APUSH final

virginia plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation

shakers

"Shake" off their sins, founded by Mother Ann Lee, sexual equality, abstinent from sexual activity

virginia dynasty

"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners

john locke

(1632-1704) Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution with the argument that all people are born with certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

paxton boys

(1764) Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.

sugar act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

townshend act

(1767) A set of laws passed by Parliament after Stamp Act crisis, that stated new taxes would be applied only to imported goods, paid at the port of entry. (glass, tea, paper, lead, etc.) Many boycotted British goods.

coercive acts

(1774) , This series of laws passed by Parliament were very harsh laws intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance, after Britain heard news of the Tea Party. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea, banned most town meetings. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes. Also known as Intolerable Acts.

battle of saratoga

(1777) Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

treaty of Greenville

(1795) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could safely travel through the region

alien and sedition acts

(1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people

brigham young

(1801-1877) American religious leader who headed the Mormon Church after the murder of Joseph Smith, he moved the community to Utah, leading thousands along what came to be known as the Mormon Trail to the main settlement at Salt Lake City.

indian removal act

(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to west mississippi what would become Oklahoma.

boston massacre

(4.1) In 1770, British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed, including Crispus Attucks, a sailor of African and Native American ancestry. It was the first bloodshed of the American Revolution

Jeffersons ideas of constitution

-Had deep faith in the common people especially farmers -Favored a weak central government, strong state governments -Favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution -Thought that agriculture should be the backbone of the nation -Did not support giving government aid to trade, finance, and manufacturing -Opposed the establishment of a national bank, and wanted to pay off the national debt -Pro-France

Hamilton's ideas of constitution

-He was a federalist and believed in loose interpretation of the constitution. -In favor of the rich, educated people -He favored a strong central gov. -Thought that the American government should be modeled on the British system -Wanted a balanced economy of agriculture, trade, finance, and manufacturing -Established a national bank -Wanted to use the national debt to establish credit -Pro-British

specie circular

-Issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836 -required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie -stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. -The panic of 1837 followed.

nullifications crisis of 1832

-Result of Tariff of Abominations -South Carolina threatened to secede if congress didn't revoke

Missouri compromise

-Senate passed this voting to put Missouri as a slave state & Maine as a free state -Another amendment was passed prohibiting slavery in rest of Louisiana purchase

tariff of 1828

-Tariff of Abominations -A high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North -Forced Southerners to pay taxes on manufactured goods

pontiac's rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

stamp act

1765; law from British Parliament that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

first continental congress

1774, a gathering of colonial leaders that met in Philadelphia to respond to a series of laws passed by parliament that the colonists felt had violated their natural rights; confess wrote to the king that they had a right to be represented in their government and since they weren't represented in parliament, they were entitled to govern themselves

second continental congress

1775: They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft and sign the Declaration of Independence

thomas paine's common sense

1776 articles attacking allegiance to British Monarchy. Thomas Paine believed Britain failed to responsibly deal with the colonies' rebellion and that the colonies should declare their independence.

battle of yorktown

1781, last major battle of war (fought in VA); with strong support from French naval and military forces, Washington's army forced the surrender of a large British army commanded by General Charles Cornwallis

jay's treaty

1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.

washington's farewell address

1796, a letter from Washington that warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

william lloyd garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

atlantic slave trade 1808

1807; Slavery does NOT end; importation of slaves ends; meaning internal breeding

Adamns onis treaty

1819 treaty between us and spain that gave us florida and set boundaries between us and new spain

gag rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)

A militant abolitionist, he became editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831 and founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slaveholders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.

Stephen A. Douglas

A moderate Illinois senator, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 that reopened the slavery issue and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He was one of two Democratic party nominees for President in 1860 along with John C. Breckinridge. He lost to Republican party nominee Abraham Lincoln. Douglas was one of the most important leaders in Congress in the 1850s.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, and that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868-1870.

proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

stamp act congress

27 delegates from nine of the colonies met in 1765 and wrote a Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies, a petition to the King and a petition to Parliament for the repeal of the Stamp Act

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four-year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)

A Scottish-American businessman, a major and widely respected philanthropist, and the founder of the Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel. He is known for having built one of the most powerful and influential corporations in United States history, and, later in his life, giving away most of his riches to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities worldwide. He first invested in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, as well as bridges and oil derricks. But steel was where he found his fortune. His book, The Gospel of Wealth, argued that the wealthy had an obligation to give something back to society.

Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many States to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

second great awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star and lectured with William Lloyd Garrison until they parted company on issues of prejudice in the North and secession of the South.

new harmony

A society that focused on Utopian Socialism. It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share their fair load of work.

Mary Elizabeth Lease

A speaker for the Populist party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the national Populist party. She believed that big business had made the people of America into "wage slaves," and challenged her fellow farmers to "raise less corn and more hell."

Frederick Jackson Turner (Frontier Thesis)

American historian who claimed in 1890 that the frontier no longer existed. Claimed that the frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems. His "frontier thesis" or "safety valve thesis" was used to explain America's unique non-European culture; it held that people who could not succeed in eastern society could move west for cheap land and a new start.

john marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

U.S.S. Maine explodes

American warship sent to Havana, Cuba to protect U.S. interests during a time of local insurrection and civil disturbances. While at anchor on February 15, 1898 an explosion ripped through the ship sinking it in a matter of minutes. Two hundred and sixty-six men lost their lives. The explosion was a precipitating cause of the Spanish-American War that began in April 1898 and which used the rallying cry, "Remember the Maine!, To hell with Spain!" The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba but was not cited by the William McKinley administration as a casus belli, though it was cited by some who were already inclined to go to war with Spain over their perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba.

nativists

Americans who feared that immigrants would take jobs and impose their Roman Catholic beliefs on society.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)

An African-American woman who achieved nationwide attention as leader of the anti-lynching crusade. A writer, she became part-owner of a newspaper, the Memphis Free Speech. In May 1892, in response to an article on a local lynching, a mob ransacked her offices and threatened her life if she did not leave town. Moving to Chicago, she continued to write about Southern lynchings. While investigating, she would go directly to the site of a killing, sometimes despite extreme danger. In 1895, she published The Red Record, the first documented statistical report on lynching. She was also a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. She stands as one of America's most uncompromising leaders and most ardent defenders of democracy.

embargo acts of 1807

An act that stated that American ships were no longer allowed to sail to foreign ports, and it also closed American ports to British ships.

John Wilkes Booth

An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. On April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre. When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier.

54º40' or Fight!

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846.

Bull Run

At Bull Run, a creek in Northern Virginia, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War-both sides were ill-prepared.

battle of new orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

federalists papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

second seminole war

A conflict from 1835 to 1842 in florida between various groups of native americans and it was the most expensive indian war

"Credit Mobilier" (Bribery Scandal during U.S. Grant's Presidency)

A construction company owned by the larger stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad. After Union Pacific received the government contract to build the transcontinental railroad, it "hired" ____ to do the actual construction, charging the federal government nearly twice the actual cost of the project. When the scheme was discovered, the company tried to bribe Congress with gifts of stock to stop the investigation. This precipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.

great compromise

A decision made during the Constitutional Convention to give each state the same number of representatives in the Senate regardless of size; representation in the House was determined by population.

Copperheads

A faction of the Democrats in the North who strongly opposed the Civil War for which they blamed the abolitionists. They demanded immediate peace and resisted the draft laws. They wanted Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power, seeing the president as a tyrant who was destroying American republican values with his despotic and arbitrary actions. The name Copperheads was given to them by their opponents, the Republicans, and probably derived from the venomous snake (the American copperhead) that strikes without warning — Copperheads reinterpreted this insult as a term of honor, and wore copper liberty-head coins as badges. They were also called "Peace Democrats" and "Butternuts".

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

A federal law that committed the government to opposing monopolies; it prohibits contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade. Supreme Court, however, held illegal only "unreasonable" restraint of trade, thereby establishing a huge loophole called the "rule of reason" which made the act largely ineffective. It was used successfully as a weapon against unions, however.

republicanism

A form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives

Harriet Tubman (1821-1913)

A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the Underground Railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom. She made 19 trips into slave territory to lead fellow blacks to freedom. Her successes caused her to be referred to as "the Moses of her people."

land ordinance of 1785

A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers.

judiciary act of 1801

A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists

Theodore Parker (1810-1860)

A leading transcendentalist radical, he became known as "the keeper of the public's conscience." His advocating for social reform often put him in physical danger, though his causes later became popular.

Boss William Marcy Tweed

Flamboyant political boss and head of Tammany Hall, commonly known as "Boss Tweed, he controlled New York and believed in "Honest Graft." He gathered a small group of men who controlled New York City's finances. They dispensed jobs and contracts in return for political support and bribes. He was convicted and eventually imprisoned for stealing millions of dollars from the city. The total amount of money stolen was never known but has been estimated from $25 million to $200 million. While he was known primarily for his vast corrupt empire, he was also responsible for building hospitals and orphanages, while widening Broadway along the Upper West Side.

canals and roads - erie canal, steamboat

Floatboat trade carried a major share of the river trade. Steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton. It revolutionized commerce b/c it coup go up river. Speed up transporting goods. Erie canal was the most spectacular engineer achievement of young republic. It reduced cost of moving goods from Buffalo to Albany.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped precipitate the Civil War.

Jackson's pet banks

Jackson wanted to kill National Bank so he funneled money out of the Bank of US into state banks (pet banks). Nicholas Biddle was President of the Bank of US.

Jamestown, Virginia- How and why colony was established

King James I wanted a mid-Atlantic colony--Jamestown, VA. First permanent English settlement in NA Powhatan allowed colonists to form Jamestown Only survived off Powhatan, who then decided to cut them off They starved- 60 remained when spring came War broke out, peace between the natives & English due to John Rolfe & Pocahontas

Stamp Act Congress

Law passed by Parliament in 1765 to raise revenue in America by requiring taxed, stamped paper for legal documents, publications and playing cards. A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, the first effective industrial union in the country. He voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. While in detention, he read widely and was deeply impressed by the writings of Karl Marx. He emerged from prison convinced that the plight of the worker was most accurately viewed as a class struggle. He was a founder of the Socialist Party of America. He was the Socialist presidential nominee in 1900, when he ran poorly, and 1904, when he ran a much stronger campaign. In 1905, he helped to establish the International Workers of the World (IWW), but soon found the organization too radical for his tastes. He made later presidential runs in 1908, 1912 and 1920, the last of which was his most successful with nearly one million votes. He also was regarded as one of the most gifted public speakers of his era, rivaling the great preachers and political orators.

Emilio Aguinaldo (Philippine Insurrection)

Led a Filipino insurrection against the Spanish in 1896 and assisted the U.S. invasion. He served as leader of the provisional government but was removed by the U.S. because he wanted to make the Philippines independent before the U.S. felt it was ready for independence. Led an unsuccessful three-year armed resistance against the United States.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese King's son, established an academy of eminent geographers, instrument makers, ship builders, and seamen (at Sagres Point), died in 1460 but inspired new ship building techniques, they had colonized the islands of Azores and Maderias and founded bases along Africa's "Gold Coast"

Seneca Falls, July, 1848

Reaction to the "cult of domesticity" standards led to the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. It was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. They re-wrote the United States Declaration of Independence into the Declaration of Sentiments to include women, and listed a set of grievances that women had towards men. Eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage, were adopted.

John Breckinridge

Senator from Kentucky and V.P. under James Buchanan. An unsuccessful candidate for President in 1860, nominated by the Southern faction of the split Democratic party, losing to Abraham Lincoln but receiving more electoral votes than the other major candidates, John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, and Stephen A. Douglas, the Northern Democrats' nominee. Breckinridge won the South with his pro-slavery platform, but was unable to win the Border States; received almost no support in the North. Strongly for slavery and states' rights.

Separatists /Puritans-reasons for migrating

Separatists- Members of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. Believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced they must separate from it to save their souls. Puritans- Individuals who believed that QE's reforms of the Church of England had not gone far enough in improving the church. Puritans led the settlement of Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Emancipation Proclamation

September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the States that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law.

Civil Rights Act, 1866

The Republican-dominated United States Congress passed this act in March, 1866, as a counterattack against the Black Codes enacted by all former slave States. Included were rights to make contracts, sue, bear witness in court and own private property. President Johnson vetoed the bill but was overridden. Considered the most important action taken by Congress towards protecting the rights of Freedmen during Reconstruction.

E.C. Knight Company case (1895)

The Supreme Court ruled eight to one that since the monopoly over the production of sugar had no direct effect on commerce, the company could not be controlled by the government. The impact of this decision was tremendous. Manufacturers assumed they were immune from antitrust legislation and a wave of consolidation followed. Little progress would be made to combat manufacturing monopolies until the trust-busting days of the Teddy Roosevelt administration.

Munn v. Illinois (1876)

The Supreme Court ruled that an Illinois law that put a ceiling on warehousing rates for grain was a constitutional exercise of the State's power to regulate business. The case established the constitutional principle of public regulation of private businesses involved in serving the public interest.

Homestead Strike (1892)

The workers at the Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania went on strike protesting a 20% reduction in wages, forcing the owner to close down. The workers fought a bloody battle with 300 Pinkerton detectives hired by the company to guard the plant and help break the strike. To prevent further violence, the governor of Pennsylvania sent in the State militia. Eventually, the union's resources were exhausted, and the strike collapsed. Steelworkers would remain largely devoid of union protections until the rebirth of labor activism in the 1930s.

Yellow Dog Contract; Ironclad Oath; Blacklisting

These 2 documents were agreements workers signed promising they would not join a labor union. If it was discovered they had joined a union they would be summarily fired from their job. _____ was the practice common among management of circulating the names of workers who belonged to unions or workers fired because of their union activities. Employers would not hire workers whose names appeared on the "blacklist." Used effectively to discourage workers from joining labor unions.

Kansas - Nebraska Act, 1854

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. "Popular sovereignty" (doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free States.

Benjamin Franklin

This is kind of obvious.

treaty of paris of 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Williams Jennings Bryan

Three-time candidate for president for the Democratic Party, nominated because of support from the Populist party. He never won, but was the most important Populist in American history. His famous "Cross of Gold" speech electrified the Democratic National Convention in 1896 when he asked that the people of the country not be "crucified on a cross of gold." He was referring to the Republican's proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

Rush Bagot Agreement

Treaty between the us and Britain limiting naval araments of the great lakes

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve the territorial claims of Spain and Portugal

Iroquois Confederacy

a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida., An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.

Northwest Passage

a water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America, from NA to Asia- Explorers sought to find it

underground railroad

informal network of sympathetic free blacks who helped fugitives make their way north

cotton gin

-more increase of slavery because owners hired more since cotton gin processed cotton faster. -had to meet the demand so more workers and more work

Conquistadors

spanish soldiers and explorers who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain

temperance movement

-most successful reform, beecher was influential in this movement -evangelical reformers regarded intermperance as greatest obstacle to self-disciplined citizens

cult of domesticity

-notion that women belonged at home while public sphere belonged to men -view that women was to play as guardians of virtue & spiritual heads of the home

education reform

-horace mann was a supporter of common school movement -worked to est. a state board of education & tax support for local schools

Clay's american system

-it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.) -enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries -strengthening the national bank.

mcculloch v. maryland

-maryland levied a tax on baltimore branch of bank of US -marshall thought it was unconstitutional & ruled that federal law was stronger than state law

proclamation of neutrality 1793

- A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France that had begun with the French Revolution. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.

whiskey rebellion

- farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey; the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion; showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem

new jersey plan

- opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

ben prosser rebellion

-1800, gabriel prosser mobolized a large band of his fellows to march on richmond -violent storms separated his army and enabled whites to surprise the uprising w/o loss of white life

denmark vesey conspiracy

-1822, whites in Charleston uncovered a well planned conspiracy planned by Denmark Vasey, free black man -wanted to seize local armories, arm the slave population, & take possession of the city

free blacks

-1830s, laws passed & forced free blacks to register or have white guardians who were responsible for their behavior -had to carry papers proving they were free -laws excluded them from several occupations, no meetings

war of 1812

-A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

frederick douglass

-American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. -He published his biography -founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

trail of tears

-Military faction forced stubborn Cherokee to march to Oklahoma under harsh conditions -almost 4000/16000 marchers died on the way

nat turner rebellion

-Nat Turner: overseer, minister, and slave -killing families of masters and 35 more whites -Turner and 16 others slaves were hanged -results: stricter laws, creative ways to defend slavery, new period of abolition

election 1824

-No one won a majority of electoral votes -House of Representatives had to decide Adams, Jackson, and Clay. -Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. -Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

monroe doctrine 1823

-Written by John Q. Adams -stated that Europeans cant intervene in the Western Hemisphere in exchange, the U.S. wouldnt interfere with existing European colonies and wars. -If Europe intervened, the U.S. would interpret this as dangerous to U.S. national security and take appropriate action.

kitchen cabinet

-close friends/advisors who met unofficially to talk about jackson's politics & give him advice

dorothea dix

-devoted publicizing inhuman treatment in prisons, insane asylums -15 states opened new hospitals & others improved their supervision as a result

Era of Good Feeling

-during President Monroe's two terms - period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion - only one political party and no partisan conflicts

laissez faire

-policy of letting things take their own course w/o interfering -panic of 1837 was state banks receiving money withdrawn from bank of US. Jackson issued Specie Circular to force payment for federal lands w/ gold & silver. Many state banks failed & panic ensued. Result was widespread unemployment & distress

pro-slavery argument

-slavery is not evil but good for the slaves bc they were better off than northern workers -good for south b/c it was the only way it could live in peace w/ north, and for whole US bc of prosperity of southern economy

seneca falls

-stanton & mott organized this in NY -demanded all women give the right to vote & married women be freed from unjust laws giving husbands control of their property & children

slavery-kinship

-strong kinship ties meant slaved could depend on each other -kinship network provided a way to transmit african am. traditions from one generation to the next

slave passive resistance acts

-they worked slowly & inefficiently as a form of rebellion. -fakes illness & injury to avoid working

american colonization society

-viewed slavery as social & economic institution that can be eliminated gradually w/ cooperation of slaveholders -wanted to proved transportation to africa for free blacks to go to quiet southern fears of race war erupting if slaved were released & allowed to stay in america

john q. adams support for native americans

-wanted to remove Native Americans in the South to an area west of the Mississippi River -believed that the state and federal governments had to purchase indian lands

lewis and clark expedition

..., 1804 , an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States/Louisiana Purchase

Lost Colony of Roanoke

1587- Govenor John White & 115 colonists went to Roanoke Island. 1590- White went back, no one there Walter Raleigh- Founded trip Had good relationship with natives No one knew where the people went From then on English had bad relationship with natives

shay's rebellion

A 1787 rebellion led by Daniel Shays in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes.

Washington Gladden

A Congregational minister who criticized the excessive competition that often accompanied the growth of capitalistic ventures. He was especially outspoken when denouncing many of John D. Rockefeller's practices. He is regarded as the founder of the Social Gospel movement emphasizing charity and social responsibility. His newspaper columns and many books that contained biblical solutions for the problems of the industrial age made him a national leader of the Social Gospel movement.

Andrew Johnson

A Democrat Southerner from Tennessee elected as vice president on the Union party ticket with Abraham Lincoln in 1864. When Lincoln was assassinated, Johnson became president. He opposed Radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. He was the first U.S. president to be impeached, but survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

brook farm

A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect & manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work

Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1817-1862), "On Civil Disobedience"

A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance).

strict interpretation

A way of INTERPRETING the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution

Helen Hunt Jackson (A Century of Dishonor)

A widow of an army captain, she became angered at what she considered the unfair treatment of Native Americans at the hands of US government agents. She became an activist and muckraker who started investigating and publicizing the agents' wrongdoing, circulating petitions, raising money, and writing letters to the New York Times on behalf of Indians. She also started writing a book condemning the government's Indian policy and the history of broken treaties. Her book, A Century of Dishonor, called for change from the contemptible, selfish policy to treatment characterized by humanity and justice, was published in 1881. She then sent a copy to every member of Congress, but, to her disappointment, the book had little impact. She later led protests against the 1890 Dawes Severalty Act.

Tea Act & Boston Tea Party

Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collected in Britain, thus reducing the retail price. Incident that occurred on December 16, 1773, in which Bostonians, disguised as Indians, destroyed 10,000 pounds worth of tea belonging to the British East India Company in order to prevent payment of the duty on it.

Half-way Convent

Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership, allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had experienced conversion.

Slave revolts: Prosser, Vesey, Turner

Actual slave revolts were extremely rare, but the knowledge that they were possible struck terror into the hearts of white southerners everywhere. In 1800, Gabriel Prosser gathered 1,000 rebellious slaves outside Richmond; but two Africans gave the plot away, and the Virginia militia stymied the uprising before it could begin. Prosser and 35 others were executed. In 1822, the Charleston free black Denmark Vesey and his followers—rumored to total 9,000—made preparations for revolt; but again word leaked out, and suppression and retribution followed. On a summer night in 1831, Nat Turner, a slave preacher, led a band of African Americans armed with guns and axes from house to house in Southampton County, Virginia. They killed 60 white men, women, and children before being overpowered by State and federal troops. More than 100 blacks were executed in the aftermath. Nat Turner's was the only actual slave insurrection in the 19th century South, but fear of slave conspiracies and renewed violence pervaded the section as long as slavery lasted.

election of 1800

Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie

Texas War for Independence

After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In response, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid.

Boston Massacre & Trial

After months of increasing friction between townspeople and the British troops stationed in the city, on March 5, 1770, British troops fired on American civilians in Boston., This is the trial in which 8 British Soldiers were tried for murder of the five colonists killed in the Boston Massacre. 2 of the 8 soldiers were convicted of manslaughter.

republican motherhood

After the election of 1800 Jeffersonian promoted this as the ideal for women to raise their children with idealism of the American nation.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing their land. Each Indian family head would be allotted 160 acres. American citizenship would be granted if the Indians remained on the land for 25 years and adopted "habits of civilized life." Surplus reservation lands were available for sale to white settlers. Designed to forestall growing Indian poverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators. Most Indians were unfamiliar with farming and were assigned poor lands so they could not secure a living. Many did not wish to become "civilized" as reflected in the white culture but sought to retain their own tribal cultures.

non-intercourse act

Also known as Embargo Act of 1809, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships.

Antietam

Also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. Although the battle was tactically inconclusive, it had unique significance as enough of a victory to give President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation.

Albany Plan of Union

Plan put forward in 1754 calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by participants at the Albany Congress (didn't want colonists to become too powerful!)

whig party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Knights of Labor (Uriah Stephens, Terence Powderly)

An American labor union that originally believed its predecessors had failed by limiting membership, the Knights proposed to organize both skilled and unskilled workers in the same union and opened their doors to blacks and women. In its early years, the organization was highly secret since in many areas union members were summarily fired. Founded in 1869 in Philadelphia by Uriah Stephens, the Knights opposed the use of strikes; however, new members and local leaders gradually radicalized the organization. By the mid-1880s, labor stoppages had become an effective tool, and the Knights won important strikes. However, failure in the Hay-market Square Riot in 1886 quickly eroded the Knights' influence. In the public mind, the eight-hour work day and other demands by the Knights had become radical ideas; to many, the terms "unionism" and "anarchism" were synonymous. Labor leader Terence V. Powderly's organizing skills had brought the group's membership to more than 700,000 in the early 1880s, but by 1900 that number had dropped to approximately 100,000.

Hamlin Garland

An American novelist, poet, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his fiction involving hard-working Midwestern farmers. His best-known work is Middle Board, an autobiographical story of the frustrations of agrarian life. During the eighty years of his life (1860-1940) He was intimately involved with the major literary, social, and artistic movements in American culture. Pulitzer prize-winning author of over 40 books, campaigner for more humane treatment of Native Americans, proponent of impressionism in art, unabashed advocate of literary and cultural elitism, dabbler in research on psychic phenomena: the range of his interests extended to nearly all aspects of American society.

Stephen Crane (1871-1900) (Red Badge of Courage)

An American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation. His major work, The Red Badge of Courage, a novel in which a young recruit in the Civil War is faced by the cruelty of war, made him an international success. Although he was born after the war and had not at the time experienced battle firsthand, the novel is considered an example of Realism. He will later become a reporter in the Spanish-American War.

barbary pirates

Plundering pirates off the Mediterranean coast of Africa; President Thomas Jefferson's refusal to pay them tribute to protect American ships sparked an undeclared naval war with North African nations

Elijah Lovejoy (1802-1837)

An abolitionist and editor. The press he used was attacked four times and Lovejoy was killed defending it. His death was an example of violence against abolitionists.

Lucretia Mott (1803-1880)

An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the Underground Railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

xyz affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, to discuss French seizure of neutral American ships but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

olive branch petition

An offer of peace sent by second continental congress to king George III, it was rejected by the king and he issued a proclamation that the colonies were in rebellion of

The Grimke sisters, Sarah and Angelina

Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement.

elastic clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members; by 1917 it had 2.5 million members. It is a federation of different craft unions open only to skilled workers. The AF of L rejected radicalism and sought improved hours and wages for its members. Samuel Gompers was the first president and led the labor movement in achieving solid gains for workers. He maintained a focused view of trade unionism, believing that unions should concentrate on better collective bargaining agreements and legislation affecting labor, while avoiding broad social issues.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Began when the eastern railroads announced a 10 percent wage cut and which soon expanded into something approaching a class war. Strikers disrupted rail service from Baltimore to St. Louis, destroyed equipment, and rioted in the streets of Pittsburgh and other cities. State militias were called out, and in July President Hayes ordered federal troops to suppress the disorders in West Virginia. Baltimore and Philadelphia experienced the most violence. In all, over 100 people died before the strike finally collapsed several weeks after it had begun. This strike was America's first major national labor conflict, and it illustrated that disputes between labor and capital could no longer be localized in the increasingly national economy.

transcendentalists

Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical- Brook farm lasted only from 1841-1847

"Join or Die" political cartoon message-1754

Ben Franklin, first used during 7 years war, then reused for the American Revolution. Meant that the colonies needed to unite against Britain or their nation would collapse forever.

Wade-Davis Bill, 1864

Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten percent plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union almost impossible since it required a majority in each Southern state to swear the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. The bill passed both houses of Congress on July 2, 1864, but was vetoed by Lincoln and never took effect.

Monitor and the Merrimac

First engagement ever between two ironclad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor—Union. Merrimac—Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name was the CSS Virginia.

bill of rights

First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, placed limitations of government and protects natural rights.

democracy in america

Book written by Alexis de Tocqueville who observed and admired democracy; discussed the benefits of democracy

Brigham Young, Great Salt Lake, Utah, 1847

Brigham Young let the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Brought about by the assassination of James Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job. The assassination raised questions about how people should be chosen for civil service jobs. Provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. The act also made it unlawful to fire or demote for political reasons employees who were covered by the law. The law further forbids requiring employees to give political service or contributions. The result was more expertise and less politics. An unintended result was the shift of the parties to reliance on funding from business, since they could no longer depend on patronage hopefuls.

Annexation of Hawaii

By the late 1800s, U.S. had exclusive use of Pearl Harbor. President Grover Cleveland did not want to forcibly annex Hawaii; he believed the annexation overstepped the national government's power. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War, in July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory for the use of the islands as naval ports. America's annexation of Hawaii in 1898 extended U.S. territory into the Pacific and contributed to the rise of the United States as a Pacific power.

Compromise of 1850: provisions, impact

Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico without restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division.

Christopher Columbus/Role of Spanish Exploration

Came to the America's in 1492- Sailed for Spain-Isabel & Ferdinand "the Enterprise of the Indies"- believed he could sail around the world to India Wanted to occupy and settle islands for Spain Reached the Bahamas, explored, captured Tainos- wore gold Became infected with Gold Fever Told monarchs Indians could be made slaves Discovered clockwise circulation of Atlantic Winds and currents Became violent and a tyrant on islands he explored, killed many natives Died in 1506 ------------------------------------------ Spanish created huge wealthy empire in America's Killed natives (disease and violence) Destroyed the Indies Spanish opened era of European colonization, consequences for the Indian peoples were disastrous, Spanish succeeded in constructing the world's most powerful empire on backs of Indian and African labor, created a fever for exploration.

Social Darwinism

Charles Darwin presented the theory of evolution, which proposed that creation was an on-going process in which mutation and natural selection constantly gave rise to new species. This theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" was applied to human society - the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

Sumner-Brooks Affair, 1856

Charles Sumner gave a two-day speech on the Senate floor denouncing the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina for extra abuse. Preston Brooks, a congressman from South Carolina and Butler's nephew, entered the Senate and beat Sumner over the head with his cane for the insults to his State and family. The attack severely crippled Sumner who quickly became the first Republican martyr.

Committees of Correspondence- purpose and results

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Protective Tariffs

Congress passed an unfair tariff law biased toward northern manufacturers that increased the taxes on imports and exports. Called the Tariff of Abominations. Angered southerners because they were exporting/importing cotton and had to pay extra money. Under Andrew Jackson

Ku Klux Klan (Civil Rights Act) of 1871

Congress' response to the extraordinary civil unrest of the Reconstruction period which threatened the lives and the political and economic rights of all newly freed slaves. In the years after the Civil War, the South saw the emergence of white terrorist groups. In an attempt to protect African Americans from the policies of terrorism, intimidation, and violence of these organizations, Congress authorized the president to suppress terrorist factions by force and to impose harsh penalties on them

Mark Twain

Considered to be one of America's greatest humorists and writers, a master of satire. A regionalist writer who gave his stories "local color" through dialects and detailed descriptions. He published more than 30 works of literature that included satire, historical fiction, short stories, and nonfiction. He is perhaps best known for his novels about boyhood life on the Mississippi River in the mid-19th Century: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, considered to be Twain's greatest contribution to American literature, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, both of which were based in part on his adventures as a child along the banks of the Mississippi.

jefferson response to alien and sedition acts

Create embargo act and barbary war

northwest ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

treaty of ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Panic of 1819

Demand for money & credit during postwar boom led to increase of state banks. Flood of state banknotes caused currency to depreciate below the value. This threatened inflation.1816, second state bank was established and because of its free lending policies it contributed to overextension of credit that led to financial panic and depression in 1819.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy led to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Secretary of State John Hay (Open Door notes, September 1899)

During the 1890s aggressive European nations had carved China into economic "spheres of influence" in which they exerted exclusive political and economic control. Secretary Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market, essentially creating an "open door." Hay claimed it a victory but all recipients of the notes rejected the idea of equal access.

Freeport Doctrine

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave State against its will.

Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives)

Early 1900's muckraking writer/photographer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. He was dedicated to using his photographic talents to help the less fortunate in New York. His photography helped capture the hardships faced by the poor. His most popular work, How the Other Half Lives, became a pivotal work that precipitated much-needed reforms in the slums of New York. His photography, taken up to help him document the plight of the poor, made him an important figure in the history of documentary photography.

Emma Willard (1787-1870)

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published "Plan for Improving Female Education," which became the basis for public education of women in New York. In 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

Mercantilism and its effects on British colonies

Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. Idea that the nation with the largest treasure of gold and silver would be the most powerful. Thought they needed to acquire and hoard a fixed amount of wealth.

Fugitive Slave Law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which greatly irritated the South. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the Underground Railroad.

Tenure of Office Act, 1866

Enacted by Radical Republicans, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson's effort to remove Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, whom he considered a spy for the Radicals in cabinet meetings, was seen as a violation of the Tenure of Office Act and led to the impeachment of the president.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists.

Granger Movement

Established originally for social and educational purposes, the local granges became political forums to channel farmer protest against economic abuses of the day. The granges sought to correct these abuses through cooperative enterprise. They were in part successful with the establishment of stores, grain elevators, and mills, but they met disaster in their attempt to manufacture farm machinery. Through political activity the grangers captured several state legislatures in the Middle West and secured the passage in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa of the so-called Granger laws, setting or authorizing maximum railroad rates and establishing state railroad commissions for administering the new legislation. Although technically not a political party, local granges led to the creation of a number of political parties, which eventually joined with the growing labor movement to form the Populist Party in 1892.

Lowell Mills

Establishment of first cotton mills resulted in efforts of a trio of Boston merchants, Francis Cabot Lowell. Success led to a more profitable mill at Lowell, Massachusetts and became a main place for early american industrialization. Owners began to get richer and hiring for lower pay - resulted in militant labor activists.

Mayflower Compact- what did it reveal?

First document of self-government in North America. Male members combined themselves to a "civil body politic"

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

Formally ended the war with Mexico. Mexico recognized the Rio Grande boundary and ceded upper California and New Mexico. The US was to pay $15 million plus US claims against Mexico. The conclusion of the war ignited the issue of extending slavery into the territories and set the nation on the road to civil war.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories. Supporters of the Wilmot Proviso advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. Composed of disaffected Democrats and Northerners who believed in "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." Condemned slavery because it destroyed opportunities for free white workers to rise up. It was the first widely inclusive party organized around the issue of slavery and confined to a single section. Foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

Former Confederate States would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the State agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

Sam Houston (1793-1863)

Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they were outnumbered 2 to 1. He was President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas joining the Confederacy.

Gettysburg

Fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1-3. 1863, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Major General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

Mormons: Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Why Harvard & Yale were established

Founded for the teaching of men who wanted to go into the church. Wanted to be taught texts and become new thinkers.

Greenback-Labor Party

Founded in 1878, the party was primarily composed of prairie farmers who went into debt during the Panic of 1873. The party fought for increased monetary circulation through issuance of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender), supported inflationary programs in the belief that they would benefit debtors, and sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau. They had the support of several labor groups and they wanted the government to print more greenbacks. This party made an important contribution to American politics by demonstrating the monetary policy could and should be part of the national debate.

Horace Greeley (1811-1873)

Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling in the East could make the fortunes by going west.

Impact of French and Indian War

France lost most colonies in NA, Britain gained extreme amounts of debt from war, decided to tax colonists, which created problems in America, which led to independence.

Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)

General George Armstrong Custer and a regiment of cavalry attacked more than 2,500 Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse camped on the Little Bighorn River in southern Montana. Custer and his 266 men were cut off and surrounded, and in a half-hour battle every cavalryman, including Custer, was killed. This incident led to fearful reprisals as small groups of Indians were hunted down or driven into Canada.

fletcher vs peck

Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law.

burr and hamilton duel

Hamilton refused to fire; Burr killed him and ultimately killed one of the leaders of the Federalists

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It treats slavery as a central theme and helped to crystalize the rift between the North and South having a profound effect on the North's view of slavery. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War.

jackson reaction to nullification system

He got money from congress to pay for military action in case he needed to use it - if south Carolina seceded

John Bell

He was a moderate senator from Tennessee, and although a large slave owner, he opposed efforts to expand slavery and voted against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1860 he wanted the union to stay together and helped found the Constitutional Union party and became its presidential candidate. He initially opposed secession, but eventually supported the southern cause.

judiciary act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

In 1892, Homer Plessy boarded a car of the East Louisiana Railroad designated "white patrons only." Although Plessy was one-eighth black and seven-eighths white, under Louisiana state law he was classified as an African-American, and thus required to sit in the "colored" car. When Plessy refused to leave the white car and move to the colored car, he was arrested and jailed. The judge presiding over his first case, John Howard Ferguson, ruled that Louisiana had the right to regulate railroad companies as long as they operated within state boundaries. Plessy appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1896. In a 7 to 1 decision, the Court ruled that the law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate railroads was constitutional. This case helped cement the legal foundation for the doctrine of "separate but equal" in regards to race relations, the idea that segregation based on classifications was legal as long as facilities were of equal quality.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

In an effort to expel foreign influence from their country, a secret super patriotic group of Chinese called the Boxers (their symbol was a fist) revolted against all foreigners in their midst. In the process of laying siege to foreign legations in Beijing hundreds of missionaries and foreign diplomats were murdered. Several nations including the United States sent military forces to quell the rebellion. American participation was seen as a violation of its noninvolvement policies.

Teller Amendment (April 1898)

In order to reassure anti-imperialist elements on the eve of declaring war on Spain, Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado drafted an amendment to the declaration of war and Congress adopted the measure pledging that the United States had no designs on remaining in Cuba following conclusion of the conflict nor had any intention to annex the island.

Evolution of colonial slavery in Virginia

Indentured Servants- treated as if slaves- most were unskilled men- tried to escape African slaves 1st introduced to Chesapeake in 1619- more expensive than servants- made up less than 7% of population Servants treated as bad as slaves

Booker T. Washington/Tuskegee Institute (1857-1915),

Indisputably one of the foremost educators of his day and the dominant black leader. He became controversial, and his legacy remains so today, because of his belief that blacks could earn the respect of white society by being responsible and not pushing too hard for civil rights. His defenders point out that he had few options and did the best he could under exceedingly difficult circumstances. In 1881 he founded the first formal school for blacks. He encouraged blacks to seek a vocational education in order to rise above their second-class status in society. The school offered a number of academic courses but emphasized training in the trades. Many students learned the building trades and put their talents to work constructing buildings and facilities on the campus. Great stress was laid on refined speech, proper dress, and absolute cleanliness.

Influence of the enlightenment

Intellectual movement stressing the importance of reason and the existence of discoverable natural laws. , 1) Colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify independence. -> Colonists asked for the same political rights as people in britain. King refused. Therefore, colonists were justified in rebelling against a tyrant who had broken the social contract. 2) Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. -> based on the ideas of JOHN LOCKE and Enlightenment. -> argued for natural rights and equality. -> Because Locke asserted that people had the right to rebel against an unjust ruler, Declaration included a long list of George III's abuses. -> Document ended by declaring the colonies' separation from Britain.

Platt Amendment

Introduced by Connecticut Senator Orville Platt in March, 1901. The amendment ceded to the U.S. the naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay), ensured U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs when the U.S. deemed necessary, and prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with any country other than the United States. Abrogated in 1934, but retained its lease on Guantánamo Bay.

Crittenden Compromise proposal

Introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. Offered a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it.

John Smith

Jamestown's Military Leader-called people "ne'er-do-wells-" who helped create starving time

declaration of independence

July 4, 1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson and issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining reasons why colonies to break the ties with England

prohibitory acts

July 8, 1775 the final colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. (Ended coercive acts) It was rejected by parliament which in December 1775 passed the American prohibitory act forbidding all further trade with England and colonies.

gaspee incident

June 1772, British custom ship ran around off the colonial coast. When British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of committees of correspondence.

1st Great Awakening- impact on higher education

North American religious revival in the middle of the 18th century. Helped found Princeton & Yale & Harvard, people wanted sons to go into Church.

Chief Joseph

Led the Nez Percés during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. Fought a long, 1500 mile retreat in order to avoid being removed from their homeland in the Wallowa Valley in Oregon and placed on a reservation. He and his tribe were finally cornered approximately forty miles from the Canadian border and forced to surrender. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker.

Coercive Acts

Legislation passed by Parliament in 1774; included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act of 1774.

Suspension of habeas corpus

Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the edict unconstitutional.

sons and daughters of liberty

Male and female organizations made up of a network of lawyers, merchants, tradesmen, and other townspeople organized colonial protests against British regulations.

John Winthrop- "Model of Christian Charity"

Males were heads of households, freemen, could own land, be part of the church. Puritans duty to set an example for others. Women were homemakers. "For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill."

Marbury V. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison is a land mark US Supreme court case in which the court formed the bases for the exercise of judicial review in the US under article 3 of the constitution. Happened after spoils system

hartford convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Sojourner Truth

Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery.

Populist Party

Officially named the People's party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Wrote a platform for the 1892 election calling for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers. First presidential candidate was James B. Weaver.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

On December 29, 1890, five hundred troops of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, surrounded an encampment of Lakota Sioux with orders to disarm the Indians and escort them back to the railroad for transport to Omaha, Nebraska. Shooting broke out near the end of the disarmament, and by the time it was over, twenty-five troopers and one hundred and fifty-three Lakota Sioux lay dead, including sixty-two women and small children. Many of the dead on both sides may have been the victims of "friendly fire" as the shooting took place at point blank range in chaotic conditions. The massacre was the final major confrontation between Native Americans and white men on the Northern Plains.

committees of correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

Edward Bellamy (Looking Backwards, 1888)

Penned this utopian novel which predicted the U.S. would become a socialist state in which the government would own and oversee the means of production and would unite all people under moral laws. This utopian saga captured the attention of thousands of people in the United States and sparked an upsurge in interest in socialism. He avoided that term and referred to his movement as "Nationalism."

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Prohibits rebates and pools and required that railroads publish their rates openly. Forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed short haul-long haul charges. Created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency, to monitor the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between States.

louisiana purchase 1803

Purchased from France, doubled the size of US, Jefferson authorized Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory

Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois (1886)

Reversing its position initially put forth in Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court held that individual States could control trade in their States (intrastate), but could not regulate railroads coming through them (interstate). Only Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Proclamation of 1763

Royal Proclamation setting the boyndary known as the proclamation line. , A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Election of 1876: Hayes and Tilden

Rutherford B. Hayes - liberal Republican, Civil War general, he received only 165 electoral votes. Samuel J. Tilden - Democrat, received 264,000 more popular votes that Hayes, and 184 of the 185 electoral votes needed to win. Republicans did not concede votes won by Tilden in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. These States submitted two sets of popular votes. To break the electoral deadlock, Congress sets up a 15-member Electoral Commission. Balance favored Republicans 8-7 and commission decided that Hayes was the winner; fraud was suspected.

Public education, Horace Mann

Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models.

Thomas Paine's Common Sense (& The Crisis during the Revolution)

Single most important piece of writing during the Revolutionary era, told people a small island shouldn't control a large continent.

Fort Sumter

Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the State be surrendered to State authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.

squatter sovereignty

Squatter, or popular, sovereignty was an idea hatched by Michigan senator Lewis Cass in 1848. He urged it as a solution to the question of slavery in the territories. It called for organizing territories without mention of slavery, thus leaving it to local settlers to determine the status of slavery among them.

Attitude of Puritans toward religious liberty

The Puritans did not come to America to create a society where religion could be freely practiced, sought to establish the "right and perfect way." King Charles II had to issue the Toleration Act (religious freedom), which they resisted at first, but slowly came to be okay with.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Started by enraged workers who were part of George Pullman's "model town," near Chicago. It began when Pullman cut wages up to 40 percent which were not accompanied by rent reductions. Workers belonged to the American Railway Union led by Eugene V. Debs. To support strikers, railroad employees refused to handle trains with Pullman cars. Most railroad transportation out of Chicago halted. Pullman refused to negotiate, secured an injunction under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and President Cleveland sent in troops to ostensibly ensure that delivery of the US mails was not interrupted. The arrival of troops led to mob protests and violence. Debs was jailed for defying the injunction and continuing the strike. With troops on the scene and Debs in jail the strike collapsed. It marked the first effective use of the injunction against a labor union.

Jonathan Edwards

Started movement- Half-way convent- preached to young people (used their feelings)

Thaddeus Stevens, Conquered Territory Theory

Stevens was the most powerful leader of the Radical Republican in the House of Representatives. He believed in harsh punishments for the South. Believed that conquered Southern States were not part of the Union, but were instead conquered territory, which the North could deal with however it liked.

"Yellow journalism"

Term used to describe the sensationalist newspaper writings of the late 19th, early 20th centuries. The most journalist was William Randolph Hearst. It was considered tainted journalism - omissions and half-truths. It is fair to say that the press fueled the public's passion for war with Spain in 1898. Without sensational headlines and stories about Cuban affairs, the mood for Cuban intervention may have been very different. At the dawn of the twentieth century, the United States emerged as a world power, and the U.S. press proved its influence.

marbury v madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

oneidas

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages.

Chinese Exclusion Law (1882)

The act excluded new immigration of Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for 10 years and denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. Supported by American workers who worried about losing their jobs to Chinese immigrants who would work for less pay. It was the first immigration law passed in the United States targeted at a specific ethnic group.

Declaration of Independence (purpose, natural rights, grievances, etc)

The document by which the Second Continental Congress announced and justified its decision to renounce the colonies' allegiance to the British government.

Compromise of 1877

The election of 1876 was extremely close, with the vote in several States contested on charges of fraud. The contested results were given to the House of Representatives which created a commission to determine the winner of the disputed votes. Rutherford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate, calmed Democratic opposition by promising internal improvements in the South and removing federal troops from the region. With Southern Democratic acceptance of Rutherford B. Hayes' Republican presidency, the last remaining Union troops were withdrawn from the Old Confederacy which ended the Reconstruction process. The country was at last reunified as a modern nation-state led by corporate and industrial interests. The Hayes election arrangement also marked the government's abandonment of its earlier vague commitment to African-American equality.

Vicksburg

The final significant battle of the Vicksburg Campaign. In a series of brilliant maneuvers Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant besieged the city, which surrendered six weeks later, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

article of confederation

The first government of the U.S. ratified in 1781. Put much of the power with the state governments (including the power to tax and regulate trade), this left the national government weak and unable to raise money to pay back war debts.

Virtual representation

The notion that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them.

Ostend Manifesto

The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $120 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave State.

Charles Sumner, State Suicide Theory

The same Senator who had been caned by Preston Brooks in 1856, Sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator of the state suicide theory, which claimed the Southern States had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide. This theory was used to justify the North taking military control of the South. Sumner was an outspoken radical Republican instrumental in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson.

"New Immigration"

The second major wave of immigration to the U.S.; between 1865-1910, 25 million new immigrants arrived. Unlike earlier immigration, which had come primarily from Western and Northern Europe, the New Immigrants came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

abolitionists

Weld - recognized colonizations didn't really accept blacks as equals. trained orators & agents to convert entire region to emancipation Lovejoy - wrote antislavery edition and attempting to defend him & his printing press from a mob, he was shot & killed Grinke Sisters- rebellious daughters of south carolina slaveholder. garrison defended them when male abolitionists objected their speaking to try & forge a link between black & women struggles for equality

Theodore Weld (1802-1895)

Weld was devoted to the abolitionism movement. He advised the breakaway anti-slavery Whigs in Congress and his anonymous tract "American Slavery as It Is" (1839) was the inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

When Chicago strikers, demonstrating for an eight-hour day, were brutally treated by police, workers led by the Knights of Labor organized a protest meeting in Haymarket Square. Police advanced on the demonstrators when suddenly a bomb was thrown and killed seven and wounded more than sixty. Eight radicals were arrested, tried, and found guilty of murder. Although the Knights condemned the bombing, public opinion wrongly identified organized labor with violence and because the workers were immigrants, the incident promoted anti-immigrant and anti-union feelings.

Wilmot Proviso

When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil Party, and later the Republican Party.

Status of Married Women in Colonial Era

Women made the home, were not "freemen" and they had no real rights, they were barely above slaves.

How colonists took advantage of salutary neglect

Work out trade arrangements to acquire needed products from other countries

Henry George (Progress and Poverty)

Writer, demonstrating a gift for expressing complex ideas in simple terms. In 1879, he published Progress and Poverty, in which he pointed out that the wealthy extracted huge profits from the ownership of land. Land existed in a fixed amount and became more valuable as populations increased and as cities developed. Society, rather than the landlord, was responsible for the increase in value; He termed this profit "unearned increment." He advocated the enactment of a single tax system that would transfer unearned increment to the government to fund a variety of social programs. All other forms of taxation could be abolished and monopolies and poverty would disappear. His ideas were immensely popular and single tax societies were formed throughout the nation. Tax reform and the curbing of the power of the idle rich became popular causes.

kentucky and virginia resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Olive Branch Petition

Written by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania, in which they professed their attachment to King George and begged him to prevent further hostilities so that there might be an accommodation. Rejected by King George

De Lôme Letter

Written by the Spanish minister in Washington, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the letter was critical of U.S. President William McKinley and the prospects for peace. It was intercepted by a Cuban agent and leaked to William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Publication of the De Lôme letter forced the recall of the minister and pushed the two nations one step closer to war.

pinckney treaty 1795

agreement with Spain that opened the Mississippi River to American navigation and granted Americans the right of deposit in New Orleans; Spain agreed to the treaty because it feared that Jay's Treaty included an Anglo-American alliance.

Patriots

colonists supported Amer revolution (Whigs)

three fifths compromise

the agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves

loyalists

opposed revolution, & maintained loyalty to King (Tories)

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

taney court

private property and activities of corporations can be regulated by state legislatures; expand economic opportunity; replaced marshall court

twelfth amendment to the constitution

procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, which provided the original procedure by which the Electoral College functioned

spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

tecumseh and the prophet

worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.