apush fall DOL review

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Charles Hudson

University of Georgia professor who chartered the path of De Soto's voyage. Serving overseas in Japan, he focused on De Soto's voyage. Charles encountered many facts along the De Soto route, and invoked on a long journey arguing over who De Soto actually ventured. He wanted to learn who the Spanish met, and where exactly De Soto traveled.

John C. Calhoun

Vice President Calhoun (before the reelection of Jackson). They Became Jackson's fiercest critic and vice versa. Because of his feud with the president, Calhoun had become the leading state's rights advocate for the South. The financial panic of 1819 sparked a nationwide depression, and through the 1820s, South Carolina continued to suffer from falling cotton prices. South Carolinians blamed their woes on the Tariff of 1828, which was labeled as the Tariff of Abominations. By taxing British cloth coming into US markets, the tariff hurt southern cotton growers by reducing British demand for raw cotton from America. It hurt southerners by raising prices for imported products. He wrote the pamphlet called South Carolina Exposition and Protest. He claimed that the Tariff favored the interests of New England textile manufacturing. Under such circumstances, could a state "nullify" or veto a unconstitutional federal law?

1624

Virginia Colony declared bankruptcy ➡️Royal colony ➡️royal governor ➡️no more joint-stock company Settlers now free to own property and start businesses

1670

Virginia and Maryland exporting 15 million pounds of tobacco per year

New France (modern day Canada)

Voyages of Jacques Cartier led to the first French effort at colonization in North America. Cartier ventured up the St. Lawrence River (now = boundary between Canada / New York), even getting as far as Montreal / Quebec. The colonization of Canada had to wait until Samuel de Champlain of New France, who was 37 years, to lead 27 expeditions to Canada from France.

What factors allowed the Americans to defeat the British and gain independence? How did American and British goals for the war differ?

Washington hoped to maneuver the Americans into fighting with a single, decisive action. The British thought they would surely win and thereby end the war. He decided to evade the main British army carefully and select when to attack, and in the end, wear down the enemy forces and their will to fight. He was willing to concede control of major cities to the British, for it was "his army, not defenseless towns that they have to subdue". Each year became more difficult - and expensive - for the British government and people. The British people grew tired, and the human and financial toll of conducting a prolonged war across the Atlantic greatly strained the British army.

What response did Washington offer in the European conflicts between Britain and France? How was this attitude challenged by the arrival of Citizen Genêt?

Washington responded with a neutrality proclamation. When Thomas Jefferson urged Washington to accept the French ambassador and recognize the French Revolutionary government, welcoming the cocky 29-yr-old ambassador Edmond Genet, Genet openly violated the US neutrality by hiring four privateers to capture English and Spanish warships after five weeks; Genet went to the capital to try and convince American people. At this point, even TJ wasn't in favor of the "French monarchy" By 1793, Washington urged the Genet be replaced, and the increase in radicals could falter the US support of the revolution.

Why did the Electoral College unanimously choose George Washington as the first president? What special qualifications did he offer?

Washington was viewed to have the "soul look and figure of a hero in action." He had a detached reserve and a remarkable capacity for leadership. He was honest, honorable, and disciplined. He had extraordinary stamina and patience and remarkable self-control. He was fearless. He was, no doubt, the best candidate for president. Washington appreciated unity, pleading with congress to abandon "local" prejudices and party animosities.

What was the relationship between the U.S. policy of Native American removal and the expansion of cotton cultivation and slavery? How did this expansion impact the lives of slaves?

Western expansion has planters searching for fresh land. It served many interests, especially for planters. To be consolidated, territories needed to be removed from the control of their native inhabitants. As American policy concerning Indian removal became more aggressive, more land was acquired to expand cotton cultivation and slavery. The insatiable demand for cotton planters led to the need for coerced labor, and this expansion depended on violence. slave, rights, and identity would be disrupted as easily as a price is set. The nuclear family was destroyed. Many slaves used whatever they could to avoid the slave trade, for example, running away. the slave body was even shaped for slavery.

Loyalists

What George Washington called "abominable pests of society" viewed the revolution as an act of treason. The British empire, they felt, was much more likely than an independent America to protect them from foreign foes and enable them to prosper. Loyalists were mostly numerous in the Seaport cities, and more in New York joined the loyalist regimens, then enlisted in the continental army. In a few places, however, there weren't enough Loyalists to assume control without the support of British troops. Loyalists didn't want to dissolve the ties within Britain. The British were frustrated at their ability to band together and their collapse.

Interstate Commerce Clause

What is the Commerce Clause? Article I, Section 8, specifically grants to the Federal Government the right to regulate commerce among the several states. This is known as the Commerce Clause. Simply put, the Commerce Clause allows the Federal Government to regulate any activity that affects interstate commerce.

As Britain tightened its control over its colonies after 1763,

acts were passed

William Tennent

an Irish-born Presbyterian, charged that local ministers were "cold and sapless,' afraid to "thrust the nail of terror into sleeping souls." Tennents' oldest son, Gilbert, also an evangelist, defended his tactics by explaining that he and other traveling preachers invaded parishes only when the local minister showed no interest in the "Getting of Grace and Growing in it". The Tennents urged people to renounce their ministers and pursue salvation on their own. They also attacked the excesses of the wealthy and powerful. Worried members of the colonial elite charged that the radical revivalists were spreading "anarchy, leveling, and dissolution".

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, wrote a statement during a nine-month stalemate following the Battle of Bunker Hill, stating that the patriots still living in Boston were being treated like objects left under the cruelest and despotic tyrants. One of the most learned and spirited women of her time, she was a prominent suffragist who advocated for her husband to remember the ladies when drafting legislation. She radically proposed equal rights for women, to which her husband was amused.

Discovery of the Mississippi

William Henry Powell's dramatic and brilliantly colored canvas was the last of the eight large historical paintings in the Rotunda commissioned by the Congress. It shows Spanish conquistador and explorer Hernando De Soto (1500-1542), riding a white horse and dressed in Renaissance finery, arriving at the Mississippi River at a point below Natchez on May 8, 1541. De Soto was the first European documented to have seen the river. In reality, he was disheveled and looked more like the natives than a glorious Spaniard. The Spaniards decided to cross the river (almost a mile wide) as well in order to get to the fabled city of gold. His mad, failed quest blazed a trail to the new world that America was to become.

Huguenots

a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the ( ) suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

Antonio López de Santa Anna

a change in the political situation aggravated the growing tensions between the Mexican president, suspended the national Congress, and became a dictator, calling himself Napoleon of the west. Texans feared that Santa Ana planned to free slaves and makes leaves out of the Americans. When he imprisoned Austin in 1834, it was decided he needed to go. In the fall of 1835, Texans rebelled against Santa Anna's despotism. He was also directed in 1836. He demanded they surrender.

Militia

a military force that is raised from the civil population to supplement a regular army in an emergency.

Franklin Pierce

in 1852, it took the Democrats 49 ballots before they chose Pierce as the presidential candidate. The Democratic platform endorsed the compromise of 1850, including the approval of the fugitive slave act. Peers was intelligent and capable of eloquent speaking but suffered from inner demons. He was a timid, indecisive leader who was often drunk. Pierre sought and failed to acquire Cuba as a slave state. He was deemed a failure. He was a northern man with southern principles who hated abolitionists for causing tensions over slavery.

Commerical

for profit

Olaudah Equiano

known for most of his life as Gustavus Vassa was a writer and abolitionist from, according to his memoir, the Eboe (Igbo) region of the Kingdom of Benin (today southern Nigeria). Enslaved as a child in Africa, he was taken to the Caribbean and sold as a slave to a Royal Navy officer. He was sold twice more but purchased his freedom in 1766. As a freedman in London, Equiano supported the British abolitionist movement. He was part of the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group composed of Africans living in Britain, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions in his lifetime and helped gain passage of the British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade.[7] Equiano married an English woman, Susannah Cullen, in 1792 and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in Westminster. Since the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, he has been increasingly studied by a range of scholars, including from his homeland.

Plantations

large-scale agricultural enterprises growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor

Utopian communities

religious motives animated many of the ideal societies, while others reflected faith in the Enlightenment ideal that every social problem had a solution discoverable by scientific study. Some utopias were communitarian experiments emphasizing the welfare of the entire community rather than individual freedom and private profits. Others experimented with free love, socialism, and special diets.

The North, the Chesapeake, the low country, and lower Mississippi Valley →

slave societies.

In the U.S. government, checks and balances refers to the separation of power in the government, which is ensured through the establishment of three different branches

the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. All hold different powers and, therefore, can check the power of the other branches.

Is slavery mentioned in the Constitution?

not directly

Planter

one had to own at least 20 slaves to become a planter. One out of every 30 whites qualified. Planters grow accustomed to being weeded by block people daily tonight. Planters indulged in expensive habits and tasks. They often could never afford or control. Most southern planters began their careers as traders, investors, cotton merchants, and farmers. Most southern white men embraced an unwritten social code centered on personal responsibility and manhood and often exercised it through duels.

Oneida Community

the utopian society in New England, after the wave of these communities, part of the Second Great Awakening John Humphrey Noyes and his followers founded a perfectionist religious communal society in 1848 near Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just in Heaven (a belief called perfectionism). The Oneida Community practiced communalism (in the sense of communal property and possessions), group marriage, male sexual continence, and mutual criticism. Complex marriage / free love / free sex Banned private property Produced fine silverware

For what reasons has Jackson been celebrated as a great president? Why might modern analysis judge him differently?

to begin, Jackson has been celebrated for handling the nullification crisis and as a defender of the union. He is a representation and emblem of democracy. Jackson was living proof that all you need is enough passion and hard work to become President of the United States. He rose from poverty to the presidency. He attacked the corporate privilege of the wealthy and warned of the insidious money broker. His bank veto was also riveting and provocative, and his warnings remain eerily present. However, the greatest controversies affecting his legacy were the Indian removal act and the trail of tears, which acted as genocide against the native people. Jackson was motivated by land, lust, greed, and racism. This insurance, as well as his purging of the federal bureaucracy and removing his opponents from office, led to controversial legacies.

1676

¼ of freed white men are landless ➡️Bacon's Rebellion, King Philip's War

Columbian Exchange

"Great Biological Exchange." Refers to a worldwide transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the European invaders and Native American inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere. Both Indians and Europeans encountered creatures of the like which they had never seen before, and the foreign species brought by Europeans (i.e. horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, etc.) soon populated the Americas. The exchange of plant life also had a significant impact on both groups, altering their diets considerably as they were exposed to new foods. However, perhaps the most detrimental aspect of this exchange was the spread of infectious diseases such as smallpox, typhus, malaria, mumps, and measles. The introduction of these deadly diseases vastly weakened the Indian populations, making them more susceptible to colonization by the Europeans.

How did the actions of states like Virginia and Pennsylvania prefigure the United States government? What role can the states play in experimenting with new ideas?

States such as Pennsylvania prefigured the US government by drafting and implementing state constitutions, which upheld state governments. These state constitutions outlined systems of government like representative democracy and certain rights and freedoms available to citizens given as freedom of speech, press, and religion. These states played a major role in determining the efficacy of the systems and the certain structures available for the future US government.

Anne Hutchinson

Strong Willed wife, served as a midwife, helps deliver sermons in her home. This evolved into a large 2x a week important event where Hutchinson passionately shared convictions about religious matters. Criticized mandatory mass, and the absolute power of the magistrates. She was considered a dangerous woman, who threatened curiosity. She was put on trial and then considered a "leper" of society, and banished. Eventually, she resettled, but she was slaughtered along with their children. Many think Winthrop encouraged it.

Supremacy Clause

The "supremacy clause" is the most important guarantor of national union. It assures that the Constitution and federal laws and treaties take precedence over state law and binds all judges to adhere to that principle in their courts.

Reconquista

The ( ) (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492, in which the Christian kingdoms expanded through war and conquered al-Andalus, or the territories of Iberia ruled by Muslims.The concept of a Reconquista emerged in Western and especially in Spanish historiography in the 19th century, and was a fundamental component of Spanish nationalism

"Strangers"

Refers to the groups of protestant refugees who sought political asylum from Catholic countries in Western Europe. They eventually settled in Norwich, England, in the 1500s.

1660

Restoration, Charles II rules jointly with Parliament (hunts down all those who signed his dad's death warrant)

1587

Roanoke and Croatoan

1636

Roger Williams expelled by civil authorities for criticizing the Puritans for not abandoning the "whorish" Church of England; founds Rhode Island

Why did so many white Americans immigrate to Texas? What did they hope would result from fighting a war of independence with Mexico?

The American passion for new Western lands focuses primarily on Texas due to its rich soil, lush Prairie grass, plentiful timber, and abundant wildlife. Americans who rushed to Austins Anglo colony received 177 free acres and had access to thousands of acres of common pasture for ranching. Most of the angles where ranchers are former are drawn to the fertile and expensive land. I hope that with your victory, Texas would be effectively and fully Americanized, settled by a population that would harmonize with their neighbors on the east in language and political principle They wanted Texas to be a slave country as well.

1692

Royal charter issued for MAB, witchcraft

Salem Witchcraft

Salem Witchcraft, or the Salem Witch Trials, was a period of hysteria surrounding the fear of witchcraft in the Salem village of New England, which eventually resulted in the 300 accusations and 30 executions. The theories surrounding how the hysteria came to be in the first place differ, but all agree that the several pre-teen girls became acting out after gaining a fascination with Tituba, an Indian slave girl from Barbados. Then afterwards, Tituba was beaten into telling the truth about her "witchcraft", and then hysteria began. Allegations and execution multiplied and spread, and didnt' stop or go under control until the mayor's wife was accused.

Salutary Neglect

Salutary neglect was enforced by Robert Walpole, a long-serving prime-minister decided that the American colonies should be left alone to export needed raw materials, and under his leadership, Britain followed a system of Navigation Acts, allowing the colonies greater freedom to pursue their economic interests, in part because the British didn't want to pay the expenses enforcing imperial regulations he would eventually blossom into a revolutionary attitude/independence between America and the British. After the war, they developed an arrogant "triumphant," which led them to tighten and lose control over the Indians and colonists in North America, and the British would soon find themselves at war with the colonies. Colonists grew discomfort with Britain as they tightened their control.

What was "Salutary Neglect"? How did the French and Indian War alter the relationship among the American colonists? How did the war's end alter the colonies' relationship with Britain?

Salutary neglect was enforced by Robert Walpole, a long-serving prime-minster decided that the American colonies should be left alone to export needed raw materials, and under his leadership, Britain followed a system of Navigation Acts, allowing the colonies greater freedom to pursue their economic interests, in part because the British didn't want to pay the expenses enforcing imperial regulations he would eventually blossom into a revolutionary attitude/independence between America and the British. After the war, they developed an arrogant "triumphantism," which led them to tighten and lose control over the Indians and colonists in North America, and the British would soon find themselves at war with the colonies. Colonists grew discomfort with Britain as they tightened their control.

Middle Ground

Saying that a compromise, or middle point, between two extremes is the truth.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers. Horace Mann of Massachusetts, a state legislator and attorney, wanted a statewide tax supporting public school systems. Proposed schools were to be free for all children despite race, gender, class, etc. He vied for universal access to education. He wanted schools to reinforce the values of clean living. By 1840, most states in the north and in the Midwest, but not in the south, had joined the movement, or more residents began to have high school education. Yet by 1850, ½ of the nation's white children ages 5-19 were enrolling, free southerners. Schools, in most states still prohibited enslaved children. Additionally, schools in the South had only four months, and in the only months, children did farmwork.

Susan B. Anthony

She started as an anti slavery and temperance activist in her twenties. 2 would meet in 1851 and form a lifelong partnership in the fight for women's suffrage.

In the constitution...

Slavery is not mentioned. Most of the laws laid out are in complete opposition to American colonial treatment while under British rule. It is a federalist document, placing emphasis on a republic rather than a simple democracy. It gives power to the people, but not too much. Provides framework for government/ Provides checks and balances to prevent a tyrant or faction from gaining too much power.

1662

Slaves codes developed across VA ➡️concept of chattel slavery, halfway covenant: demographics and generational change

3/5 Compromise

Slaves were ⅗ of a person, to contribute to but not significanlty, the population of the Southern states, whom they technically represented, but treated like property.

Staple Crop production vs. Subsistence Agriculture

Society with slaves vs. slave societh. Staple crop production relied on African American slaves, and creates a distinct social divide between the low workign calss and the eiltes. Staple Crop production also causes a single commodity to be the driving force of an economy, causing a dependency on the crops survival and success. In Substinence Agrciulture, everyone takes care of themselves, and slave labor isn't requird since the colony isn't driven to mass export items for profit, but rather grow and maintain resources fro survival.

Was the Civil War primarily a conflict over slavery or states' rights (or both)? Did the Union and Confederacy have the exact cause for fighting the war?

Southerners claimed that it was their right to secede from the union, but protecting slavery was the reason confederate leaders repeatedly used to justify independence succession and war. The two sides had different goals: the confederacy wanted to convince the union of its independence, but the union fought to restore the union. The future of slavery was not yet an issue. Many confederates were convinced that if they lost the war, whites would be enslaved, and many union fighters wanted to preserve the union, not necessarily in slavery. The union began with preserving the union, not necessarily ending slavery. However, slavery was not necessarily the forefront issue. The Civil War was both. Issues of state rights in the south have occurred before, for example, the nullification crisis and the alien and sedition acts, but those never lead to succession. The union also wanted to ensure that slavery did not spread to the new western territories. The issue of state rights is a common thread, but not as supported in slavery as a state right led to secession.

Bartolome de las Casas

Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of Native Americans.

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Juan de Onate

Spanish Conquistador and governor of the Spanish province of New Mexico. In the Acoma Pueblo uprising of 1598 his soldiers killed over 800 Native Americans.

encomienda system

Spanish System to regulate and control Native Americans. The Spanish crown granted Spanish colonists a specific number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility.

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who conquered Indian civilizations.

Constitution of Pennsylvania

Cibola

( ) is the fabled city discovered during the Gulf Coast during Cabeza de Vaca's voyage, and described by Cibola. In the 16th century, the Spaniards in New Spain (now Mexico) began to hear rumors of "Seven Cities of Gold" called "( )" located across the desert, hundreds of miles to the north. The stories may have their root in an earlier Portuguese legend about seven cities founded on the island of Antillia by a Catholic expedition in the 8th century, or one based on the capture of Mérida, Spain by the Moors in 1150. Estevanico was speeding toward the seven cities under the supervision of Fray Marcos de Niza, he was moving towards the city called ( ). It was fabled to have very tall buildings. When Estevanico ignored the warnings of the leaders of Cibola, the leaders angrily declared violence against people who tried to come into the city. When Estevanico and his naitive socrates tried to flee, the ( ) attacked. According to Fray, Marcos de Niza pressed ahead to ( ) for himself, which he later claimed. His report on the last leg of his journey is brief and lacking in fresh detail. He glimpsed a large settlement of tall flat roofed buildings grander even than Mexico City. It was one of the mythical 7 cities of Gold.

L'Anse aux Meadows

( ) site of the first European settlement in America.

Kent Goff

( ) was an army major who had served as a bayonet drill instructor at West Point and an intelligent officer in the first Gulf War. He analyzed the skirmish between the Spaniards and natives, such as the Mavillans. He could recite De Soto's Chronicles, and claimed that the Natives lost these skirmishes with the Spaniards due to the fact that they never encountered this kind of warfare.

Fray Marcos de Niza

( ) was the first explorer to report the Seven Cities of Cibola, and his report launched the Coronado expedition. Leader of the reconnaissance party, the viceroy chose fray ( ), in southern FRANCE. The friar had traveled to Peru following Pizarro's conquest of the Inca. He was assigned as Estevanico's new master following Cabeza de Vaca's voyage throughout the Gulf Coast. After Estevanico's murder, he pressed ahead to see Cibola for himself. His report on the last leg of his journey is brief and lacking in fresh detail. ( ) said he reached a hill within sight of Cibola and glimpsed exactly what the Indians had described: a large settlement of tall, flat roofed buildings, grander even than Mexico City. He told of grandiose tales of the city, emphasizing its riches. Whether or not he was telling the truth remains disputed.

Freydis

(12, 26-27) ( ) was Eirik the Red's also had an illegitimate daughter, ( ), who took after hotheaded and homicidal father. Her moment comes later in this saga. ( ) decided to try her luck, she contracted with two brothers from Iceland to sail to convoy and share profits from the voyage. Each ship was to carry thirty "fighting men '' but "( ) broke the agreement straight away" stowing five extra warriors on her ship. ( ) demanded that only her party occupy the existing homes. ( ) went barefoot through the dew to ask one of her brothers to exchange ships with her, since his was larger and she wanted to go home. He agreed. ( ) claimed she'd gone to ask about purchasing the brother's ship when she got assaulted, and then when her husband failed to act, ( ) demanded an ax and dispatched five women ,and threatened to kill any of the party who told what she had done. She was skilled in combat, and joined fights heavily pregnant, scaring her opponents.

Phillis Wheatley

(American paradox) Jefferson admitted the hypocrisy of slave-owned revolutionaries. "Southerners," he wrote to a French friend, are "jealous of their own liberties, but trampling on the rights of others." Phillis Wheatley, the first African-American to publish her poetry in America, highlighted the absurdity of white colonists claiming their freedom while continuing to exercise " oppressive power" over enslaved Africans.

Iroquoian Indians

(Among the first indigenous societies encountered by Europeans entering North America).West and South of the Alogonquaians were the powerful Iroquoian speaking peoples, including the Seneca, Onondaga, Mohawk and Tuscarorra, whose land spread from upstate New York southward through Pennsylvania and into the upland regions of the Carolias and Georgia. They were farmers / hunters who lived in extended family groups (clans) sharing bark covered longhouses. Oldest woman in each was the "clan mother". Their culture emphasized the dominant role of women, who held key leadership roles. Iroquois men and women operated in separate social domains. No woman could be a chief, no man could be a a clan leader. Women selected chiefs, controlled the distribution of property, supervised sales, and planted and harvested crops.

Federalism

(Constitution) Delegates gathered at the convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the existing government, but almost immediately they decided to scrap the Articles of Confederation (under the persuasion of James Madison) and called for a new system of government, called federalism, which a strong national government with a separation of powers of executive and legislative and judicial branches functioned alongside state governments with clearly designated responsibilities.. Arguments to best ensure the rights of the individual states were represented in the new Congress were resolved by establishing a Senate (with equal representation from each state, 2 delegates) and a House of Representatives, with representation based on population from each state.

Visible Saints

(Massachussetss Bay) The Puritans limited church membership to "visible" saints - those who could demonstrate that they had received the gift of God's grace.

Townships and Villages

(New England) Township grants were usually awarded to organized groups of settlers, often already gathered into a Church congregation. They would request a " " (what elsewhere was commonly called a township), then would divide the land or greater status. The town retained some woodland and pasture in common.

Indentured Servitude

(Virginia + Jamestown) To support their investment in tobacco lands, planters employed indentured servants. The colonists who signed a contract ("indenture") exchanged several years of labor for the cost of passage to America and they hoped for an eventual grant of land. Indentured servitude increased the flow of immigrant workers and became the primary source of laborers in English America during the colonial period.

Oñate

(after Coronado) A conquistador named ( ) led four hundred soldiers and settlers north from Mexico to colonize the pueblo country. He was hard handed, and slaughtered hundreds of Acomas in retaliation to the slaughter of ( ) nephew and his troops. After the initial slaughter of the Acomas, ( ) rounded up around 600 survivors, and placed them on trial. They claimed that they slaughtered ( ) nephew due to his excessive demand for food and resources. ( ) sentenced all males over 25 to have their feet and hands cut off. ( ) would later be tried for his vicious actions against Indians and settlers.

Great Awakening

(enlightenment) During the early 1730s, worries about the erosion of religious fervor helped spark a series of emotional revivals known as the Great Awakening. The revivals spread up and down the Atlantic coast, divided congregations, towns, and families, and fielded popular new dominations, especially the Baptists and Methodists, who accounted for most of the growth. A skeptical Benjamin Franklin admitted that the Awakening showed so great a willingness to attend sermons. Religion has become the subject of most conversations.

Continental Congress

(for the Revolutionary War) While the Patriots had the advantage of fighting at home, they also had to create an army and navy from scratch with little money. Citizen soldiers (militant) were primarily civilians summoned from their farms and shops. Many militiamen were unreliable and ungovernable. Washington knew that militiamen alone wouldn't win against the British. He, therefore, convinced the Continental Congress to create a professional Continental Army with well-trained soldiers.

Articles of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation, formally approved in 1781, had created a loose alliance (confederation) of thirteen independent states that were united only in theory. In practice, each state government acted on its own. The first major provision of the Articles insisted that "each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence". The articles of confederation reflected priorities of sovereignty, freedom, and independence. Friendship and alliance, democracy, and executive decision-making based on representation were also well-prioritized. Autonomy and self-reliance were also valued, and an emphasis on self-defense was also prioritized. It reflected long-standing fears of the monarchy and didn't allow for a president or chief executive. Although Congress had full power over foreign affairs/state disputes, there were no national courts, and it didn't have the power to enforce resolutions and ordinances. It couldn't levy taxes, and its budgetary needs required requisition from the states, which the state legislature often ignored. They also lacked a strong central government.

Etowah

( ) earthen throne; characterized by the mounds that were made all around, On one side of the mount ran a swift green river, filled with V-shaped rock dams, the remains of ancient weirs used by Indians to trop fish. From this vantage, the trailers looked like tiny boxes in a transient camp beside ( ) thousand year old domes. Home to giant statues of the figures together, and they left artifacts that were part of a culture that most Americans didn't know existed. Many had been attracted to many, who had varying theories on what exactly the mounds represented: a lost city, Atlanteans, etc.

What problems in the Articles of Confederation government needed to be solved? How did the Constitution address these issues?

The Articles of Confederation, formally approved in 1781, had created a loose alliance or confederation of 13 colonies. The confederation was viewed as half-starved and could neither regulate trade nor create taxes to pay off the country's war debt. The confederation had no power to enforce its terms. It couldn't force people to serve. It was hard to find people to serve in such a weak Congress. The constitution created an effective national government that needed autonomy to collect taxes, borrow and issue money, regulate commerce, fund the army and navy, and make laws. Dividing autonomy between the state and national governments resulted in federalism. Congress would appoint a territorial governor and officials to create a legal code and administer justice. Once the population of adult males reached 5000, they would elect a territorial legislature. When the territory's population reached 60,000, free inhabitants or adult males could draft a constitution and apply to Congress for statehood. The constitution also kept equal representation and unification of national legislatures and gave Congress the power to collect taxes and regulate commerce.

Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights provided safeguards for the individual rights of speech, assembly, religion, and the press, the right to own firearms, the right to refuse house, and soldiers, protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right to refuse to testify against yourself, the right to a speedy and public trial, with an attorney, and before an impartial jury, and protection against cruel and unusual punishments. The tenth stated that powers not assigned to the national government were delegated to the states and the people. Experiences accounted for in the Bill of Rights included the Quartering acts, the Coercive acts, taxation without representation, and the infringement of American rights during the British period of imperial control.

What were the key ideas included in the Bill of Rights? What experiences accounted for the list of rights included in the first ten amendments to the Constitution?

Hessians

The British hired mercenaries (foreign soldiers) as some 30,000 professional German soldiers who served in the British army. Most were from the German state of Hesse-Cassel. Americans called them Hessians.

Where and how was the War of 1812 contested? To what extent is it accurate to say that the U.S. won the war?

The Congressional vote to declare warfare in 1812 was the closest in American history. Every Federalist opposed "Mr. Madison's War", while 80% of Republicans supported it. Southern states wanted war, and the New England states opposed it by voting against it in the House of Representatives / Senate. What had begun as an American effort to protect its honor, end British impressment, and conquer Canada turned into a 2nd War of independence. At the end of the negotiation, John Quincy Adams wrote to his wife that he was afraid of redeeming the Union. Although the war was lost in Canada / for Canada and saw the national capital destroyed, they won the war in the South, defeated the Indians, and took their lands. More importantly, the Treaty of Ghent saved the splintered republic from possible civil war/financial ruin. They were still able to gain victory.

British vs. Continental Army

The Continental Army was an undisciplined, unprepared fighting force with makeshift uniforms and sloppy tactics (at least at the beginning of the war). The British Army was the world's elite fighting force and fresh of victory of the globe-spanning Seven Years War against France and her allies.

Second Party System

The Democrats and Whigs were the next two-party system, lasting from the 1820s to the the1850s. The National Republicans were led by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. They believed government power should be exercised to improve America culturally and economically. This party eventually became a fully recognized party called the Whigs, continuing the federalist ideals. The Democratic-Republicans were led by Andrew Jackson, who continued the Jeffersonian Republican to promote the interests and development of the common citizen. They became the Democrats, who advocated a weaker national government and opposed Whig party ideals that weakened their economic and social freedoms.

Enlightenment

The Enlightenment celebrated rational inquiry, scientific reason, and individual freedom. It valued seeking the truth, wherever it may lead, rather than relying on the Bible. The reason was used to evaluate and analyze the workings of the natural world, and microscopes and telescopes were used to closely observe the natural world, conduct scientific experiments, and do mathematical calculations. Scientists of this time realized social progress could occur through a sense of intellectual and technological discoveries enabled by the adaptation of mathematical techniques. Christian explanations for natural phenomena were challenged (for example, Copernicus argued the Earth orbited the Sun), and Newton announced his theory of gravity and challenged Biblical notions of the world by depicting a changing, dynamic universe moving by natural laws. Deists also claimed that God placed these "rational" laws in order and no longer interacted with humans and claimed that sinfulness was simply human ignorance of natural laws. Deists claimed God was rational.

What ideas are associated with the Enlightenment? How did the Enlightenment change how people thought about the world?

In what ways did New France differ from the English colonies? How did the French and Indian War fit into the broader pattern of the rivalry between Britain and France?

The French ordered in 1629 that only Catholics could live in New France, stunting the colony's growth and leaving the colony with less than the British. France also spent more to maintain its colony than it gained from fur/fish exports. New France was also fully subjected to the French King, and colonists had few legislative rights. The French also interacted and had positive relations with the indigenous. The French also had greater access to inland rivers that led to the continent's heartland. However, New England colonies were typically headed by a royal governor who could appoint/remove officials and command colonies and militia. British colonists enjoyed rights and powers absent in Britain - they had elected officials. Self-government became a habit, and men cherished the right.

New France

Sarah Haggar Osborne

The Great Awakening's most controversial element was the emergence of women who defied convention by speaking in religious services. A Rhode Island school teacher organized prayer meetings that eventually included men and women, black and white. Many asked her to stop.

How does the Constitution provide for the separation of powers? Identify specific examples of checks and balances

The Great Compromise embedded the innovative concept of separation of powers in the new Congress. The legislature was divided into two separate houses, with the House of Representatives representing voters at large and the Senate representing state legislatures. Madison's Virginia Plan called for a national government with a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary, with a proposed Congress divided into two houses (bicameral). Al lower house of representatives, chosen by the people of several states, and the Upper house of senators, elected by state legislatures.

Indian Removal Act

The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of eastern Indians to federal lands west of the Mississippi. Cherokees used the federal court system to block this relocation. Despite the Supreme Court's decisions in their favor, President Jackson forced them to move; the event and the route they took came to be called the Trail of Tears. By 1840, only a few Seminoles and Cherokees remained in remote areas of the Southeast.

Nativism

The Know Nothing party was a nativist political party and movement in the United States in the mid-1850s. The party was officially known as the "Native American Party" prior to 1855. After that, it was known as the "American Party" It Tried to combat foreign influences and uphold traditional American values. Nativism in the United States represents the ideology that the nation's culture and identity should be "preserved" from "foreign" influences. While the name suggests that Nativism would support "native" Americans, this does not mean the indigenous people but rather the descendants of white Protestants who were in the United States at the time of the American Revolution. In the antebellum years, the United States received millions of immigrants from Ireland and the German states. The Industrial Revolution and rapid urbanization also began in these same years. As a result, the United States experienced a dramatic and brisk change to its economy but also to its cultural composition. These swift changes caused anxiety and distress for many Americans and led some to support nativist organizations and philosophies. In the antebellum years, the United States received millions of immigrants from Ireland and the German states. The Industrial Revolution and rapid urbanization also began in these same years. As a result, the United States experienced a dramatic and brisk change to its economy but also to its cultural composition. These swift changes caused anxiety and distress for many Americans and led some to support nativist organizations and philosophies. Ultimately, nativism was a reaction against cultural and economic change catalyzed by mass immigration.

Congregationalists

The Massachusetts Bay Colony overshadowed that of Plymouth. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was intended to be a holy commonwealth for Puritans, but these Puritans remained Anglican, they wanted to purify the Church of England from within, making them non-separatists Congregationalists because their churches were governed by their congregations rather than by an Anglican bishop in England.

What was the "Middle Ground"? What does White's analysis say about the relationships between Europeans and Native Americans before the French and Indian War? How did the outcome of the French and Indian War affect the Native Americans? What did Pontiac hope to accomplish in his rebellion?

The Middle growth was the unique, strong, and equal trade relationship between the French and the Algonquian Indians, especially in the fur trade. Both had models of equitable exchange, and the interactions became more transactional and less exploitative, hinting at the symbiotic relationship between Europeans and Indians before the French and Indian War. However, unfortunately, after the war, the Europeans exploited the Natives by failing to return their land after fighting the French and refusing to provide provisions for the Indians, leading to a one-sided dependency. With his prophetic outcries against this exploitation, Pontiac inspired a regional coalition. Several hundred names played siege on Detroit, in waiting for the French to restore previous imperial orders, and as the first step towards Indian independence.

How did the New England settlers see their Indian neighbors? How did New Englanders react to violence between themselves and Indians?

The New England Puritans tried to convert Native Americnas to Christianity and "civilized" living. They eliminated their food, culture and villages, forced them to move to praying towns to separate themselves from "heathen brethren"

What did Puritans and Separatists believe about the Church of England? How did the Puritan settlement of New England differ from the settlement of Virginia?

The Puritans believed that the Church of England needed purifying. All Papist rituals must be eliminated (all the grandiose aspects of Catholicism) and they wanted to simplify religion to its most basic elements. People worshiped God in plain, self-governing congregations without formal Catholic / Anglican ceremonies. They believed that the Church of England to be corrupt in New England, and in their settlement, it was intended to be a self-governing religious utopia, based on the teachings of John Calvin. There were no indentured servants but mostly middle class families that could pay their way across the Atlantic.

Checks and Balances

The Senate could overrule the other House, the president could veto, and could become the chief diplomat and commander in chief of the armed forces. However, the president's power was limited. The House of Rep. could impeach the president. President would be elected every 4 years by electors chosen by the people (electoral college - combination of congressional representatives and senators). Supreme national court to interpret and provide equal justice under the law.

Estevanico

The Spaniards carried gourds given to them by native shamans, and rarely talked to Indians. Instead, the black slave, ( ), acted as scout and intermediary: it was he who "always spoke to natives and informed himself about the roads we wished to travel and the villages that were and about other things that we wanted to know". ( ) accompanied Cabeza de Vaca's conquest of the Gulf Coast. Although Cabeza de Vaca sailed home in 1537, the viceroy of New Spain recruited one of his fellow castaways, Andrés Doranteds, to head back north and "learn the secret of those regions." This agreement collapsed but not before the viceroy hd bought Dorante's slave, ( ). It was he, rather than Cabeza de Vaca, who would have a lasting impact on the history of North America. According to the Account, ( ) was anative of Morocco, presumably a Muslim who converetd to Christianity. His new owner, the viceroy of New Spain, seems at least to have recognized these traits (strength, skilled linguist, stoicism). After the expedition departed for the north, ( ) raced ahead with a group of natives. He raced towards Cibola, aggravating natives by demanding trugoize and women, and the Cibolans decided to kill him. Crossover of the Reconquista to the conquest of the US.

El Morro

The Spanish also noted the huge stone headland just east of the divide, which they named ( ): the Bluff. Visible for miles, with a shaded catch pool at its base, El Morro was a natural oasis along a rough dry trail between Zuni and the Rio Grande. Discovered on the coronado voyage. It became a resting canvas to travelers, and centuries of carvers to come. ( ) also became a national monument, becoming a steel of bygone America, not yet homogenized by strip malls and mass culture.

Spanish Mission System

The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.

Sons of Liberty

The Stamp Act did arouse fierce resentment and resistance. In a flood of pamphlets, speeches, resolutions, and street protests, critics repeated a slogan familiar to Americans" no taxation without representation! Protestors called themselves the sons of liberty, emerging from every colony, often meeting beneath liberty trees.

How and why did the War of 1812 lead to a greater sense of patriotism in the U.S.? How did it alter the stated beliefs of Federalists and Republicans?

The War of 1812 generated intense patriotism across much of the nation, reaffirming American independence. The republic was safe from British threats and had acquired rank among other nations. The triumph was viewed as glorious, and the people felt more American. It also reversed attitudes among Federalists and Republicans. Madison and the Republicans supported nationalism and were convinced of the necessity of the navy and founded the 2nd Bank of the US. They supported tariffs on imports to protect American companies. While Madison reversed himself (from Federalist → Republican), the Federalists took up on Madison and Jefferson's emphasis on states' rights and the strict construction of the constitution to defend the interests of their regional stronghold. The Republicans also adopted ideas of economic nationalism. However, since the Federalists had strictly opposed the war, their party disintegrated. After the War of 1812, America entered the era of Good Feelings, with one unified political party.

John Tyler

The Whigs accomplished little with their new power, though, because Harrison died a month after his inauguration. His vice-president, John Tyler, now became president. But Tyler was a Virginian who, like most southerners, supported states' rights and a low tariff, and he fought the Whig majority in Congress during his four years in office. He was the first president to come to office after the death of his predecessor

Writs of Assistance

The Writs of Assistance were general warrants given to customs officials concerned with smuggling in the American colonies. In the American colonies, they granted officials essentially limitless power to search people for the duration of the monarch's life. James Otis delivered a speech before the Massachusetts Superior Court in front of a large crowd, including John Adams, who remarked that the children of independence were born then and there. Otis strongly opposed the writs of assistance, naming them the most "destructive English liberties".

Alien and Sedition Acts

The alien and sedition acts confirmed the Republican suspicions that the Federalists were willing to go to any lengths to suppress freedom of speech. These partisan laws passed in an era of political fervor gave the president powers to violate civil liberties protected by the Bill of Rights. They limited freedom of speech and the president and the liberty of "aliens" (immigrants) who had not yet gained citizenship. The Naturalization Act lengthened the time for "aliens" to gain US citizenship and regulated immigrants to register with the US government.

How did Jefferson's actions as president contradict his stated belief in the strict construction of the Constitution? Was Jefferson a hypocrite?

The arrival of the signed treaty in Washington D.C. presented Jefferson, who for years had criticized the Federalists for stretching the meaning of the Constitution, with a political dilemma. Jefferson's desire to double the republic's size trumped his concerns about unconstitutional executive actions. He was a hypocrite, especially since Jefferson, a previous anti-Federalist and one who fervently opposed the propositions of Hamilton over the exact issues of the open interpretations of the Constitution.

What priorities are reflected by the structure of the Articles of Confederation? In what ways were the Articles of government problematic?

The articles of confederation reflected priorities of sovereignty, freedom, and independence. Friendship and alliance, democracy, and executive decision-making based on representation were also well-prioritized. Autonomy and self-reliance were also valued, and an emphasis on self-defense was also prioritized. It reflected long-standing fears of the monarchy and didn't allow for a president or chief executive. Although Congress had full power over foreign affairs/state disputes, there were no national courts, and it didn't have the power to enforce resolutions and ordinances. It couldn't levy taxes, and its budgetary needs required requisition from the states, which the state legislature often ignored. They also lacked a strong central government.

Battle of Yorktown

The battle of Yorktown was a climactic turning point of the war and acted as a deciding factor for the British to end the war. It began on September 28. Where American French troops closed off Cornwallis's last escape route and bombarded the British with cannons. In two weeks, the British, under the negotiations following the battle of Yorktown, dragged on for months until the Cornwallis surrendered. Any hopes of British victory vanished. After the British inquired whether the Americans would be open to negotiating a peace treaty. The continental congress appointed prominent Americans to go to Paris and discuss terms.

According to James F. Brooks, what were "borderlands'' and why were the Spanish Southwest borderlands so special?

The borderlands were the raid / trade networks of the Comanches, Kiowa, Apache, and Navajo, and their freedom from control by western centers of power allowed the natives to maintain local arrangements. Despite the fact that Spanish colonists traded in these borderlands (which went against their isolatory nature) local natives still maintained control over their own exchanges. Both branches of Spanish and Indian have trade/burgeoning slavery grow across borderlands.

Southwest Borderland

The borderlands were the raid / trade networks of the comanches, Kiowa, Apache, and Navajo, and their freedom from control by western centers of power allowed the natives to maintain local natives to maintain local arrangements. Despite the fact that Spanish colonists traded in these borderlands (which went against their isolatory nature) local natives still maintained control over their own exchanges. Both branches of Spanish and Indian have trade/burdgeoning slavery grow acros borderlands.

Were the colonists' complaints against the British valid? Were they justified in using armed resistance to gain independence?

The colonist's complaints against the British were valid. The colonists were being unreasonably taxed for the British government to gain revenue by policies passed in parliament that lacked representation. Colonists were continually taxed and taxed again, even after the immense protest. After a certain point, violence seemed the only way to defy the British properly.

What disadvantages did George Washington and the Continental Army have to overcome? What was the militia, and what role did it play in the war?

The continental army had to create an army from scratch, with little money. Before the war, citizens -soldiers (militiamen) were primarily civilians summoned from their farms and shops. Militiamen were unreliable and ungovernable. Washington convinced about half the continental Congress to make a professional continental army with full-time, well-trained soldiers. About half of the 200,000 Americans who served in the war were militiamen or Minutemen, and half were in the continental army. Few patriots had engaged in mortal kombat. Desertions grew as the war dragged on. Financing the revolution was much harder for the Americans than for Great Britain. Confederations could only ask the states to provide funds. They needed to turn farmers into soldiers, hurting the economy. Congress needed to print more money - which eroded its value. Both the British and Americans recruited Indians to fight with them, however.

Virginia Dare

The daughter of John White and Eleanor Dare. She was the first Christian child to be born in Virginia. Often portrayed (fully grown) in numerous artworks and writings as a symbol of "racial purity."

Declaration of Independence

The declaration of independence was crucially important, not simply because in March, the creation of a new nation, but because of the ideals expressed and the grievances it listed over the previous ten years. Over the last 10 years colonists had deployed acts of parliament that infringed upon their freedoms. Now Jefferson directed colonial resentment at King George the third himself, arguing that the monarch should have reigned in parliament efforts to tire and eye the colonies. In addition to highlighting the efforts to tax the colonies, and restrict their liberties, Jefferson also noted the king's 1773 decree that sought to restrict population growth in the colonies. This infringement obstructs the laws for the natural rights of foreigners, and finally, after listing the objections to British actions, Jefferson asserted that certain truths were self-evident - that all men are created equal/independent. A Lockean facet to this argument included states of "governments derive their power from the consent of the people, who are entitled to alter and abolish those governments when denied their unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".

How did Jefferson structure the Declaration of Independence? Where is the influence of John Locke's philosophy evident in the document?

El Parón

The driving force behind the installation of the Oñate memorial in El Norte. Emilio Naranjo expresses a deep pride in his Spanish heritage and refuses to acknowledge the atrocities that Oñate and other conquistadors committed against the Native Americans. He regards Oñate in particular as a personal hero and applauds his own efforts to memorialize the conquistador. His one dimensional perspective and racist opinions prevent him from understanding the far-reaching negative aspects of the conquistadors' deeds in the Americas.

Protestant Reformation

The enforced unity of Catholic Europe began to crack on October 31, 1517, when an obscure, thirty-three-year-old German monk who taught at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony, sent his ninety-five "theses" on the "corrupt" Catholic Church to church officials. Little did Martin Luther (1483-1546) know that his defiant stance and explosive charges would ignite history's fiercest spiritual drama, the Protestant Reformation, or that his controversial ideas would forever change the Christian world and plunge Europe into decades of religious strife. John Calvin was the thunder to this Reformation. After Luther began his revolt, Swiss Protestants also challenged papal authority. Geneva, people looked to John Calvin, a brilliant French theologian, who quickly brought it under the sway of his popular beliefs.

John Calvin and Martin Luther

The enforced unity of Catholic Europe began to crack when an obscure, 30 year old German monk sent out his 95 theses on the corrupt Catholic Church to Church officials. His defiant stance would begin the firecest spiritual drama, the Protestant Reformation, or that his controversial ideas would forever change the Christian world and plunged Europe into decades of religious strife. Luther was a spiritual revolutionary who fractured Chirsitanity by undermining the authority of the Catholic Church. Among the aspects he criticized includes: the pope, indulgences. Through the revolutionary doctrine of "protestantism", Luther sought to revitalize the Christian original faith and spirituality; Lutheranism began as an intensely religious movement which spread quickly across Europe, which eventually developed profound social and political implications.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus's arrival in the Western Hemisphere.

First Amendment

The first amendment created a framework within which people of all religious persuasion could flourish and prohibit the federal government from endorsing or supporting any denomination or inter-meeting with the religious choices people make. As Thomas Jefferson later explained, the first amendment elected a wall, a separation between the church and the state.

Lowell Girls

The founders of the Lowell system. They wanted to not just improve efficiency but to develop model industrial companies. They located four and five-story brick-building mills along rivers in the countryside. They hired mostly young women ages 15 to 30 from farm families. They preferred women laborers because of their skill in operating textile machines. They could also endure mind-numbing boredom from the operation of spending machines and limbs for a wage of $2.50 a week lower than men. In the early 1820s, a steady stream of single women began flocking to Lowell. To calm down parents, owners promised that the Lowell girls would get good work and would be in dormitories staffed by house mothers with curfews and church attendance.

Why did the Fugitive Slave Act prompt such anger from Northerners and abolitionists? Was the Wisconsin Supreme Court justified in its decision to nullify the law?

The fugitive slave act was the controversial act of the compromise of 1850. It's thought to recover slaves that already escaped months or years before and consider themselves safe. It also inspired unscrupulous slave traders to kidnap free blacks in northern states, claiming they were runaway slaves. The law denied fugitives a truck and jury trial and forced citizens to help capture runaways. Abolitionists fumed, finding the act tolerable. I think Wisconsin was justified since, according to the constitution, the slave act was unconstitutional. However, the constitution is a slavery document and states that the ability to nullify federal laws threatens federal power and national legislative unity.

Half-way Covenant

The half-way covenant was a compromise made by New England Puritans for the changing ideas of younger generations. This compromise allowed children whose parents were full members of the church to still have the ability to participate in the government without having to convert as well. This was done in order to prevent a complete change by growing numbers of those with less devoutness to the religion.

Erie Canal

The historic Erie Canal in New York connected the Great Lakes and the Midwest to the Hudson River in New York City. New York governor took the lead and promoted the project, which Thomas Jefferson dismissed as a little short of madness. Clinton, however, boasted New York had the opportunity to create a new era in history and erect work more stupendous, significant, magnificent, and beneficial than what had been achieved by the human race. It flowed eastward, and much of the midwestern trade in furs, lumber, and textiles that earlier had not been able to go to Canada or make the long journey down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico became possible. The backwoods village of Chicago became a bustling city. Built by thousands of laborers, mostly German/Irish laborers, who were paid less than a dollar a day. It was so profitable that it paid off its construction. However, it caused enormous economic and political consequences after.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Landless Poor

The influx of the landless poor within England caused intense social problems as they escaped from public control, leading the government (who identified them as "rabble") to ship them to the US. With this new class of young, able bodied, landless poor, a potential threat to societal stability was posed (and justified with incidents such as Bacon's rebellion). However, the system of indentrued servitude placed these men to work, and after the shift in laws in Viriginia, and finally, the shift to a slavery based society, the landless poor were granted a place in society above the slave class.

What controversy led to the adoption of the Missouri Compromise? How did the compromise solve the problems related to slavery?

The onset of fear over the sectional controversy over expanding slavery into western territories created the great political debate of the 19th century. Missouri territory residents wanted to apply for statehood, and representative James Tallmadge Jr. proposed a resolution to ban the importation of slaves into Missouri in reaching southern slaveholders, who believed any effort to restrict slavery in the western territories, they believed could lead to disunion and civil war. The Southerners also were worried that Missouri, as a free state, would make more free states over slave states in terms of power in the Senate. The Senate decided to add Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, maintaining political balance in the Senate. Illinois senator Jesse Thomas revised the Missouri Compromise by introducing an amendment to exclude slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern border, excluding Arkansas territory and areas west of the Mississippi. The second Missouri compromise added a clause that Missouri would never deny blacks constitutional rights in exchange for their statehood.

Whigs

The opponents of Jackson created a new political party. They claimed that he was ruling like a monarch. The new anti-Jackson coalition, called the Whigs, was a name that the patriots had also used in the revolution. The Whig party grew out of the Federalist party, and the Whigs found support among Anti-masons and even some Democrats. They were economic nationalists who wanted the federal government to promote manufacturing, support a national bank, finance, National Road network, etc. In the south, Whigs tended to be bankers and merchants. In the west, they were mostly farmers and valued government-funded internal improvements.

Elastic Clause

The powers of Congress have been extended through the elastic clause of the Constitution, which states that Congress can make all laws that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its duties.

How did the ongoing religious conflicts, including the English Civil War, affect Britain's colonies? How did the Glorious Revolution establish an important precedent for Americans?

The religious conflicts between Puritans + other Protestan and the Catholic / Anglican Church of England led to the banishment and persecution of Puritans within England. As Puritans found the Church of England corrupt, and unable to reform, they created separate congregations, earning the name separatists / non-conformists. During the 16th century, the separatists "hunted and persecuted on every side", and later known as Pilgrims emigrating to the colonies. The conflicts such as the Glorious REvolution established feelings of independence and freedom among new Americans of an American dream, and values of liberty, and religious freedom among new Americans., forming an American identity. However, it caused the mother country to "leave" the colonies.

Tecumseh

The rise of two Shawnee leaders, Tecumseh, and his half-brother, who lived in a large village, called Prophetstown on the Tippecanoe river in north Indiana, would be significant. Tecumseh knew that the fate of the Indians depended on their unity. He hoped to create a single nation to fight American expansion. Tecumseh attempted to form alliances with other Native American nations, urging them to let the whites perish. He met with General William Henry Harrison twice, who called him a genius. However, in the fall of 1811, Harrison's troops gathered and massacred Tecumseh's confederacy, which went up in flames. Tecumseh had to flee to Canada.

Consider the maps on pages 322-323 and 327 of Shi. How might roads, canals and railroads bring the regions of the nation together? How might they divide the regions?

The roads and canals would connect the east and west and give me the Midwest access to the burgeoning national commerce opportunities, but could also isolate the south. For example, the National Road connected from Illinois to Pennsylvania, and canals stretched across three territories. However, only that wilderness Road connected the south or the northeast parts to the national/Forbes Road.

What role did white women, like plantation mistresses, have in the South? What role did slave women have?

The south, like the north, was mailed, dominated the plantation mistress, had slaves what tender needed, supervised the household as a planter, and took care of the cotton business. She oversaw the supply and preparation of food and linens. She also managed house cleaning and cared for the sick, the birthing of babies, and the dairy operations. She had a few rights in the large household she managed and was expected to love, honor, obey, and serve her husband, and slave women were considered profitable if they could give birth to many children who could be sold. Enslaved women were often encouraged to have many children. Pregnant women eat more and work less however, after childbirth, they go back to the exhausting work. Enslaved women often had to work in fields with their child's on their backs and were expected to do men's work; once women passed their childbearing years, their workload increased. Granny tended children. And slave girls and women, however, faced threats of sexual assault constantly.

Erik the Red

The story of the discovery by Europeans begins with fugitive ( ), who fled Norway due to his murders and was exiled from Iceland, due to him murdering with neighbor and others. He was exiled and then headed west, sailing from Iceland to pioneer a glacier frontier he called Greenland. ( ) arrived during a long warming trend in the North Atlantic, and he and his followers were able to raise stock along the coastal fringe.

Temperance

The temperance crusade was among the most widespread of the reform movements. Many argued that social problems were rooted in alcohol abuse. In 1826, a group of ministers in Boston organized the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, which sponsored lectures, campaigns, and the formation of the temperance union, which called for abstinence from all alcoholic beverages. This caused moderates to abstain from the temperance movement.

Temperance Movement

Internal Improvements

The third major element of economic nationalism involved federal financing of internal improvements, called infrastructure today. The building of roads, bridges, canals, and harbors. The National Road was built, connecting the Midwest with the East Coast. Calhoun urged the House of Representatives to fund internal improvements. He believed that a federally financed network of roads and canals in the west would help the South by opening up trade. Opposition was mainly from New England, which would gain the least from the improvements.

What advantages did the Union have in the Civil War? What advantages did the Confederacy have, and how could the Union overcome them?

The union had superior industrial developments. The southern states produced 71% of the nation's manufactured goods, the Union produced 97% of the firearms and 97% of rolled equipment. The north also had huge transportation advantages. Particularly with ships, the union had more wagons and horses. In the south, they had major, geographical, and emotional advantages: they could fight on their own territory and defend their war with the defense of their homeland, for example. In warfare, it's usually easier to defend than attack since defending troops allowed them to dig protective trenches and fortifications. Leaders thought that if they could hold out long enough, distinguished and disgruntled northern voters might convince Lincoln to end the war. The union overcame them and, eventually, won the war.

Secession

The withdrawal of 11 southern states from the union in 1860 led to the Civil War. David Jamison Rutledge, who presided over the convention and announced that the ordinance of succession had been signed and ratified, for example. News of succession spread across the states. By February 1, 1861, states of the lower south like South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had succeeded; although their succession and ordinances mentioned various grievances against the federal government, it was made clear that their primary reason for leaving the union was the preservation of slavery.

Panics of 1819 and 1837

The young republic experienced its first economic depression when the Panic of 1819 led to a prolonged financial slowdown. It resulted from too many people trying to get rich. (1819) After the War of 1812, European demand for American products, especially cotton and tobacco, soared. To fuel the roaring postwar economy, unsound local and state banks made it too easy for people to get loans. The federal government sold public lands, spurring reckless spending on real estate. Weather in Europe increased, leading to a spike in crop production and reducing the need to buy American commodities. Ignited by the sudden collapse of cotton prices after British textile mills quit buying high-priced American cotton - the nation's leading export- in favor of cheaper cotton from other parts of the world. Reckless borrowing and lending practices compounded the issue - even the 2nd BUS got caught up. Embezzlement fraud also occurred in the BUS. Many blamed the BUS for the Panic of 1819 and remained critical of the BUS.

"Lost Race"

They were the Indian race that built the large mounds, like those in Etowah. There are many theories but no one knows After finding mysterious mounds that turned up across the American frontier as settlers pushed west from the original thirteen colonies. Pioneers found earthworks shaped like cones or truncated pyramids, or gian animals, including the quarter mile long. Until the 19th century, did archaeologists confirm the mounds were made by Native Americans.

Know-Nothings

This party was organized to stop the tide of immigrants and their influence. The order of the star-spangled banner, was founded as an oathbound a secret society in New York. It spread and grew into a powerful political group, known as the American party. By 1855, this party became a national organization. Members pledged to never vote for foreign born Catholic candidates. When asked about their organization, they were told to say "I know nothing: therefore they were called the "know nothings". Especially in the 1850s they seem to be on the brink of major party status. They demanded immigrants, and Roman Catholics avoid public office, and that the waiting period for naturalization or earning citizenship was to be extended from 5 to 21 years. They subsided when local issues became more focused on slavery.

Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. territory. To prevent France from purchasing the Mississippi River, Jefferson sent New Yorker Robert Livington as an ambassador to France; his primary objective was to acquire the strategic port city of New Orleans, situated at the mouth of the Mississippi. Napoleon sold the territory to Jefferson, decided to cut his losses after he lost the slave rebellion to Haiti, and his troops died of malaria and yellow fever. The Louisiana Purchase was not the most significant event of Jefferson's presidency and one of the most important developments in American history; it spurred Western expansion and exploration.

What arguments did Thomas Paine make in Common Sense? How did his writing alter the conflict between the British and the American colonists?

Thomas Paine published a stirring pamphlet titled "Common Sense" until it appeared. Most patriots had directed their grievances at Parliament, but Paine directed attacks at the king. The common sense of the matter, Paine stressed, was that King George III, the royal brute, unfit to be a ruler of the free people, had caused the rebellion, and how to order the denial of American rights, Paine urged Americans to abandon the monarchy and to ensure that America would be a haven for oppressed people's. This pamphlet convinced rebels of independence and that it was inevitable only by declaring independence if they gained support from France and Spain. "Common Sense" inspired the colonial population from Massachusetts to Georgia and helped convince British subjects loyal to the king to embrace the radical notion of independence.

Charles Sumner

Two days before, Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, a passionate abolitionist, had delivered a scolding speech about slaveholders. This most savage attack was on Andrew, Pickens Butler, and I'll do it with a senator from South Carolina. On May 22, Brooks, Butler's cousin, confronted him, claiming he slandered him and his cousin. He began beating Sumner with a gold-knobbed cane. Sumner nearly died and didn't return to send it until four years later. Brooks created a martyr for the anti-slavery cause period; the blood of Sumner also drove Northerners to the republican party.

Northwest Ordinance

Two years after the Land Ordinance of 1785. The Confederation of Congress passed the Northwest Ordinances of 1787. Except for two key principles to better manage western expansion: the new western territories eventually become coequal states, as Jefferson had originally proposed, and slavery would be banned from the region North of the Ohio River. The northwest ordinance included the promise that Indian lands would never be taken.

In what ways does the Constitution represent a compromise between two groups of states with diverse opinions? Consider the differences between large and small states and between Northern and Southern states

The intense debate over congressional representation was resolved in mid-July by the so-called great compromise, which used elements of both plans. The more popular states have one appointment, the allocation of delegates to each date by population in the proposed house representatives, while they dedicate to salt to protect state power, one the equal representation in the Senate, where each state would have two members elected by the legislatures. Great compromise and budget the innovative concept of separation of powers in the new Congress. Eight are divided into two separate houses, with the House of Representatives presenting state legislatures. Larger states wanted greater representation, and Southern states wanted their voices heard regarding slavery, but smaller states wanted equal representation. The Great Compromise was a solution where both large and small states would be fairly represented by creating two houses of Congress. In the House of Representatives, each state would be assigned seats in proportion to the size of its population. In the Senate, each state would have two delegates regardless of size.

How did the introduction of horses impact Native American society in the Southwest? How did the rise of horse-riding tribes like the Apache alter the role of the Spanish in America?

The introduction of horses initially led to a thriving horse trade. Horses provided mobility and power for Indians in the Great Plains, and due to their strength Indians became more effective hunters and warriors. Horses became valuable, a form of currency and a sign of wealth and prestige, even signaling warrior status. This caused Indians to fight the Spanish on more equal terms, allowing Indians in the Southwest to maintain their culture, decreasing the Spanish' role in their cultural identity. On horseback, tribes such as the Apache became nomadic buffalo hunters. Buffalo hunting led to increased value in the tanning of hides, causing polygamy (since wives tanned hides) and demand for brides. Even though the horse's impact overall was positive, it led to conflict / raids between Apaches and other Indians.

Bacon's Rebellion

The introduction of horses initially led to a thriving horse trade. Horses provided mobility and power for Indians in the Great Plains, and due to their strength Indians became more effective hunters and warriors. Horses became valuable, a form of currency and assign of wealth and prestige, even signaling warrior status. This caused Indians to fight the Spanish on more equal terms, allowing Indians in the Southwest to maintain their culture, decreasing the Spanish' role in their cultural identity. On horseback, tribes such as the Apache became nomadic buffalo hunters. Buffalo hunting led to increased value in teh tanning of hides, causing polygamy (since wives tanned hides) and dmeand for birdies. Even though the horse's impact overall was positive, it led to conflict / raids between Apaches and other Indians.

Great Horse Dispersal

The introduction of horses initially led to a thriving horse trade. Horses provided mobility and power for Indians in the Great Plains, and due to their strength Indians became more effective hunters and warriors. Horses became valuable, a form of currency and assign of wealth and prestige, even signaling warrior status. This caused Indians to fight the Spanish on more equal terms, allowing Indians in the Southwest to maintain their culture, decreasing the Spanish' role in their cultural identity. On horseback, tribes such as the Apache became nomadic buffalo hunters. Buffalo hunting led to increased value in teh tanning of hides, causing polygamy (since wives tanned hides) and dmeand for birdies. Even though the horse's impact overall was positive, it led to conflict / raids between Apaches and other Indians.

Explain how Virginia laws concerning slavery developed over time.

Virginia Slave Laws

The laws get more and more severe, limiting the freedom of an African born enslaved person. For example, the enslaved become punished for defending themselves, slavery becomes lifelong, then slavery starts from birth. Slaves are not' considered people, but become property, estate, with which their values is undermined as such. Even the killing of a slave isn't found to be punishable. The Virginia Slave Laws became progressively more strict and extreme as Virginia transition into a society with slaves, finding ways to extend indentured servitude, and finally, make slavery lifelong to ensure a workforce

What do the provisions of Dale's Laws tell us about the priorities and values of the Jamestown settlers? How so?

The laws that prevent certain actions (such as embezzling, trading, or communicating with Indians. As well as violating Chirstian doctrine or disrespecting the Chirstian values that represent the values of Jamestown settlers: purity, faith, and isolation/authority. It is punishable by death to blaspheme upon the Lord's name, or disrespect the Trinity. Additionally, the Settlers adamantly opposed trading with Indians, since multiple laws forbid this. Finally, settlers placed an emphasis on respect and honesty, which can be seen as harsh punishments for those who are dishonest, or those who disrespect important figures such as the Majesty or Lord.

Nicholas Biddle

The leader of the bank of the United States. Critics claim that Biddle and the bank United States were restricting the lending by state banks and impeding businesses. Jackson disliked Biddle because he was a wealthy Easterner, highly educated, financially sophisticated, and a world traveler. The bank war between Biddle and Jackson revealed the president didn't understand much about the bank. Biddle and colleagues used bribes to win votes for the bank, the United States, and Congress. However, Jackson vetoed the bill. Biddle responded by ordering the bank to quit making loans and demanded that state banks exchange paper money for gold and silver. He was trying to bring the economy to a halt, creating a depression and proving the bank's importance. His plan worked.

Thomas Jefferson

The main author of the Declaration of Independence, structured the document. The declaration of independence was crucially important, not simply because in March, the creation of a new nation, but because of the ideals expressed and the grievances it listed over the previous ten years. Over the last 10 years colonists had deployed acts of parliament that infringed upon their freedoms. Now Jefferson directed colonial resentment at King George the third himself, arguing that the monarch should have reigned in parliament efforts to tire and eye the colonies. In addition to highlighting the efforts to tax the colonies, and restrict their liberties, Jefferson also noted the king's 1773 decree that sought to restrict population growth in the colonies. This infringement obstructs the laws for the natural rights of foreigners, and finally, after listing the objections to British actions, Jefferson asserted that certain truths were self-evident - that all men are created equal/independent. A Lockean facet to this argument included states of "governments derive their power from the consent of the people, who are entitled to alter and abolish those governments when denied their unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".

Market Revolution

The market revolution began before the war for independence and accelerated the American economy's transformation into a global powerhouse. More and more farmers engaged in commercial rather than subsistence agriculture, producing surplus crops and livestock to sell for cash and regional international markets. Farm families could buy more land, better equipment, and the latest manufactured household goods with the cash they earned. This farming for sale rather than consumption field is the first stage of a market-based economy, producing a boom and bust cycle. This was built on the backs of slave laborers, Irish and German workers, and displaced Mexicans. Standard living conditions rose, and Americans enjoyed unprecedented opportunities for upward mobility.

George Whitefield

The most celebrated promoter of the Great Awakening was a young English minister, George Whitefield, whose reputation as a spellbinding evangelist preceded him to the colonies. Whitefield set out to restore the fires of religious intensity in America. Urged his listeners to experience a "new birth" - a sudden, emotional moment of conversion and salvation. By the end of his sermon, one listener reported, the entire congregation was 'in utmost Confusion, some crying out, some laughing, and Bliss still roaring to them to come to Christ.

Battle of Quebec

The most decisive British victory was the hilltop forest city and the capital of French Canada. In the night, 4500 British troops scaled the cliffs above the St. Lawrence River and, at dawn, surprised the French defenders in a battle that lasted only ten minutes - 4 days later, the French surrendered. This marked a turning point in the war. The conflict in North America ebbed, although the fighting dragged on until 1763. In the South, fighting between Cherokee and Carolina settlers and a force of British regulators to the colonial military broke Cherokee resistance.

French and Indian War

The most important conflict between Britain and France in North America, globally known as the Seven Years' War. The French and Indian War started in America and ended with a decisive victory. It was sparked by the French and British competition for the ancestral Indian lands in the vast Ohio Valley. After the war, they developed an arrogant "triumphant," which led them to tighten and lose control over the Indians and colonists in North America, and the British would soon find themselves at war with the colonies. Colonists grew discomfort with Britain as they tightened their control. Reached a climax with a series of British triumphs.

Dorothea Dix

The most important figure in boosting awareness of the main treatment of the mentally ill. She was a pious Boston school teacher and was asked to instruct a Sunday school class at a house of correction. There, she found a room of mentally ill people who had been completely neglected. The insane people were confined in "cages, closets, cellars, stalls, etc." Some were chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience. "She won the support of leaping reformers and carried her campaign on behalf of the miserable, desolate, and outcast." Throughout the country and beyond, she also transformed attitudes / social attitudes toward mental illness.

Transcendentalism

The most intense American advocates of Romantic ideals were in the N.E. Transcendentalists, a diverse religious awakening of the early 19th century that promoted radical individualism and personal spirituality separate from organized religion. The word comes from rising above the limits of reason and logic. The inner life of the spirit took priority over the hard facets of rigid religion. Transcendentalists were only interested in the scope of reason. They rejected religious orthodoxy and appreciated the rationalism of unitarianism. The reality was the tangible /intangible. They believed in self-reliance over conformity to social conventions and embraced spiritual individuality.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

The most radical figure among Garrisonians was a free black who ran a clothing store in Boston. In 1829 he published this pamphlet, denouncing the hypocrisy of white Christians in the south for defending slavery. Using religious imagery and spiritual fervor, he encouraged slaves to revolt and use violence, and take their freedom. Copies were secretly carried to the South by black sailors, but white people quickly seized the pamphlet, and in 1830, they banned the printing, writing, regulating, etc., of Walker's works. Walker was found dead soon after.

Herbert Bolton

The most readily available translation of documents relating Coronado's expedition dates to 189; the standard biography, ( ) Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains, was published in 1949. Since then, the conquistadors have fallen out of favor, certainly compared with other explorers. ( ) School, named for Herbet Bolton, a renowned California professor and president of the American Historical Association the first half of the twentieth century. ( ) championed the Spanish and their role in the hemisphere. In his eagerness to dispel the "black legend" he created a "white legend" that romanticized conquistadors as heroic and civilizing "knights". The many students Bolton trained in his long career helped perpetuate this image.

In what ways did the new nation of the United States represent a revolutionary change? In what ways did it maintain the status quo?

The new nation upset the traditional social relationships and affected the lives of people who had been long discriminated against. The war acted as a revolutionary engine of political experimentation. The new republic was a representative democracy in which property-holding white men (who upheld the status quo) governed themselves to the concept of republicanism, where elected representatives made decisions on their behalf. Revolutionary leaders believed they must protect the rights of individuals and states from being violated. This led to a wave of state constitutions in state-level governments. Many constitutions, including the Bill of Rights, protected freedoms.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

According to Howe, what was the extent of the Second Great Awakening? How did it influence women's rights and other reform movements before the Civil War?

2nd G.A. placed religious practice in the US on an upward trajectory. It had an uneven impact but strengthened community ties. The 2nd GA also had a conservative influence reinvigorating cultural heritages. It encouraged interdenominational cooperation and collective moral responsibility. It empowered multitudes of female evangelists with more time and energy to devote to the cause. In fact, by the mid - the 1830s all women's associations were religious in nature. Women were given the right to serve as ministers/leaders.

Second Great Awakening

El Nazi

350-lb man whose German godfather had christened him Adolfo, hence his nickname. Educated at a Catholic School in Vermont, Adolfo spoke fluent English and knew all about Coronado. In his views, Coronado performed a small service to Mexico by conquering lands north of today's border that would eventually earn the country a few pesos.

Anne Hutchinson

A strong-willed woman with a quick wit and incredible knowledge of the bible, Anne Hutchinson often hosted meetings at her home to discuss sermons. However, these discussions soon became large, twice-weekly gatherings during which Hutchinson passionately expressed her religious convictions, often criticizing concepts such as mandatory church attendance and the absolute powers of magistrates and ministers. Hutchinson even claimed to possess knowledge of who among her neighbors would be "saved" by the Lord. Perceiving her as a threat, Puritans put Hutchinson (who was pregnant at the time) on trial before the all-male general court, where after much verbal sparring (to the increasing frustration of John Winthrop), she was lured into convicting herself and banished as a "leper." She, along with six of her children, were later massacred in an Indian attack; recent evidence suggests that Winthrop had a role in instigating this attack.

Casta System

A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.

federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Mestizo

A term used by the Spanish that referred to a people whose ancestors were both European and American Indian.

Zambo

A term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.

Sweat lodge

A ( ) is a low profile hut, typically dome-shaped or oblong, and made with natural materials. The structure is the lodge, and the ceremony performed within the structure may be called by some cultures a purification ceremony or simply a sweat. Traditionally the structure is simple, constructed of saplings covered with blankets and sometimes animal skins. Originally, it was only used by some of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, notably the Plains Indians, but with the rise of pan-Indianism, numerous nations that did not originally have the sweat lodge ceremony have adopted it. This has been controversial. In all cases, the sweat is intended as a spiritual ceremony - it is for prayer and healing, and the ceremony is only to be led by elders who know the associated language, songs, traditions, and safety protocols. Otherwise, the ceremony can be dangerous if performed improperly. Sweat lodges have also been imitated by some non-natives in North America and internationally, resulting in responses like the Lakota Declaration of War and similar statements from Indigenous Elders declaring that these imitations are dangerous and disrespectful misappropriations and need to stop.

How did the competing ideologies of Slave Labor and Free Labor shape the interpretations of Americans concerning the expansion of slavery into the West? Why did Southerners respond so strongly to Abraham Lincoln's victory and Northerners to the alternative of expanding slavery into the territories?

A west open to slavery would be marked by the same decadence which characterized the south. However, if slavery were excluded and territories open to free labor, the results would be an entirely different social order. One that disrupted the white class order. In response to Lincoln's victory, Southerners were not impressed. NC newspaper warned that Lincoln's speech made civil war "inevitable" on both sides. However, people assumed that any war would be over quickly and that their lives would go on as usual.

William Lloyd Garrison

A zealous white activist who drove the abolition movement. Garrison learned the printing trade and moved to Boston, where he embraced the reform spirit of the era, writing anonymous letters/essays concerning slavery, alcoholism, Sabbath-breaking, and war. In 1831 free blacks helped convince Garrison to launch an anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator. This became the voice of the nation, the first civil rights movement. His condemnation of slavery, which led southern whites to become outraged, included northern slaveholders. He joined Quakers, the top brothers, and free blacks and evangelicals to form the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).

Sky City

Acoma Pueblo is also known as ( ) because it sat atop of a 370-foot mesa. When Coronado's men arrived the only way to reach the pueblo was by climbing single file, using steep stairs and handholds cut into the rock. Near the top, they had to wedge their hands and feet into a cleft and claw their way onto the summit, like mountaineers.

XYZ Affair

Adams (2nd president) sought to ease territories by sending 3 Americans to Paris to negotiate an end to the attack on US ships. When Americans arrived, they were accosted by 3 French officials (labeled XYZ) who believed negotiation would begin once the US paid large bribes. America refused news of this affair, causing French disapproval to soar. Many called for war.

Richard Hakluyt

A famous chronicler of European voyages of discovery. He heavily promoted English expansionism to Queen Elizabeth through a pamphlet that outlined 23 reasons for "Western Planting." In particular, he emphasized the economic benefits of colonization and considered it to be a viable solution to remove the surplus people in England (a major worry at the time).

Sir Francis Drake

A famous privateer who sacked numerous Spanish ships and colonies, taking with him hundreds of enslaved Africans and Indians as loot. He arrived at the Roanoke colony at a time of great desperation for the colonists (this was the first attempt at colonizing Roanoke), and offloaded many enslaved Africans and Indians to make room for the colonists on his ship and bring them back to England.

What position did the Federalists take at the Hartford Convention? How did this represent a shift in the party's ideology?

A few weeks before the battle of New York, many New York federalists, frustrated by the rising expenses of "Mr. Madison's war," which they had opposed, tried to take matters into their own hands at the Hartford convention in Hartford, Connecticut. They propose seven constitutional amendments designed to limit republican/southern influence. The amendments included abolishing the counting of slaves and determining a state representation in Congress, requiring ⅔ majority to declare war/admit new states, prohibiting trade, and embargos lasting more than 60 days, excluding immigrants from holding federal office, limiting presidents to one term, and banning successive presidents from the same state. Delegates even discussed succession. The episode proved fatal and a failure, a show of disloyalty. The federalists try to institutionalize the removal of power from groups such as Republicans and southerners.

Fred Willard

A former marina owner who is working full-time in an attempt to discover what happened to the lost colonists of Roanoke.

American Paradox

A fundamental contradiction between the American dedication to human liberty/dignity and the prevalence of slavery, a system that actively suppressed the rights and liberties of an entire race of people in the country.

Walter Plecker

A major proponent of the eugenics movement. He was Virginia's registrar of vital statistics and keeper of its birth, death, and marriage records, which enabled him to implement his racially discriminatory ideas in the state. He sought to expose, persecute, and purge anyone that he regarded as "racially impure," attempting to reclassify Virginia Indians as "Negro," which would substantially reduce their rights. His deeply racist actions also drove a wedge between the Native American and African American community

Fountain of Youth

A mythical fountain believed to have the power to make the drinker young once more. Legend suggests that it was found by Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish conquistador who discovered Florida while searching for this coveted fountain.

John Smith

A pivotal figure in the founding of English America. He departed for Virginia in December of 1606 and was critical to the survival of the Roanoke colony. A shrewd businessman, Smith used a variety of tactics such as gunboat diplomacy, bullying, and bluffing to maximize the benefits gained from trade with the Indians. Under Smith's rule, the colonists performed military drills, built houses, and dug a well. He quickly understood that the key to thriving in America was not to search for mineral riches, rather, to utilize the land and the other ample natural resources in the country such as soil, timber, fish, game, etc.

Jonathan Edwards

A remarkable spiritual transformation occurred in the congregation of Jonathan Edwards, a prominent Congregationalist minister in the Massachusetts town of Northampton. He was discouraged by the lack of religious fervor in Northampton. Edwards rushed to restore the emotional side of religion. Edwards was fiery and charismatic, and his vivid description of the torments of hell and the delights of heaven helped rekindle the spiritual intensity among his congregants. He delivered the most famous sermon "Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God ''. which reminded his congregants that hell is real and reminded them of the torments of hell.

Order of the Red Men and the Degree of Pocahontas

A secret fraternity of white males, founded in 1813 and descended from colonial groups that adopted Indian regalia as a symbol of freedom and defiance. They formed "tribes" and "wigwams" led by a "Sachem" or "Great Senior Sagamore." There is also an equivalent female version of this group.

Navigation Acts

A series of acts intended to increase control over colonial economics. The Navigation Act of 1651 required that all goods going to and from the colonies be carried only by English ships. The Navigation Acts intended to hurt the Dutch, who developed a flourishing shipping business between America and Europe. Examples include the Navigation Act of 1660, which specified that certain colonial products only be shipped to England.

Dale's Laws

A series of extremely militaristic and restrictive laws that were enacted in Jamestown starting 1610 in order to ensure the survival of the colony. First and foremost, these laws forbade any form of blasphemy against God or the King of England, with both of these transgressions being punishable by death. Other laws regulated economic interactions with the neighboring Powhatan and other tribes, especially in terms of trade. Furthermore, cleanliness was a high priority and minor crimes (i.e. thievery, selling materials to outside parties for private gain, bakers cheating buyers out of their fair share of bread, etc.) were also punished by death in this piece of legislation. In all, the highly restrictive nature of these laws and the implementation of severe punishments for minor transgressions clearly delineates the desperation of the Jamestown colonizers as they attempted to create structure in order to survive.

Slave Codes

A series of laws enacted by slave owners which severely restricted the (already minimal) rights of the enslaved, in order to consolidate their economic power. These new laws demanded that enslaved individuals always deferred to their masters without question, and also abolished/severely restricted their other rights such as the ability to travel, meet amongst themselves, hold property, and trade at the market. Enslavers used the codes to justify their subjugation of the enslaved, claiming that it was based on the rule of nature or the will of God. Furthermore, these brutal laws also served a notable social function that benefitted the colonizers (especially in Virginia, where even the killing of enslaved Africans would go unpunished): to establish a system which sufficiently contented the poor low whites (who posed a possible threat) while ensuring that landowners maintained their economic power and status.

Caste System

A society hierarchical system for Spanish in the New World. It was an expansive system that described the many mixed races present in the growing colonies in the Americas.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

A statute stating that Virginians were granted freedom of religion → again, a preface for the Constitution.

Isaac Newton

(part of the Enlightenment) Enlightenment Issac Newton announced his transformational theory of the earth's gravitational pull. Using both astronomy and mathematical physics, especially calculus, Newton challenged the biblical notion of the world's workings by depicting a changing, dynamic universe moving in accordance with natural laws that could be grasped by human reason and explained with mathematics. He claimed that natural laws governed the universe.

Coercive Acts

(response to the Boston Tea Party) In 1774, Lord North convinced Parliament to punish Boston and the province of Massachusetts by passing a cluster of harsh laws called Coercive Acts (Americans call them Intolerable Acts). The Port Act closed the harbor until Boston paid for the tea, Quartering Acts ordered the colonists to provide lodging for British soldiers. The impartial Administration of Justice Act stated that major officials would be tried in London. These acts mocked colonists.

What positions could the white middle class inhabit in the slave structure? Why did so many white Southerners who did not own slaves still support the institution?

1/2 of white southerners were small farmers and plain white people who were often illiterate and forced to scratch out lives of bare sufficiency. These humans lived with their families and simple two-room cabins. Average slaveholders were small farmers working alongside five or six slaves. In the backcountry or mountains, they were plantations, which were scarce, and they dominated the social structure. They tended to be Jacksonian democrats, and although a minority owned slaves, they supported the slave system since they feared that freed slaves would compete with them for jobs and land. They also supported the privileged social status race-based slavery gave them. And a society that was a slave society, every free man was an aristocrat because Black people remained beneath them in the social order.

Christopher Columbus

1492, led a voyage to present-day Bahamas and claimed the land he explored for the king and queen of Spain. By 1504, he had made 4 voyages to America.

Late May 1610

150 starving colonists are brought to Jamestown, turn around at the ruins, ordered to go back and not abandon this colony

St. Augustine

1565 Pedro Menendez de Aviles established a colony for the Spanish that has become the oldest continuously-occupied European settlement in the United States.

Roanoke

1586 First attempt by the English to establish a colony in America. The settlers on Roanoke Island, which is located off the coast of North Carolina, was managed badly and when an expedition with expedition arrived in 1590, the colonists were gone. What happened to the colonist remains a mystery.

Roger Williams

1603-1683 admired from England in 1631, was among the first to cause problems. Precisely because he was the PUREST of Puritans. He was a separatist who criticized Puritans for not abandoning the English church. Williams championed individual liberty, and disagreed with making Church mandatory. He pioneered true Puritanism, which required full separation of Church and state, and freedom from all coercion, in matters of faith. He descended from Indian rights. He also learned the Indian language. He was banished from Rhode Island but established Providence, at the head of Narragansett.

Pueblo Revolt

1608, the Spanish government decided to turn New Mexico into a royal province and moved its capital to Santa Fe. Resentment against Indians increased as the Spanish stripped them of their ancestral ways of life. In 1680, a charismatic Indian spiritual leader named Popé, organized a massive rebellion of warriors from nineteen villages. The Indians burned Catholic churches, tortured, mutilated, and executed 21 pirests, destorying reicles of Christianity, and forced the 2400 survivors to flee. The Pueblo Revolt was the greatest defeat Indians ever inflicted on European efforts to conquer the New World. It took twelve years and four military assaults for the Spanish to reestablish control over New Mexico.

Identify the four major reasons the U.S. declared war against Great Britain in 1812. Why did the war hawks want to fight?

1) Naval harassment by Britain issued a series of declarations called orders in council that imposed a naval blockade of the European coast to prevent merchant-ship from other nations, including the US. Britain began seizing the ships bound for France. 2) Impressment: whereby British goods stopped US vessels, boarded them, and kidnapped sailors they claimed were British citizens 3) The Chesapeake incident, where British warship, the HMS Leopold, fired without warning, killing 3 Americans, wounding 18, 4) Growing number of Indians attacks, supported by the British, in the Ohio Valley. Others include lust for Canada, Florida, and the West of the "Indian Problem" → most vocal → war hawks.

Shakers

1770s by "Mother" Ann Lee; Utopian group that splintered from the Quakers; believed that they & all other churches had grown too interested in this world & neglectful of their afterlives; prohibited marriage and sexual relationships; practiced celibacy

Federalist Papers

Among the supreme legacies of debate over the constitution. A collection of 85 essays was published in the New York newspaper some 1787 to 1788. Read by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, the essays defended the concept of a strong national government and outlined major principles and assumptions of the constitution. Among the most famous was Madisons, number 10, which warned of democracies' tendencies to tyrannize minorities through factions.

The Federalist Papers

Bartolomé de las Casas

Among those who criticized the Encomienda system, de Las Casas, a Catholic priest, observed the horror of the treatment of Indians by Spanish settlers in Hispaniola and Cuba. Las Casas resolved in 151 to spend the rest of his life aiding the Indians and he began urging the Spanish to change their approach. Las Casas spent the next 50 years advocating for the better treatment of the indigenous people, earning the title the "Protector of the Indians", advocating for the peaceful and reasonable conversion of Indians.

Day of Mourning

An annual Wampanoag tradition that takes place during Thanksgiving to acknowledge the atrocities committed against Indian tribes by colonizers. There were numerous protests that led up to the establishment of this annual rite, one of the most notable being in 1996, when a group of activists disrupted a Thanksgiving Pilgrim Progress march that was held by the church.

Tisquantum

An enslaved Indian of the Patuxet tribe who managed to escape his English captors in Spain. However, when he returned home, he found that the other individuals in his tribe had all passed away as a result of disease brought by the English. In spite of his suffering at the hands of the English, he later helped the Pilgrims get acquainted with the land in Plymouth and taught them how they would be able to survive there.

Thomas Jefferson

An example of a contributor to the American Paradox. One of the Founding Fathers, and owned slaves, being a real life example of the contradiction between American doctrine and economic policy. However, Jefferson's reason for owning slaves differed than the typical reasoning we learn about early on in history classes: Jefferson was deathly afraid of debt and the potential risks of the landless poor population.

Menendéz

An expert seaman, veteran soldier, and devout crusader of the Counter-Reformation. He was sent on a mission by King Philip the ll of Spain to colonize and fortify Florida; more importantly, he was to eradicate the growing French presence in the area (this was also motivated by religious discrimination against the French protestants). His initial attempts to capture Fort Caroline were repulsed by French captains René de Laudonniére and Jean Ribault, so he set up Spanish fortifications at St. Augustine. He launched a subsequent attack on the French fort and massacred its inhabitants while Ribault unsuccessfully attempted to capture St. Augustine. Following this attack, the Spaniards quickly massacred more groups of French sailors, under the pretense that they would be shown some mercy if they surrendered to the Spanish. As a colonizer, he recruited Spanish farm families to settle in the area, imported enslaved Africans (the first to be imported to a North American colony), and made peace with the surrounding warlike tribes in the area, even marrying the sister of a chief. He established a string of fortified settlements along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

Sextant

An instrument used to measure the angle between a celestial object and the horizon that became essential to navigation at sea.

Why did Jackson veto the Second Bank of the U.S.? What impact did it have for Jackson's legacy, and for the U.S. economy?

Andrew Jackson hated banks and bankers. His prejudice grew from his experiences in the 1790s when he suffered financial losses. He distrusted banks because they printed too much paper money, causing prices to rise or inflation. He wanted only gold and silver coins to be used for economic transactions. Jackson nixed the bill for the second bank of the US. After Jackson mixed the bill is sending it back to Congress, he harshly criticized the bank for making the rich richer and the US poor poorer, along with discriminating against the humble members of society. Jackson was a cunning and ferocious fighter. His determination to destroy the United States' second bank would cause nothing to regulate the nation, its money supply, or its banks. The number of state banks, as well as the number of state banks, more than doubled between 1829 and 1837. People made on regulated loans, causing financial panic and terrible economic chaos in Seward. No central bank caused the bankruptcy.

Common Sense

Article by Thomas Paine, who argued that the Common Sense of the matter was that Americans shouldn't have been under British empirical rule. Thomas Paine published a stirring pamphlet titled "Common Sense" until it appeared. Most patriots had directed their grievances at Parliament, but Paine directed attacks at the king. The common sense of the matter, Paine stressed, was that King George III, the royal brute, unfit to be a ruler of the free people, had caused the rebellion, and how to order the denial of American rights, Paine urged Americans to abandon the monarchy and to ensure that America would be a haven for oppressed people's. This pamphlet convinced rebels of independence and that it was inevitable only by declaring independence if they gained support from France and Spain. "Common Sense" inspired the colonial population from Massachusetts to Georgia and helped convince British subjects loyal to the king to embrace the radical notion of independence.

Battle of Saratoga

As militiamen converged from central New York, Burgoyne pulled his forces back to the villages of Saratoga, where the reinforced American army surrounded the British in the ensuing three-week-long battles of Saratoga. The British, desperate for food and ammunition, tried and failed to break through the encircling Americans. On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his outnumber on me. The New York news unhinged King George. He fell into agonies on hearing the account. The Saratoga campaign was the greatest loss the British ever suffered, and they wouldn't recover from it. After the British defeat at Saratoga and the news of the French alliance and the US, Parliament tried to end the war by granting all the demands the Americans had made before they declared independence. However, they would not negotiate until Britain officially recognized American independence and withdrew its forces. King George refused.

How did the United States exert its newfound nationalism in its interactions with Britain? How did it do so in Florida?

Adams oversaw the negotiations of two important treaties, the rush-Bagot treaty of 1817, and the convention of 1818. In a Rush - Bagot, the US, and Great Britain limited the number of warships on the great lakes. The convention of 1818 was even more important. It settled the northern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase by setting it along the 49th Parallel westward from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains. West of the Rockies, Oregon would be jointly occupied by the British and the Americans. In the dispute over Florida, Andrew Jackson and his soldiers were captured and court-martialed by British traders accused of provoking Indian attacks. Eventually, Jackson ordered the immediate execution of the British troublemakers, which outraged the British government, and alarmed Monroe's cabinet. But the impulsive Jackson kept moving. The US adopted an aggressive national approach to interactions with Great Britain, asserting its dominance.

John Quincy Adams

Adams was one of the ablest men, hardest workers, and finest intellects to enter the White House. Groomed for greatness by his parents, John and Abigail Adams, he Had been ambassador to four European nations, a U.S. senator, a Harvard professor, and an outstanding secretary of state. He had helped negotiate the end of the War of 1812 and had drafted the Monroe Doctrine. Yet, for all his accomplishments, Adams proved to be an ineffective president, undercut by the controversy surrounding his deal with Henry Clay. Strong-willed and intelligent but socially awkward and a stubborn moralist, Adams lacked the common touch and the politician's gift for compromise. He was easy to admire but hard to like and impossible to love. He also suffered from bouts of depression that reinforced his grim self-righteousness and tendency toward self-pity, qualities that did not endear him to others. Adams detested the democratic politicking that Andrew Jackson represented. He worried, as had his father, that republicanism was rapidly turning into democracy and that the government of the people was degenerating into government by the people, many of whom, in his view, were uneducated and incompetent. He wanted politics to be a "sacred" arena for the "best men," a profession limited to the "most able and worthy" leaders motivated by a sense of civic duty rather than a selfish quest for power and stature. Poet Walt Whitman wrote that although Adams was "a virtuous man--a learned man. He was not a man of the people. Adams will determine to create an activist federal government with expensive goals. His first date of the union message in December 1825 included a grand blue plant for national development. However, it was set forth so blatantly that it became a political disaster bluntly that it became a political disaster. The federal government, Adams stressed, should finance a national transportation network (internal improvements--new roads, canals, harbors, and bridges), create a great national university in Washington, D.C., support scientific explorations of the Far West, build an astronomical observatory ("lighthouse of the skies"), and establish a Department of the Interior to manage the extensive government-owned lands. He challenged Congress to approve his proposals and not be paralyzed "by the will of our constituents." The reaction was overwhelmingly negative. Newspapers charged that Adams behaved like an aristocratic tyrant, and Congress quickly revealed that it would approve none of his proposals. Adams's effort to expand the federal government's powers was so divisive that the Democratic-Republican party split, creating a new party system. Those who agreed with the economic nationalism of Adams and Clay → National Republicans Highly Federalist Those who supported Andrew Jackson → Democrats Highly Republican SWITCH IN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY In 1828, anti-Adams congressmen introduced a new tariff bill designed to help elect Jackson. Placed tariff on imported raw materials that were also produced in key states that Jackson needed support (Pennsylvania., Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri) Condemned as the Tariff of Abominations

What arguments did the anti-Federalists make about the Constitution? How did the Federalists address these concerns?

Advocates for the constitution, federalists, and their opponents were anti-federalists. This diverse group wanted to retain the competition; others wanted to start over. Others, one of the revisions of the constitution. Most anti-federalists feared the new government would be overly tyrannical, and they especially criticized the absence of a bill of rights. To address these concerns, James Madison set a list of constitutional amendments intended to protect the individual rights of Americans. These rights included the guarantee of the essential principles of the American government.

Maroons

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

How could African slaves resist their masters? In what ways did African cultures impact the American colonies?

African slaves could resist slave owners by rebelling or resisting orders, sabotaging crops, stealing tools, faking illness, or injury, or running away. Africans forged a new identity as African Americans, weaving their culture into American heritage. African Americans had influence on American music, folklore, and religious practices as well.

African American Religion

African slaves mixed African beliefs and beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as Vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as "voodoo), Santaria in Cuba, and Candombie in Brazil.

Free Persons of Color

African-Americans, who were not enslaved, became free people of color. Often, the occupied uncertain status is between bondage and freedom, and many feared being kidnapped and sold back into slavery. However, they had more rights than slaves. They could enter into contracts, Mary, on properties, including slaves of their own, and pass on their property to their children. They want you to be equal to whites, however. In most states, they were treated as if they were enslaved. Their owners freed many, and then they became skilled workers. Many were mixed. Some free people of color built fortunes, even becoming slaveholders themselves. However, they usually inherit or buy from their family members.

Election of 1828

After the Tariff's passing, Adams ran for reelection (as a National Republican), and Jackson ran against him as a Democrat. The election was BRUTAL and PERSONAL, resulting in Rachel's (poor Rachel's) death due to the rumors surrounding her.

What were the results of the Mexican-American War and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? How did the war set the stage for the Civil War?

After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna resigned and fled Mexico Mexican government was left in turmoil. Peace talks started on January 2, 1848, but dragged on as different men tried to speak on behalf of the Mexican government. When the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, Mexico (humiliated) was forced to transfer territories (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada). More than ½ of Mexico. The US doubled in size, and paid $15 million. Senate ratified it on March 10, 1848. News of the war thrilled expansions (John O'Sullivan coined Manifest Destiny). President Polk naively assumed that expanding American territory to the Pacific would strengthen the bonds of the union. After Texas was annexed and California had gold, violent debates erupted over the extension of slavery into the territories acquired from Mexico.

What happened to the national economy between the first and second Banks of the United States? What arguments did advocates and opponents of the bank make?

After the first B.US., the nation's finances fell into muddles. States began charging local banks with little to no regulation, and bank notes flooded the economy with different currencies of uncertain value. The growing financial turmoil led Madison to commission the 2nd B.U.S, which would provide stable national currency, promote economic growth, and handle federal funds. Westerners opposed the national bank because it catered to Eastern customers. Advocates like John C Calhoun claimed it was constitutional, arguing new economic circumstances had made it indispensable. After the war, British companies flooded US markets with less expensive products undercutting American competitors. Northern manufacturers lobbied Congress against unfair British competition. Congress responded by passing the tariff of 1816. Advocates for the tariff wanted the south to become a manufacturing center.

Laudonnière

After the initial settlement of the Huguenot in Florida, and those who survived the first wave of cannibalism and were rescued by the English hands. When fighting ceased in France, and the Huguenot leader, Admiral Coligny, renewed his colonizing plans, he chose René de ( ) as commander. He landed and saw a beautiful landscape, and he named the loveliest part of the landscape. Rene Goulaine de Laudonnière (c. 1529-1574) was a French Huguenot explorer and the founder of the French colony of Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida. Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot, sent Jean Ribault and Laudonnière to explore potential sites in Florida suitable for settlement by the French Protestants. He was accused of hoarding food and keeping his chambermaid as a mistress, while threatening to execute any of his men who cohabited with native women. He denied charges then fell ill.

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the war, colonists began squabbling over Indian-owned land west of the Appalachian Mountains that had been ceded to the British in the Treaty of Paris. Native Americans raided colonial settlements, and the widespread Indian attacks came to be called Pontiac's Rebellion because of the prominent role played by the Ottawa chieftain in trying to unify several tribes to stop British encroachment.

How did Frederick Douglass describe his escape from slavery? How did he feel when he arrived in New York?

Although Douglass didn't detail how he escaped, he described his feelings upon entering a free state. He felt excited (initially) to be free after arriving in New York; he felt like he had escaped a "hungry den of lions." However, soon enough, he because struck by feelings of great insecurity and loneliness, dampening his enthusiasm and heightening his distrust. He felt out of place and scared as a fugitive.

To what extent was Mormonism a truly "American" religion? What about Mormons led them to be persecuted so intensely?

Although Mormonism emerged from the American people, overall, the values of Mormonism and the nature of the peculiar people contrasted American beliefs. The founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith Jr, was eventually convinced of his authority directly from God. After publishing 5000 copies of his transcription of the ancient Egyptian he found etched in golden plates, he founded the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter-day Saints. Smith maintained God, angels, and people were all members of the same flesh and blood. They denied hell, criticized the sins of the rich, avoided liquor, tobacco, and caffeine, and stressed the second coming of Christ. Mormons stood out due to the refusal to abide by local laws and conventions and the denial of the US government in the constitution. They also promoted polygamy up to 1889.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

1650s and 1660s

Demographics shift, indentured servants start surviving their indenture

Bacon's Rebellion

Due to the influx of young, single, able bodied, dangerous men filling Virginia, fear of rebellion swept through the town. Fears were confirmed when an Indian attack sparked a rebellion. It was caused by a group of Indian fighters who returned from a fugitive expedition against the Indians to attack their rulers. Bacon's rebellion was the largest popular uprising in the colonies before the American Revolution. Sooner or later, nearly everyone in Virginia was in on it, but it began in the frontier of the counties of Hennco and New Kent, among men whom the governor and his friends consistently characterized as "rabble".

Walter Mares

Editor of the local newspaper, The Copper Era. Its editor, ( ), sat smoking and gulping coffee at a desk so clutter he could barely find space. Heavy set, with graying hair and mustache, he had spent much of his twenty-three- year tenure covering labor strikes, copper price collapses, and floods in the deep canyon enclosing Clifton. He also wrote features about the Coronado Trail, which gave beleaguered Clifton its town motto - and a small point of tourist interest to promote at civic events and state fairs. A serious student of history, he didn't like being lumped with Mexicans in the Southwest, either. A Spanish man, He didn't believe that the Spanish were butchers, and didn't find the Spanish bad guys, so to speak.

1603

Elizabeth dies, James I ascends the throne and believes he has the divine right of kings (laid claim on Virginia for the virgin queen)

1606

Elizabeth dies, James I ascends the throne and believes he has the divine right of kings (laid claim on Virginia for the virgin queen) James I faces a divided Church of England: reform-minded Puritans vs the Anglican establishment Living large at the peasants expense Raised Catholic, seeks to ban all Puritans from England Some Puritans decided the church was too corrupt and formed their own congregations as separatists ➡️persecuted

1642-1649

English civil war; king loses and is beheaded

1588

English navy defeats Spanish Armada

Walter Raleigh

Englishman who sponsored the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke.

How did Equiano describe his experience in the trans-Atlantic slave trade? How was this similar to or different from the slavery that had already existed in Africa?

Equaino described his experience as especially horrific, especially due to inhumane conditions he suffered across the Atlantic. Equiano described the horrific beating, cutting and killings of slaves who refused eating or attempted suicide (since many including Equiano, found death better than slavery). He also elaborated on the unsanitary and inhumane conditions that the slaves were kept in, and the separation of family during auction. Equiano preferred slavery in Africa, which was more humane.

1690

Estimated population near 50,000

Shays's Rebellion

Fear of taxpayers' revolts from below became all too real in Western Massachusetts when struggling farmers, many of them former revolutionary soldiers, demanded that the state issue more paper money and give them additional time to pay unjust taxes. Farmers also resented the new state constitution because it raised property qualifications for voting and holding elected office, stopping poor men from having political power. Armed groups of angry farmers called regulators banded together to force judges and sheriffs to stop seizing cattle and farms of those who could not pay their taxes. News of Shays's rebellion sent shockwaves across the nation.

Anaconda Strategy

Federal navies and blockade of southern ports would cut off the confederacy's access to foreign goods and weapons. The third component of the union army was to divide the confederacy by pushing south, along with crucial in-line water routes. This anaconda plan was intended to trap and crush southern resistance slowly.

Trail of Tears

Federal officials responsible for implementing the Indian removal act implemented a new strategy for the division and conqueror of the Cherokees. When Van Buren was president, 17,000 Cherokees were evicted and moved west under military guard on the trail of tears, an 800-mile forced journey marked by harsh treatment by the soldiers and managed by irresponsible private contractors who were in charge of the process.

Trail of Tears

Federal officials responsible for implementing the Indian removal act implemented a new strategy for the division and conqueror of the Cherokees. When Van Buren was president, 17,000 Cherokees were evicted and moved west under military guard on the trail of tears; an 800-mile forced journey marked by harsh treatment by the soldiers and managed by irresponsible private contractors who were in charge of the process.

Mestizos

Few Spanish women journeyed to New Spain in the sixteenth century. Those who did had to be married and accompanied by a husband. As a result, there were so few Spanish women in North America that the government encouraged soldiers and settlers to marry Native Americans and did not discriminate against the children (mestizos) of the mixed marriages. By the eighteenth century, mestizos were a majority in Mexico and New Mexico. Such widespread interbreeding and intermarriage led the Spanish to adopt a more inclusive social outlook toward the Indians than the English later did in their colonies along the Atlantic coast. Since many colonial officials were mestizos themselves, they were less likely to belittle or abuse Indians. At the same time, many Natives falsely claimed to be mestizo as a means to improve their legal status and avoid paying annual tribute.

Impressment

For American sailors, the danger of the high seas was heightened by impressing British warships, stopping US warships, boarding them, and kidnapping sailors. They claimed to be British citizens. American merchant ships attracted British dissenters because they paid more than twice as the Royal Navy.

Whigs v. Democrats

As the Democratic Party took shape around Jackson, his opponents came together in opposition to him. The opposition coalesced into the Whig Party, named after the Whigs of the Revolution and eighteenth-century Britain, who opposed the strong monarchy. Their choice of a name implied that Jackson was taking too much power and might, if left unchecked, make himself a king. Some Whigs especially feared that Jackson, as a former general, would use the military to consolidate his power. The Whigs would continue to believe that the legislature should have the most power in government, while the Democrats would continue to support a strong executive. Whigs were strong proponents of social order. A primary conflict between Democrats and Whigs revolved around California's admission to the union as a free state, which would upset the sectional balance of power between free and slave states in Congress. The result was an arduous legislative battle between Southern and Northern representatives, with the South arguing that Congress and the states had no authority to legislate against the territorial expansion of slavery. Realizing that this sectional divide could split the country, Whigs and Democrats reached a compromise they hoped would prevent secession. The ensuing Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted as a free state but strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law and made no provisions for how other territories could address the slavery issue.

Encomienda

As the sixteenth century unfolded, the Spanish shifted from looting the native peoples to enslaving them. To reward the conquistadores, Spain transferred to America a medieval socio economic system known as the encomienda, whereby favored soldiers or officials received huge parcels of land—and control over the people who lived there. The Spanish were to Christianize the Indians and provide them with protection in exchange for "tribute"—a share of their goods and labor. New Spain became a society of extremes: wealthy encomenderos and powerful priests at one end of the spectrum and Indians held in poverty at the other. The Spaniards used brute force to ensure that the Indians accepted their role as serfs. Some officials criticized the forced conversion and the encomienda system.

What did Stephen A. Douglas hope to accomplish by passing the Kansas-Nebraska Act? How did the conflicts in Bleeding Kansas preview the Civil War?

As trade with China and Japan grew, merchants and manufacturers called for transcontinental railroads, connecting the eastern seaboard to the pacific coast to facilitate the flow of commerce with Asia and settlements of Western territories. Those promoting railroads did not realize this issue would reignite the debate over the Westward expansion of slavery. Senator Stephen, a Douglas of Illinois, insisted that Chicago be the Midwest hub for the new trail birds. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska act so that Missouri and Iowa could be settled. Douglas championed population serenity, where voters in the new territories would decide on slavery themselves. Southerners demanded more, and he supported the formal repeal of the Missouri compromise and the creation of the Kansas and Nebraska territorial governments. The Act's passage led to Kansas being the center of violent slavery debates. Free state advocates in Kansas, now the majority, spread proslavery governments and elected their own delegates. Another post-delegation also formed, leading to a Civil War called Bleeding Kansas.

General Court

At Plymouth, the civil government grew out of the church government, and the members of each are identical. The signers of the Mayflower Compact at first met as the General Court of the Plymouth Plantation, which chose the governor and his assistants (or councils). Other property owners were later admitted as members or fremen, but only church members were eligible to join. As the colonies grew, the General Court became a legislative body of elected representatives from the various towns.

U.S. Constitution

At the Constitutional Convention, delegates from the colonies gathered together to discuss and revise the Articles of Confederation, due to its weakness and the push back from anti-Federalists. The US Constitution provided the framework for the new government, and was accompanied by the Bill of Rights, a list of amendments added by the Federalists that protected the rights of American citizens and ensured that tyranny or government overreach wouldn't be possible.

Demographics and Birth Rate

At the beginning the 17th century, colonies suffered from high death rates counteracting lower birth rates, due to the fact that indentured servants weren't surviving their indenture. Disease and weather conditions made it unformidable for those living in America. However, past the middle of the 17th century, newcomers began surviving and living longer, fueling the transition into a slave based society as a new, romaing class of landless poor began inhabiting the colonies.

Conscription

Because the Confederacy had a small male population, Jefferson Davis was allowed/forced to make a conscription plan or law making mandatory a military draft. On April 16, 1862, all white males from 18 to 35 were required to serve in the army for three years. This caused individuals to become sick of the war and curse the southern confederacy. Conscription law included controversial loopholes. A draftee might avoid serving by paying a substitute, not of draft age, or paying $500 to the government. Elected officials and key civilian workers, as well as planters with 20 or more slaves, were exempt.

Benjamin Franklin

Ben Franklin epitomized the American enlightenment. Born in Boston in 1706, they left for Philadelphia at age 23 and began editing and publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette. At 26, he published Poor Richard's Almanac, a collection of seasonal weather reports, puzzles, household tips, and witty sayings. He was a pragmatist who focused on virtue and public service. He founded UPenn, the American Philosophical society. He was a diplomat, politician, educator, and scientific, inventive genius. He developed the glass harmonica, lightning rod, and more.

1644

Berkeley arrives to Jamestown as governor

Underground Railroad

Between 1810 and 1850, tens of thousands of southern slaves fled to the north. Runaways usually escaped at night, from one station or safe house the next. These organizations and the systems of safe houses and shelters in the border states, so just Maryland and Kentucky and further north we're reserved as the underground railroad. The conductors helping runaways included both fleet, free blacks, abolitionists, former slaves, Native Americans, Unitarians, Quakers, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Baptists.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Georgia, 31 U.S. 515 (1832), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. According to the decision rendered by Chief Justice John Marshall, this meant that Georgia had no right to enforce state laws in its territory. The Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, disagreed with the argument that the Cherokee Nation was a "foreign state" as that term was intended in the U.S. Constitution. Justice Marshall instead defined the Cherokee Nation as a "domestic dependent nation." Based on this, the majority opinion argued that the Court could not hear and make a judgment on the case because it did not have jurisdiction.

John Brown

Bleeding Kansas had mobs, and witches rampage through town, destroying newspapers, printing, and presses, burning homes, and ransacking shops. The sack of Lawrence ignited the passions of abolitionists, especially John Brown. The son of a fervent Ohio Calvinist who taught his children that life was a crusade against sin. People saw him as a saint and crazy. In his view, he was a bit of both; Black people deserve liberty and social equality. Brown led his sons and son-in-law to Potawatomi, Kansas, a proslavery settlement, pulling five men out of their homes and hacking them to death with swords leading to the Potawatomi massacre and the brutal guerrilla war in Kansas. 200 have been killed in bleeding Kansas.

Brook Farm

Brook Farm in Massachusetts was the most celebrated utopian community because it grew out of the transcendental movement. George Ripley, a Unitarian minister and Transcendentalism, conceived Brook Farm as a kind of early-day think tank, combining plain living, high thinking, individual expression, and manual labor. America's first secular utopian community. The building eventually burned, and the community spirit died in the ashes. Had little impact.

Tobacco

Brought to colonies (mainly VA), requires labor, for social and cheap labor reasons, African enslaved people are brought in. Example of the commodity which caused the transition from societies with slaves to slave societies. Tobacco became a profitable staple crop / cash crop, becoming the sole driving force of the economy.

1688

Glorious Revolution, ends with going to other countries to find Protestant rulers, Stuarts stop paying attention to Puritans

Andrew Jackson

Grew up in the Carolinas Father killed in a farm accident Jackson fought in the American Revolution AFTER the revolution, Jackson went to Charleston. By 21, he moved to Nashville to become a frontier attorney. When Tennessee became a state, voters elected Jackson to the US House and later to the Senate, where he served only a year before returning to Tennessee and becoming a judge. Eventually owned 100 slaves on his cotton plantation No moral reservations, Elected to Senate in 1823 could be a cruel master. Combative, short-tempered. Self-made military hero, he was an attractive candidate, especially to voters of Irish background. Son of poor Scot-Irish colonists → he was loved for defeating the English in the Battle of New Orleans. Commitment to the common men resonated with many Irish who associated aristocracy with England. Jackson promised to protect the poor and humble from the tyranny of the wealthy and powerful. His populist goal was to elevate the laboring classes of white men who loved liberty and deserved nothing but equal rights and equal laws. Such democratization gave previously excluded white men status as citizens, regardless of wealth or background. Jacksonian democrats also showed little concern for undemocratic constraints on African-Americans and Native Americans, and women. His inauguration symbolizes the democratization of political life. He sought to increase the power of the presidency at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches. He believed the president was superior. Jackson also saw to cut federal spending to help pay off the federal debt. He supported internal improvements that weren't national in scope, promoting a traditional tariff. He called for the relocation of the ill-faded race of Indians living in the east to western lands. Jacksonian Democrats wanted every American to have an equal chance to compete in the marketplace and in the political arena, but they never promoted equality of results. Inequality between the rich and poor widened during the Jacksonian era.

Was John Brown's violent repudiation of slavery justified? How did his raid on Harpers Ferry contribute to the outbreak of the Civil War?

Brown was convinced that he was carrying out a divine mission. Moral absolution who disdained compromise, he was one of the few whites willing to live among black people and die for them, and he was a brilliant propagandist for the abolition cause. Under cover of darkness, they walked 5 miles to the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). They took the sleeping town by surprise, cut telegraph lines, and occupied the arsenal with 100,000 rifles. Meanwhile, hundreds of armed whites poured into Harper's Ferry, and Lieutenant colonel Robert E. Lee, armed with a force of marines. His violence was passionate. However, violence to this level should not be the expectation. Caught up in a frenzy of fear after Brown's assault at Harper's Ferry, southerners circulated wild rumors about slave rebellions. Southern states strengthened their military units and passed new restrictions on the movement of slaves.

Burned-Over District

Burned-Over District in New York represents the religious fervor sweeping the east coast. Regions rolled over by revival were compared to forests devastated by fire. In western New York, specifically Rochester so, many of the people were described as living in a burned-over district. One reason the area was such a hotbed was the Erie canal. The construction of the traffic on the canal turned towns into rollicking scenes of lawlessness, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and crime. Such widespread sin made the region ripe for revival. The most successful evangelist in the burned-over district was a former attorney turned Presbyterian minister, Charles Grandison Finley. From 1830 to 1831, he preached for six months in Rochester, the canal boom town, further perfecting revival methods.

joint stock companies

Businesses owned by shareholders that invested in exploration and colonization

William Berkeley

By 1624, some 8,000 Englishmen men, women, and children had migrated to Jamestown, although only 1,132 had survived or stayed, and many of them were ina "sickly and desperate state". IN 1622 alone, 1,000 colonists had died of disease / victim to Indian massacre → 1624, the Virginia Company declared bankruptcy, and Virginia became a royal colony. The settlers were free to own property and start businesses. The king would thereafter appoint their governors, such as Sir William Berkeley, who arrived in 1642, presided over the colony's rapid growth for most of the next 35 years. Tobacco prices surged and wealthy planters began to dominate social and political life.

Why was slavery in Virginia different in 1680 than it was in 1640? What specific elements of the institution changed?

By 1660s, colonial legislature formalized the institution of race based slavery, with detailed slave codes regulating most aspects of slave lives. For example, in 1669, Virginia made it not a serious crime to accidentally kill a slave who was being whipped or beaten.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Called Seneca Falls Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of women. When Seneca Falls Convention convened, the revolution was in the air. The young mother who organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

Why did John C. Calhoun and South Carolina respond so strongly to the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832? How did Jackson propose to resolve the controversy?

Changing economic conditions in his home state frustrated Calhoun. Most South Carolina people blamed their woes on the tariff of 1828, which was labeled the tariff of abominations. The tariff hurt southern cotton growers by taxing British cough into the US markets by reducing British demand for rock cotton from America. It also hurt Southerners by raising prices for imported goods. Jackson tried to defuse the confrontation with South Carolina by calling Congress to reduce tariff taxes and rates. Congress responded with the tariff of 1832, which lowered rates on some products but kept them high on British cotton fabric and clothing. However, Calhoun and many others were disappointed. When South Carolinians continued to resist, Jackson sent federal soldiers and warships to South Carolina to protect federal customs, where tariffs were applied. By 1833 Jackson signed the compromise tariff and force the bill into law, causing rebels to back down. Both sides won, Jackson defended the nation's supremacy, and South Carolina won tariff reductions.

Charles Finney

Charles Finney embarks on a whirlwind tour using his evangelical style to return lost souls to Christianity.

1629

Charles I (1625) fights with and suspends parliament- he just wants money and to run the country alone, Joint stock company founded, Calvinist Puritans led by John Winthrop

Chattel Slavery

Chattel slavery is the most common form of slavery known to Americans. This system, which allowed people — considered legal property — to be bought, sold and owned forever, was lawful and supported by the United States and European powers from the 16th - 18th centuries.

How did John Marshall expand the authority of the Supreme Court? How did Marshall use that authority to strengthen the power of the federal government? Consider specific cases.

Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the federal government's constitutional powers at the expense of states' rights. In Marbury vs. Madison, the court declared a federal law unconstitutional. In Martin v. Hunter and Cohen vs.Virginia, the court ruled that the constitution could remain the supreme law of the land only if the court could review and, at times, overturn decisions in state courts. In Dartmouth College vs. Woodward, Marshall ruled in favor of protecting contract rights. In McCulloch versus Maryland, Marshall ruled that given the implied powers granted, Congress had the right to take any action not forbidden by the constitution, as long as the purpose was in the scope of the constitution, banning states from taxing federal banks.

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death. The father of Pocahontas and a powerful Native American chief.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Claimed Florida for the King of Spain, 1513

What grievances did the colonists have against the British government? Identify as many specific instances as you can.

Colonists held many grievances against the British government. For example, colonists opposed the Sugar Act, which taxed goods like sugar, wine, and coffee imports. They opposed the Currency Act, which prevented colonies from coining/printing their own money. The colonists opposed the Quartering Act, which required them to house soldiers, and the Stamp Act, which required colonists to purchase paper with an official stamp for virtually every possible use. Colonists responded by organizing into rebellious groups and signing non-importation agreements. Many ceased to drink British tea as well. Coercive Acts as well were another source of protest, and the Boston Massacre acted as a tipping point.

Commercial Agriculture v. Subsistence Agriculture

Commercial agriculture: many products produced for business Subsistence agriculture: enough products to live / for family

How were Spanish visions of slavery similar to those of Native American peoples such as the Comanche and Apache? Why is this significant when interpreting such events as the Pueblo Uprising?

Common cultural motifs and visions of slavery allowed Spanish / Indian systems to become intertwined. For example, both valued kin-based systems and were driven by the desire for prestigious social units. For example, women + children found themselves integrated in host communities through kinship patterns, which caused the gradual transformation of host societies with women / child slaves, also becoming main negotiators of political, economic, and cultural exchange. However, slave systems displaced growing tensions between social needs of participant societies and economic value of bound labor. This is significant because after a disrespectful violation of slave trade regulations by the Spaniards against the Apaches mobilized them to revolt. Additionally, the Spanish were demanded to return enslaved women and children.

Borderland slavery

Common cultural motifs and visions slavery allowed Spanish / Indian systems to become entertwined. For example, both valed kin-based systems and were driven by the desire for prestigious social units. For example, women + children found themselves integrated inhost communities through kinship patterns, and caused the gradual transformation of host societies with women / child slaves, also becoming main negotiators of political, economic, and cultural exchange. However, slave systems displaced growing tensions between social needs of participant socieites and economic value of bound labor. This is significant because after a disrespectful violation of slave trade regulations by the Spaniards agaisnt the Apaches mvoiblized them to revolt. Additionally, the Spanish were demanded to return enslaved women and children.

Great Compromise

Compromise between the Northern and Southern states, as well as the larger and smaller states over representation and delegation in the new government.

How did the Union and Confederacy try to appeal to European nations for support in the war? How were those attempts affected by the Battle of Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation?

Confederate leaders had assumed that Britain would support the south to get its cotton. As it turned out, however, the British could import enough cotton from India to maintain production. Confederate diplomacy in Europe was more successful in purchasing military supplies and gaining official recognition as an independent nation. On September 17, union and confederate soldiers crashed at the battle of Antietam; in the union, soldiers who discovered a war plan wrapped in cigar paper found a way to win. This dashed Confederate hopes to forge alliances with Great Britain, convincing Lincoln to shift to war from maintaining the union to ending slavery. The emancipation proclamation undermined southern support in Europe and gave the union morals.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Chief Powhatan. Her actions were essential to the survival of the Jamestown colony; she acted as an intermediary between the Native people and colonists, she brought them desperately needed food in exchange for trinkets, and helped protect individuals in the colony. She was later taken by English mariner Samuel Argall who demanded a ransom for her return. Eventually, she married the Englishman John Rolfe (who was in love with her), and he took her to London along with their son where she integrated with the people there.

Declaratory Act

Declaratory Act, (1766), declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765).

Walter Raleigh

Half brother of Sir Humfrey Gilbert and a favorite of Queen Elizabeth of England; he was a warrior-gentleman who fought duels and performed brutal service in Ireland. He sent two English ships on a reconnaissance voyage to America, and they returned with two kidnapped Indians and a promising description of the territory. Raleigh christened this American territory Virginia and sent a colonial fleet of 108 men to establish a colony there under the leadership of Ralph Lane. Although they eventually had to abandon the colony, the first attempt gave way to a second, in which Raleigh sent groups of English families (led by artist John White) to inhabit the colony. Roanoke eventually failed and its colonists (save John White) were never to be seen again. Meanwhile, Raleigh impregnated and married one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, losing favor with her as a result. And when King James came to power, Raleigh was thrown in the Tower and eventually executed.

Bank of the United States

Hamilton convinced Washington to sign the Bank Bil, the new B.U.S based in Philadelphia, had three primary responsibilities: 1) to hold the government and to other banks to promote the economic development of the nation, 2) to provide loans to the federal government and to other banks to promote economic development and 3) to manage the nation's money supply by regulating the power of state-chartered banks to issue paper currency or banknotes. They could issue national banknotes to address the chronic shortage of gold and silver coins. He wanted the bank to be modeled after the Bank of England. Such a bank would enable much greater commerce among individual states and people.

Report on Manufactures

Hamilton's bold economic vision was not yet complete in the last of his "Reports on Manufactures," distributed in December 1791. He left a capstone of his design for a modern capitalist economy: the active government promotion of new manufacturing industrial enterprises (mills, mines, and factories). Industrialization was believed to diversify the American economy, which was dominated by agriculture and dependent on imported goods from Britain. He hoped to increase productivity through the greater use of machinery. He also recommended that the federal government increase tariffs on imports, and financial incentives to key industries, enabling new industries to grow.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel was the second best-selling book of the 1800s. It only trailed the Bible. Stows was the daughter of Lyman Beecher, an abolitionist preacher of the second great awakening, and she wrote the novel to draw attention to the plight of slaves.

1618

Headright system: encourages indentured servants

"Civil Disobedience"

Henry David Thoreau was a transcendentalist, writer, and philosopher. He wrote an essay, originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government," to protest the practice of slavery and Mexican American war. In 1846, Thoreau was briefly jailed for refusing to pay for several years worth of poll taxes; he objected to his money being used to support government policies with which he strongly disagreed. Mohandas, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr. followed many of his ideals.

1619

House of Burgesses established, first African slaves

In what ways was Andrew Jackson an exceptional figure among American presidents? What about him caused him to become a symbol of democracy?

Jackson promised to protect the poor and humble from the tyranny of the wealthy and powerful. His populist goal was to elevate the laboring classes of white men who loved liberty and deserved nothing but equal rights and equal laws. Such democratization gave previously excluded white men status as citizens, regardless of wealth or background. Jacksonian democrats also showed little concern for undemocratic constraints on African-Americans and Native Americans, and women. His inauguration symbolizes the democratization of political life. He sought to increase the power of the presidency at the expense of the legislative and judicial branches. He believed the president was superior. Jackson also saw to cut federal spending to help pay off the federal debt. He supported internal improvements that weren't national in scope, promoting a traditional tariff. He called for the relocation of the ill-faded race of Indians living in the east to western lands.

John Locke

John Locke maintained that natural law called for a government that rested on the government's consent and respected the "natural rights' ' of all. These rights include basic civic principles of the Enlightenment: human rights, political liberty, and religious toleration - which would later influence colonial leaders' efforts to justify a revolution. On the contrary, John Locke argues that being under the dominion of an absolute monarch goes against the state of nature. According to the state of nature, men are naturally free. Although men are naturally free, their freedom is shaky and unstable in terms of living in civil societies - so, men have to quit part of their freedom to advance the liberty of others in civil society, going against laws of nature but benefiting a community.

How did John Locke see the relationship between the government and its citizens? How does that relationship alter the ``state of nature?

John Locke maintained that natural law called for a government that rested on the government's consent and respected the "natural rights' ' of all. These rights include basic civic principles of the Enlightenment: human rights, political liberty, and religious toleration - which would later influence colonial leaders' efforts to justify a revolution. On the contrary, John Locke argues that being under the dominion of an absolute monarch goes against the state of nature. According to the state of nature, men are naturally free. Although men are naturally free, their freedom is shaky and unstable in terms of living in civil societies. So, men have to quit part of their freedom to advance the liberty of others in civil society, going against laws of nature but benefiting a community.

Gibbons v. Ogden

John Marshall's last major decision defines the federal government's supremacy and regulation of interstate commerce. The New York legislature granted Robert Fulton/Livingston the sole rights to operate steamboats on the states, rivers, and lakes. Fulton/Livingston gave Aaron Ogden the executive rights to ferry people and goods up the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey. Gibbons operated under a federal license that competed with Ogden. Marshall, on behalf of a unanimous court, ruled that the monopoly granted by the state to Ogden conflicted with the federal license issued to Gibbons.

1612

John Rolfe introduces tobacco cultivation, began growing tobacco for export to England

1607-1609

John Smith fights Powhatan, brings new people to deeply depleted Jamestown colony; most die quickly, appointed to help manage colony by the Virginia Company

Juan Ortiz

Juan Ortiz was a Spanish sailor who was held captive by Native Americans in Florida for eleven years, from 1528 until he was rescued by the Hernando de Soto expedition in 1539. Two accounts of Ortiz's eleven years as a captive, differing in details, offer a story of Ortiz being sentenced to death by a Native American chief two or three times, saved each time by the intervention of a daughter (and possibly other female relatives) of the chief, and finally escaping to a neighboring chiefdom, whose chief sheltered him. He then acted as a guide and translator for De Soto.

Dominion of New England

King James II succeeded his brother, King James, in becoming the first Catholic monarch in more than 100 years. To demonstrate his power, the new King reorganized the New England colonies into a single supercolony called the Dominion of New England. In 1686, a New Royal governor, the authoritarian Sir Edmund Andros, arrived in Boston, stripping New Englanders of their civil rights, imposing new taxes, ignoring town governments, strictly enforcing Navigation Acts, and punishing smugglers The Dominion of New England also added former Dutch Province of New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey to its control a few months before the Glorious Revolution.

Armada

King Phillip II, the fiercest opponent to Queen Elizabeth, had enough of Queen Elizabeth's pirating of Spanish ships, and began plotting an invasion of England. He assembled the Spanish armada, 132 warships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000, and it was the greatest invasion fleet in history to that point. Due to the English, speed, agility, and tactic, the armada was defeated by the English, confirming England's naval supremacy.

The Viking Trail

L'anse aux Meadows to Norse Settlements. Leif Eiriksson sailed the far North Atlantic and then coasted south, This quest led him to Newfoundland. Leif Eiriksson sailed the far North Atlantic and then coasted south, he would have bumped into Newfoundland's northern tip.

How did Hamilton propose paying off the American Revolution's national debt? How did these policies reflect the belief systems of Hamilton and the Federalists?

Levying tariffs marked but one aspect of Hamilton's plan to put the new Republic on sound financial footing. In the "Reports on Public Credit," he outlined his visionary program for US economic development. He proposed selling government bonds. He argued this would provide investors "the monied interest" a direct stake in the new government's success. He also insisted that the Federal "assume" the state debts from the Revolutionary War because they are a "national responsibility." A well-managed federal debt would be a national blessing and promote long-term prosperity. Hamilton convinced Congress to create excise taxes on particular products, such as carriages, sugar, and salt. He also called for the national bank.

What concerns did James Madison have about the influence of factions? Why did he say the republican model alleviates those concerns?

Madison stressed that the greatest threat to the rule of the people was the rise of factions, or special interest groups, whose goals conflicted with the interest and welfare of the greater community. Yet any effort to illuminate factions over prior Tairney, the goal should be to minimize the negative effects of factions. Madison argued. It was a responsibility of a republic and Congress to regulate the various interesting interests. Madison and other framers of the constitution created a political system that protects minorities from the majority's tyranny. According to Madison, a wide, stretched republic is just the cure.

American System

Major economic initiatives debated by Congress after the war of 1812 included the national bank federal tariffs infrastructure. These were part of a comprehensive plan called the American system by Henry Clay. Clay wanted to free the US economy from dependency on Great Britain by tying together the nation's different regions politically. He wanted to give each section of the country top economic priority. He called for tariffs to build infrastructure and raise the prices for federal lands and a strong national bank to create a national currency and stabilize the economy. However, Clay was a democratic republican!

1611

Man who brought colonists Thomas Gates rebuilt settlements and imposed strict laws ➡️Dale's Laws

How did the women's rights movement respond to the cult of domesticity? Why did Elizabeth Cady Stanton mimic the structure of the Declaration of Independence in her Declaration of Sentiments?

Many women began arguing that women should focus on improving their home life. In 1841 Catherine Beecher published a treatise on the domestic economy, which provided the cult of domesticity with a powerful ideology that called upon women to accept and celebrate their role as a manager of the household and nurture of children, separate from the main sphere of work outside the home. Prospects for women remained much as they had been in colonial times: no college, no property rights, etc. In 1848, at the Seneca convention, activists joined together and coined a clever phrase/paraphrase of the Declaration of Independence called the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This proclaimed that all men and women were created equal, and all laws that placed women subordinate to men were contrary to the great precept of nature. The most controversial demand of the women at this convention was the right to vote. Such ambitious goals, and strong language, were too radical for some of the 300 delegates, and only 1/3 of the delegates signed.

Cult of Domesticity

What factors influenced Marshall's decision in Marbury v. Madison? How did this ruling affect the role of the Supreme Court?

Marshall was a fierce critic and lifelong enemy of Jefferson, whom he considered a war-striking aristocrat who prized the states over the national government. Marshall set out to strengthen the judicial branch. In the unanimous ruling, Marshall held that Marbury deserved his judgeship. He denied that the court had jurisdiction. The federal Judiciary Act ruled Marshall was unconstitutional because the Constitution specified that the court should have original jurisdiction in cases involving foreign ambassadors/nations. The court, therefore, had no order in the case. Marshall had elevated the court statute and found the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional since it violated the "fundamental/Parliament law of the nation." The Marbury decision granted the Supreme Court the power of judicial review, where the courts determine the constitutionality of Congress and the President's actions. They had final authority in all constitutional interpretations.

1517

Martin Luther and Protestant Reformation

Eaton Affair

Martin Van Buren took advantage of the Peggy Eaton affair or scandal. Margaret Peggy O'Neil Timberlake wasn't an attractive Washington temptress who flirted with other men while her husband was at sea. She delighted in John Eaton. In 1828, Timberlake died at sea, and many believed it was due to the O'Neil Eatons affair. They got married to counteract the gossip. The marriage was seen as in haste, and people continued to call Peggy a *****. The rumoring/sniping became a time-consuming distraction for the president. Henry, Clay, and Calhoun were blamed for the affair's spread, mainly because Eaton didn't support Calhoun's wishes to be president.

The Alamo

Members of the Texas volunteer army, held up in an abandoned Catholic mission, outnumbered and outgunned Texas rebels were led by James, Jim Bowie, William Barron, Travis, and David Crockett. The defenders of the Alamo shared a commitment to liberty in the face of Santa Anna's despotism. Mexicans launched a series of assaults against the outnumbered defenders. Ferocious fighting at the Alamo turned rebellion into a war for Texan independence. The climactic battle of the Alamo ended with virtually no Texan survivors. This battle served as vengeance for Texans.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Methodists actively recruited black people. They were the first to bring "glad tidings" to black people in America. In 1816, Alan helped found the first black denomination in America. Racial tensions increased as white Methodist congregations required blacks to sit in designated pews. Such discrimination led Alan and others to found the Bethel African Methodist church. In 1816, as racial tensions grew. He founded the AMC. This nomination grew quickly and during the 19th century, extended its outreach, initiating the first civil rights movement and promoting economic and educational opportunities for people of color.

Monroe Doctrine

Most important was the diplomatic policy crafted by President Monroe, and Secretary of State John Adams, involving a determined effort to prevent further European colonialism in the western hemisphere. In an inaugural address to congress, Monroe outlined four major points: American continents were no longer European subjects. Number two, the US would consider any interference in the hemisphere dangerous to their safety. Number three, the US wouldn't intervene with existing European-controlled colonies in the Americas, and number four, the US would keep out of the internal affairs of European nations. This acted as an important statement of American intention to prevent European involvement in the western hemisphere and determination from being dominant in the western hemisphere.

Tariff of Abominations

Most of South Carolina and its people blamed their woes on the tariff of 1828 which was labeled the tariff of abominations. By taxing British cough, coming into the US markets, the tariff hurt southern cotton growers, by reducing British demand for rock cotton from America. It also hurt Southerners by raising prices for important goods. Jackson tried to defuse the confrontation with South Carolina by calling Congress to reduce tariff taxes and rates. Congress responded with the tariff of 1832, which lowered rates on some products, but kept them high on British cotton fabric and clothing. However, Calhoun and many others were disappointed. When nullifiers continued to resist, Jackson sent federal soldiers and war ships to South Carolina to protect federal customs, where tariffs are applied. By 1833 Jackson signed into law the compromise tariff and force bill, causing rebels to back down. Both sides won, Jackson defended the supremacy of the nation and South Carolina won tariff reductions.

Coronado Peak

Mountain lookout called ( ), part of Coronado's voyage. Coronado's expedition, Congress approved the creation of a spark that would straddle the border and commemorate links between two countries. So Congress went ahead without Mexico's ambivalence and located the Coronado National Memorial.

Manteo

Native American who sailed back to England with John White, later named Lord of Roanoke by the Queen of England He was one of the two Indians who were kidnapped by Raleigh's fleet and taken to England, where he was tutored by Thomas Hariot so that he could learn English. He was eventually taken back to the Roanoke colony and baptized to serve as an ally to the Roanoke colonizers.

Iroquois

Native Americans found living in the present-day northeastern United States.

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States.

Treaty of Paris

Negotiations following the battle of Yorktown dragged on for months. On September 3, 1783, the warring nations signed the Treaty of Paris. Its provisions were surprisingly favorable to the US. Great Britain recognized the independence of the 13 former colonies and agreed that the Mississippi river was America's Western boundary, doubling the new nation's territory. Native Americans were the biggest losers and were left out of negotiations when disputes would arrive later on the topic of America's northern and southern borders.

Why were the newly-popular denominations of Baptists and Methodists so attractive to converts in the Second Great Awakening? What particular forms did their worship take?

New denominations attracted and excited followers. This sect promoted more democratic principles and allowed individual congregations to exercise more power than the Anglican church. The phases of protestant revivalism shared a simple message: salvation is available for not just a select few but anyone who repents and embraces Jesus Christ. This renewal gave birth to the Great Revival, which included traveling through the backwoods, evangelist preachers, and frontier camp meetings. Mass revivals along the western frontier were family-oriented, community-building events that bridged social, economic, political, and even racial divisions. Women especially flocked to revivals and served as a backbone of religious life. Baptist theology was granted in biblical fundamentalism, a certainty that every word and story in the Bible was divine, inspired, and true. Baptists believe everyone can gain salvation by choosing to. Baptists stressed social equality to all before God, regardless of wealth, status, etc. Methodists also believed in free will, developing the most effective Evangelical method: traveling evangelists on horseback to see converts in remote frontier settlements.

Virginia Company

In 1606 King James I chartered a joint-stock enterprise called the Virginia Company. It was owned by investors called "adventurers" who sought to profit from the gold and silver they hoped to find in America. King James also gave the Virginia company a religious mission to convert Indians to Chrisitans. They landed along Chesapeake Bay, and founded Jamestown.

John Winthrop

In 1629, King Charles I gave a royal charter to the Massachusetts Bay Company, a group of Calvinist Puritans led by John Winthrop, a lawyer with intense religious convictions and mounting debts. Winthrop wanted the colony to be a haven for Puritans and a model Christian community where Jesus Christ would be exalted and faith would flourish. They would create "a City upon a Hill," as he declared, borrowing the phrase from Jesus's Sermon on the Mount. "The eyes of all people are on us," Winthrop said, so they must live up to their sacred destiny. Winthrop shrewdly took advantage of an oversight in the company charter: It did not require that the joint-stock company maintain its home office in England. The Puritans took the royal charter with them, thereby transferring government authority from London to Massachusetts, where they hoped to govern themselves.

What kind of a community did Winthrop hope to develop in New England? How did he see the colony's role in the world?

In 1629, King Charles had a charter to Massachusetts Bay, a group of Calvinists, led by John Winthrop. Winthrop wanted the Colony to be a haven for Puritans and a model for Christian community where Jesus would be exalted and faith would flourish. He saw his colony as a city on a hill, and they must live up to that sacred destiny.

Cotton Mather

In 1692, the influential Boston minister Cotton Mather observed that there "are far more Godly Women in the world than there are Godly Men." In explaining this phenomenon, Mather argued that the pain associated with childbirth, which had long been interpreted as the penalty women paid for Eve's sinfulness, was in part what drove women "more frequently, & the more fervently" to commit their lives to Christ. Cotton Mather was a puritan church minister and believer in witchcraft. He oversaw and condemned others to practicing witchcraft. He later wrote on the ways in which one may discover a "witch".

Boston Tea Party

In 1774, Lord North convinced Parliament to punish Boston and the province of Massachusetts by passing a cluster of harsh laws called Coercive Acts (Americans call them Intolerable Acts). The Port Act closed the harbor until Boston paid for the tea, Quartering Acts ordered the colonists to provide lodging for British soldiers. The impartial Administration of Justice Act stated that major officials would be tried in London. These acts mocked colonists.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Jay's Treaty

In 1791, tensions between the US and Great Britain threatened to renew a war between old enemies. The treaty of Paris left southern and western boundaries in dispute, and British warships violated international law and seized merchant ships. American ships were captured, and many viewers were forced to join the British navy (impressment). British troops in the Ohio Valley gave Indians weapons to attack American settlers. Chief Justice John Jay was sent to settle major issues. Britain refused to stop impressing. Finally, Jay conceded that Great Britain didn't need to reimburse escaped African Americans. The treaty included 1) that Great Britain would evacuate six ports in Northwestern America, 2) reimburse for seizures/cargo 3) grant US merchants the right to trade again with the British Island of West Indies. Many Americans, especially the Republicans, were outraged.

Seminole War

In 1816, US soldiers clashed with the runaway slaves in West Florida in the present-day panhandle at the same time, Seminole, the Warriors fat white settlers. And 1817, Americans burned Seminole villages on the border, killing five Indians. At that point, Secretary of War John C Calhoun ordered General Andrew Jackson to lead an army from Tennessee into Florida, igniting the Seminole war. Calhoun told Jackson to pursue marauding Indians into Spanish Florida but not attack Spanish forts. Jackson wrote to Monroe, claiming he would conquer Spanish Florida and 60 days. In early 1818, Jackson and his allies, 2000 federal soldiers, moved to Spanish Florida, dissolving Spanish forts at Saint Mark's and destroying several Seminole villages.

Declaration of Sentiments

In 1848, at the Seneca convention, activists joined together and coined a clever phrase/paraphrase of the Declaration of Independence called the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This proclaimed that all men and women were created equal, and all laws that placed women subordinate to men were contrary to the great precept of nature. The most controversial demand of the women at this convention was the right to vote. Such ambitious goals, and strong language, were too radical for some of the 300 delegates, and only 1/3 of the delegates signed.

Treaty of Greenville

In August 1794, the entire confederacy of some 2,000 Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, Delaware, and Potawatomi warriors supported the British and, reinforced by Canadian militiamen, attacked General Wayne Warriors troops and Indian allies at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Americans defeated their troops and destroyed their crops. The Indians agreed to the Treaty of Greenville, in which the US bought most of Ohio, Detroit, and Chicago. Also established American/Indian boundaries.

Boston Massacre

In Boston, the presence of thousands of British soldiers had become a consistent source of irritation. On the evening of March 5, 1770, two dozen "saucy" Boston Rowdies, mostly teens, Irishmen, blacks, and sailors, began throwing icicles and oyster shells at Hugh White (a British soldier guarding the Customs House). A squad of soldiers tried helping him, but when a soldier got knocked down, he rose and fired his musket. After the smoke settled, 5 people lay dead or dying on the street.

What different tactics did Indian nations use to resist their removal? How did Marshall's Supreme Court view the petitions from the Cherokee Nation? To what extent can we consider the policy of Indian Removal as "genocide"?

In Illinois and Wisconsin, the Sauk and Fox Indians sought to gain ancestral lands in the Black Hawk war. And Florida Seminoles, led by Osceola ferociously, resisted federal removal policy for eight years. Seminoles would fight in a guerrilla war in the swamps of the Everglades. This was the longest, most costly, and deadliest war. Cherokee nations also tried to deny federal removal. They adopted a constitution as an independent nation in which they declared that they were not subject to the laws or control of any state or federal government. In Georgia versus the Cherokee nation, Marshall ruled that the Cherokees had an unquestionable right to remain And maintain control of the recent ancestral lands. However, they couldn't render a verdict on the case since the Cherokee filed as a foreign nation. The courts ruled favor of the Cherokees in Worcester versus Georgia when white missionaries were sentenced to four years of hard labor for their interactions with the Cherokees. Marshall wrote the Cherokee were a distinct political community within which Georgia had no force.

How did Jefferson and Hamilton disagree in their interpretations of the French Revolution? What personal factors led each to feel as they did?

In July 1789, violence erupted in France when masses of the working poor rebelled due to rising bread prices inspired by the American Revolution. They revolted against the absolute monarchy and captured the attention of Americans. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who loved French culture and democratic ideals, wholeheartedly supported the Revolution. He even justified the Reign of Terror, asserting that the "tree of liberty is refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants' '. By contrast, Alexander Hamilton and John Adams saw the French Revolution as vicious and godless, transforming the first decade of American politics into one of the most devise periods in the nation's history and age of passion.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

In a pamphlet called South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828, Calhoun claimed that the tariff of 1828 favored New England textile manufacturing over Southern agriculture. Under such circumstances

Reports on Public Credit

In a series of "Reports on Public Credit" submitted to Congress between Jan 1790 and December 1791, Hamilton outlined his visionary program for US economic development. The first report dealt with how the federal government should refinance the massive debts to be repaid. After all, Hamilton explained, a robust economy depended upon its integrity and reliability, debts being paid, contracts being enforced, and private property protected.

How did the early fighting in and around Boston set the stage for the Revolutionary War? What did the Battle of Bunker Hill show about each side?

In early 1775, Parliament decided that Massachusetts was officially in rebellion and prohibited the New England colonies from trading with any nation outside the British empire. Many patriots believed that Britain would back down. Patrick Henry declared war inevitable. By mid-1775, the King and Parliament had effectively lost control. They could neither persuade nor force the Patriots to accept new regulations and revenue measures. In Boston, General Gage warned that armed conflict would unleash the horrors of the Civil War. The Bunker Hill battle was the first major clash; the battle was an effort to strengthen their control. The British assault had suffered 1054 casualties, more than two times the American losses. The nine months stalemate around Boston, with each side hoping for a negotiated settlement. Patriots were still living in Boston with a British army governed by martial law in Boston; the word of the battle reached London the king agreed it was an all-out war.

Joint-Stock Companies

In order to strengthen the efforts of English colonization, the monarchy planted colonies in America, which was expensive. Investors banded together to buy shares in joint stock companies. That way, large amounts of money could be raised, and if a colony failed, no single investor would suffer the entire loss. If a colony succeeded, the investors would share profits based on the amount of stock (shares) they owned. This represented the most important organization innovation of the Age of Exploration and provided the instruments for English colonization in America.

Spanish Armada

In response to English attacks on Spanish ships and coastal colonies that were encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, King Philip launched a gargantuan Spanish armada in 1588 to invade England. However, the heavy Spanish ships were no match for the lighter, nimbler English vessels and their superior naval strategy. As a result of these factors combined with ferocious storms at the North Sea, the Spanish fleet was decimated. This decisive victory over the Spaniards consolidated England's naval power and cleared the way for further English colonization of the Americas.

How does Edmund Morgan characterize the development of slavery in 17th century Virginia? How much did slavery depend on a racist ideology?

In the beginning, before 1660, Africans weren't subjected to more severe discipline than other servants. However, slavery came as a solution to a potential threat of the rights of Englishment. Virginians found the cheapest labor they could get. Once Virginia's mortality rate ceased, an investment in slave labor was much more profitable than an investment in free labor, and planterrs borugh slaves as rpaibdly as traderes made them available. The increase in slaves mirrored the derease in indentured servants and consequently a decrease the importation of dangerous freedmen (who wanted palces insocity they couldn't achieve). Racist ideology provided means for Virginaisn to justify laws that severely punished African Americans, and kept them in their salvery. It brought them into a wound where. They would only know slavery.

Industrial Revolution

In the early 1800s, when textile mills, shoe factories, and mines began to be developed. Spreading from NE, this revolution regenerated the economy, making America more independent from Europe. Generated great profit. Changed daily experience. Concentration of huge numbers of people in commercial and factory cities. Expanding market demand The introduction of steam engines and the application of new technology made the market revolution possible. New machines and improvements in agricultural and industrial efficiency led to a remarkable increase in productivity.

How did public education change in the mid-1800s? How did traditional beliefs about education remain the same?

In the first half of the 19th century, performers lobbied for public schools to serve all children. The working poor wanted free schools to give their children an equal chance to improve while reducing crime and poverty. Horace Mann of Massachusetts, a state legislator and attorney, wanted a statewide tax supporting public school systems. Proposed schools were to be free for all children despite race, gender, class, etc. He vied for universal access to education. He wanted schools to reinforce the values of clean living. By 1840, most states in the north and the Midwest, but not in the south, had joined the movement, or more residents began to have high school education. Yet by 1850, ½ of the nation's white children ages 5-19 were enrolling, free southerners. Schools in most states still prohibited enslaved children. Additionally, schools in the South had only four months, and in the only months, children did farmwork.

How did the American colonists organize to protest the British policies? How did these bodies develop over time?

In the late 19th century, Americans who opposed British policies began to call themselves Patriots, or Whigs, a name earlier applied to British critics of royal Power. In 1764 and 1765, American Whigs felt that Grenville violated their rights in several ways. Later, after the enforcement of the Stamp Act, floods of Pamphlets, speeches, resolutions, and street protests repeated the slogan "no taxation without representation." Protestors called themselves the Sons of Liberty, often meeting under a Liberty Tree. To put economic pressure on the British Patriots signed non-importation agreements. There was a rise in the daughters of Liberty as well. Afterward, a Stamp Act congress formulated a Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies. By October of 1768, British troops arrived in Boston, and a divide occurred between Loyalists (those who supported the British soldiers) and those who rebelled against the British.

Election of 1800

In the raucous election of 1800, Jefferson and Burr, two Republicans, emerged with 73 electoral votes each. Adams received 65, and Burr refused to withdraw in favor of Jefferson; the vote in the electoral college sent the vote to the House of Representatives. The vote created an explosive political crisis. The three months for the House of Representatives were too tense, and civil war discourse was open. There were even rumors of a planned assassination of Jefferson. In the end, it took 36 ballots for the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson over Burr.

Skraeling

In the sagas, the word for native is ( ), an archaic Norse term that is variously translated as "wretch" or "ugly", or "screecher". Natives were described as dark and evil looking, with coarse hair and broad cheekbones.

What conditions did Dred Scott argue should free him from slavery? How did the Supreme Court and Chief Justice Roger Taney respond to the arguments?

In this case, with the aid of abolitionist attorneys, he filed a suit in Missouri, claiming his residence in Illinois and the Wisconsin territory had made him free because slavery was outlawed and had been implicitly excluded from citizenship. On the issue of Scott's residency, Taney argued that the now-defunct Missouri Compromise of 1820 had deprived citizens of property by prohibiting slavery in the states, an action "not warranted" by the Constitution. The notorious Dred Scott decision thus decided an act of Congression (the Missouri Compromise) unconstitutional for the first time since Marbury vs. Madison. The decision also challenged the idea of popular sovereignty.

small pox

Infectious disease brought to America by the Spanish that devastated native populations.

Corrupt Bargain

Initial results of the 1824 election were inconclusive since there were four candidates. Jackson had won the popular vote, followed by atoms, Crawford and Clay. Adams supported most of the policies that Clay had expected to be named Secretary of State, eventually leading him to the White House. Claire convinced the house representatives to select items. This controversial victory led to what was known as the corrupt bargain, with Adams, according to Jackson. Jackson's supporters launched a campaign to undermine the administration's decision and elect Jackson.

Astrolabe

Instrument for measuring the position of the sun and stars; using these readings, navigators could calculate their latitude (their distance north and south of the equator).

What did the British hope to accomplish by instituting mercantilist policies? How did the Navigation Acts contribute to that goal?

Oliver Cromwell's victory over the monarchy in 1651 directly affected the colonies. As England's new ruler, Cromwell embraced a more rigidly enforced mercantilism, a political and economic policy adopted by most European monarchs during the 17th century, in which the government controlled all economic activities. Key industries were regulated or subsidized (supported by payment from the government), and people with specialized skills or knowledge of new technology, such as textile machinery, were not allowed to leave the country. Mercantilism also supported the creation of global empires. Mercantilism assumptions prompted Cromwell to adopt the first in a series of Navigation Acts intended to increase control over the colonial economies. The Navigation Act of 1561 required all goods going to and from the colonies to be carried only in English-owned ships.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

On April 14, 1775, the British Army received secret orders to stop the open rebellion in Massachusetts. General Gage had decided to arrest rebel leaders such as Samuel Adams and seize their gunpowder stored at Concord, 16 miles northwest of Boston. Patriots got wind of the plan, and Paul Revere and William Paves rode at midnight to warn the British were coming. On April 19, redcoats found Minutemen waiting, standing their ground. Outnumbered minutemen were backing away when someone fired, causing a brief skirmish and a day of horror. Both sides thought the other would surrender. Instead, the clash resistance led to a war of the rebellion. Masses of people were determined to take their freedom from the British government.

Lexington and Concord

Book of Mormon

Published by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was named for the ancient prophet claimed to have written in. It was, he said, a translation of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. It told the story of two successful ancient American civilizations whose people had anticipated the coming of Christ and were rewarded when Jesus came to America after his resurrection. Ultimately, however, both civilizations collapsed. although Mormonism emerged from the American people, overall, the values of Mormonism and the nature of the peculiar people contrasted American beliefs. The founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith Jr, was eventually convinced of his authority directly from God. After publishing 5000 copies of his transcription of the ancient Egyptian he found etched in golden plates, he founded the Church of Jesus Christ and the Latter-day Saints. Smith maintained God, angels, and people were all members of the same flesh and blood. They denied hell, criticized the sins of the rich, avoided liquor, tobacco, and caffeine, and stressed the second coming of Christ. Mormons stood out due to the refusal to abide by local laws and conventions and the denial of the US government in the constitution. They also promoted polygamy up to 1889.

1680

Pueblo Revolt

1630

Puritans take the charter with them to America, which allows them to set things up; 40,000 Puritans ➡️ the population rise Environment is salubrious: they don't die, set up to stay and reproduce Puritans think there is too much between them and God John Winthrop: God made a covenant with us to come over and set up this Godly community; if we break that, God will smite us Corporate community: coming together as one body, all will have their exact place and time It's up to everyone to carry out this promise BAD consequences if they act the same way as the Church of England If you mess up, you will be the example of failure; everyone in the world will know if you can't do it Not a place of religious freedom or individualism, very nosy, calling people out, etc

How did the new territories gained in the Mexican-American War precipitate a new crisis over slavery? How did the Compromise of 1850 seek to resolve it?

On December 1849, without consulting, Congress delegates in California had put a free state or "no slavery" government. New Mexico also eventually adopted this. President Taylor endorsed it, but Congress disapproved. This led to a crisis over the expansion of slavery and its future. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster staged a great drama: the compromise of 1850, a 10-month-long debate over a series of resolutions to end the crisis between the north and the south. Clay proposed the Omnibus bill, which would be debated later on. In its final revision, the compromise of 1850, #1, entered California as a free state number to Texas and Mexico act, #2 made New Mexico a separate territory and set the Texas boundary as it is today. Texas received $10 million. #3, the Utah act set up the Utah territory and gave territorial legislature authority over all rightful subjects of legislation, including slavery. #4, The fugitive slave act also required the federal government and northern states to help capture and return runaway slaves to the south. #5, as a gesture to anti-slavery groups, the public sold slaves, but not slavery was abolished in DC. The compromise of 1850 only postpones succession and Civil War. Soon, its aspects would reignite sectional tensions.

Emancipation Proclamation

On December 22, 1862, five days before the battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, which warned that if the confederacy did not stop fighting, all slaves under its control would be accessible by January 1, 1863. It was not based on equality but rather a military necessity, an act of war; the proclamation would free any slaves in the states controlled by the Confederates and had no bearing on slaves and border states since they were in the Union. Lincoln had no constitutionality to freedom. Lincoln believed the constitution supported his decision to end slavery.

Daniel Webster

One of the leaders of the Whig party, a member of the Senate, a senior Senator from Massachusetts. He helped stage the Compromise of 1850 (a compromise to stop the secession of the South over the status of slavery). Shockingly, he sided with the south and supported the capture of runaways. Webster dismissed the notion of secession, eventually angering both sides of the debate.

How did the Revolutionary War divide the American colonists? How did Thomas Paine address this choice in The American Crisis?

Overall, the colonists were generally divided into three groups: Patriots, who formed the continental army and fought in state militias; loyalists, and Tories siding with the British and the king, and a less committed middle group that remained neutral, who were eventually swayed by the better organized and more energetics Patriots. Loyalists made up 20% of the American population, but the Patriots were the largest of the three groups. Some switched sides. Patriots, both moderates and radicals, supported the war because they realized the only way to protect their liberty was to separate themselves from British control. They wanted to establish an American republic that would convert them from being king's subjects to citizens with the power to elect their own government and pursue their own economic interests. Paine addressed the split in The American Crisis and claimed the division caused a civil conflict on top of the revolution.

The American Crisis

1717

Parliament declared that convicts could avoid prison or being hanged by going to the New World; ended up as indentured servants

1646-1660

Parliament runs England, (dictatorial head of parliament) Oliver Cromwell dies

Stamp Act

Part of the period of increased imperial control over the American colonies by the British, enacted in (1765), the Stamp Act called for the taxation of printed paper and required every piece of paper to be printed with a royal stamp, and be imported from Britain. The first effort of the British to directly tax an American well, rather than by proxy through imports. Considered extremely offensive.

Acomos

People of the Acoma Pueblo, slaughtered by Oñate and his troops. After slaughtering Onates Nephew after his excessive greed, were rounded up and slaughtered by Oñate and his troops, sentencing over 600 to have their legs cut off and serve as slaves.

1636-1638

Pequot war (population growth ➡️pushing out ➡️engaging in native fighting

"America's Home Town"

Plymouth is often considered America's hometown in spite of the numerous colonies established in the U.S. prior to its formation, including Jamestown and St. Augustine. This is largely due to a combination of effective public representation and the alignment of the Pilgrims' story with American ideals.

What were James K. Polk's priorities as president? How did Polk's successes contribute to sectional tensions between North and South?

Polk focused on and accomplished the following: number one, reduction of tariffs on imports; number two, reestablishing the independent treasury, not the bus; number three, settling the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain for acquiring California from Mexico. He wanted to lower tariffs to allow more foreign goods to compete in the American market places to, leading to consumer prices decreasing. Polk persuaded Congress to pass the independent treasury deposit offices to receive all federal government funds. The new independent treasury and trusted federal government rather than state banks required all disbursements in gold, silver, or paper currency backed in either gold or silver. Polk also voted two times to veto wig pass bills for federally funded infrastructure. Efforts to reverse economic policies satisfied the slaveholders in the south. Still, he angered northerners, who wanted higher tariffs to protect their industries from Great Britain, and Westerners, who wanted federally funded roads and harbors.

How did the United States government in general, and Jackson in particular, respond to the land conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers after the Revolutionary War? What would have been a better solution to the dispute than the one implemented?

President Jackson's forcible removal of Indians from their ancestral land was his highest priority. He saw Indians as barbarians to be treated as subjects, not nations. He claimed that Indians and land-owning whites couldn't live in harmony. He urged that remaining Indians be moved to reservations west of the Mississippi River; Jackson submitted the Indian removal act to Congress. This authorized him to ignore commitments made by previous presidents and to convince the Indians to remain in the east. The south moved to federal lands west of the Mississippi River. The federal government would pay for the exodus and give initial support. A better solution would've been to leave indigenous populations alone and prevent facilitating genocide.

Embargo Act

President Jefferson decided on a strategy of peaceable coercion to stop Britain from violating American rights. He convinced Congress to cut off all American exports by prohibiting US American ships from sailing to foreign ports to keep their ships and seamen out of harm's way. He was woeful and mistaken, along with Madison, that the embargo act would force the warring European nations to quit violating US rights. The act devastated the republic and the economy, reviving the federalists' political appeal, especially in New England, where merchants howled due to the embargo's effect on commerce.

1616

Private ownership of land introduced

Massachusetts Bay Charter

Provided the method by which inhabitants of the Massachusetts Bay Colony practiced self-government.

In what ways did the economic changes of the early- and mid-1800s constitute a revolution? What effects did that revolution have on American society, both positive and negative?

Technological breakthroughs drove agricultural developments and created a national and international marketplace; other advances altered the economic landscape even more profoundly. Industrial capitalists were initially powered by water wheels and then coal-fired steam engines. The shift from water to coal ignited a worldwide industrial era designed to end British global domination. Tariffs helped American industries from foreign competition, but the competition fueled innovation and efficiency in a capitalist economy: the tariff bill of 1816. By impeding foreign competition, tariffs enabled American manufacturers to dominate national marketplaces. The negative impacts included the new dependency on cash crops that emerged. Tons of slaves/black sons from families were taken and sold to the south, and craftsmen were tasked with meeting burgeoning demands in the American domestic trade.

What technological innovations were necessary for the social and economic changes of the mid-1800s? What role did federal and state governments play in that process?

Technological improvements included internal improvements, which were deeper harbors and a national network of canals, bridges, roads, and railroads all to improve the flow of goods. That soon changed as an array of innovations, larger horse-drawn wagons, new Roads, canals, steam, boats, and railroads, knit together the expanding nation and the national market for goods and services and greatly accelerated the pace of life. Better roads lead to faster travel. In Ohio, Congress ordered that 5% of the money from land sales in the state should go towards building a National Road from the Atlantic coast across Ohio westward. Advances in water, transportation, steamboats, flat boats, and the Atlantic coast helped cross canals. Bridges carried people and goods far more cheaply than horse-drawn wagons. Steamboats spread rapidly, opening about 1/2 of the continent to water. Traffic along the major rivers and steamboats created the transcontinental market and a commercial agricultural empire that produced much of the nation's cotton, timber, wheat, corn cattle, etc. Prices for shipping goods plunged, thus increasing profits and stimulating demand (for example, Erie canal).

Market Revolution (in depth)

Technological improvements included internal improvements, which were deeper harbors and a national network of canals, bridges, roads, and railroads, all to improve the flow of goods. That soon changed as an array of innovations, larger horse-drawn wagons, new Roads, canals, steam, boats, and railroads, knit together the expanding nation and the national market for goods and services and greatly accelerated the pace of life. Better roads lead to faster travel. In Ohio, Congress ordered that 5% of the money from land sales in the state should go towards building a National Road from the Atlantic coast across Ohio westward. Advances in water, transportation, steamboats, flat boats, and the Atlantic coast helped cross canals. Bridges carried people and goods far more cheaply than horse-drawn wagons. Steamboats spread rapidly, opening about 1/2 of the continent to water. Traffic along the major rivers and steamboats created the transcontinental market and a commercial agricultural empire that produced much of the nation's cotton, timber, wheat, corn cattle, etc. Prices for shipping goods plunged, thus increasing profits and stimulating demand. The market revolution began before the war for independence and accelerated the American economy's transformation into a global powerhouse. More and more farmers engaged in commercial rather than subsistence agriculture, producing surplus crops and livestock to sell for cash and regional international markets. Farm families could buy more land, better equipment, and the latest manufactured household goods with the cash they earned. This farming for sale rather than consumption field is the first stage of a market-based economy, producing a boom and bust cycle. This was built on the backs of slave laborers, Irish and German workers, and displaced Mexicans. Standard living conditions rose, and Americans enjoyed unprecedented opportunities for upward mobility. Technological breakthroughs drove agricultural developments and created a national and international marketplace; other advances altered the economic landscape even more profoundly. Industrial capitalists were initially powered by water wheels and then coal-fired steam engines. The shift from water to coal ignited a worldwide industrial era designed to end British global domination. Tariffs helped American industries from foreign competition, but the competition fueled innovation and efficiency in a capitalist economy. for example, the tariff bill of 1816. By impeding foreign competition, tariffs enabled American manufacturers to dominate national markets. The negative impacts included the new dependency on cash crops that emerged. Tons of slaves/black sons from families were taken and sold to the south, and craftsmen were tasked with meeting burgeoning demands in the American domestic trade. The roads and canals would connect the east and west and give me the Midwest access to the burgeoning national commerce opportunities, but they could also isolate the south. For example, the National Road connected from Illinois to Pennsylvania, and canals stretched across three territories. However, only that wilderness Road connected the south or north east parts to the national/Forbes Road.

1609-1610

"Starving time" ➡️Dale's Law; everyone DIES Temptation to run the Indians because they know what they're doing, especially the powerful Powhatan confederacy Temptation to run the Indians because they know what they're doing, especially the powerful Powhatan confederacy

Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson's Vice President and eighth prez of the US. Involved in the Censorship of the Mail controversy (over whether or not abolitionists could mail their pamphlets to pro-slavery southerners). VB suggested that whenever a petition calling for an end to slavery was intorduced, someone would immediately moe that it be tabled. The plan would preserve the harmony of the Union. As prez, VB followed in Jackson's footsteps. However, the nations financial sector began collapsing. Banks ran out of gold an silver, and refused to convert paper money, creating a panic. Financially, this caused a panic of 1837, turning into the country's worst depression, lasting 7 years. Van Buren's decision to support Peggy Eaton demonstrated his sensitivity to Jackson's feelings. And so when the rest of his Cabinet rejected Peggy Eaton, Jackson decided to rely instead on a "kitchen cabinet," an informal group of advisers that included Van Buren. Van Buren helped Jackson by resigning his official Cabinet position in 1831. Jackson then asked the rest of his Cabinet to resign, replacing them with supporters. And he made Van Buren his vice presidential running mate in 1832. When Jackson won a second term, it soon became clear that he wanted Van Buren to succeed him as president. Exploited his political and social connections Jackson's successor, vice president VB. In 1836, Van Buren defeated the entire Whig field. 8th president of the US. Skillful politician. Many considered him too self-centered to work with others. Jacksonian in his anti-economic nationalist view on dealing with the depression. Wanted the efforts of reform to come from the states. Passed the Treasury Act.

1638

Anne Hutchinson banned from colony on pain of death (killed if not)

Ratification

Approval of the final draft of the legislation from all 13 special state conventions. In 1787 for the first time in history, the people were invited to discuss, debate, vote, and pass a formal national constitution, which needed to be ratified.

Societies with slaves v. slave societies

In societies with slaves, no one presumed the master-slave relationship provided the model for all social exemplar. In slave socieiteies, slavery stood at the center of economic produciton, and the master slave relationship provided the model for all social relations. Slave holders were the ruling calss, and nearly everyone aspired to be the slaveholders rnaks, and all (even slaves) had the opportunity. The transformation from societies with slaver → slave societes typically occured because of the discovery of a commodity (gold / sugar) commanding an international market and capitalizing production and monopolizing resources. This allowed slaveholders to consolidate their rule.

What is the difference between a "society with slaves" and a "slave society"? How did slave societies evolve? Which colonies were "slave societies"?

In societies with slaves, no one presumed the master-slave relationship provided the model for all social exemplar. In slave societies, slavery stood at the center of economic production, and the master slave relationship provided the model for all social relations. Slave holders were the ruling class, and nearly everyone aspired to be the slaveholders rank, and all (even slaves) had the opportunity. The transformation from societies with slaves → slave societes typically occured because of the discovery of a commodity (gold / sugar) commanding an international market and capitalizing production and monopolizing resources. This allowed slaveholders to consolidate their rule. The North, the Chesapeake, the low country, and lower Mississippi Valley → slave societies.

Bank Veto

Jackson was just as stubborn in dealing with the National Bank as he did removing the Indians. The Charter from the first Bank had expired but was renewed in the 2nd Bank of the US. It soon became the largest corporation in the nation and the only truly national business enterprise. 2nd BUS was a private corporation. It held and conducted other businesses like commercial banks and was free to use the government deposits in its vaults as collateral for business loans. Helped accelerate business expansion by making loans to individuals. Jackson and many westerners hated the bank. His prejudice grew out of his own financial losses. Claimed that Americans felt that the banks favored the "rich and the powerful" in the East. Jackson distrusted the Banks because they printed too much money, causing prices to rise (inflation). They only wanted gold and silver coins for economic transactions. The Bank War occurred as Jackson and Biddle revealed that the president never truly understood the national bank's role or policies. He let personal animosities deter his decisions. BUS provided a stable monetary system for the expanding economy and the mechanism for controlling the pace and integrity of economic growth by regulating the ability of branch banks and state banks to issue paper currency. Jackson nixed the bill, sending it back to Congress and harshly criticizing the bank for making the "rich richer and the potent more powerful" while discriminating against the "humble members of society - the farmers, mechanics, and laborers". VETO represented another example of the president's desire to concentrate "all power in the hands of one man. Jackson had become a tyrant. this served as a point of controversy for his reelection.

James Buchanan

James Buchanan was America's first unmarried president. He built an impressive political career on his commitment to state rights and aggressive promotion of territorial expansion. He believed that the union, depending on ignoring abolitionists and making concessions to the south Republicans, charged that you like the backbone to stand up to southern slaveholders who dominated the democratic majority in Congress. Buchanan was one of the most experienced presidents of the 19th century. As it turned out, a sharp economic downturn occurred. The Supreme Court decided in the Dred Scott case, and new troubles from Kansas caused the ministration to intervene in the panic of 1857. He also believed that slavery should be decided in supreme courts. you cannot approve the Dred Scott decision, which urged Congress to approve the Lecompton constitution.

1685

James II, inflexible, has a son and says he's raising him Catholic, James II decides to consolidate the colonies, Dominion of New England: royal governor, Edmund Andros

James Madison

James Madison spoke low and was timid. He was shy and soft-spoken. Madison had an agile mind, an appetite for learning, and a commitment to public service. He had served in the continental congress and became a full-blooded nationalist. Madison drafted the framework for the initial discussions at the constitutional convention. He swaggered that the delegates scrapped their original instructions to revise the articles of confederation and instead create a new constitution. Madison and his Virginia plan coded for a national government with a supreme legislative, executive, and judiciary; it also proposed a bicameral Congress.

May 1607

Jamestown founded

Headright Policy

Jamestown remained fragile, until 1618, when Sir Edwin Sandys, a prominent member of Parliament, became head of the Virginia Company. He created a headright (land grant) program to attract more colonists. Any Englishmen who bought a share in the company could pay for passage to Virginia and could have 50 acres and 50 extra for each indentured servant that survived.

Headrights

1620

Jamestown shipping 50,000 pounds of tobacco per year Large-scale tobacco farming requires additional cleared lands for planting and more laborers to work the fields

Habit of Self-Government

Self-government in which a colony like Plymouth, the executive isn't under the control of the imperial government. The idea of self-government was encouraged by the Glorious Revolution in 1689 and Bill of Rights, which established the British Parliament, not the King, had ultimate authority. It rejects the imperial powers' decision. During the time period of salutary neglect, many American colonies fell into this habit.

Habits of Self Government

What distinct responses existed among Americans opposed to slavery? What role did women and African-Americans have in the abolitionist movement?

Some, influenced by transcendentalism, promoted a gradual end to slavery by prohibiting it in the Western territories and using moral persuasion to convince owners to free their slaves and steadily give way to abolition and immediate demands everywhere. The reason for the shift was largely religious. They focused on preventing the extension of slavery into the new Western territories in the hope that slavery would eventually die out in the South. They were known as immediatists since they wanted the immediate abolition of slavery. The first organized emancipation movement appeared in 1816 with the appearance of the American Colonization Society, whose mission was to raise funds to separate free blacks from Africa. Some say it was a way to oppose slavery; others saw it as eliminating free blacks. Leaders in the black community denounced the colonization idea. As the movement grew, splits in tactics occurred and intensified. Garrisonians felt slavery corrupted all aspects of American life - meanwhile, other reformers saw America as morally and fundamentally sound. Tappan brothers broke with Garrison over religion. The Grimke sisters (former slaveholders who had moved North) insisted that women had the right to vote and insisted women had a role in the effort to free slaves. They believed that African Americans' need to be free from bondage mirrored women's need to be free from the male denomination.

Hernando de Alarcón

Soon after Coronado's departure from New Spain, the viceroy had sent two ships from the west coast of Mexico to resupply the army, mistakenly believing that Cibola lay too close to the coast. The convoy's commander, ( ) , ran out of seat at the head of the Gulf of California, near Colorado. His interactions with the Indians was relatively peaceful: he made a point to communicate he didn't want to wage war. Although translation was difficult, Alarcon and the natives of the Southwest established a mutual trading agreement. He claimed to be sent from the sun, and asked tireless questions of the natives.

Why were the late 1810s and early 1820s called the Era of Good Feelings? To what extent is that an accurate name for the period?

Soon after his inauguration, Monroe embarked on a goodwill tour of New England, the stronghold of the federalist party. In Boston, a federalist newspaper complimented the Republican president for " striving to harmonize feelings of unity, annihilate, dissent, and make one people." This was under the headline of the "era of good feeling," which became popular as a label for Monroe's administration. Although Monroe's presidency began peacefully enough, two major events signaled the end of the era of good feeling. They warned of stormy times ahead: the panic of 1819 or the first economic recession and the political conflict over the statehood of Missouri.

Stono Rebellion

Sunday 9, 1739, While white families were in church, 20-American born slaves attacked a store in Stono, South Carolina killng 2 shopkeepers and led by a slave named Jemmy. The sized weapons and headed South, freeing slaves and killing whites. Most rebels (About 44 blacks) were killed (decapitated). The Stono Rebellion seared white planters → they banned importation of African born slaves for 10 years. They also enforced the Negro Act o fo 1740 (which called for more oversight on slave behavior and prohibited luxuries / liberties enjoyed by slaves that would lead to rebellion, such has reading, writing, and gathering) and reduced punishment killing slaves for minor offenses.

Stono Rebellion

Sunday 9, 1739, While white fmaillies werei nchurhc, 20-american born slaves attackd a store in Stonoe, Sourth Carolina kiling 2 shopkeepers and led by aslave named Jemmy. The sized weapons and headed South, freeing slaves and killing whites. Most rebels (About 44 blacks) were killed (decapitated). The Stono Rebellion seared white planters → they banned importation of African born slaves for 10 years. They also enforced the Negro Act o fo 1740 (which called for more oversight on slave behavior and prohibibted luxuries / liberties enjoyed by slaves that would lead to rebellion, suc has reading, writign, and gathering) and reduced punishment killing slaves for minor offenses.

Olive Branch Petition

Three weeks after the Battle of Bunker hill, in July 1775, the Continental Congress sent King George the Olive Branch Petition, urging him to negotiate. However, when the petition reached London, he arrogantly dismissed it and denounced the Americans as "open and avowed enemies".

Barbados

Tituba, the slave girl, and among the first to be accused of witcraft. Barbados also praticipated in Triangle Trade and trade with the colonies, in exchange for slaves and products. The mostly male English in Barbados had developed a profitable sugar plantation system based on the hard labor of enslaved Afriacns. The "king sugar" colony, the easternmost island of the Caribbean, was dominated by a few extraordinary planters who exercised powerful political influence in the mother country. An example of a fully functioning slave society.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

To challenge Douglas, Illinois elected and respected lawyer. Abraham Lincoln, who supported Clay in the American system, debated his beliefs. He was not an abolitionist, but he opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1856, Lincoln joined the republican party, and two years later, he emerged as the apparent choice to oppose Stephen a Douglas. Lincoln sought to raise his profile by challenging Douglas to a series of debates. These debates attracted thousands and transformed the Senate race into a battle for the republic's future. Lincoln insisted that the fundamental dispute between the two candidates was based on the immorality of slavery. Douglas thought slavery protected Americans and white freedom.

Spoils System

To dislodge the corrupt eastern political elite, Jackson launched a policy called a rotation in office, replacing many federal officials with his own supporters. Government jobs, distinct attorneys, federal officials, etc., were replaced with his supporters. In Jackson's opinion, these jobs belong to the people, not to career bureaucrats. Democracy, he believed, was best served with newly elected officials appointed by new government officials. Such partisan behavior came to be called the "spoils system."

Proclamation of 1763

To help keep peace with the Indians and to abide by the terms of an earlier agreement with eh Delawares and Shawnees, King George II issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which drew an imaginary line along the crest of the Appalachian mountains from Canada to Georgia. Americans were forbidden to go west of the line to ensure that the Indians would not be disturbed on their ancestral lands.

What attitude did the Jamestown settlers adopt toward the Powhatan Confederacy of Indians? How did this attitude change over time?

Trade with the Powhatan confederacy in Virginia helped Jamestown survive its early, but brutal armed conflicts such as Bacon's Rebellion, which occurred as settlers invaded Indian lands. Puritans retaliated in the Pequot War of 1637 and in King Philip's War from 1675 to 1676. Among the principal colonial leaders, only Roger Williams and William Penn treated Indians as equals. The powerful Iroquois League played the European powers against one another to control territories, the attitude always remained in the greed of other Indian lands.

Middle Passage and Triangular Trade

Trans-atlantic voyage that could last up to 6 months. Known as the "middle passage" because it served as the middle leg of the so called "triangular trade" in which British ships traveled on the first leg to West Africa, where slaves were exchanged for rum, guns, and clothing. They were then taken to American ports to be sold to slave owners. Then, the commodities and timber before heading to Britain / Europe.

Middle Passage

Trans-atlantic voyage that could last up to 6 months. Known as the "middle passage" because it served as the middle leg of the so called "triangular trade" in which British ships travled on the first leg to West Africa, where slaves were exchanged for rum, uns, and clothing. They were then taken to American ports to be sold to slave owners. Then, the commodities and timber before heading to Britain / Europe.

Triangular Trade

Trans-atlantic voyage that could last up to 6 months. Known as the "middle passage" because it served as the middle leg of the so called "triangular trade" in which British ships travled on the first leg to West Africa, where slaves were exchanged for rum, uns, and clothing. They were then taken to American ports to be sold to slave owners. Then, the commodities and timber before heading to Britain / Europe.

Irish Immigration (+ some German)

Warfare in Europe offers of jobs, higher wages, lower taxes, cheap and fertile land, no entrenched aristocracy, religious freedom, and voting rights. Employers readily employed foreigners, especially since they worked hard with lower wages. The Irish, predominantly Roman Catholics, immigrated due to the potato famine. More than 1 million people died, and 2 million more left Ireland. In America, the Irish crowded into filthy, poorly ventilated tenements in apartments and neighborhoods plagued with disease, prostitution, and alcoholism. Many found the Irish poor and ratchet. They worked the most dangerous and hardest jobs: building canals and railroads (men) and textile mills in house cleaning (women). Irish were stereotyped as filthy mean tempered alcoholics. They were also mean-spirited to African-Americans, whom they competed with for jobs. Irish energized trade unions and were the most dominant group supporting the Democrats, with a passion for Roman Catholicism, sparking fear and protestants. German immigrants were almost as numerous as the Irish. However, Germans included skilled craftsmen and well-educated professionals like doctors, lawyers, etc. Many came after the failed German revolution of 1848. Most were Lutheran, one-third of were Roman Catholic, and the others were Jews. The option said it settled in rural areas. They migrated and families and groups. This cleaning quality helps them sustain elements of their language and culture.

What factors caused large numbers of Irish and Germans to immigrate to the U.S.? What effect did the groups have on American society?

Warfare in Europe offers of jobs, higher wages, lower taxes, cheap and fertile land, no entrenched aristocracy, religious freedom, and voting rights. Employers readily employed foreigners, especially since they worked hard with lower wages. The Irish, predominantly Roman Catholics, immigrated due to the potato famine. More than 1 million people died, and 2 million more left Ireland. In America, the Irish crowded into filthy, poorly ventilated tenements in apartments and neighborhoods plagued with disease, prostitution, and alcoholism. Many found the Irish poor and ratchet. They worked the most dangerous and hardest jobs: building canals and railroads (men) and textile mills in house cleaning (women). Irish were stereotyped as filthy mean tempered alcoholics. They were also mean-spirited to African-Americans, whom they competed with for jobs. Irish energized trade unions and were the most dominant group supporting the Democrats, with a passion for Roman Catholicism, sparking fear and protestants. German immigrants were almost as numerous as the Irish. However, Germans included skilled craftsmen and well-educated professionals like doctors, lawyers, etc. Many came after the failed German revolution of 1848. Most were Lutheran, one-third were Roman Catholic, and the others were Jews. The option said it settled in rural areas. They migrated and families and groups. This cleaning quality helps them sustain elements of their language and culture.

How did Washington's time in office establish the norms for the American presidency? How did his handling of the Whiskey Rebellion establish a model for the future?

Washington decided to run for two terms and leave a formidable record of achievements, including the organization of a new government, a prosperous economy, the recovery of territory from Spain, a stable Northwestern frontier, and the admission of new states. He granted his slaves freedom upon his death. Washington also dampened the flames of the Revolution during the Whiskey Rebellion, when Hamilton's tax on distilled spirits ignited resistance among cash-poor farmers who relied on liquor for currency. Many turned violent in response, but Washington ordered, sent out, and led a militia to thwart the efforts. Setting the precedent of peace and the non-tolerance of factional violence.

Pueblo

a name for the Native Americans of the present-day southwestern US Pueblos were also apartment like structures make of adobe and mud that formed the "towns" of the pueblo people

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