everywhere A reduction of armament burdens gratifying to taxpayers in all country s An adjustment to all colonial claims in the interests of both Native and colonizers

Rhineland

A region in Germany designated a demilitarized zone by the Treaty of Versailles; Hitler violated the treaty and sent German troops there in 1936

Federal Emergency Relief Act

A relief effort for the unemployed with immediate relief goals looked for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land it generated and sold surplus electricity, created jobs, and conserved water power. C. TVA/"The Heart of the Valley" D. Period 7

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb started by Albert Einstein

Scientific Management

A system of industrial management created and promoted in the early twentieth century by Frederick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance. The system gained immense popularity across the United States and Europe.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings is widely acknowledged as the most important realist painter of twentieth-century America Ed/Eddy Period 6-8

Automobiles

A type of industry that grew as a result of the assembly line Allowed leisure drives to become more common and became available with all socioeconomic classes Auto/car Period 6

March to Montgomery (1965)

A voting rights march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capitol of Montgomery was met with beatings and tear gas in what became known as "Bloody Sunday." Televised pictures of the violence proved a turning point in the civil rights movement. The national outrage moved President Johnson to send federal troops to protect King and other marchers in another attempt to petition the state government. As a result, Congress passed the powerful Voting Rights Act of 1965.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A. American general and 34th president of the United States. He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany. B. During World War II, he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe. C. Ike/General Ike D. Period 6-8

Unequal distribution of wealth

A. By 1929 .1% of Americans had as much total income as the bottom 42% B. more than half of the population was under the poverty line C. not enough purchasing power to sustain economic boom

International Economic problems

A. Europe depended on US cash B. no cash- European depression as well C. Europe can't pay debts and US goods

Tehran Conference (Nov-Dec 1943)

A. First meeting of the Big Three B.. Allies agree to invaded Western Europe in 1944 C. Stalin reaffirmed Soviet commitment against Japan d. Ideologies clashed

Agricultural Adjustment Act

AAA (1933) Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion.

Four Freedoms Speech

Addressing Congress on January 6, 1941, the president delivered a speech that proposed lending money to Britain for the purchase of U.S. war materials. He justified such a policy by arguing that the United States must help others nations defend "four freedoms:

Declaration of War

Addressing Congress on the day after Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt described December 7th as "a date which will live in infamy." He asked Congress to declare "that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire." On December 8, Congress acted immediately by declaring war, with only one dissenting vote. Three days later, Germany and Italy honored their treaty with Japan by declaring war on the United States.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Segregation during WWI

African Americans initially divided on support for a war Many volunteered Segregated troops Treated with dignity by Europeans, not Americans Led to demanding equal rights

Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964)

After President Johnson claimed North Vietnamese forces attacked U.S. boats in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, the U.S. Congress voted to give the president a "blank check" to do whatever was necessary to stop communism in South Vietnam. -which basically gave the president, as commander in chief, a blank check to take "all necessary measures" to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam.

Eisenhower's Legacy

After leaving the White House, Eisenhower claimed credit for checking Communist aggression and keeping the peace without the loss of American lives in combat. He also started the long process of relaxing tensions with the Soviet Union. In 1958, he initiated the first arms limitations by voluntarily suspending above-ground testing of nuclear weapons.

Federal Farm Board

Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming.

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to fight one another, which allowed Hitler to concentrate on one front war once the war started

Unconditional surrender

Agreement between Winston Churchill and FDR on the end of the war; one of the most controversial moves of the war. the Allied position which critics of the Casablanca Conference claimed prolonged the war by forcing the Germans to fight to the last bunker and man.

ABC-1 Agreement

Agreement with Britain that adopted the strategy to defeat Germany before concentrating on Japan

Bracero Program

Agreement with Mexico that allowed thousands of Mexican agricultural workers across the border to harvest the fruit and grain crops of the West.

Genocide in Cambodia

Also in 1975, the U.S.-supported government in Vietnam's neighbor, Cambodia, fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over a million of its own people in a brutal relocation program to rid the country of western influence. Together the wars in Southeast Asia created 10 million refugees, many of whom fled to the United States.

Wendell Willkie

Although he criticized the New Deal, Willkie largely agreed with Roosevelt on preparedness and giving aid to Britain short of actually entering the war. His strongest criticism of Roosevelt was the president's decision to break the two-term tradition established by George Washington.

Lodge Reservations

Amendments to the proposed Treaty of Versailles, sponsored by Wilson's hated senatorial opponent, that attempted to guarantee America's sovereign rights in relation to the League of Nations

Conscription Law

America's first peacetime draft, provision was made for training each year 1.2 million troops and 800,00 reserves. The act was later adapted to the requirements of a global war

Enola Gay

American B-29 bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945.

American Indians

American Indians also contributed to the war effort. Approximately 25,000 served in the military, and thousands more worked in defense industries. Having discovered the opportunities off their reservations, more than half never returned.

Guadalcanal

American advance on an island, Japanese troops eventually evacuated with large losses.

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. created the Model T in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the automotive industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous business leader Crazy Henry/Father of the automotive industry Period 5-8

Henry Ford

American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., The pioneer in the manufacturing of affordable automobiles with his Model T, which was built using assembly-line methods.

Ruben James

American destroyer sunk by German U-boat, killed many American sailors -> Congress now approved a measure that would allow the US to arm its merchant's vessels and sail to belligerent ports *naval war

Good Neighbor Policy

American foreign policy toward Latin America under the Franklin Roosevelt administration. This essentially means that the United States would leave domestic affairs in Latin America to themselves. lowered tariff walls between the U.S. and Latin America and resulted in freer trade. U.S. exports to Latin America increased, and U.S. investment in the region rose. Militarily, the Good Neighbor Policy eventually brought all of Latin America over to the side of the Allies during World War II.

Eli Whitney-

American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. Part of the Lost Generation

Wilson presents a speech to congress- Jan 8, 1918

American war objectives/what we fight for Rally the allies Keep Russia in the war

New Visibility for Women

American women began to carve a larger space for themselves in the nations political and intellectual life

Impact of WWI

Americans lost 112,432 men total (deaths, disease and wounded) 10 Million dead on all sides 20 million civilian casualties About 230,000 wounded

Popular Culture in the Fifties

Among white suburbanites, the 1950s were marked by similarities in social norms. Consensus about political issues and conformity in social behavior were safe harbors for Americans troubled by the foreign ideology of communism. At the same time, consensus and conformity were the hallmarks of a consumer-driven mass economy.

United States Housing Authority

An agency designed to lend money to states or communities for low-cost construction

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Vera Cruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the US and Mexico.

Keynesianism

An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speakeasy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

Supreme Court Appointees (Harding Admin)

Appointed 4 Supreme Court Justices- Huge Conservatives Taft was the chief justice Appointees were pro-business Struck down laws on child labor Adkins V. Children's Hospital- no more minimum wage for women because women could vote

Wall Street's Big Bull Market

As 1920 went on people began to buy stocks on margin (small down payment)

Earl Warren

As chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, Earl Warren had an impact on the nation comparable to that of John Marshall in the early 1800s. Warren's decision in the desegregation case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was by far the most important case of the 20th century involving race relations. Then in the 1960s the Warren Court made a series of decisions that profoundly affected the criminal justice system, state political systems, and the definition of individual rights. Before Warren's tenure as chief justice, the Supreme Court had concentrated on protecting property rights. During and after his tenure, the Court focused more on protecting individual rights.

The Burger Court

As liberal justices of the Supreme Court retired, Nixon replaced them with more conservative members. However, like other presidents, Nixon found that his appointees did not always rule as he had hoped. In 1969, after Chief Justice Earl Warren resigned, Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota to replace him. The Burger Court was more conservative than the Warren Court, but several of its major decisions angered conservatives.

Domestic Policies

As president, Eisenhower adopted a style of leadership that emphasized the delegation of authority. He filled his cabinet with successful corporate executives who gave his administration a businesslike tone. His secretary of defense, for example, was Charles Wilson, the former head of General Motors. Eisenhower was often criticized by the press for spending too much time golfing and fishing and perhaps entrusting important decisions to others. However, later research showed that behind the scenes Eisenhower was in charge.

Counterattack

At first the war in Korea went badly, as the North Koreans pushed the combined South Korean and American forces to the tip of the peninsula. However, General MacArthur reversed the war with a brilliant amphibious assault at Inchon behind the North Korean lines. U.N. forces then proceeded to destroy much of the North Korean army, advancing northward almost as far as the Chinese border. MacArthur failed to heed China's warnings that it would resist threats to its security. In November 1950, masses of Chinese troops crossed the border into Korea, overwhelmed U.N. forces in one of the worst defeats in U.S. military history, and drove them out of North Korea.

Women's Roles

At the same time, evidence of dissatisfaction was growing, especially among well-educated women of the middle class. More married women, especially as they reached middle age, entered the workforce. Yet male employers in the 1950s saw female workers primarily as wives and mothers, and women's lower wages reflected this attitude.

Interstate Highway System

At the same time, this immense public works project created jobs, promoted the trucking industry, accelerated the growth of the suburbs, and contributed to a more homogeneous national culture. The emphasis on cars, trucks, and highways, however, hurt the railroads and ultimately the environment. Little attention was paid to public transportation, on which the old and the poor depended.

In Retrospect

At the time, John Kennedy's presidency inspired many idealistic young Americans to take seriously his inaugural message and to "ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country." However, more recently, his belligerent Cold War rhetoric has drawn criticism from some historians. Nevertheless, the Kennedy legend has endured.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian Neurologist who said that sexual repression was responsible for most of society's ills, and that pleasure and health demanded sexual gratification and liberation

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Author who wrote The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise, both of which appealed to young readers, wrote This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby, both of which captured the society of the "Jazz Age" including an odd mix of glamour and cruelty. One of the 20th-century's literary stars, his writing chronicled the Jazz Age. He wrote "This Side of Paradise, and his novel "The Great Gatsby" is considered an American masterpiece. (Married a woman named Zelda!)

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act-

Authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries, made strikes against any government-operated industry a criminal offense. Allowed the government to temporarily take control of the coal mines and railroads.

Hatch Act of 1939

Barred Federal administrative officials except for the highest policy ranking officers from active political campaigning and soliciting. Forbabed the use of Government funds for political purposes as well as the collection of campaign contributions from people receiving relief payments

Battle of Midway

Battle where Japan hoped to occupy a strategic island northwest of Honolulu, but Japan failed after losing four vitally important carriers. And 1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

Calvin Coolidge

Became President when Harding died; he was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true Republican and industrialist and believed in the government supporting big business.

Free Speech Movement,

Berkeley students demanded an end to university restrictions on student political activities. By the mid-l 960s, students across the country were protesting a variety of university rules, including those against drinking and dorm visits by members of the opposite sex. They also demanded a greater voice in the government of the university. Student demonstrations grew with the escalation of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Hundreds of campuses were disrupted or closed down by antiwar protests.

Langston Hughes

Black leader of the Harlem Renaissance and famous for THe Weary Blues

Mary McLeod Bethune

Black woman appointed by FDR to head national youth administration; resulted in many blacks deserting Rep party for democratic FDR

W.C. Handy & "Jelly Roll' Morton & Joseph King Oliver

Blacks of the jazz music that gave birth to its bee bopping sounds

Buying on margin

Borrowing money to get into the market

The outbreak of war in Europe

Britain and France pledged to fight if Poland was attacked. They had always assumed that they could count on the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, to oppose Hitler, since communism and fascism were ideological enemies. The democracies were therefore shocked in August 1939 when Stalin and Hitler signed a nonaggression pact.

Soviet Union Invaded

By December 1941, the battlefront in Europe had shifted from the west to the east. Breaking his nonaggression pact with Stalin, Hitler had ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. Thus, the principal Allies fighting Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1945 were Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union

Growth of Immigration

By the 1980s, 47 percent of immigrants came from Latin America, 37 percent from Asia, and less than 13 percent from Europe and Canada. In part, this dramatic shift was caused by the arrival of refugees leaving Cuba and Vietnam after the Communist takeovers of these countries.

Nixon's Economic Policies

By the election year of 1972, the recession was over. Also in that year, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the annual rise in the cost of living.

Resettlement Administration

Charged with the task of removing near-frameless farmers to better land

Scandals of the Harding Administration

Col Charles R. Forbes- heads of the Veteran's Bureau and went to jail for cheating vets of $200 million Teapot Dome- Albert fell solid oil reserves to private companies- got cash, cattle, and land in return.

Code Talkers

Comanche and Navajo Indians used in the war to transmit messages in the order that they would not be intercepted. And Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Potsdam Conference

Conference in Berlin between Truman, Stalin, and British leaders that delivered an ultimatum to Japan. Allied leaders Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

New Federalism

Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit (instead of specific uses of federal money being controlled by Washington).

Immigration Issues in the Postwar Years

Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated "race" as a barrier to naturalization, but the quota system remained in place until 1965. Puerto Ricans, as American citizens, could enter the United States without restrictions. However, Mexicans faced a choice of working under contract in the bracero's program, entering as a regulated legal immigrant, or crossing the border as "illegals." In the early 1950s, U.S. officials, responding to complaints from native-born workers and from Mexico,

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Congress passed the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934. Designed to lower the tariff, it aimed at both relief and recovery. Secretary of State Hull succeeded in negotiating pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. With the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, the president was empowered to lower existing rates by as much as 50% provided that the other country involved would do the same. During these years of trade agreements, U.S. foreign trade increased dramatically. The act paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system that took shape after WWII.

The Coral Sea

Crucial naval battle in 1942 that inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese; all fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft.

Cuba

Cubans had long resented the Platt Amendment, which had made their country's foreign policy subject to U.S. approval. In 1934, President Roosevelt persuaded Congress to nullify the Platt Amendment, retaining only the U.S. right to keep its naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Election of 1916

Democrats nominate Wilson "He kept us out of war" Many progressives shifted to dem Republicans nominate Charles Evans Hughes

Securities and Exchange Commission-

Designed as a stock watchdog administrative agency and stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts than as casinos

Sheppard- Towner Maternity Act

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare.

Paperbacks and Records

Despite television, Americans read more than ever. Paperback books, an innovation in the 1950s, were selling almost a million copies a day by 1960. Popular music was revolutionized by the mass marketing of inexpensive, long-playing (LP) record albums and stacks of 45 rpm records. Teenagers fell in love with rock-and-roll music, a blend of African American rhythm and blues with white country music, popularized by the gyrating Elvis Presley.

Bataan Death March

Eighty-mile march of surrendered American soldiers by the Japanese military.

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

The War's Impact on Society

Every group in the U.S. population adjusted to the unique circumstances of wartime. The increase in factory jobs caused millions to leave rural areas for industrial jobs in the Midwest and on the Pacific Coast, especially California. Entirely new communities arose around the construction of new factories and military bases. Many of the new defense installations were located in the South because of that region's warm climate and low labor costs. The wartime expansion set the stage for a post-war migration to the Sunbelt

The Monkey/Scopes Trial

Evolution law in Tenn challenged in 1925 Trial Captured national attention

Food Stamp Act (1964)

Expanded the federal program to help poor people buy food

Declaration of Cairo (issued December 1943)

FDR and Chang Kai-shek Chinese territories returned Korea free

Election of 1944 and death of FDR

FDR with new running mate Harry Truman (Dems win) The Republicans nominated Thomas Dewy FDR won with 432 electoral college votes to Dewy's 99 electoral college On April 12, 1945, FDR died during his 4th Term FDR never saw Germany surrender Harry Truman became President Was in the dark about war issues (the bomb) 7. Successful testing of the atomic bomb in July in New Mexico

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women She pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights and oversaw the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. "First Lady of the World"/Anna Period 6-8

Agricultural Marketing Act

Farmers can help themselves type program 1930 Federal Farm Board loaned money and brought a surplus Doesn't work because the surplus is too big

Fascism in Italy

Fascism consisted of extreme nationalism, national order, violence to keep this order, and blind loyalty to the state. Fascists believed democracy lead to corruption and weakness and put individual or class interests above national goals. (against democracy) --the idea that people should glorify their nation and their race through an aggressive show of force-became the dominant ideology in European dictatorships in the 1930s.

Blustery Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy

Franz Boas

Father of modern anthropology who questioned traditional ideas about racial inferiority; disproved the theory that the size of a black man's head and smaller brain was the cause of low intelligence

John Dewy-

Father of progressive education was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education.

Wartime Propaganda

Few people opposed the war, so the government's propaganda campaign of posters, songs, and news bulletins was primarily to maintain public morale, to encourage people to conserve resources, and to increase war production

The Holocaust

Final solution- 6 million Jews died and 6 million others American response? Anti-Semitism

Espionage Act 1917

Fines and Imprisonment if people made false statements that aided the enemy

National Recovery Administration

First attempt to achieve economic advance through planning and cooperation among labor, business, and government. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cutthroat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. NRA/National Industrial Recovery Act Period 7

Hiroshima

First site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 6, 1945. About 134,000 people died and 70,000 of them wounded

U.S.-Soviet Relations

For U.S. security, nothing was more crucial than U.S. diplomatic relations with its chief political and military rival, the Soviet Union. Throughout Eisenhower's presidency, the relations between the two superpowers fluctuated between periods of relative calm and extreme tension.

Stock Market Crash

Foreign Investors and wary domestic speculators began to dump their insecurities and tons of selling followed. Over 16,000,000 shares of stocks were sold on Tuesday

Committee for Public Information

Founded by George Creel Mostly Propaganda Established censorship of the press in some case s Produced movies, books, billboards, and posters Had three themes- National unity, an evil enemy, and war grand crusade for democracy and peace Hired people to spy of their neighbors for anti-war views and pro german views Dissent= disloyalty and unpatriotic German Americans and Immigrants persecuted Name changes so they would not get persecuted

Allies of WWI (Triple Entente)

France, Great Britain, Russia (U.S. later)

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor and the assembly line. Take principles of science and put them into your business in order to make things better

Geneva Conference of 1954,

French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem.

China, 1937

Full-scale war between Japan and China erupted in 1937 as Japan's troops invaded its weaker neighbor. A U.S. gunboat in China, the Panay, was bombed and sunk by Japanese planes. Japan's apology for the sinking was quickly accepted by the U.S. government.

Gay Liberation Movement

Gay activists urged homosexuals to be open about their identity and to work to end discrimination and violent abuse. By the mid-1970s, homosexuality was no longer classified as a mental illness and the federal Civil Service dropped its ban on employment of homosexuals. In 1993, President Clinton attempted to end discrimination against gays and lesbians in the military, but settled for the compromise

Gerald Ford in the White House

Gerald Ford had served in Congress for years as a representative from Michigan and as the Republican minority leader of the House. Ford was a likeable and unpretentious man, but many questioned his ability to be president.

Sussex pledge

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

Enigma

Germans' codes.

Sussex

Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ships without warning. They violated this in 1916 when they torpedoed this French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break diplomatic relations because of this.

Treaty of Versailles ( treaty provisions)

Germany loses all colonies Germany had to pay reparations Germany gave up Alsace- Lorraine Demilitarized Rhineland New Nations- Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia (self-determination) Limits on German Navy/Army and Arrangements War guilt clause

End to the War to end All Wars

Germany ready to talk by November 1918 Food shortages Inspired by the 14 Points Armistice signed in Compiegne Forest War to end on the 11th hour, 11th month, and 11th day

Central Powers (Triple alliance)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

Treaty of Versailles

Given to Germany in June 1919 Signed under pressure

GI

Government Issue

War Production Board

Government agency created to assist in wartime production.Converted factories from civilian to military production. They created 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000 ships, 86,00 tanks, and 2.6 million machine guns

Office of Price Administration

Government agency created to control ascending prices and provide rationing. And WWII Office that installs price controls on essential items to prevent inflation. Eventually brought ascending prices under control with regulations

Fair Employment Practices Commission

Government agency that forbids discrimination in defense industries. Enacted by executive order 8802 on June 25, 1941, to prohibit discrimination in the armed forces.

National War Labor Board

Government agency that imposed ceilings on wage increases; contested by many labor unions. And Helped resolve labor disputes that might slow down war production.

Defense at Sea, Attacks by Air

Gradually, however, the Allies developed ways of containing the submarine menace through the use of radar, sonar, and the bombing of German naval bases. The U.S bombers carried out daylight "strategic bombing" raids on military targets in Europe, but the lines between military and civilian targets became blurred as the war carried on, especially in Japan,

Dust Bowl

Great Plain where a severe drought hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. caused farmers to lose their livelihoods and their homes. Deflation from the Depression aggravated the plight of Dust Bowl farmers. "The Dirty Thirties,"/ Dust storms Period 7

Brain Trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

Teapot Dome Scandal

Harding Administration scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. Fall was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail

Corruption Issues (Harding Admin)

Harding appointed lots of friends As with Grant, they took advantage

Postwar Politics

Harry S. Truman, a moderate Democratic senator from Missouri, replaced the more liberal Henry Wallace as FDR's vice president in the 1944 election. Thrust into the presidency after Roosevelt's death in April 1945, Truman matured into a decisive leader whose basic honesty and unpretentious style appealed to average citizens. Truman attempted to continue in the New Deal tradition of his predecessor.

In The Lonely Crowd (1958)

Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticized the replacement of "inner-directed" individuals in society with "other-directed" conformists

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

He and his wife visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. The Gen. warned him not to come b/c he would get killed. Conspirators, members of the Black Hands, waited in the streets for him to kill him b/c they wanted Bosnia to be free of Austria-Hungary and to become part of a large Serbian kingdom. Gavrilo Princep eventually succeeded in shooting both the archduke and his wife.

Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)

He approved a Central Intelligence Agency scheme planned under the Eisenhower administration to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba. In April 1961, the CIA-trained force of Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba but failed to set off a general uprising as planned. Trapped on the beach, the anti-Castro Cubans had little choice but to surrender after Kennedy rejected the idea of using U.S. forces to save them. Castro used the failed invasion to get even more aid from the Soviet Union and to strengthen his grip on power.

Charles Lindbergh

He was the first person to fly to Paris France on a transatlantic flight. He flew around the Eiffel tower and arrived in Paris.

Latin America

Hoover actively pursued friendly relations with the countries of Latin America.

Herbert Hoover's Foreign Policy

Hoover concurred with the prevailing opinion of the American people that the United States should not enter into firm commitments to preserve the security of other nations. Such an opinion, in the 1930s, would be labeled "isolationism."

Crash of 1929

Hoover inaugurated in March 1929 The economy still seemed great but still ignoring problems 2. Stock market peaked in September 1929 A. Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929, everyone tries to sell their stock, but no one buy it 3. Crash marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Good Neighbor Policy-

Hoover/FDR's Latin America foreign policy that proclaimed non-intervention and cooperation; resulted from the turmoil of the 1930s. Didn't intervene in Latin American affairs

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

The Wright Brothers

In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. ON the first flight, the plane flew 120 feet in twelve seconds. They made four flights that day, the longest lasting 59 seconds. No one was particularly interested in these flights for no one could find any uses for it. Finally, by the 1920s the airplane effectively made travel and trade easier and was widely recognized.

Charles R. Forbes

In 1923 he resigned as head of the Veteran's Bureau. He swindled $200 million from the government in building Veteran's hospitals. He was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary. This was part of the Harding scandal and the "Ohio gang"

Hoover Battles the Great Depression

In 1930, the Democrats gained the majority in the house and almost controlled the senate

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931.

Allies in World War II

In 1941, Hitler's surprise invasion of the Soviet Union and Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor led to a U.S.-Soviet alliance of convenience-but not of mutual trust. Stalin bitterly complained that the British and Americans waited until 1944 to open a second front in France. Because of this wait, the Soviets bore the brunt of fighting the Nazis. By some estimates, half of all deaths in World War II were Soviets. The postwar conflicts over Central and Eastern Europe were already evident in the negotiations between Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945. Roosevelt hoped that personal diplomacy might keep Stalin in check, but when Truman came to power, he quickly became suspicious of the Soviets.

Fair Deal.

In 1949, he urged Congress to enact national health care insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, funds for public housing, and a new farm program. Conservatives in Congress blocked most of the proposed reforms, except for an increase in the minimum wage (from 40 to 75 cents an hour) and the inclusion of more workers under Social Security.

Sputnik Shock

In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked the United States by launching the first satellites, Sputnik I and Sputnik II, into orbit around the earth. Suddenly, the technological leadership of the United States was open to question. To add to American embarrassment, U.S. rockets designed to duplicate the Soviet achievement failed repeatedly.

Protective Legislation

In 1970, Congress passed the Clean Air Act and created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and followed this legislation in 1972 with the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973

Declaration of War

In April 1917, President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. (p. 460) -Declaration of War- April 6, 1917

Fall of Saigon

In April 1975, the U.S.-supported government in Saigon fell to the enemy, and Vietnam became one country under the rule of the Communist government in Hanoi (North Vietnam's capital). Just before the final collapse, the United States was able to evacuate about 150,000 Vietnamese who had supported the United States and now faced certain persecution. The fall of South Vietnam marked a low point of American prestige overseas and confidence at home.

March on Washington (1963)

In August 1963, King led one of the largest and most successful demonstrations in U.S. history. About 200,000 blacks and whites took part in the peaceful March on Washington in support of the civil rights bill. The highlight of the demonstration was King's impassioned "I Have a Dream " speech, which appealed for the end of racial prejudice and ended with everyone in the crowd singing "We Shall Overcome."

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

In Eisenhower's last year in office, 1960, the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran joined Venezuela to form...Oil was shaping up to be a critical foreign policy issue. The combination of Western dependence on Middle East oil, Arab nationalism, and a conflict between Israelis and Palestinian refugees would trouble American presidents in the coming decades

Fighting Japan

In Europe, British, Soviet, and U.S. forces were jointly responsible for defeating Germany, but in the Pacific, it was largely the U.S. armed forces that challenged the Japanese. After the Pearl Harbor attack, Japan seized control of much of East Asia and Southeast Asia. By early 1942, Japanese troops occupied Korea, eastern China, the Philippines, British Burma and Malaya, French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), and most of the Pacific islands west of Midway Island.

Sudetenland, 1938

In Europe, Hitler insisted that Germany had a right to take over a strip of land in Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, where most people were German-speaking. To maintain peace, the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, and the French president, Edouard Daladier, with Roosevelt's support, met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich. At this conference in September 1938, the British and French leaders agreed to allow Hitler to take the Sudetenland unopposed. The word "Munich" has since become synonymous with appeasement.

Shoot-on-Sight

In July 1941, the president extended U.S. support for Britain even further by protecting its ships from submarine attack. He ordered the U.S. Navy to escort British ships carrying lend-lease materials from U.S. shores as far as Iceland. On September 4, the American destroyer Greer was attacked by a German submarine it had been hunting. In response, Roosevelt ordered the navy to attack all German ships on sight. In effect, this meant that the United States was now fighting an undeclared naval war against Germany.

Armistice

In Korea, the war was stalemated along a front just north of the 38th parallel. At Panmunjom, peace talks began in July 1951. The police action dragged on for another two years, however, until an armistice was finally signed in 1953 during the first year of Eisenhower's presidency. More than 2.5 million people died in the Korean conflict, including 54,000 Americans.

From Neutrality to War, 1939-194 l

In March 1939, Hitler broke the Munich agreement by sending troops to occupy all of Czechoslovakia. After this, it became clear that Hitler's ambitions had no limit and that war was probably unavoidable.

Iron Curtain "

In March 1946, in Fulton, Missouri, Truman was present on the speaker's platform as former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill declared: "An iron curtain has descended across the continent" of Europe. The iron curtain metaphor was later used throughout the Cold War to refer to the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. Churchill's "iron curtain" speech called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism. Did the speech anticipate the Cold War-or help to cause it? Historians still debate this question.

Hungarian Revolt

In October 1956, a popular uprising in Hungary actually succeeded in overthrowing a government-backed by Moscow. The new, more liberal leaders wanted to pull Hungary out of the Warsaw Pact, the Communist security organization. This was too much for the Kremlin, and Khrushchev sent in Soviet tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control over Hungary. The United States took no action in the crisis. Eisenhower feared that sending troops to aid the Hungarians would touch off a major war in Europe. In effect, by allowing Soviet tanks to roll into Hungary, the United States gave de facto recognition to the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and ended Dulles' talk of "liberating" this region. Soviet suppression of the Hungarian revolt also ended the first thaw in the Cold War.

Employment Act of 1946

In September 1945, during the same week that Japan formally surrendered, Truman urged Congress to enact a series of progressive measures, including national health insurance, an increase in the minimum wage, and a bill to commit the U.S. government to maintain full employment. It created the Council of Economic Advisers to counsel both the president and Congress on means of promoting national economic welfare.

Ethiopia, 1935

In a bid to prove fascism's military might, Mussolini ordered Italian troops to invade Ethiopia. The League of Nations and the United States objected but did nothing to stop the Italian aggressor, which succeeded in conquering the African country after a year of bitter fighting.

Expectations

In a final speech, which he never delivered, Franklin Roosevelt wrote: "The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be the doubts of today." There were doubts, to be sure, about the new world order to emerge from World War II. Initially, at least, there were also widely shared hopes that life would be better and more prosperous after the war than before. While other combatants, such as China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the Soviet Union, had suffered extensive damage from the war, the cities of the United States had remained unscarred. Without a doubt, the United States in 1945 was at once the most prosperous and the most powerful nation in the world. It had played a major role in defeating the Fascist dictators. Now people looked forward with some optimism to both a more peaceful and more democratic world. Unfortunately, the specters of the Soviet Union and the A-bomb would soon dim these expectations of a brighter tomorrow.

Advertising

In all the media (television, radio, newspapers, and magazines), aggressive advertising by name brands promoted common material wants, and the introduction of suburban shopping centers and the plastic credit card in the 1950s provided a quick means of satisfying them. The phenomenal proliferation of chains of fast food restaurants on the roadside was one measure of success for the new marketing techniques and standardized products as the nation turned from "mom and pop" stores to franchise operations.

"Military-Industrial Complex"

In his farewell address as president, Eisenhower spoke out against the negative impact of the Cold War on U.S. society. He warned the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence ... by the military-industrial complex." If the outgoing president was right, the arms race was taking on momentum and logic all its own. It seemed to some Americans in the 1960s that the United States was in danger of going down the path of ancient Rome by turning into a military, or imperial, state.

Franklin Roosevelt's Policies, 1933-1938

In his first term, Roosevelt's concentration on dealing with the economic crisis at home kept him from giving much thought to shaping foreign policy. He did, however, extend Hoover's efforts at improving U.S. relations with Latin America by initiating a good-neighbor policy.

Election of 1960 Results

In one of the closest elections in U.S. history, Kennedy defeated Nixon by a little more than 100,000 popular votes, and by a slightly wider margin of 303 to 219 in the electoral college. Many Republicans, including Nixon, felt the election had been stolen by Democratic political machines in states like Illinois and Texas by stuffing ballot boxes with "votes" of the deceased.

Self- determination

In politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence.

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, modernism blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

In response to the many immigrants coming into America from Europe. Congress passed it in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

The Middle East

In the Middle East, the United States tried to balance maintaining friendly ties with the oil-rich Arab states while at the same time supporting the new state of Israel. The latter nation was created in 1948 under U .N. auspices after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Israel's neighbors, including Egypt, had fought unsuccessfully to prevent the Jewish state from being formed.

The Lesson of World War I

In the early 1930s, Americans commonly felt that U.S. entry into World War I had been a terrible mistake. An investigating committee led by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota bolstered this view when it concluded in 1934 that the main reason for U.S. participation in the world war was to serve the greed of bankers and arms manufacturers. This committee's work influenced isolationist legislation in the following years.

Prelude to War

In the years 1935 to 1938, a series of aggressive actions by the Fascist dictatorships made democratic governments in Britain and France extremely nervous. It was known that Hitler was creating an air force more powerful than anything they could match.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

In this 7 -2 decision, the high court struck down many state laws prohibiting abortions as a violation of a women's right to privacy.

Dismantling of Wartime Economy

Including Government support for labor and began to break up strikes instead Labor membership declined

Less Government in Business, more business in Government

Interests of business put at the front again Reforms of progressive era slowly reversed

London Economic Conference

International economic conference called by the League of Nations. When proposals were made to stabilize currencies, Roosevelt withdrew his support. Conference ended without any agreement. The delegates wanted to organize a coordinated international attack on the global depression. FDR began to have second thoughts about the conference's agenda. The United States withdraws was shocking and would have grave consequences

Cotton Picker

Invention caused the migration of many southern blacks to the northern factories.

Port Huron Statement

It called for university decisions to be made through participatory democracy, so that students would have a voice in decisions affecting their lives. Activists and intellectuals who supported Hayden's ideas became known as the New Left.

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes

Italy- Benito Mussolini Germany- Hitler won power in 1930/dictator by 1933 Japan-Slowing consolidating power behind military dictatorship and wanted to expand influence in the pacific Soveit Union- Joesph Stalin

The US gets more involved

Jan 15- Germany declares submarine warfare The Lusitani, sunk on May 17, 1915 Germany claims

U.S.-Japanese Security Treaties

Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific, and the United States ended the formal occupation of Japan. One of the treaties also provided for U.S. troops to remain in military bases in Japan for that country's protection against external enemies, particularly Communists. Japan became a strong ally and prospered under the American shield.

Evaluating the Great Society

Johnson himself would jeopardize the Democrat's vast domestic achievements by escalating the war in Vietnam-a war that resulted in higher taxes and inflation.

Election of 1964 Results

Johnson won the election by a landslide, taking 61 percent of the popular vote-a higher figure than FDR's landslide of 1936. In addition, Democrats now controlled both houses of Congress by better than a two-thirds margin. A Democratic president and Congress were in a position to pass the economic and social reforms originally proposed by President Truman in the 1940s.

Great Society Reforms

Johnson's list of legislative achievements from 1963 to 1966 is long and includes new programs that would have lasting effects on U.S. society -Johnson also established two new cabinet departments: the Department of Transportation (DOT), and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) -Congress, in response to Ralph Nader's book Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), also passed regulations of the automobile industry that would save hundreds of thousands of lives in the following years. Clean air and water laws were enacted in part as a response to Rachel Carson's expose of pesticides, Silent Spring (1962). Federal parks and wilderness areas were expanded.

William Jennings Bryan

Joined the prosecution in the " Monkey Trials" (Scopes Trial) against the teachings of evolution in schools, he was supposed to be an expert on the Bible, but was made to look silly in the case and died soon afterward

Operation Barbossa

June 1941 Hitler violates the pact and invades the Soviet Union Stalin joined the allies, all wanted to defeat Hitler Invaded the Soviet Union during the winter, pushed them back towards Western Europe

Foreign Affairs

Kennedy increasingly turned his attention to foreign policy issues

Murder in Memphis

King also broke with President Johnson over the Vietnam War because that war was beginning to drain money from social programs. In April 1968, the nation went into shock over the news that King, while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee, had been shot and killed by a white man. Massive riots erupted in 168 cities across the country, leaving at least 46 people dead.

Rosenberg Case

Klaus Fuchs, a British scientist who had worked on the Manhattan Project, admitted giving A-bomb secrets to the Russians. An FBI investigation traced another spy ring to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New York. After a controversial trial in 1951, the Rosenbergs were found guilty of treason and executed in 1953. Civil rights groups charged that anti-communist hysteria was responsible for the conviction and punishment of the Rosen bergs.

Beautify America Campaign

LBJs wife, Lady Bird Johnson, contributed to improving the environment

Warning Signs Real Estate

Land being purchased all over the US Often bought without seeing the property first Florida major part of "American Paradise" Problem-much of land useless and worthless Investors losing millions/killed local economies too

Underwood Tariff

Law passed by Congress in 1913 that substantially reduced tariffs and made up for the lost revenue by providing for a graduated income tax

Executive Order No. 9066

Law that forced many Japanese-Americans into internment camps, potentially unconstitutional although deemed so by the Supreme Court. This was the order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that called for the internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry.

"Beatniks"

Led by Jack Kerouac ( On the Road, 1957) and poet Allen Ginsberg ("Howl," 1956), they advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. The beatniks would become models for the youth rebellion of the 1960s

Preparedness

Like Wilson in 1916, Roosevelt argued for neutrality and an arms buildup at the same time. Congress went along with his request in late 1938 by increasing the military and naval budgets by nearly two-thirds. Some isolationists accepted the increased defense spending, thinking it would be used only to protect against the possible invasion of the Western Hemisphere.

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

Little Boy 80,000 casualties 100,000 injured Enola Gay Japan would not surrender

Television

Little more than a curiosity in the late 1940s, television suddenly became a center of family life in millions of American homes. By 1961, there were 55 million TV sets, about one for every 3.3 Americans. Television programming in the fifties was dominated by three national networks, which presented viewers with a bland menu of situation comedies, westerns, quiz shows, and professional sports. FCC chairman Newton Minnow criticized television as a "vast wasteland" and worried about the impact on children of a steady dose of five or more hours of daily viewing. Yet the culture portrayed on television-especially for third and fourth generations of white ethnic Americans-provided a common content for their common language.

Big Four

Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S

New Morality

Lots of Social changes in the 1920s Consumption, immediate gratification, and urbanization

Lindbergh Law

Made interstate abduction in certain circumstances a death penalty offense. Created after Charles Lindbergh's son was kidnapped for ransom and eventually murdered.

Frazier- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act

Made possible a suspension of mortgage foreclosure for five years, but it was voided in 1935 by the Supreme Court

Mexican Americans

Many Mexican Americans worked in defense industries, and over 300,000 served in the military. A 1942 agreement with Mexico allowed Mexican farmworkers, known as braceros, to enter the United States in the harvest season without going through formal immigration procedures. The sudden influx of Mexican immigrants into Los Angeles stirred white resentment and led to the so-called zoot suit riots in the summer of 1943, in which whites and Mexican Americans battled on the streets.

The Election of 1944

Many felt that, in the war emergency, there should be no change in leadership. The president therefore sought and received the Democratic nomination for the fourth time. There was a change, however, in the Democrats' choice of a vice presidential running mate. Party leaders felt that Roosevelt's third-term vice president, Henry Wallace, was too radical and unmanageable. With Roosevelt's agreement, they replaced Wallace with Harry S. Truman, a Missouri senator with a national reputation for having conducted a much-publicized investigation of war spending. Although Roosevelt publicly denied medical problems, those near him recognized his uncertain health.

Zimmerman Note

March 1, intercepted a message from Germany to Mexico and proposed that Mexico should attack the US. When they win WWI Germany will help get Mexico to get all of the lands they lost to the US

V-E (Victory in Europe) Day

Marked the unconditional surrender of the German government after Hitler's suicide.

Army-McCarthy Hearings

McCarthy's "reckless cruelty" was exposed on television. A Senate committee held televised hearings on Communist infiltration in the army, and McCarthy was seen as a bully by millions of viewers. In December, Republicans joined Democrats in a Senate censure of McCarthy. The "witch hunt" for Communists (McCarthyism) had played itself out. Three years later, McCarthy died a broken man.

Disputes With Japan

Meanwhile, through 1940 and 1941, U.S. relations with Japan were becoming increasingly strained as a result of Japan's invasion of China and ambitions to extend its conquests to Southeast Asia. Beginning in 1940, Japan was allied with Germany and Italy as one of the Axis powers. Hitler's success in Europe enabled Japanese expansion into the Dutch East Indies, British Burma, and French Indochina-territories still held as European colonies.

Hispanic Americans

Mexican American activists also won a federal mandate for bilingual education requiring schools to teach Hispanic children in both English and Spanish. In the 1980s, a growing number of Hispanic Americans were elected to public office, including as mayors of Miami, San Antonio, and other large cities. The Census Bureau reported that, in 2000, Hispanics, including Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and other Latin Americans, had become the country's largest minority group.

Mexico

Mexico tested U.S. patience and commitment to the good neighbor policy in 1938 when its president, Lazaro Cardenas, seized oil properties owned by U.S. corporations. Roosevelt rejected corporate demands to intervene and encouraged American companies to negotiate a settlement.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Militant organization committed to nonviolent "direct action" on the behalf of race relations.(CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961.

Japanese Americans

More than any other ethnic group, Japanese Americans suffered from their association with a wartime enemy. Almost 20,000 native-born Japanese Americans served loyally in the military. Nevertheless, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were suspected of being potential spies and saboteurs, and a Japanese invasion of the West Coast was considered imminent by many. In 1942, these irrational fears as well as racism prompted the U.S. government to order over 100,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast to leave their homes and reside in the barracks of internment camps. Japanese Americans living in other parts of the U.S., including Hawaii, did not come under this order

Eisenhower and the Cold War

Most of Eisenhower's attention in both his first and second terms focused on foreign policy and various international crises arising from the Cold War. The experienced diplomat who helped to shape U.S. foreign policy throughout Eisenhower's presidency was Secretary of State John Foster Dulles.

Eisenhower Takes Command

Much as Franklin Roosevelt dominated the 1930s, President Dwight ("Ike") Eisenhower personified the 1950s. The Republican campaign slogan, "I Like Ike," expressed the genuine feelings of millions of middle-class Americans. They liked his winning smile and trusted and admired the former general who had successfully commanded Allied forces in Europe in World War II.

Committee for Public Information (themes)

National unity, an evil enemy, and war grand crusade for democracy and peace

Japan

Nationalists and militarists in Japan increased its power in the 1920s and 1930s. As economic conditions worsened, they persuaded Japan's nominal ruler, the emperor, that the best way to ensure access to basic raw materials ( oil, tin, and iron) was to invade China and Southeast Asia and thereby give Japan control over what their leaders proclaimed to be the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Pearl Harbor

Naval Base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. The U.S. military suffered 18 ships damaged or sunk, and 2,400 people were killed.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

New Deal Program similar to unemployment-relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) set up by Herbert Hoover and the U.S. Congress in 1932. It was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of 1933. Was the first direct-relief operation under the New Deal, and was headed by Harry L. Hopkins,

Unbalanced Economy

Not all industries flourished- agriculture/textiles/coal in really bad shape Overproduction and low prices Farmers hit again with a major drought in 1930

Bonus Army

Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed them with tear gas and bayonets.

Battle of the Bulge (1944)

On December 16, 1944, Hitler ordered the last of his reserves, 250,000 troops to attack the American position in the Forest of Ardennes. The Germans drove a bulge deep into the Allied line; however, the Allies stopped the Germans last ditch counterattack and advanced to the Rhine.

The Philippines and the Pacific

On July 4, 1946, in accordance with the act passed by Congress in 1934, the Philippines became an independent republic, but the United States retained important naval and air bases there throughout the Cold War. This, together with U.S. control of the United Nations trustee islands taken from Japan at the end of the war, began to make the Pacific Ocean look like an American lake.

Invasion

On June 25, 1950, the North Korean army surprised the world, possibly even Moscow, by invading South Korea. Truman took immediate action, applying his containment policy to this latest crisis in Asia. He called for a special session of the U .N. Security Council. Taking advantage of a temporary boycott by the Soviet delegation, the Security Council under U.S. leadership authorized a U.N. force to defend South Korea against the invaders. Although other nations participated in this force, U.S. troops made up most of the U.N. forces sent to help the South Korean army. Commanding the expedition was General Douglas MacArthur. Congress supported the use of U.S. troops in the Korean crisis but failed to declare war, accepting Truman's characterization of U.S. intervention as merely a "police action."

Invasion of Poland

On September 1, 1939, German tanks and planes began a full-scale invasion of Poland. Keeping their pledge, Britain and France declared war against Germany-and soon afterward, they were also at war with its Axis allies, Italy and Japan. World War II in Europe had begun.

Emperor called to surrender (Japan WWII)

On September 2, 1945, Japan formally surrendered aboard the U.S.S. Missouri WWII was over

Pearl Harbor-

On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, while most American sailors were still asleep in their bunks, Japanese planes from aircraft carriers flew over Pearl Harbor bombing every ship in sight. The surprise attack lasted less than two hours. In that time, 2,400 Americans were killed (including over 1,100 when the battleship Arizona sank), almost 1,200 were wounded, 20 warships were sunk or severely damaged, and approximately 150 airplanes were destroyed.

Black Tuesday (October 29, 1929)

On this day the stock market boom had fell out, as millions of panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell, when there were practically no buyers to be found. After that stock prices continued to go down until they finally hit bottom.

Baby Boom

One sign of the basic confidence of the postwar era was an explosion in marriages and births. Younger marriages and larger families resulted in 50 million babies entering the U.S. population between 1945 and 1960. As the baby boom generation gradually passed from childhood to adolescence to adulthood, it profoundly affected the nation's social institutions and economic life in the last half of the 20th century. Initially, the baby boom tended to focus on women's attention on raising children and homemaking. Nevertheless, the trend of more women in the workplace continued. By 1960, one-third of all married women worked outside the home.

Battle Over Treaty

Opposition to Treaty intense (Republicans) Isolationists hated the League of Nations The treaty did not pass in the Senate, the US didn't join the League of Nations and didn;t sign the treaty

Religion

Organized religions expanded dramatically after World War II with the building of thousands of new churches and synagogues

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936

Paid farmers to plant soil-conserving plants like soybeans or to let their land lie fallow

Criminal Syndicalism Laws (1919-1920)

Passed by many states during the red scare, their nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

Racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life.

Depression nationwide by early 1930

People with nothing to do with the economic crash suffering ¼ of the labor force out of work by 1932 Personal income down by half between 1929 and 1932 Bank failures=everything lost Rural and urban families left the homeless Can't pay rent or mortgage Hoovervilles

T.S. Eliot

Poet who talked about the disillusionment of the decade and wrote "The Waste Land"; American poet in England; described the postwar world as a barren wasteland drained of hope and faith.v

Blitzkrieg

Poland was the first to fall to Germany's overwhelming use of airpower and fast-moving tanks-a type of warfare called blitzkrieg (lightning war). After a relatively inactive winter, the war was resumed in the spring of 1940 with Germany attacking its Scandinavian neighbors to the north and its chief enemy, France, to the west. Denmark and Norway surrendered in a few days, France in only a week. By June 1940, the only ally that remained free of German troops was Great Britain.

Cold War

President Carter attempted to continue the Nixon-Ford policy of detente with China and the Soviet Union

Pardoning of Nixon

President Ford lost the goodwill of many by granting Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime that he might have committed. The pardon was extended even before any formal charges or indictment had been made by a court of law. Ford was accused of making a "corrupt bargain" with Nixon, but he explained that the purpose of the pardon was to end the "national nightmare," instead of prolonging it for months, if not years. Critics were angered that the full truth of Nixon's deeds never came out.

Buildup Under Kennedy

President Kennedy adopted Eisenhower's domino theory that, if Communist forces overthrew South Vietnam's government, they would quickly overrun other countries of Southeast Asia-Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Kennedy therefore continued U.S. military aid to South Vietnam's regime and significantly increased the number of military "advisers," who trained the South Vietnamese army and guarded weapons and facilities. By 1963, there were more than 16,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam in support, not combat, roles. They provided training and supplies for South Vietnam's armed forces and helped create "strategic hamlets" (fortified villages).Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Changing U.S. Policy

President Roosevelt countered isolationism in the United States by gradually giving aid to the Allies, especially Great Britain. Now that war had actually begun, most Americans were alarmed by news of Nazi tanks, planes, and troops conquering one country after another. They were strongly opposed to Hitler but still hoped to keep their country out of the war. President Roosevelt believed that British survival was crucial to U.S. security. The relationship that was built over the coming years between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and FDR proved one of the keys to Allied success in the war. The president chipped away at the restrictive neutrality laws until practically nothing remained to prevent him from giving massive aid to Britain. After the surrender of France to the Germans in 1940, most Americans accepted the need to strengthen U.S. defenses, but giving direct aid to Britain was controversial.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements

President Roosevelt favored lower tariffs as a means of increasing international trade. In 1934, Congress enacted a plan suggested by Secretary of State Cordell Hull, which gave the president power to reduce U.S. tariffs up to 50 percent for nations that reciprocated with comparable reductions for U.S. imports.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)

Provided federal funds to poor school districts; funds for special education programs; and funds to expand Head Start, an early childhood education program

Higher Education Act (1965)

Provided federal scholarships for post-secondary education

Medicare (1965)

Provided health insurance for all people 65 and older

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Provided loans to businesses Governments and to prime the pump No loans to individuals Based on the idea of trickle-down economics

American Isolationists

Public opinion in the United States was also nationalistic but expressed itself in the opposite way from fascism and militarism. Disillusioned with the results of World War I, American isolationists wanted to make sure that the United States would never again be drawn into a foreign war. Japanese aggression in Manchuria and the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany only increased the determination of isolationists to avoid war at all costs. The isolationist sentiment was strongest in the Midwest and among Republicans.

Twenty-second Amendment (1951)

Reacting against the election of Roosevelt as president four times, the Republican-dominated Congress proposed a constitutional amendment to limit a president to a maximum of two full terms in office. The 22nd Amendment was ratified by the states in 1951.

Harding Scandals

Refers to controversy in Harding's presidency; cabinet filled with friends and associates; leased oil reserves for money -> secretary convicted of bribery and jailed

Warning Signs (stock market)

Regular Americans putting savings into the stock market Buying on margin- Borrowing money to get into the market Quick Profits encourage even more people to invest even more $ Lots of over-speculation- the value of stock more than company worth

Gerald Nye

Republican of North Dakota headed a 1934-1936 Senate investigation, which concluded that banking and munition interests, whom it called "merchants of death", had tricked the US into war to protect their loans and weapon sales to England and France

Truth in Securities Act

Required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks and bond

Esch-Cummis Transportation Act of 1920

Returned railroads to their owners

Lend-Lease Act

Roosevelt proposed ending the cash-and-carry requirement of the Neutrality Act and permitting Britain to obtain all the U.S. arms it needed on credit. The president said it would be like lending a neighbor a garden hose to put out a fire. Isolationists in the America First Committee campaigned vigorously against the lend-lease bill. By now, however, majority opinion had shifted toward aiding Britain, and the Lend-Lease Act was signed into law in March 1941.

Quarantine Speech

Roosevelt recognized the dangers of Fascist aggression but was limited by the isolationist feelings of the majority of Americans. When Japan invaded China in 1937, he tested public opinion by making a speech proposing that the democracies act together to "quarantine" the aggressor. Public reaction to the speech was overwhelmingly negative, and Roosevelt dropped the quarantine idea as politically unwise.

Arsenal of Democracy

Roosevelt viewed Germany's conquest of most of Europe as a direct threat both to U.S. security and to the future of democratic governments everywhere. After his reelection, he believed that he was in a stronger position to end the appearance of U.S. neutrality and give material aid to Britain. In a December 1940 fireside chat to the American people, he explained his thinking and concluded: "We must be the great arsenal of democracy."

The Election of 1940(Results)

Roosevelt won with 54 percent of the popular vote-a smaller margin than in 1932 and 1936. Important factors in the president's reelection were (1) a strong economic recovery enhanced by defense purchases and (2) fear of war, which caused voters to stay with the more experienced leader.

Burma Road-

Route over which the United States had been trucking a trickle of munition to China's armies, cut by Japan, and forced American aviators to fly in war supplies over the Himalayan mountains.

First Trial of the Century

Sacco and Vanzetti convicted of murder Not much evidence Became martyrs for leftist cause

Teapot Dome

Scandal during the Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on government land in return for money -Albert fell solid oil reserves to private companies- got cash, cattle, and land in return.

Nagasaki

Second site of the atomic bomb attack on Japan on August 9, 1945. 80,000 people died or went missing

Stimson Doctrine

Secretary of State Henry Stimson declared in 1932 that the United States would honor its treaty obligations under the NinePower Treaty (1922) by refusing to recognize the legitimacy of any regime like "Manchukuo" that had been established by force

McCarthy's Tactics

Senator McCarthy used a steady stream of unsupported accusations about Communists in government to keep the media focused on himself and to discredit the Truman administration. Working-class Americans at first loved his "take the gloves off' hard-hitting remarks, which were often aimed at the wealthy and privileged in society. While many Republicans disliked McCarthy's ruthless tactics, he was primarily hurting the Democrats before the election of Eisenhower in 1952. He became so popular, however, that even President Eisenhower would not dare to defend his old friend, George Marshall, against McCarthy's untruths.

Operation Rolling Thunder (1965)

Series of bombing campaign that start in March 1965. Largely trying to cut off the Ho Chi Ming Trail, but it is very very difficult. Tens of thousands of American troops are being sent to Vietnam. At the peak, there are 536,000 troops in Vietnam.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it. Shacktown/ Hooverville Period 7

Motion Pictures

Silent movies that were shown across the country Provided Another form of entertainment for American citizens Film/Movies Period 6

Praying Farmers Not to Farm

Since 1918, farmers had suffered from low prices and overproduction especially in grain

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Sought to discover exactly how much money it took to produce electricity and then keep rates reasonable -constructed dams on the Tennessee River and helped the 2.5 million extremely poor citizens of the area improve their lives and their conditions

The rivalry between East and West= Cold War

Soviets controlled most of Eastern Europe The Atomic Age

Defeating Japan

Soviets invade Manchuria

Moscow Confrence (October 1943)

Soviets to war against Japan after Germany defeated, enter UN

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Started out in the House as a protective measure designed to assist farmers. It acquired about 1000 amendments after being pushed through the Senate. It raised the tariff on foreign goods from 38.5% to 60%

island hopping

Strategy used by American troops in the Pacific in order to bypass some of the most heavily fortified ports and capturing nearby islands.

Great Marianas "Turkey Shoot"

Successful defensive naval battle that destroyed many Japanese aircraft.

Increase Sub Activity

Sunk 4 unarmed ships in first and lasted two weeks in march

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Ten European nations joined the United States and Canada, a military alliance for defending all members from outside attack. Truman selected General Eisenhower as NATO's first Supreme Commander and stationed U.S. troops in Western Europe as a deterrent against a Soviet invasion. Thus, the containment policy led to a military buildup and major commitments abroad.

Adkins V. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision of Muller v. Oregon.

Neutrality Act of 1939

The 1939 act banned U.S. ships from carrying goods or passengers to belligerent ports but allowed U.S. sales of munitions on a "cash-and-carry" basis.. policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Huey Long

The 40th governor of Louisiana and US senator from 1932-1935 He created a "Share Our Wealth" movement in 1934 to lessen the effects of the Depression. The idea was to distribute wealth more evenly by capping personal incomes at 12 million dollars every year and providing pension benefits to all American citizens. The Kingfish/ Huey Pierce Long Jr. Period 7

Partial Surprise

The American people were stunned by the attack on Pearl Harbor. High government officials, however, knew that an attack somewhere in the Pacific was imminent because they had broken the Japanese codes. They did not know the exact target and date for the attack, which many felt would be in the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, or Malaya.

Teheran

The Big Three-Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin-met for the first time in the Iranian city of Tehran in November 1943. They agreed that the British and Americans would begin their drive to liberate France in the spring of 1944 and that the Soviets would invade Germany and eventually join the war against Japan.

Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)

The British impose a Naval blockades against Germany. Germany is also going to impose a naval blockade against Britain. In 1940, U-boats are sinking allied ships faster than they can replace them. By 1943, allies are sinking u-boats faster than they can replace them.

Changing Attitudes in the Cold War

The Cold War also played an indirect role in changing both government policies and social attitudes. The U.S. reputation for freedom and democracy was competing against Communist ideology for the hearts and minds of the peoples of Africa and Asia. Against this global background, racial segregation and discrimination stood out as glaring wrongs that needed to be corrected. President Truman took one step in this direction by desegregating the military in 1948.

Origins of the Cold War

The Cold War dominated international relations from the late 1940s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The conflict centered around the intense rivalry between two superpowers: the Communist empire of the Soviet Union and the leading Western democracy, the United States. Superpower competition usually was through diplomacy rather than armed conflict, but, in several instances, the Cold War took the world dangerously close to a nuclear war.

Unraveling the Debt Knot

The French and British wanted Germany to $32billion in reparations from WWI

Problems Increasing

The Great depression in Europe caused these dictators to rise

Japan's High Tide At Midway

The Japanese invaded New Guinea and landed on the Solomon Islands

Lusitania

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The unrestricted submarine warfare caused the U.S. to enter World War I against the Germans.

Marshall Plan Effects

The Marshall Plan worked exactly as Marshall and Truman had hoped. The massive infusion of U.S. dollars helped Western Europe achieve self sustaining growth by the 1950s and ended any real threat of Communist political successes in that region. It also bolstered U.S. prosperity by greatly increasing U.S. exports to Europe. At the same time, however, it deepened the rift between the non-Communist West and the Communist East.

Germany

The Nazi party was the German equivalent of Italy's Fascist party. It arose in the 1920s in reaction to deplorable economic conditions after the war and national resentments over the Treaty of Versailles. The Nazi leader, Adolf Hitler, used bullying tactics against Jews as well as Fascist ideology to increase his popularity with disgruntled, unemployed German workers. Hitler seized the opportunity presented by the depression to play upon anti-Semitic hatreds. With his personal army of "brown shirts," Hitler gained control of the German legislature in early 1933.

Wartime Solidarity

The New Deal helped immigrant groups feel more included, and serving together as "bands of brothers" in combat or working together for a common cause in defense plants helped to reduce prejudices based on nationality, ethnicity and religion. The wartime migrations also helped to soften regional differences, and open the eyes of many Americans to the injustice of racial discrimination.

Recognition of the Soviet Union

The Republican presidents of the 1920s had refused to grant diplomatic recognition to the Communist regime that ruled the Soviet Union. Roosevelt promptly changed this policy by granting recognition in 1933. His reason for doing so, he said, was to increase U.S. trade and thereby boost the economy.

Thomas Dewey

The Republicans nominated the 42-year-old governor of New York, Thomas Dewey, who had a strong record of prosecuting corruption and racketeering. The Republican candidate was unable to offer any real alternative to Roosevelt's leadership or generate enthusiasm for change.

Harold Ickes.

The Sec of Interior is the head of the Public Works Administrations for industrial recovery and unemployment relief. Long-range recovery through civil works, like the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River.

Korematsu v. the US

The Supreme court ruled that an entire race could be labeled a "suspect classification," meaning the gov. was permitted to deny the Japanese their constitutional rights because of military consideration the only case in Supreme Court history in which the Court, using a strict test for possible racial discrimination, "The legalization of racism"/ Racial Discrimination Period 7

U.S. Policy

The Truman administration sent George Marshall in 1946 to China to negotiate an end to the civil war, but his compromise fell apart in a few months. By 1947, Chiang's armies were in retreat. Truman seemed unsure of what to do, after ruling out a large-scale American invasion to rescue Chiang. In 1948, Congress voted to give the Nationalist government $400 million in aid, but 80 percent of the U.S. military supplies ended up in Communist hands because of corruption and the collapse of the Nationalist armies.

Frances Perkins

The U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945 and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition.

Havana Conference of 1940

The US agreed to share its 20 new World neighbors the responsibility of upholding the Monroe Doctrine

American Expeditionary Force

The US armed forces sent to Europe under the command of General John J. Pershing in 1917 to help fight World War I. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies. Ultimately, U.S. forces helped to defeat Germany earlier than expected. A.E.F./ AEF Period 7

WWI Resuls ( In the world)

The US became the economic and political world leader Russian-Revolution first communist country Old Empires declined Germany was devastated by the Treaty of Versailles France and Britain began to decline

WAACs

The Women's Army Axillary Corps , Women being in the army changed their roles in society and gained them new respect.

American Society in Transition

The country's racial and ethnic composition was also changing noticeably in the late 20th century. By 1990, minority groups made up 25 percent of the population. The Census Bureau predicted that, by 2050, as much as half the population would be Hispanic American, African American, or Asian American. Cultural pluralism was replacing the melting pot as the model for U.S. society, as diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove not only to end discrimination and improve their lives, but also to celebrate their unique traditions.

Costs

The deadliest war in human history resulted in the deaths of some 50 million military personnel and civilians worldwide. Fifteen million Americans served in uniform and approximately 300,000 Americans lost their lives either in Europe or the Pacific, and 800,000 were wounded. Excluding the Civil War, more Americans died in World War II than in all other U.S. wars combined. The war left the country with a huge national debt, but domestically the United States had suffered little compared to others.

Democratic Party Re-Alignment (shift of who votes Democrat) Hint: 1932

The election of 1932 when FDR won in a landslide against President Hoover B.Many Republicans voted for FDR C. Demoncrats/ Party shift D. Period 7

Future of Southeast Asia

The fall of Cambodia seemed to fulfill Eisenhower's domino theory, but in fact the rest of Southeast Asia did not fall to communism. Instead, nations such as Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia emerged as the "little tigers" of the vigorously growing Asian (Pacific Rim) economy. Some argued that U.S. support of South Vietnam was not a waste, because it bought time for other nations of East Asia and Southeast Asia to develop and better resist communism.

Two globe shaking events marked the course of WWII

The fall of France in June 1940 Hitlers Invasion of the Soviet Union June 1941

Casablanca Conference (1943)

The first conference involved only two of the Big Three. In January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed on the grand strategy to win the war, including to invade Sicily and Italy and to demand "unconditional surrender" from the Axis powers.

The Jazz Singer-1927

The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

World War I

The first world war in Europe due to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and, in its destabilization of European society, laid the groundwork for World War II The Great War/ First World War Period 7

Counterculture

The generation of baby boomers that came of age in the 1960s believed fervently in the ideals of a democratic society. They hoped to slay the dragons of unresponsive authority, poverty, racism, and war. However, the impatience of some activists with change, the use of violence, and the spread of self-destructive behavior discredited their cause in the eyes of others, particularly older Americans.

Research and Development

The government worked closely not only with industries, but also universities and research labs to create and improve technologies that could be used to defeat the enemy

The Marshall Plan

The harsh winter of 1946-1947 further demoralized Europeans, who had already suffered through years of depression and war. Discontent encouraged the growth of the Communist party, especially in France and Italy.

Fighting Germany

The high tide of the German advance ended in 1942, partly as a result of U.S. entry into the war but mainly because of a Soviet victory at Stalingrad in the winter of that year.

The Women's Movement

The increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and the sexual revolution all contributed to a renewal of the women's movement in the 1960s.

Fireside Chats

The informal radio talks President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had with Americans during the Great Depression. They not only unified America with these nationwide speeches, but he roses American spirits by encouraging Americans through the Great Depression. Cozy chat/one-on-one Period 7

Putting America on Rubber Tires

The invention of the automobile had an amazing new industrial system based on the assembly line methods and mass-production techniques

Lend-Lease Bill

The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease.

Espionage Cases

The methods used to identify Communist spies, however, raised serious questions about whether the government was going too far and violating civil liberties in the process.

Great Migration

The migration of African Americans from the South to the North caused such a dramatic demographic change that by 1970 over 50% of African Americans lived in the Northern areas whereas only 10% lived there in 1900. Great Northward Migration/ Black Migration Period 7/Period 8

The War's Legacy

The most destructive war in the history of the world had profound effects on all nations, including the United States.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK.caused such a dramatic demographic change that by 1970 over 50% of African Americans lived in the Northern areas whereas only 10% lived there in 1900.

Committee for Industrial Organization

The new union group that organized large numbers of unskilled workers with the help of the Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board.

Frederick Taylor

The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like.

Changing Demographics

The origins of the modern civil rights movement can be traced back to the movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to the urban centers of the South and the North. In the North, African Americans, who joined the Democrats during the New Deal, had a growing influence in party politics in the 1950s.

Spanish Civil War

The outbreak of civil war in Spain in 1936 was viewed in Europe and the United States as an ideological struggle between the forces of fascism, led by General Francisco Franco, and the forces of republicanism, called Loyalists. Roosevelt and most Americans sympathized with the Loyalists but, because of the Neutrality Acts, could not aid them. Ultimately, in 1939, Franco's Fascists prevailed and established a military dictatorship

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. Was signed on August 27, 1928, by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. Pact of Paris/General Treaty for Renunciation of War Period 7

Phony War

The period from September 1939 to April 1940 during which Britain was officially at war with Germany but no actual fighting took place.

Herbert Hoover

The president of the United States from 1929 to 1932 He was a republican who ran on a campaign of prohibition and prosperity. The early years of his presidency brought about a great deal of prosperity for the United States. Many people blamed him for the stock market crash.

Braceros Program

The program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West. spawned and institutionalized networks and labor market relationships between Mexico and the United States Manual laborer/"Bracero Program. Period 7

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Nonviolent Protests

The results of the boycotts, sit-ins, court rulings, and government responses to pressure marked a turning point in the civil rights movement. Progress was slow, however. In the 1960s, a growing impatience among many African Americans would be manifested in violent confrontations in the streets.

Truman in Retirement

The second Red Scare, the stalemate in Korea, the loss of China, and scandals surrounding several of Truman's advisers made his prospects of reelection unlikely. Truman decided to return to private life in Missouri-a's move that he jokingly called his "promotion." In the election of 1952, Republicans blamed Truman for "the mess in Washington." In time, however, even Truman's critics came to respect his many tough decisions and admire his direct, frank character.

Bolshevik Revolution

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state. The first stage had occurred the previous February when more moderate revolutionaries overthrew the Russian Czar.

Quarantine Speech

The speech was an act of condemnation of Japan's invasion of China in 1937 and called for Japan to be quarantined. FDR backed off the aggressive stance after criticism, but it showed that he was moving the country slowly out of isolationism.

Cold War in Asia

The successful containment policy in Europe could not be duplicated in Asia. Following World War II, the old imperialist system in India and Southeast Asia crumbled, as former colonies become new nations. Because these nations had different cultural and political traditions and bitter memories of Western colonialism, they resisted U.S. influence. Ironically, the Asian nation that became most closely tied to the U.S. defense system was its former enemy, Japan.

Watergate

The tragedy of Watergate went well beyond the public humiliation of Richard Nixon and the conviction and jailing of 26 White House officials and aides. Watergate had a paralyzing effect on the political system in the mid-1970s, a critical time both at home and overseas, when the country needed respected, strong, and confident leadership.

Turning Point, 1942

The war in the Pacific was dominated by naval forces battling over a vast area. Intercepting and decoding Japanese messages enabled U.S. forces to destroy four Japanese carriers and 300 planes in the decisive Battle of Midway on June 4-7. This battle ended the Japanese expansion.

U.S. -Soviet Relations to 1945

The wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union against the Axis powers was actually a temporary halt in their generally poor relations of the past. Since the Bolshevik Revolution that established a Communist government in Russia in 1917, Americans had viewed the Soviets as a threat to all capitalistic countries. In the United States, it led to the Red Scare of 1919. The United States refused to recognize the Soviet Union until 1933. Even then, after a brief honeymoon period of less than a year, Roosevelt's advisers concluded that Joseph Stalin and the Communists could not be trusted. Confirming their view was the notorious Nonaggression Pact of 1939, in which Stalin and Hitler agreed to divide up Eastern Europe.

Yalta Conference (1945)

Their agreement at Yalta would prove the most historic of the three meetings. After victory in Europe was achieved, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed that • Germany would be divided into occupation zones • there would be free elections in the liberated countries of Eastern Europe (even though Soviet troops controlled this territory) • the Soviets would enter the war against Japan, which they did on August 8, 1945-just as Japan was about to surrender r • the Soviets would control the southern half of Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands in the Pacific and would have special concessions in Manchuria • a new world peace organization (the future United Nations) would be formed at a conference in San Francisco

Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964

These measures prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender, but had been poorly enforced.

Voting Rights Act of 1965.

This act ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas where blacks were kept from voting. The impact was most dramatic in the Deep South, where African Americans could vote for the first time since the Reconstruction era.

Louis Brandeis-

This brilliant lawyer and later a justice of the Supreme court spoke and wrote widely about the "curse of bigness." He thought the government should help small businesses.

Eighteenth Amendment (1919)-

This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition.

"Dust Bowl"

This is the term given to the Great Plain where a severe drought hit, killing all of the crops of the region. The topsoil turned to fine powdery dust that blew away with the severe, hot winds that wreaked havoc on the farmers who remained. Drought and wind triggered the storms, dry-farming techniques also caused this

Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act

This law banned "yellow-dog," or anti-union, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.

War Powers Act over Nixon's veto

This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action. It further provided that Congress would have to approve any military action that lasted more than 60 days.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).

This proposed constitutional amendment stated: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

Industrial Workers of the World

This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes.

Rhineland, 1936

This region in western Germany was supposed to be permanently demilitarized, according to the Versailles Treaty. Hitler openly defied the treaty by ordering German troops to march into the Rhineland.

Nixon's Domestic Policy

Throughout the 1970s, the Democrats continued to hold maJontles in both houses of Congress.

Neutrality Acts

To ensure that U.S. policy would be strictly neutral if war broke out in Europe, Congress adopted a series of neutrality acts, which Roosevelt signed with some reluctance. Each law applied to nations that the president proclaimed to be at war.

America First Committee

To mobilize American public opinion against war, they formed the America First Committee and engaged speakers such as Charles Lindbergh to travel the country warning against reengaging in Europe's troubles.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

To raise the tariff on agriculture and help farmers Reality- ended up being high protective tariff on all goods Highest tariff the US has ever seen

Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

Two hours after the Kennedy assassination, Lyndon Johnson took the presidential oath of office aboard a plane at the Dallas airport. On the one hand, as a native of rural west Texas and a graduate of a little-known teacher's college, he seemed very unsophisticated compared to the wealthy, Harvard-educated Kennedy

U-2 Incident

Two weeks before the planned meeting in Paris, the Russians shot down a high-altitude U.S. spy plane-the U-2-over the Soviet Union. The incident exposed a secret U.S. tactic for gaining information. After its open-skies proposals had been rejected by the Soviets in 1955, the United States had decided to conduct regular spy flights over Soviet territory to find out about its enemy's missile program. Eisenhower took full responsibility for the flights-after they were exposed by the U-2 incident-but his honesty proved to be a diplomatic mistake. Khrushchev denounced the United States and walked out of the Paris summit to temporarily end the thaw in the Cold War.

Cordell Hull

US Secretary of State during the 1930s who negotiated pacts with 21 countries, including the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

Battle of the Philippine Sea

US advance that sank many Japanese carriers. The Japanese navy never recovered from these massive losses of planes, pilots, and ships.

"cash and carry"

US trading policy instated by Neutrality Act of 1937: the non-belligerent foreign country must pick up US goods, pay for them, then leave (so no threat of US trading ships being shot down)

Republican Control of the Eightieth Congress

Unhappy with inflation and strikes, voters were in a conservative mood in the fall of 1946 when they elected Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. Under Republican control, the Eightieth Congress attempted to pass two tax cuts for upper-income Americans, but Truman vetoed both measures. More successful were Republican efforts to amend the Constitution and roll back some of the New Deal gains for labor.

Al Capone

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion

Federal Housing Administration

United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. Insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The goals of this organization are: to improve housing standards and conditions; to provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans; and to stabilize the mortgage market.

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II , brought attention to the intelligence failures and the lack of readiness of the United States military Wai Momi/ Pearl Water Period 7

William Faulkner

United States novelist who wrote about people in the southern United States.

Japan

Unlike Germany, Japan was solely under the control of the United States. General Douglas MacArthur took firm charge of the reconstruction of Japan. Seven Japanese generals, including Premier Hideki Tojo, were tried for war crimes and executed. Under MacArthur's guidance, the new constitution adopted in May 1947 set up a parliamentary democracy. It retained Emperor Hirohito as the ceremonial head of state, but the emperor gave up his claims to divinity. The new constitution also renounced war as an instrument of national policy and provided for only limited military capability. As a result, Japan depended on the military protection of the United States.

The United Nations

Unlike the rejection of the League of Nations following World War I, Congress readily accepted the peacekeeping organization that was conceived during World War II and put in place immediately after the war. Meeting in 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks near Washington, D.C., Allied representatives from the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China proposed an international organization to be called the United Nations. Then in April 1945, delegates from 50 nations assembled in San Francisco, where they took only eight weeks to draft a charter for the United Nations. The Senate quickly voted to accept U.S. involvement in the U.N. On October 24, 1945, the U.N. came into existence when the majority of member-nations ratified its charter.

Schenck Vs. United States

Upheld the constitutively of the Espionage and Sedition Act, it is constitutional to limit free speech if the speech presents a clear and present danger.

Rise of the Sunbelt

Uprooted by the war, millions of Americans made moving a habit in the postwar era. A warmer climate, lower taxes, and economic opportunities in defense-related industries attracted many Gis and their families to the Sunbelt states from Florida to California. By transferring tax dollars from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and West, military spending during the Cold War helped finance the shift of industry, people, and ultimately political power from one region to the other.

Early Stages (Vietnam)

Vietnam was hardly mentioned in the election debates of 1960 between Nixon and Kennedy. U.S. involvement was minimal at that time, but every year thereafter, it loomed larger and eventually dominated the presidency of Lyndon Johnson and the thoughts of the nation.

Problems in Europe

War erupted in Europe in 1914 Central vs. Allied Powers The US declares Neutrality

The US experienced an economic boom in the 1920s

Wartime profits= available for capital investment Businesses mechanized- increased productivity Access to electricity White-collar workers Changes in working conditions and welfare capitalism Mass-produced mastered Mass consumption encouraged Advertising Consumer credit Women enter the workforce

Thomas Edison

Was one of those who invented the movie, but in 1902, the real birth of the movie came with The Great Train Robbery

Kellogg- Briand Pact

Was signed on August 27, 1928, by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other states. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.

U.S. Economic Action

When Japan joined the Axis in September 1940, Roosevelt responded by prohibiting the export of steel and scrap iron to all countries except Britain and the nations of the Western Hemisphere. His action was aimed at Japan, which protested that it was an "unfriendly act." In July 1941, Japanese troops occupied French Indochina. Roosevelt then froze all Japanese credits in the United States and also cut off Japanese access to vital materials, including U.S. oil.

Vietnam

When Nixon took office, more than half a million U.S. troops were in Vietnam. His principal objective was to find a way to reduce U.S. involvement in the war while at the same time avoiding the appearance of conceding defeat. In a word, Nixon said the United States was seeking nothing less than "peace with honor."

Death of President Roosevelt

When the president returned from Yalta and informed Congress of his agreement with Churchill and Stalin, it was apparent that his health had deteriorated. On April 12, 1945, while resting in a vacation home in Georgia, an exhausted Franklin Roosevelt died suddenly. News of his death shocked the nation almost as much as Pearl Harbor. Harry S. Truman entered the presidency unexpectedly to assume enormous responsibilities as commander in chief of a war effort that had not yet been won.

The Civil Rights Movement

While Eisenhower was concentrating on Cold War issues, events with revolutionary significance to race relations were developing within the United States.

Paris Peace Conference

Wilson arrives/throws down 14 points in January 1919 Ignored by George/ Clemenceau and Orlando Wilson left pushing the league of Nations The rep at home not crazy about the league/treaty Neither were the European powers The League of Nations was created in the 10th point in the Treaty of Versailles Wilson pushed for a League of Nations

Back and Forth

Wilson demands Germany not HIIT unarmed ships March-1916- sunk French ship Sussex Wilson demands threats

An Idealist amid the Imperialists

Wilson received many welcomes from France, England and Italy

Attempts at Peace

Wilson tries to encourage peace in Europe Peace without victory Germany had unrestricted sub warfare (will sink every ship) Wilson cuts diplomatic relations

The Election of 1944 (Results)

Winning 53 percent of the popular vote and an overwhelming 432-99 victory in the electoral college, the president was elected to an unprecedented fourth term. As it proved, however, FDR would live for less than three months after his inauguration. Most of his term would be served by Truman.

Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive Militarism

With nationalist resentments after World War I, economic hardships gave rise to military dictatorships in Italy in the 1920s and Japan and Germany in the 1930s. Eventually, in 1940, Japan, Italy, and Germany signed a treaty of alliance which formed the Axis Powers.

Atlantic Charter

With the United States actively aiding Britain, Roosevelt knew that the United States might soon enter the war. He arranged for a secret meeting in August with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill aboard a ship off the coast of Newfoundland. The two leaders drew up a document known as the Atlantic Charter

Japan Surrenders

Within a week after the second bomb fell, Japan agreed to surrender if the Allies would allow the emperor to remain as a titular (powerless) head of state. General MacArthur received Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945, in Tokyo harbor aboard the battleship Missouri.

WAVES

Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service

Wilson- The Idealist in Politics

Woodrow Wilson was the second democratic President since 1861

Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

Worked with J Edger Hoover Created special division in Justice Department Created files and conducted raids Not all constitutional/legal

Three Major Events that led to the US joining WWI

Zimmerman Note Increase Sub Activity Russian Revolution

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave the government the power to control the money supply, oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank

Joseph McCarthy,

a Republican senator from Wisconsin, used the growing concern over communism in his reelection campaign. In a speech in 1950, he charged that 205 Communists were still working for the State Department. This sensational accusation was widely publicized in the American press. McCarthy then rode the wave of anti-communist feelings to make himself one of the most powerful men in America. His power was based entirely on people's fear of the damage McCarthy could do if his accusing finger pointed their way.

Teapot Dome Scandal

a bribery incident that took place in the United States in 1922-1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates. one of the most extreme examples of government corruption in United States history Oil Reserves Scandal/ Elk Hills Scandal, Period 7

Whittaker Chambers

a confessed Communist, became a star witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1948. His testimony, along with the investigative work of a young member of Congress from California named Richard Nixon, led to the trial of Alger Hiss

detente

a deliberate reduction of Cold War tensions.

Blitzkrieg (lightning war)

a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces

World War II

a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis was the biggest and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six bloody years until the Allies defeated Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945. WWII/ The Second Great war Period 7 and 8

War Refugee Board

a group established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that helped 20,000 Jews who might otherwise have fallen into the hands of the Nazis.

Jane Addams

a middle-class woman dedicated to uplifting the urban masses; college-educated (one of first-generation); established the Hull House in Chicago in 1889 (most prominent American settlement house, mostly for immigrants); condemned war and poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

Warsaw Pact,

a military alliance for the defense of the Communist states of Eastern Europe. A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its East European satellite nations. Became the counter-alliance to NATO. Both alliance systems planned action in the event of hostilities.

Desert Fox

a nickname was given for German General Erwin Rommel; led German forces through North Africa.

The Second Red Scare

a second Red Scare followed U.S. victory in World War II. The Truman administration's tendency to see a Communist conspiracy behind civil wars in Europe and Asia contributed to the belief that Communist conspirators and spies had infiltrated American society, including the U.S. State Department and the U.S. military.

Manhattan Project

a secret research and development project of the U.S to develop the atomic bomb influenced other nuclear programs, not only in the Soviet Union but in the United Kingdom and in France, among other countries. Manhattan Engineer District/MED Period 7 and 8

Alliance for Progress (1961)

a series of cooperative aid projects with Latin American governments (Kennedy's plan to improve relations between the US and Latin America); called for a 10-year $20 billion donation to establish good schools, housing, health care, and land distribution; Good effect on Chile, Columbia, Venezuela, and the Central American republics (prevented Communism); Other countries just used the $ to keep the rulers in power

Title IX,

a statue to end sex discrimination in schools that receive federal funding. Though far reaching, the law is best known for its requirement that schools provide girls with equal athletic opportunities. Many believe that these new opportunities in athletics proved to be a key step in promoting women's equality

Sonar

a system that measures the locality of underwater objects by sending out acoustic pulses allowed Allied forces to decimate German U-boats Sound Navigator/Submarine Navigation Period 7

Jazz

a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture, American Jazz music emerges from African American church and community, African-American Music/African-American rituals Period 7

Flappers

a young woman in the 1920s who wore her hair bobbed wore makeup, dressed in flashy, skimpy clothes, and lived a life of independence and freedom Now considered the first generation of independent American women, flappers pushed barriers in economic, political, and sexual freedom for women. Dancer/Rebellious Women Period 7

WWI Results (In the US)

a. End of the War Industries Board B. Esch-Cummis Transportation Act of 1920- Returned railroads to their owners C. Red scare D. Women's changing role (suffrage),were granted the right to vote in 1920 E. Prohibition f . Natibitism G. Volunteerism/Patriotism H. Return to Isolationism I Economic growth

20th Amendment

also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Meuse- Argonne offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

The Paris Accords of January 1973

also promised a cease-fire and free elections. In practice, however, the armistice did not end the war between the North and the South and left tens of thousands of enemy troops in South Vietnam. Before the war ended, the death toll probably numbered more than a million.

Clayton Antitrust Act

amended Sherman Act by outlawing exclusive dealing and tie-in arrangements helped unions.

Battle of Britain

an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out the extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.was a turning point in World War II; if the RAF had not held off the Luftwaffe, Hitler would have likely moved forward with his Operation Sea Lion invasion of the British Isles. This would have been devastating to the British people and all efforts to stem Hitler's rise to power

New Deal

an agency that gave jobs to people who needed them. improved the lives of people suffering from the events of the depression. In the long run, New Deal programs set a precedent for the federal government to play a key role in the economic and social affairs of the nation. Three R's/ Relief Period 7

Communism

an economic ideology that advocates for a classless society in which all property and wealth are communally-owned, instead of by individuals

Randolph Bourne

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society advocated greater cross-fertilization among immigrants, believed cosmopolitan interchange was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality, a weaving back and forth, with the other lands, of many threads of all sizes and colors," US should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age

Horace Kallen

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society defended newcomer's right to practice their ancestral customs, vision- the US should provide a protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness, stressed the preservation of identity, believed pluralism

League of Nations

an international diplomatic group developed after World War I as a way to solve disputes between countries before they erupted into open warfare greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s UN/ World Peace Organization Period 7 and 8

Peace Corps

an organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries.

Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO)

and providing this antipoverty agency with a billion-dollar budget. The OEO sponsored a wide variety of self-help programs for the poor, such as Head Start for preschoolers, the Job Corps for vocational education, literacy programs, and legal services.

As president, Hoover ended the interventionist policies of Taft and Wilson by

arranging for U.S. troops to leave Nicaragua by 1933 negotiating a treaty with Haiti to remove all U.S. troops by 1934.

"spirit of Geneva,"

as the press called it, produced the first thaw in the Cold War. Even more encouraging, from the U.S. point of view, was a speech by the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in early 1956 in which he denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the West.

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney who "saw red" too easily, earned the title of the "Fighting Quaker" by his excess of zeal in rounding up suspects (6,000 people), the drive was to root out radicals

Internment of Japanese/Executive Order

authorized the Army to evacuate any persons they considered a threat to national security over 120,000 Japanese people were forced to relocate to one of ten different internment camps around the United States. Concentration Camps/Relocation of Japanese Period 7

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

authorized the federal government to seize and operate tied-up industries Strikes against any government-operated industry were made a criminal offense. War Labor Disputes Act /Anti-Strike Act Period 7

"hawks,"

believed that the war was an act of Soviet-backed Communist aggression against South Vietnam and that it was part of a master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia.

Michael Harrington's

best-selling book on poverty, The Other America (1962), helped to focus national attention on the 40 million Americans still living in poverty.

European Recovery Program

better known as the Marshall Plan. In 1948, $12 billion in aid was approved for distribution to the countries of Western Europe over a four-year period. The United States offered Marshall Plan aid to the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites, but the Soviets refused it, fearing that it would lead to dependence on the United States.

Harlem Renaissance

black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously New Negro Movement/Black Literary Renaissance Period 7

National Recovery Administration

by far the most complicated of the programs, was designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed. There were maximum hours of labor, minimum wages, and more rights for labor union members, including the right to choose their own representatives in bargaining.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Will Herberg's book P rotestant, Catholic, Jew (1955)

commented on the new religious tolerance of the times and the lack of interest in doctrine, as religious membership became a source of both individual identity and socialization

War Industries Board

controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations It was intended to restore economic order and to make sure the United States was producing enough at home and abroad.

National Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)

created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank's initial purpose was to fund the rebuilding of a war-torn world. The Soviets, however, declined to participate because they viewed the bank as an instrument of capitalism.

National Labor Relations Board

created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act it was created in the 1930s by congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.

Nixon Doctrine,

declaring that in the future Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces.

Secretary of State Hull

during FDR's presidency; believed in the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff; led to the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934; also believed in Good Neighbors.

In The Affluent Society (1958),

economist John Kenneth Galbraith wrote about the failure of wealthy Americans to address the need for increased social spending for the common good.

Immigration Act of 1924

established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America The system restricted the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia. It also reduced the annual total of immigrants National Origins Act/ Johnson-Reed Act Period 7

Bureau of Budget

established by the Budget and Accounting Act; reviews funding requests from government departments and assist the president in formulating the budget

Civil Works Administration

established late in 1933, and it was designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Many of its tasks were rather frivolous (called "boondoggling") and were designed for the sole purpose of making jobs.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police.

Learning by Doing

formed the foundation of progressive education with its greater permissiveness. Dewy believed that the workbench was as essential as the black board and that education of life should be the primary goal of the teacher

Federal Government

gar, gasoline, and auto tires, primarily to fight wartime inflation. Deficit spending during the depression was dwarfed by the deficits incurred during the war. Federal spending increased 1,000 percent between 1939 and 1945. As a result the gross national product grew by 15 percent or more a year. World War II proved what the New Deal did not, that the government could spend its way of a depression. By war's end, the national debt had reached the then staggering figure of $250 billion, five times what it had been in 1941.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

gave full self-government to the Philippines, except for the control of its foreign policy by Washington for 10 more years. Gave the Filipinos independence after a 12 year period of economic and political tutelage. The US agreed to relinquish its army bases but naval bases were reserved for future discussion

Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975

gave reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. American Indians also used the federal courts successfully to regain property or compensation for treaty violations.

Lend-Lease Act

given President Roosevelt virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to the war effort in Europe without violating the nation's official position of neutrality. It allowed the president to transfer materials to Britain WITHOUT payment Lend-Lease Policy/An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, Period 7 and 8

Workingmen's Compensation Act of 1916

granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court

Manhattan Project

had begun in 1942. Directed by the physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the project employed over 100,000 people and spent $2 billion to develop a weapon whose power came from the splitting of the atom. The atomic bomb, or A-bomb, was successfully tested on July 16, 1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

held a meeting in Port Huron, Michigan. Following the leadership of Tom Hayden, the group issued a declaration of purposes known as the Port Huron Statement.

domino theory (later to become famous),

if South Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia and New Zealand were in dire danger.

Sedition Act

imposed harsh penalties on anyone found guilty of making false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war; insulting or abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution, or the military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; or advocating, teaching or defending any of these acts. aimed at socialists, pacifists, and other anti-war activists, Agitation/ Inflaming Period 7

Operation Torch,

in November 1942. Led by U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower and British General Bernard Montgomery, Allied forces succeeded in taking North Africa from the Germans by May 1943.

At the Battle of Leyte Gulf

in October 1944, the Japanese navy was virtually destroyed. For the first time in the war, the Japanese used kamikaze pilots to make suicide attacks on U.S. ships. Kamikazes also inflicted major damage in the colossal Battle of Okinawa (April to June 1945). Before finally succeeding in taking this island near Japan, U.S. forces suffered 50,000 casualties and killed 100,000 Japanese.

Kamikazes

in World War II, Japanese pilots who loaded their aircraft with bombs and crashed them into enemy ships

Sexual Revolution

in many Americans' attitudes toward sexual expression. Traditional beliefs about sexual conduct had originally been challenged in the late 1940s and 1950s by the pioneering surveys of sexual practice conducted by Alfred Kinsey.

World War II dramatically changed the United States from an

isolationist country into a military superpower and a leader in world affairs

SDS,

known as the Weathermen, embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions. In the eyes of most Americans, the Weathermen's extremist acts and language discredited the early idealism of the New Left.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

led by John Lewis, originally began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As their popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", their efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal

William J. Levitt

led in the development of postwar suburbia with his building and promotion of Levittown, a project of 17,000 mass-produced, low-priced family homes on Long Island, New York. Low-interest rates on mortgages that were both government-insured and tax-deductible made the move from city to suburb affordable for even families of modest means

Wilson's 14 Points (Importance)

made Germany to ask for peace and made Wilson the moral world leader

Agricultural Adjustment Act

made was available many millions of dollars to help farmers meet their mortgages.

Potsdam

n late July, after Germany's surrender, only Stalin remained as one of the Big Three. Truman was the U.S. president, and Clement Attlee had just been elected the new British prime minister. The three leaders met in Potsdam, Germany (July 17-August 2, 1945) and agreed (1) to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally, and (2) to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders.

Hoovervilles (Shantytowns)

named after President Hoover, who was blamed for the problems that led to the depression, sprung up throughout the United States. were pants pockets that had been turned inside out, symbolizing a lack of money. newspapers that homeless people used to protect themselves from the cold.

Neutrality Acts of 1935

no armed shipping to any belligerent nation

Russian Revolution

no longer a tsarist regime and US wouldn't be allied with cruel dictatorship, Russia pulls out of WWI

Adkins V. Children's Hospital

no more minimum wage for women because women could vote

Wilson hoping for easy ratification

of the treaty) Wilson forces debate allowing time to take the case to the American people Wilson starts to go all over the country to give his case to the American people Wilson has a stroke- paralyzed on one side ( the country was being run by his wife) The Cabinet and the American people didn't see Wilson for months

Franklin D. Roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He created numerous programs to provide relief to the unemployed and farmers while seeking economic recovery with the National Recovery Administration and other programs. He also instituted major regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided over the end of Prohibition.

the UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC)

originally established in 1939 to seek out Nazis, was reactivated in the postwar years to find Communists. The committee not only investigated government officials but also looked for Communist influence in such organizations as the Boy Scouts and in the Hollywood film industry. Actors, directors, and writers were called before the committee to testify. Those who refused to testify were tried for contempt of Congress. Others were blacklisted from the industry.

Johnson Debt Default Act

outlawed private loans to governments that had defaulted on their debts to the US, in response to the many Allied countries in Europe which had defaulted on their loans.

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

outlawing the closed shop ( contract requiring workers to join a union before being hired) • permitting states to pass "right to work" laws outlawing the union shop ( contract requiring workers to join a union after being hired) • outlawing secondary boycotts (the practice of several unions supporting a striking union by joining a boycott of a company's products) • giving the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling-off period before a strike endangering the national safety could be called *For years afterward, unions sought unsuccessfully to repeal the Taft-Hartley Act. The act became a major issue dividing Republicans and Democrats in the 1950s.

The Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943,

passed over Roosevelt's veto, empowered the government to take over war-related businesses whose operations were threatened by a strike. In 1944, Roosevelt had occasion to use this law when he ordered the army to operate the nation's railroads for a brief period.

Sociologist C. Wright Mills

portrayed dehumanizing corporate worlds in White Collar (1951) and threats to freedom in The Power Elite (1956).

Highway Beautification Act

program which provided federal funds for landscaping and rest areas

Neutrality Acts of 1936

prohibited loans from private business to belligerent nations

Court Packing Plan

proposed by FDR that advocated adding a new justice to the Supreme Court for every justice over the age of 75 in order to get "young blood" into the system Congress rejected the Presidents plan to pack the Supreme Court. The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937/ Supreme Court Reform Bill Period 7

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944,/ the GI Bill of Rights-

proved powerful support during the transition of 15 million veterans to a peacetime economy. More than half the returning Gis (as the men and women in uniform were called) seized the opportunity afforded by the GI Bill to continue their education at government expense. Over 2 million Gis attended college, which started a postwar boom in higher education. The veterans also received over $16 billion in low-interest, government-backed loans to buy homes and farms and to start businesses. By focusing on a better-educated workforce and also promoting new construction, the federal government stimulated the post- . . war economic expans10n.

Civilian Conservation Corps

provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men. They reforested areas, fought fires, drained swamps, controlled floods, etc.

Selective Service Act (1940)-

provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year. Isolationists strenuously opposed the peacetime draft, but they were now outnumbered as public opinion shifted away from strict neutrality.

Fordney- McCumber Tariff Law

pushed tariff rates on manufactured goods to an all-time high, helped US manufacturers by enabling them to keep prices high and increase profits (raised it to 60%)

in a secret report known as NSC-68, that the following measures were necessary for fighting the Cold War:

quadruple U.S. government defense spending to 20 percent of GNP • form alliances with non-Communist countries around the world • convince the American public that a costly arms buildup was imperative for the nation's defense

Short Term goals under the three R's

relief and immediate recovery in the first two years

Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963)

required that state courts provide counsel (services of an attorney) for indigent (poor) defendants.

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent.

Black Tuesday

selling frenzy on Wall Street--days before stock prices had plunged to desperate levels. Investors were willing to sell their shares for pennies on the dollar or were simply holding on to the worthless certificates. marked the beginning of the Great Depression the Wall Street Crash of 1929/ Oct. 29, 1929 Period 7

Island Hopping Campaign

series of amphibious landings by Allied forces in the pacific during WW2 in which the allied forces - combined land, sea and air - fought back, recaptured islands from Japanese forces or blocked their connection with home bases.

the Office of War Mobilization (OWM)

set production priorities and controlled raw materials. The government cost-plus system, in which it paid war contractors the costs of production plus a certain percentage for profit

check powers

some of the laws it passed expressly delegated legislative authority to the chief excutive

Axis Powers

states opposed to the Allies during the Second World Wa Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. Rome-Berlin Axis/ Against Allies Period 7 and 8

Margaret Mead

studied gender roles& sexuality, cultural anthropologist

Franklin D. Roosevelt

supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort implemented a Europe-first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan. FDR/The Boss Period 5-8

Island Hopping Campaign

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan. Leapfrogging/ Traveling around Period 7 and 8

In Europe WII

the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler had come to power in Germany with promises of reasserting German nationalism and militarism.

Secretary Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle-down economics (Hamiltonian economics) and that the economy would heal itself. He reduced spending gave tax cuts to the wealthy

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944),

the Supreme Court upheld the U.S. government's internment policy as justified in wartime. Years later, in 1988, the federal government agreed the ruling was unjust and awarded financial compensation to those still alive who had been interned.

Dennis et al. v. United States (1951)

the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act of 1940, which made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or to belong to an organization with this objective.

Pan-American Conference (1933)

the U.S. delegation at the Seventh Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1933, pledged never again to intervene in the internal affairs of a Latin American country. In effect, Franklin Roosevelt repudiated the policy of his older cousin, Theodore, who had justified intervention as a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Eisenhower Doctrine,

the United States in 1957 pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. Eisenhower first applied his doctrine in 1958 by sending 14,000 marines to Lebanon to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims.

Baker v. Carr (1962),

the Warren Court declared this practice unconstitutional. In Baker and later cases, the Court established the principle of "one man, one vote," meaning that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all citizens.

D-Day

the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France, and the ultimate end to the war. It marked the turn of the tide for the control maintained by Nazi Germany Normandy Landings/Operation overload Period 7

Black Tuesday

the day the stock market crashed. The British raised their interest rates in an effort to bring back capital lured abroad by American investments, Oct. 29, 1929. The day the stock market crashed. Foreign investors dumped their insecurities after the British raised their interest rates. Over 16,000,000 shares of stocks were sold on this day

Red Scare

the fear that communism would take over America, especially after the rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia. Many Americans were afraid of any communistic ties Fear of Communism/ McCarthyism Period 7

Greer

the first U.S. Navy ship to fire on a German ship, three months before the United States officially entered World War II.

Welfare (HEW) under Oveta Culp Hobby

the first woman in a Republican cabinet. For farmers, a soil-bank program was initiated as means of reducing farm production and thereby increasing farm income.

Big Four

the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy. an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations.

Hoover Dam

the gigantic Colorado River project voted by Congress under Coolidge, begun under Hoover, and completed under FDR. It was used for irrigation, flood control, and electricity

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

D-Day-

the invasion date was called, British, Canadian, and U.S. forces under the command of General Eisenhower secured several beachheads on the Normandy coast. After this bloody but successful attack, the Allied offensive moved rapidly to roll back German occupying forces. By the end of August, Paris was liberated. By September, Allied troops had crossed the German border for a final push toward Berlin. The Germans launched a desperate counterattack in Belgium in December 1944 in the Battle of the Bulge. After this setback, however, Americans reorganized and resumed their advance.

Alfred E. Smith

the nominee, by Democrats, in the 1928 election who ran against Herbert Hoover. He was the four-time governor of New York, with a very friendly personality.

Treaty of Versailles

the peace settlement signed after World War, It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson The treaty forced Germany to surrender colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific; cede territory to other nations like France and Poland; reduce the size of its military; pay war reparations to the Allied countries; and accept guilt for the war. Peace Treaty/ First Treaty of Versailles Period 7

Stimson Doctrine

the policy declared in a note to Japan and China that the US would not recognize any international territorial changes brought about by force. It was enacted after Japan's military seizure of Manchuria in 1931. Hoover-Stimson Doctrine/ Asian Doctrine Period 7

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days. an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.

Isololationism

the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders. Many American didn't want to get involved in WWI Remoteness/Selfishness Period 7

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

they argued that segregation of black children in the public schools was unconstitutional because it violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of "equal protection of the laws." In May 1954, the Supreme Court agreed with Marshall and overturned the Plessy case. Writing for a unanimous Court, Chief Justice Earl Warren ruled that (1) "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional, and (2) school segregation should end with "all deliberate speed."

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

to direct the U.S. efforts to build missiles and explore outer space. Billions were appropriated to compete with the Russians in the space race.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

to end discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin

Loyalty Review Board

to investigate the background of more than 3 million federal employees. Thousands of officials and civil service employees either resigned or lost their jobs in a probe that went on for four years (1947-1951).

American Expeditionary Forces

under General John J. Pershing launched their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army. Their successful campaign was a major turning point in the war for the Allies. Ultimately, U.S. forces helped to defeat Germany earlier than expected.

The five major allies of wartime

wartime-the United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union-were granted permanent seats and veto power in the U.N. Security Council

H.L Menken

was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. "Bad Boy of Baltimore". He criticized many subjects like the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly AMERICAN MERCURY."Bad Boy of Baltimore" found fault in much of America in the monthly American Mercury.

nonaggression pact

was an agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other. This allowed for German victories in the west without worries of the east. The pact also contained a secret agreement in which the Soviets and Germans agreed on how they would later divide up Eastern Europe

Fourteen Points

was an ideological statement issued by Woodrow Wilson that set the principles for peace during WW1. Some of these principles would later be used in the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles to end WW1. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination.

The Treaty of Versailles

was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars.

The Office of Research and Development

was established to contract scientists and universities to help in the development of electronics, such as radar and sonar, medicines such as penicillin, jet engines, rockets, and in the top-secret Manhattan Project, the atomic bomb. Ironically, many of the European scientists that had to flee Fascist persecution would contribute to its defeat working in the United States.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

was formed a few months later to keep the movement organized.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

was formed in 1942 to work more militantly for African American interests. After black leaders threatened a protest march on Washington, the Roosevelt administration issued an executive order to prohibit discrimination in government and in businesses that received federal contracts

Chateau- Thierry

was fought on July 18, 1918 and was one of the first actions of the American Expeditionary Forces under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. It was a battle in World War I as part of the Second Battle of the Marne, initially prompted by a German offensive launched on 15 July against the AEF, the newest troops on the front.

the American Indian Movement (AIM)

was founded in 1968. Militant actions soon followed, including AIM's takeover of the abandoned prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay in 1969. AIM members also occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973, site of the infamous massacre of American Indians by the U.S. cavalry in 1890.

Pan-American Conference (1936)

was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1936. Roosevelt himself attended the conference. He personally pledged to submit future disputes to arbitration and also warned that if a European power such as Germany attempted "to commit acts of aggression against us," it would find "a hemisphere wholly prepared to consult together for our mutual safety and our mutual good."

John T. Scopes

was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee. His trial was watched all over the country. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernist. In the outcome, he was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad.

World War I, after all

was meant to be a "war to end all wars" and, as Woodrow Wilson had said, a war "to make the world safe for democracy."

the 24th Amendment

was ratified. It abolished the practice of collecting a poll tax, one of the measures that, for decades, had discouraged poor people from voting.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. The case lasted for six years until 1927 when the men were electrocuted

Palmer Raids

were attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States. The raids and arrests occurred in November 1919 and January 1920 under the leadership of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. Because the raids targeted entire organizations, agents arrested everyone found in organization meeting halls, not only arresting non-radical organization members but also visitors who did not belong to a target organization, and sometimes American citizens not eligible for arrest and deportation.

Some successes of the prohibition

were bank savings increased, absenteeism in the industry increased, death rates from alcoholism decreased and less alcohol was consumed than in the days before prohibition

two civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960

were the first such laws to be enacted by the U.S. Congress since Reconstruction. They were modest in scope, providing for a permanent Civil Rights Commission and giving the Justice Department new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks. Despite this legislation, southern officials still used an arsenal of obstructive tactics to discourage African Americans from voting.

Organization for Women (NOW),

which adopted the activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities.

Plessy v. Ferguson,

which allowed segregation in "separate but equal" facilities. In the late 1940s, the NAACP won a series of cases involving higher education.

National Defense and Education Act (NDEA

which authorized giving hundreds of millions in federal money to the schools for math, science, and foreign language education

Trade Expansion Act of 1962,

which authorized tariff reductions with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations.

1964 Civil Rights Act,

which made segregation illegal in all public facilities, including hotels and restaurants, and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation.

SALT II treaty

which provided for limiting the size of each superpower's nuclear delivery system

Tydings-McDuffie Act in 1934-

which provided for the independence of the Philippines by 1946 and the gradual removal of U.S. military presence from the islands.

Neutrality Act

which provided that a belligerent could buy U.S. arms if it used its own ships and paid cash. Technically, "cash and carry" was neutral, but in practice, it strongly favored Britain.

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

which ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

Family Assistance Plan,

which would have replaced welfare by providing a guaranteed annual income for working Americans.

Keynesianism effects

with the depression still lingering in 1937, FDR announced a bold new program embracing this theory and effectively reversing current economic policies

In the United States, WII

worries about the depression overshadowed concerns about a second world war.

Theodore Dreiser

write as a Realist (not Romantic) in An American Tragedy about the murder of a pregnant working girl by her socially-conscious lover

Ernest Hemingway

wrote The Sun Also Rises, and A Farewell to Arms, and became a voice for the "Lost Generation", reflecting postwar disillusionment. Ended up committing suicide.

Pearl S. Buck

wrote a beautiful and timeless novel, The Good Earth, about a simple Chinese farmer which earned her the Nobel Prize for literature in 1938.

Harding as President

"Return to Normalcy" Nice guy, not great President Did try to have good/solid advisors Herbert Hoover- commerce, only progressive in the cabinet Andrew Mellon- Treasury Charles Evans Hughes- state 3. To trusting 4. Harding Admin=corruption/scandal

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Second Berlin Crisis

"We will bury capitalism," Khrushchev boasted. With new confidence and pride based on Sputnik, the Soviet leader pushed the Berlin issue in 1958 by giving the West six months to pull its troops out of West Berlin before turning over the city to the East Germans. The United States refused to yield. To defuse the crisis, Eisenhower invited Khrushchev to visit the United States in 1959. At the presidential retreat of Camp David in Maryland, the two agreed to put off the crisis and scheduled another summit conference in Paris for 1960.

Flexible Response

"brushfire wars" in Africa and Southeast Asia, in which insurgent forces were often aided by Soviet arms and training. Such conflicts in the Congo (later renamed Zaire) in Africa and in Laos and Vietnam in Southeast Asia convinced the Kennedy administration to adopt a policy of flexible response.

Truman first implemented the containment policy in response to two threats:

(1) a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece, (2) Soviet demands for some control of a water route in Turkey, the Dardanelles.

National Security Act (1947)

(1) a centralized Department of Defense (replacing the War Department) to coordinate the operations of the army, navy, and air force; (2) the creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War; and (3) the creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. In 1948, the Selective Service System and a peacetime draft were instituted.

Johnson persuaded Congress to pass

(1) an expanded version of Kennedy's civil rights bill, (2) Kennedy's proposal for an income tax cut. (3) The latter measure sparked an increase in jobs, consumer spending, and a long period of economic expansion in the sixties.

Nixon's reelection was practically assured by

(1) his foreign policy successes in China and the Soviet Union, (2) the removal of George Wallace from the race by an assassin's bullet that paralyzed the Alabama populist, and (3) the nomination by the Democrats of a very liberal, antiwar, antiestablishment candidate, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota.

McCarran Internal Security Act,

(1) made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government, (2) restricted the employment and travel of those joining Communist-front organizations, and (3) authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives.

Meanwhile, the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment:

(1) obstruction of justice, (2) abuse of power, and (3) contempt of Congress.

Coordinating their military strategy, the British and Americans concentrated on two objectives in 1942: (

(1) overcoming the menace of German submarines in the Atlantic and (2) beginning bombing raids on German cities.

Carter reacted by

(1) placing an embargo on grain exports and the sale of high technology to the Soviet Union, and (2) boycotting the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

Charleston

1920s dance for, which appears in several Gershwin orchestral works

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means -which organized ministers and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle.

U boats

German Submarines used in WWI

Braceros (1942)

Mexican farmworkers

Thunder Across the Sea

The US was neutral

Okinawa

US victory with many casualties allowed closer bases from which to bomb Japan

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

a night when the Nazis killed or injured many Jews and destroyed Jewish property.a night in Germany where 7,000 Jewish shops and almost all synagogues were ransacked, at least 90 Jews lost their lives, and 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Fascism

a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism. No tolerance of opposition.

Nye Committee 1934

a pre-WWII committee formed by Gerald Nye who thought the US shouldn't enter the war; believed US entered WWI to increase profits for ammunition makers; resulted in Neutrality Acts of 1935/7

Fordney- McCumber Tariff 1922

a. Significant protective tariff- rates up to 10% B. part of isolationist policy c. does help American Businesses but hurts foreign relations D. Europe struggles to rebuild

Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

conflict between the revel Fascist forces of Gen. Franco and the Loyalist gov't; severely tested US neutrality; Mussolini and Hitler helped in order to use SP as testing ground for bombs

"don't ask, don't tell" policy

military policy announced by President Clinton in 1993 that barred officials from inquiring into the sexual orientation of military personnel but permitted the dismissal of personnel who admitted to being gay or engaged in homosexual behavior -People would not be asked or expected to describe their sexual identity, but the military could still expel people for being gay or lesbian

Court-Packing Plan

proposed by FDR that advocated adding a new justice to the Supreme Court for every justice over the age of 75 in order to get "young blood" into the system (in reality, he just wanted more democrats so that his legislature wouldn't all be overturned). This didn't pass Congress

J. D. Salinger

provided a classic commentary on "phoniness" as viewed by a troubled teenager in The Catcher in the Rye (1951).

Atlantic Charter (1941)

that affirmed that the general principles for a sound peace after the war would include self-determination for all people, no territorial expansion, and free trade.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

that provided the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) which insured individual deposits up to $5000, thereby eliminating the epidemic of bank failure and restoring faith to banks.

a Fair Employment Practices Commission

that would prevent employers from discriminating against the hiring of African Americans. Southern Democrats blocked the legislation.

Robert Frost

the 1920's San Francisco poet who wrote hauntingly about his adopted New England

Capper- Volstead Act

the 1921 act of Congress which exempted farmers' marketing cooperatives from antitrust prosecution.

the creation of two Germanies

the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany, a U.S. ally) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany, a Soviet satellite).

Holocaust

the genocide of European Jews during World War II in Germany 6 million Jews died Shoah/Genocide of Jews Period 7 and 8

Radio

used by American free enterprise for advertising commercials, Politicians' speech could be heard by millions now. Communication/Walkman Period 6

"doves,"

viewed the conflict as a civil war fought by Vietnamese nationalists and some Communists who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government. Some Americans opposed the war because of its costs in lives and money. They believed the billions spent in Vietnam could be better spent on the problems of the cities and the poor in the United States

Highway Act,

which authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all the nation's major cities. When completed, the U.S. highway system became a model for the rest of the world. The justification for new taxes on fuel, tires, and vehicles was to improve national defense.

Immigration Act of 1965

which ended the ethnic quota acts of the 1920s favoring Europeans and thereby opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world.

Operation Wetback,

which forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. Mexican migrants remaining in the United States often faced discrimination and exploitation by commercial farmers.