APUSH Fall Semester Final
How did the experience of African Americans change and stay the same from 1800 to 1848?
African Americans were continuously brought over as slaves. Their population grew from around 1 million to around 3.6 million by the late 1840s. Most of them would be forced to live on plantations and serve as slaves for the rest of their lives. Stayed the same because they were still enslaved. More were just brought over.
Explain the context in which the republic developed from 1800 to 1848.
America became more independent and stopped relying on other countries. They grew their industry and gained new territories. Railroads, the steam engine, and the cotton gin were all developed during this time.
Explain the context in which America gained independence and developed a sense of national identity.
America did not feel represented by Britain in congress. Constant battles between the French and Indians also caused them to feel tension. The final push was when Britain started creating unruly acts and started taxing everything.
Describe the colonial relationship with Great Britain.
Americans had a great relationship with Britain so far. They were able to expand, acquire resources from Britain, and they were not being punished too severely. Great Britain wanted to expand more, but they started to realize that the colonies had developed their own identity.
How did American culture change and stay the same from 1754 to 1800?
Americans started to become more independent and stopped relying as much on Britain. They started to focus on their own industry and began to create new inventions. Slavery and women's rights remained the same. Would not change for a long time.
What were the effects of Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860?
Became the main cause of the Civil War. Southern politicians believed that the South was in trouble and that they needed to leave completely. Led to the secession of South Carolina and beginning of the war.
What was the global impact of the American Revolution?
Caused the end of mercantilism. America inspired Latin countries to revolt against slavery and try to gain their own freedom. The enlightenment grew with republicanism. Britain decided to move its eyes onto different places and start exploring other continents.
What were the causes and effects of the Mexican-American War?
Causes: Mexico did not want to recognize Texas's independence, Texas wanted to become its own state, and America wanted to expand west. Effects: US gained 500,000 square miles of land, Zachary Taylor became the new president, and tensions between slave and free states increased.
What were the causes and effects of westward expansion from 1844 to 1877?
Causes: Need for manifest destiny, California Gold Rush, Railroad expansion, and the Homestead Act allowed for cheap land purchases. Effects: Led to debates about slavery in the West, led to a war with Mexico, brought new technologies and inventions to the US, and eventually the Civil War.
What were the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time?
Causes: The use of iron and steel, use of new energy such as coal and steam, and the factory system. Effects: Steam power became the new way of transportation. Steam engines were more reliable than wind or water power. Railroads developed and led to the migration into western territories. Cities became centers for manufacturing. Chicago and Detroit developed.
What were the causes and effects of the expansion of participatory democracy from 1800 to 1848 (movement towards universal white male suffrage)?
Causes: The US did not want to be like Great Britain, citizens wanted to be more independent, and people were starting to grow tired of the old politics. Effects: Presidents were now elected by the people, Federal Government gave states leftover rights, and property requirements on voting changed for white males.
What were the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848?
Chief Justice John Marshall supported a strong federal government. Following a variety of court cases, the federal government was able to create judicial review, the supremacy clause, and had control over trade. People did not agree with these and started to riot. The Federal government became a lot stronger and would subdue riots with military force if needed. New political parties started to develop from this.
How and why did various European colonies develop and expand from 1607 - 1754?
Colonies expanded due to their new relations with American Indians and developing a stronger bond with Great Britain. Competition between various European countries forced the colonies to develop trade and grow their own areas before others could. The Great Awakening also led to new religious ideas and reasons for founding colonies.
Describe New England Colonies
Colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut Population Groups: Middle Class Whites Religious Groups: Puritan Commercial: Fishing and Lumber Exports: Fish, furs, and ships Education: Private education based on religion Environment: Rocky soil near sea Representative Government: Self government with elected legislature
Describe Southern Colonies
Colonies: NC, SC, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia Population Groups: Mostly whites Religious Groups: Anglicans and Baptists Commercial: Agriculture Exports: Tobacco and cotton Education: Children taught at home Environment: Hot, plains, and good farming soil Representative Government: Proprietary
Describe Middle Atlantic Colonies
Colonies: Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware Population Groups: Mixed races. All accepting Religious Groups: Quakers, Lutherans, and Presbyterians Commercial: Farming and Merchant Shipping Exports: Iron, livestock, and wheat Education: Most men learned a skill or trade. Primarily focused on the aspect of life Environment: Temperate climate, plains, and mountains farther inland Representative Government: Proprietary. Granted by the King
How and why did competition intensify conflict among nations and peoples from 1754 to 1800.
Competition increased due to the war. Freedom created a lot of opportunities for individuals. Opened the market and new trade relations. Led to conflict because people and other nations wanted to become the best that they could. The French also became an ally of the United States.
How and why did migration and immigration to and within North America cause competition and conflict from 1754 to 1800?
Congress created the Land Ordinance in the 1780s for people moving west. Tensions increased between Natives and the migrating settlers. Multiple treaties were created due to the Indian tensions. British relations with Indians also created tensions with the US. Settlers moved west for land and new resources. Government did not approve. Tensions increased. 👍
What were the causes and effects of policy debates in the early republic?
Debates between federalists and anti federalists continued during this time period. Jefferson was elected as president and began doing things in his own way. Jefferson supported an agrarian society while Madison wanted high taxes and tariffs.
What are the political causes of the American Civil War?
Debunking of the Whig Party drove chaos into the South. The Republican party was formed and managed to have Lincoln elected as president. Southern Democrats feared that the abolition of slavery would occur and worried about their livelihood.
How and why did European and Native American relations turn violent in this time period?
Europeans attempted to change Native Americans into their own religions. This caused natives to get angry with the Europeans and start battles. They also tried enslaving them. :{
How and why did colonial attitudes toward government and the individual change in the years leading up to the Revolution?
Due to the Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, and Townshend Acts, attitudes began to change. Colonists felt like children being watched, did not feel represented, and were unfairly treated. Attitudes changed from appreciating what Britain had done for them to now feeling that they were being used for monetary gain. Instead of feeling like an ally to them, they felt like Britain's little children.
How and why did political ideas, institutions, and party systems develop and change in the new republic?
During the ratification of the new government, parties began to develop. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a new strong central government, but the Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, wanted a stronger state government and to focus primarily on agriculture. George Washington warned the country about new political parties and the divisions that could happen.
How did the growth of the Spanish Empire in North America shape the development of social and economic structures over time?
Early growth of the Spanish Empire led to mass genocide of the American Indians. After Columbus's death, they decided to focus on spreading their Catholicism. They decided to follow mercantilism and completely dictated their colonies. Restricted trade completely, regulated a monopoly over tobacco and gunpowder, and impeded town growth. High taxes. (Foreshadowing to Britain?)
How and why did a new American culture develop from 1800 to 1848?
Economic structure began the change in culture. People started to work long days in factories and became bored with their lives. Religion started giving them a purpose and didn't make them feel as if they worked all day long. Work movements came with this newfound religion and people were happy with themselves.
How did enslaved people respond to slavery in this time period?
Enslaved people attempted to resist with rebellions. They understood the consequences of their actions, but they wanted to be free. Fights and slaves running away would occur.
How did the Colombian Exchange affect Europe and the Americas during the period after 1492?
Europe: Population began to spike due to the new crops received. They received nutrient rich crops such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and cassava. This allowed population growth and would lead toward a capitalism shift in Europe. America: New diseases were primarily introduced to America. Lots of Native Americans would die as a result. Horses, cattle, tobacco, coffee, and tea were also introduced. Completely reset the culture and would cause mass addictions to these substances. Allowed for better migration of the continent.
Explain the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607
Europeans were mostly driven by the need of religious freedom. This led to the meetings of Native Americans. Native Americans had developed their own unique cultures and beliefs depending on their environment. Social, religious, political, and economic competition occurred. Colombian Exchange further boosted this.
How did similarities and differences in regional attitudes affect federal policy in the period after the Mexican-American War?
Federal policy began focusing on the slave debate after the war. The war had almost doubled the size of the United States and they were unsure about what to do on slavery. The Compromise of 1850 was created and would be followed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Texas joined as a slave state and California joined as a free state.
Explain the differing ideological positions on the structure and function of the federal government.
Federalism - Favored weaker state governments. Believed that the federal government should have all the power. Left the constitution up to interpretation and believed in the supremacy clause. Longer-term limits for officeholders and not as democratic. Representation - Believed in dividing power amongst different branches. The House of Representatives and Senate both had different ways of doing so. Each state had 2 reps in the Senate, but in the House, the reps depended on the size of the state. Slavery - Believed in the ⅗ compromise. This allowed slaveholding states to have their slaves count as ⅗ of a person. Kept the peace for the most part. The government chose to mostly stay out of slavery because that is what the Founding Fathers had done. Trade - Congress used the Commerce Clause to control trade activities between states and foreign countries. This stopped unfair tariffs among states. Federally regulated trade. The Presidency - President was elected by the people. Electoral college finalized the votes and would decide. All presidents at the time only ran for 2 terms because of Washington. Ratification Process - Constitution had to be amended by 9 states. All branches had to agree and the states had to ratify. This took months to years depending on the argument. The Federalist Papers - Published to convince New Yorkers to ratify the new Constitution. Written primarily by Alexander Hamilton and promoted the new laws that needed to be ratified.
How did geographic and environmental factors shape the development of the South from 1800 to 1848?
Geographically, the South had fertile soil. This allowed them to grow cotton and other likewise crops. Slavery developed because of this and became their identity. Instead of taking an industrial route like the North, they primarily focused on agriculture and cash crops. The environment was hot and dry, perfect for cotton.
What was the effect of immigration from various parts of the world on American culture from 1844 to 1877?
Immigrants coming from Ireland and Germany were more likely to take jobs from American workers. Caused conflicts in the West as well. Most immigrants would go west to California because they wanted to find gold. Also stole farmland from the South because it was all they were used to. Tensions in North, South, and West.
Why and how did slavery develop in North America?
Indentured servants became too expensive. The newly developing agricultural economy required labor and slavery was the way to go for them. Allowed cheap labor and new relations with Africa.
How and why did innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affect various segments of American society over time?
Innovation in technology, agriculture, and commerce affected various segments of American society over time by helping improve different aspects of life. For example, new technology such as the cotton gin helped to make agriculture more efficient. Over time, technology improved which caused other industries to become more efficient.
How and why did American foreign policy develop from 1800 to 1848?
Jefferson - Jefferson limited the central government and eliminated federal taxes in the country. Fought the Barbary Pirates as well. Made people happy through the land purchase and also got rid of the whiskey tax. Madison - Madison led the US into the War of 1812. He was referred to as the Father of the Constitution, helped write the Federalist Party, and wrote the Bill of Rights. Resumed world trade as well. War of 1812 - The United States finally created peace with Great Britain for a little while. New states in the North and South started to join the Union. America was becoming fueled by King Cotton for their economy. Monroe Doctrine - The Monroe Doctrine declared US independence. The US became the owner of the Western Hemisphere and did not allow European powers to colonize there anymore.
How did different regional interests affect debates about the role of the federal government in the early republic?
Jefferson acquired Louisiana through the Louisiana Purchase. This caused a federal debate because it was not stated that a president could purchase foreign land. While it was for the common interest, anti federalists argued that it was unconstitutional. Led to the Supremacy Clause.
Describe the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 - 1607.
Main effect was slavery. Led to different shifts in the economy. Money was formed from gold and silver, and slavery became the new way of doing labor. New forms of currency were often taken by force as well. This led to mass genocides of indigenous people and mine labor.
How did various native populations interact with the natural environment in America in the period before European contact?
Native populations had already developed distinct cultures before Europeans had arrived. Primarily focused on agriculture and the use of the "three sisters" (corn, squash, and beans). They used crude forms of irrigation to support their farmland. Spread out through all of North America. Did not have horses yet and were mostly migratory.
Explain how and why environmental and other factors shape the development and expansion of various British colonies that developed and expanded from 1607 - 1754.
New environments led to new materials. Mining, fishing, and agriculture all allowed the colonists to become different from others. Competition for these new resources and animals would lead colonists to battles and conquest.
How and why did migrations of various groups across the Atlantic helped contribute to the development of American culture?
New groups brought new cultures to America. Different ideas, foods, and clothes all came with this. America was able to form multiple different religions and every colony had its own unique way of life.
How did the following factors contribute to the American victory in the Revolution?
Patriots - Gained support through flyers and pamphlets. Did most of the fighting against the British and won the war. Thousands of farmers united together for the war effort, and the victory would not be possible without the Patriots. African Americans - Scattered throughout the infantry regiments in the war. Usually assigned as support roles such as wagoners, cooks, waiters, and artisans. Served as gunners and sailors as well. Battle of Saratoga - Won the war for the Americans. Winning this battle against the British caused the French to realize what the Americans were able to do against Britain. Persuaded the French to join in the war effort. Alliance with France - Helped facilitate US independence. Treaty of Alliance in 1778. France provided naval assistance to the US and helped them stop the British. Troops and supplies were also gifted. Battle of Yorktown - Last major battle in the revolution. The British surrendered here in 1781. Washington grew in popularity as a war leader, and would lead to his presidency. Conclusion of the war.
How and why did various reform movements develop and expand from 1800 to 1848?
Reform movements were most directly related to the Second Great Awakening. Staying strong to their new faith, people began to realize what was happening. Alcohol was seen as a bad thing, prison reforms happened for just conditions, and women started to stand up for themselves as well.
How did the American Revolution affect society?
Set a precedent for the future. All the new states drafted their own constitutions and had gained their own sense of freedom. The Articles of Confederation would also be created. Political parties came into play and these would continue to change America. Formed the nation on radical principles and gave an idea of the function of a government.
Explain the context in sectional conflict emerged from 1844 to 1877.
Slavery conflicts began to expand in this time period. While the west was beginning to be domesticized, the South attempted to spread slavery here. The North did not agree with this. The Mexican-American war then broke out and increased tensions. Slavery became a main issue and would eventually lead to the Civil War.
How did the following government form develop and change as a result of the Revolutionary Period?
State governments - Caused the government to lose most of its power and let people do what they wanted. The legislative branch grew in power and represented the people. Articles of Confederation - First "constitution" of the US. Congress was given the power to create money, diplomacy, and be able to coordinate war efforts. The government itself was one body. Did not have much power and could not unite the states. Mostly caused chaos. Every state had to vote to be able to change the Articles. Government also went bankrupt.
How did the American Independence movement affect society from 1754 to 1800?
The American Independence movement led to a war with Great Britain. Revolutionary war and the French and Indian War. Colonial leaders believed that self rule should exist in the US and enlightenment ideas began emerging. Based our arguments off of British subjects, individual rights, and economic rights.
How did British colonial policies lead to the American Revolution?
The British passed the intolerable acts. This stopped America from having free trade, caused taxes on nearly every import and export, and forced Americans to hold soldiers in their houses. Caused the Boston Massacre and Tea Party; led to increased tensions.
How did regional differences related to slavery cause tension in the years leading up to the American Civil War?
The North was primarily focused on their industry and the railroad. They promoted this with trading new inventions to other countries. The South only focused on their agriculture and how they could make cotton "king". This would cause them to rely too much on slavery and completely fear the loss of it.
How did the Second Great Awakening impact the development of new denominations and reform?
The Protestant religion became dominant during this awakening. Instead of believing you were damned, they believed you could be a good person and change your ways. Methodist and Baptist churches also received a lot of new members. Led to temperance movements, anti slavery movements, and the rights of women.
What caused the Second Great Awakening?
The Second Great Awakening was caused by different reform movements. People wanted to develop their own identity and began to fear God again. They started to believe in Transcendentalism and realized being a good person meant that they could be good. Camp meetings also played a role in this movement.
How did regional attitudes towards slavery change and stay the same as it expanded from 1754 to 1800?
The South kept their way of life with slavery. Cotton was their main way of staying in contact with the world. Slavery became a debate in the west and whether or not it should exist there. Abolition movements started to form and greater political democracy was created.
How did the structure and function of government change from the Articles of Confederation to the US Constitution? Include the Bill of Rights in your answer.
The constitution created 3 separate branches of the government. Gave the federal government more power on money and taxes. The Bill of Rights were created to satisfy individuals and their own rights. This led to a faster ratification process. Congress could also tax individuals now.
Explain the context for the colonization of North America from 1607 - 1754.
The context of the colonization was due to the escape of religious persecution. The first colony was founded in Jamestown, Virginia. The King wanted to expand into Virginia because he believed it would make them richer. They came in search of Gold for the mother country. Believed in new opportunities.
How did mercantilism lead to the development of the Triangular Trade and the dominion of New England?
The demand for new materials in New England due to mercantilism led to a relationship between them and Africa. For their new materials, they were able to acquire slaves.
Evaluate the extent to which politics, economics, and foreign policy promoted the development of American identity from 1800 to 1848.
The extent of these three things greatly impacted American identity. People became more active in politics, started to believe in their own religion, and America had started to become independent. New inventions allowed the US to increase their manufacturing and led to expansion in the West. Western identity became a staple of American culture and allowed us to be different from Europe.
What were the causes of exploration and conquest of the New World by various European nations?
The main three motives were the three G's. God, gold, and glory. Most Europeans faced religious persecution and wanted to have their own means of practice (God). Due to the Crusades, Europeans had developed a liking of silk and new spices. These could only be found in the New World and the King set them out to find these (Gold). Europe wanted to establish itself in global dominance and saw the Americas as an opportunity to do that. (Glory).
What were the causes and effects of the Seven Years' War (the French and Indian War)?
The primary cause was the French wanting the Ohio River Valley. This territory would allow them to expand their fur trade and increase their economy. France placed forts in the area and tensions continued to rise. The Treaty of Paris 1763 caused the war to end. France was forced to give up all territories in mainland America and they were no longer a threat.
What were the causes of the Colombian Exchange?
The primary causes of the Colombian Exchange were due to Christopher Columbus establishing a link of trade between the new and old world. This led to exchange between America, Europe, and African cultures. Proved bad for Native Americans due to disease.
How was colonial society organized?
There were three main social classes: the gentry, the middle class, and the poor. The gentry were the rich and got what they wanted for the most part. Women were required to do house tasks, cook, and clean clothes. Men would do most of the work, and had all of the rights.
How and why did European and Native American perspectives of others develop and change in the time period 1491 - 1607?
They had a very complicated relationship. Mass murdered by Europeans, enslaved, and also susceptible to the diseases brought over by them. However, the trading kept them together. Fur trading, guns, rifles, and things from the Old World kept the relationship alive. Some war allies were also formed.
How did the Great Awakening impact American culture?
This altered the religious climate in America. Puritans were no longer in the height of their power. People began to personalize with God and theocracies began to die out. New found religions began to spread.
